Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir

1921 battle of the Turkish War of Independence

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Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir

Part of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)

Greek cavalry charge.
| Date| July 10–24, 1921

|

Location|

Afyonkarahisar–Kütahya–Eskişehir

Result|  Greek victory
Territorial
changes|  Turkish army forced to retreat
Belligerents
Ankara Government|  Greece
Commanders and leaders
İsmet Pasha|  Constantine I of Greece
Anastasios Papoulas
Strength
Greek source:
95,750 men[1]
Turkish source:[2]
55,000 men[Note 1]
711 light and heavy machine guns
160 cannons|  Greek source:
~110,000 men [4]
Turkish source:[2]
106,000 men (11 divisions, 1 cavalry brigade)
908 light and heavy machine guns
318 cannons
Casualties and losses
1,643 killed
4,981 wounded
374 prisoners
30,809 soldiers deserted
18 cannons, 47 heavy and 34 light machine guns lost[5]|  1,491 killed
6,472 wounded
110 missing[6]

* v
* t
* e

Turkish War of
Independence

Anglo-Turkish War

* Constantinople
* Şehzadebaşı
* Akbaş
* 1920 Samsun
* 1920 Summer Offensive
* Tal Afar
* Chanak crisis

Greco-Turkish War

* 1st Smyrna
* Occupation
* Urla
* Malgaç
* Bergama
* Erbeyli
* Erikli
* Tellidede
* Aydın
* 1920 Summer Offensive
* Gediz
* 1st İnönü
* 2nd İnönü
* Kütahya–Eskişehir
* Sakarya
* Great Offensive
* Dumlupınar
* Balıkesir
* 2nd Smyrna

Turkish–Armenian War

* Oltu
* Sarikamish
* Kars
* Alexandropol

Franco-Turkish War

* Marash
* Urfa
* Aintab
* Karboğazı
* Kaç Kaç
* Kovanbaşı
* Kanlıgeçit
* Fadıl

Revolts

* Ahmet Anzavur
* İzmit
* Geyve
* Yozgat
* Konya
* Koçgiri

Naval

* 1922 Samsun

The Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir (Greek: Μάχες Κιουτάχειας-Δορυλαίου, Turkish: Kütahya-Eskişehir Muharebeleri), was fought between July 10 and July 24 (or June 27 and July 10 in the old calendar, then in use in Greece), 1921 when the Greek Army of Asia Minor clashed with the Turkish troops commanded by İsmet Pasha in defence of the line of Kara Hisâr-ı Sahib (present day Afyonkarahisar)-Kütahya-Eskişehir.

It was also known in some Greek historiography as the Battles of Kutahya-Dorylaion. It was part of the Greek Asia Minor Campaign and the Turkish War of Independence of 1919–1922.

Strategically, the battle was of little importance as the Greeks failed to grasp the opportunity to encircle the retreating Turkish troops. This proved later to be a major strategic error, when the two sides had to meet each other again during the much more fierce Battle of Sakarya which turned the tide in favour of the Turks.

## The battle

[edit]

After their halt in the second Battle of Inonu, the Greek staff decided to make a new offense to capture the cities of Afyonkarahisar, Kütahya and Eskişehir with their inter-connecting rail-lines. King Constantine arrived in Anatolia to inspire the soldiers and to command the attack.

The Greek Army managed to break through the Turkish resistance and occupied the towns of Kara Hisâr-ı Sahib (in March), and later (in July) Kütahya and Eskişehir (Dorylaion in Greek), together with their inter-connecting rail-lines.

The Turks despite their defeat managed to avoid encirclement and made a strategic retreat on the east of Sakarya river. On August 5, 1921 İsmet Pasha was replaced by Birinci Ferik Fevzi Pasha as the Minister of the General Staff (Erkân-ı Harbiye-i Umumiye Reis Vekili) of the Ankara government after his failure to check the Greek offensive.

The State and Greek army leadership, including King Constantine, Prime Minister Dimitrios Gounaris, and General Anastasios Papoulas, met at Kütahya where they debated the future of the campaign. The Greeks, bouyed by their victory, failed to appraise rationally the strategic situation that favoured the defending side; instead, in the overall climate of enthusiasm, the leadership was polarised into the risky decision to pursue an engagement with the Turks on their last line of defence, close to Ankara. Only few voices supported a defensive stance, but they were not heard.

