Battle of Jinan

Battle of the Chinese Civil War in 1948

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Not to be confused with Jinan Incident.

Battle of Jinan

Part of Chinese Civil War

Jinan in the 1940s
| Date| September 16–24, 1948

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Location|

Jinan, Republic of China

36°40′N 116°59′E﻿ / ﻿36.667°N 116.983°E﻿ / 36.667; 116.983
Result|  PLA victory
Belligerents
Republic of China Army|  People's Liberation Army
Commanders and leaders

Wang Yaowu commander of the 2nd pacification zone and governor of Shandong (POW)

Wu Huawen (defected)|

Chen Yi commander-in-chief, Eastern China Field Army
Su Yu deputy commander and political commissar
Xu Shiyou Shandong Corps commander
Tan Zhenlin deputy political commissar of the Eastern China Field Army, chief political commissar of Shandong

Wang Jianan deputy commander of the Shandong Corps
Strength
104,296[citation needed][independent source needed]|  140,000 (involved in attack)[citation needed][independent source needed]
180,000 (support)[citation needed][independent source needed]
Casualties and losses
22,423 dead[citation needed][independent source needed] , 61,873 captured[citation needed][independent source needed] , 20,000 defected[citation needed][independent source needed]|  26,000 (dead and wounded)[citation needed][independent source needed]

* v
* t
* e

Campaigns of the Chinese Civil War

* Outline of the Chinese Civil War

First Phase (1927–1937)

* Autumn Harvest Uprising
* Li Lisan line
* Encirclement campaigns
* Japanese invasion of Manchuria
* Long March
* Southern Guerilla War

Resumption of hostilities (1945–1949)

* Operation Beleaguer
* Northeast China
* Liaoshen
* Huaihai
* Pingjin
* Yangtze River
* Shanghai
* Hainan
* Guningtou
* Wanshan

Aftermath

* Xinjiang
* Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
* China–Burma border
* Cross-strait conflict

The Battle of Jinan[1] was a critical engagement fought between the Kuomintang (KMT or Chinese Nationalist Party) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from September 16 to September 24, 1948, during the Chinese Civil War.[2] The communist Eastern China Field Army besieged and finally captured the city of Jinan, the capital of Shandong Province and a major urban center as well as a transportation hub in northeastern China that had a population of about 600,000 at the time of the battle.[3] The communist victory set the stage for the Huaihai Campaign.[4]

The defenders of Jinan had become isolated in the summer of 1948, when the communist Eastern China Field Army commanded by Chen Yi captured the railway line south of the city.[3] In charge of the city's defense was general Wang Yaowu, he commanded nine regular brigades, five security brigades, as well as special force units amounting to a total troop strength of about 100,000.[additional citation(s) needed]

The defenses of Jinan were organized into two lines: an outer ring around the outskirts of the city and inner line following the historical city wall.[3][independent source needed] The outer ring was fortified by a four-ply line of pillboxes, barbed wire, and a newly dug 3-meter wide moat.[3][independent source needed] The inner ring consisted of the ancient brick wall of the city that had been strengthened with sand bags.[3][independent source needed] The most valuable strategic assets of the city, the main airfield, the railroad station, and the commercial district, were located to the west of the historical city center and outside of the inner ring.[3][independent source needed] Hence, they were protected only by the outer ring of defenses.[who said this?]

The communist forces encircled the city in a pincer movement carried out by an eastern and a western group. The eastern group was composed of the 9th column, the Bohai column, and one division of the Bohai military region. The western group consistent of the 3rd column, the 10th column, the Liang Guang column, four regiments of the mid-south Shandong column, and one division from the Jiluyu (Hebei-Shandong-Henan) Military Region. The 13th column served as the preparation team for the entire attack.[additional citation(s) needed]

General Wu Huawen (Chinese: 吴化文; pinyin: Wú Huàwén) was in charge of the outer ring of defenses. General Wu defected to the communist side with about 8,000 of his troops[3][verification needed][4][verification needed] before the battle began.[5] His defection may have been prompted by letter sent to him by close relatives who had been captured by the Communists in the summer.[3][verification needed] Most of Wu's troops had fought on the Japanese side during the Second Sino-Japanese War and were integrated into Su Yu's forces immediately.[5] After the outer ring of defenses was lost due to Wu's defection, communist forces launched a bloody assault on the historical city center.[4][verification needed] The historical city wall was first breached at its southeastern corner around 2am on September 24. Another breach at the southwest corner also occurred before dawn. After the city wall was breached, the remaining Kuomintang garrison was quickly overrun and captured.[additional citation(s) needed]

General Wang Yaowu tried to escape in civilian clothes but was captured in Shouguang County. Pang Jingtang[who?](Chinese: 庞镜塘; pinyin: Páng Jìngtáng), the Kuomintang party chief in Shandong as well as 23 other high-ranking Kuomintang officials were also captured.[additional citation(s) needed]

Jinan was the first major urban center to be captured by the communists (the Siege of Changchun had begun on May 23 already, but the city was only captured on October 19, 1948). Zhou Enlai hence referred to the Battle of Jinan as the starting point for the "three great battles" (Chinese: 三大战役; pinyin: sān dà zhànyì), namely the Liaoshen Campaign (the first stage of which had already begun on September 12, 1948, i.e., a few days prior to the Battle of Jinan), the Huaihai Campaign, and the Pingjin Campaign[6] that established communist control over northern China.[additional citation(s) needed]

## See also

[edit]

* Outline of the Chinese Civil War
* History of the People's Liberation Army
* Jinan Liberation Pavilion

## Gallery

[edit]

* Communist cartoon portraying the victory of Jinan as a decisive blow.

* Liberation pavilion at the site of the first city wall breach.

* Monument for the heroes of the battle on Hero Hill, Jinan.

* Memorial Hall for the battle on the foot of Hero Hill, Jinan.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ M.E. Sharpe (1989). "Chinese Sociology and Anthropology".
2. ^ Odd Arne Westad (2003). Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946-1950. Stanford Univ. Press. ISBN 9780804744843.
3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Ohina: [sic] Province for a Poet". Time. October 4, 1948.
4. ^ a b c Tony Jaques (2007), Dictionary of Battles and Sieges, Greenwood Press, Volume F-O, pg. 494
5. ^ a b Odd Arne Westad (2003): Decisive encounters: the Chinese Civil War, Stanford University Press, pg. 40
6. ^ The Quick Success of the Jinan Campaign, official web site of the Memorial for the Battle of Jinan (in Chinese) Archived May 17, 2010, at the Wayback Machine

* v
* t
* e

Chinese Civil War

Principal belligerents and campaigns
Nationalist Party /  National Government ( National Revolutionary Army) → Constitutional ROC Government (ROC Armed Forces) → Republic of China on Taiwan

* * *

Communist Party /  Soviet Republic ( Red Army) → Liberated Area ( 8th Route Army, New Fourth Army, etc. → People's Liberation Army) → People's Republic of China

| Pre-1945| Post-1945

|

|  1923|  Sun–Joffe Manifesto

|

1924|  First United Front
1926|  Canton Coup
1927–1949|  Chinese Communist Revolution
1927|  Nanking incident
Shanghai Commune
Shanghai massacre
Nanjing–Wuhan split
715 Incident
Little Long March
Nanchang uprising
Autumn Harvest Uprising
Guangzhou Uprising
1930–1934|  Li Lisan line
Encirclement campaigns
1931–1934|  Chinese Soviet Republic
1933–1934|  Fujian People's Government
1934–1936|  Long March
1936|  Xi'an Incident
1937–1946|  Second United Front (Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists)
1941|  New Fourth Army incident
1944|  Dixie Mission

|  1945|  Chongqing Negotiations
Double Tenth Agreement
Retrocession of Taiwan

|

1946|  Jiaochangkou Incident
Peiping rape case
1945–1947|  Marshall Mission
1945–1949|  Operation Beleaguer
1947|  Yu Zisan Incident
1948|  SS Kiangya incident
Liaoshen campaign
1948–1949|  Huaihai campaign
Pingjin campaign
1949|  Taiping Steamer Incident
Yangtze River Crossing campaign
Amethyst Incident
ROC Government retreat to Taiwan
PRC incorporation of Xinjiang
1949–1953|  Bombing of Shanghai
1950|  Hainan Island campaign
Wanshan Archipelago Campaign

1950–1958|  Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
1961–1972|  Project National Glory
*[POW]: Prisoner of war
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