After a delay of almost a month, that gave adequate time to the Turks to organise their defences, 7 of the Greek divisions marched to Sakarya River.

* Greek army in Eskişehir

* Greek cavalry in Eskişehir

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Επίτομος Ιστορία Εκστρατειας Μικράς Ασίας 1919–1922, Εκδόσεις Διευθύνσεως Ιστορίας Στρατού, Αθήναι 1967, page 145 (in Greek)
2. ^ a b c Turgut Özakman: Şu Çılgın Türkler, August 2005, Bilgi publishing house, 52. Edition, ISBN 975-22-0127-X, page 705 (footnote 1). (in Turkish)
3. ^ Türk Kurtuluş Savaşında İsmet İnönü (Hazırlayan: Genelkurmay Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt (ATASE) Başkanlığı), İnönü Foundation. (in Turkish)
4. ^ Επίτομος Ιστορία Εκστρατειας Μικράς Ασίας 1919–1922, Εκδόσεις Διευθύνσεως Ιστορίας Στρατού, Αθήναι 1967, page 153: 2,526 officers, 107,476 soldiers (in Greek)
5. ^ Tarih İçinde Polatlı Archived September 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Ankara Polatlı Belediyesi (Ankara Polatlı Municipality), page 111 (Pdf page 7)
6. ^ Επίτομος Ιστορία Εκστρατειας Μικράς Ασίας 1919–1922, Εκδόσεις Διευθύνσεως Ιστορίας Στρατού, Αθήναι 1967, page 204 (in Greek)

### Notes

[edit]

1. ^ 55,000 men= 15 infantry divisions, 4 cavalry divisions and 1 cavalry brigade.[2] Towards the end of 1920 Turkish divisions had each 2,500-3,000 men, some divisions consisted of only 300-700 men.[3]

* v
* t
* e

Turkish War of Independence

Concepts|

* Partition of the Ottoman Empire
* Khilafat Movement
* King–Crane Commission

National
awakening|

* Turkish National Movement
* Karakol society
* Sultanahmet demonstrations
* Amasya Circular
* Erzurum Congress
* Balıkesir Congress
* Alaşehir Congress
* Sivas Congress
* Amasya Protocol
* Grand National Assembly

Elections|

* Ottoman Parliament (1919)
* Grand National Assembly (1920)
* Grand National Assembly (1923)

Issues|

* Amasya trials
* United States during the Turkish War of Independence
* Bombardment of Samsun
* Chanak crisis
* Fire of Manisa
* Burning of Smyrna
* Responsibility
* Kaç Kaç incident
* Malta exiles
* Media
* Menemen massacre
* Personae non gratae
* Ankara Government and Georgia
* Population exchange
* Samsun deportations
* Yalova Peninsula massacres

Campaigns|

| British|

* Istanbul
* Al-Jazeera Front
* First Offensive of Sulaymaniyah
* Taşlıca
* Tal Afar uprising
* Battle of Babaçiçek
* Özdemir Operation
* Köysancak
* Eskişehir (1920)
* Samsun
* Şehzadebaşı raid
* Akbaş
* Summer Offensive of 1920
* Chanak crisis
* Liberation of Istanbul

|

Revolts|

* Koçgiri rebellion
* Konya rebellion
* Kuva-yi Inzibatiye
* Battle of Geyve
* Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur
* Yozgat

Armenia|

* Oltu
* Sarıkamış
* Kars
* Alexandropol

French|

* Marash
* Urfa
* Aintab
* Karboğazı
* Kaç Kaç
* Kovanbaşı
* Kanlıgeçit
* Fadıl
* Alemdar Incident

Greek|

* Smyrna, 1919 (Occupation)
* Urla
* Malgaç
* Bergama
* Erbeyli
* Erikli
* Tellidede
* Aydın
* Summer Offensive of 1920
* Gediz
* 1st İnönü
* 2nd İnönü
* Eskişehir
* Sakarya
* Great Offensive
* Dumlupınar
* Liberation of Balıkesir
* Capture of Smyrna

U.S.|

* Bombardment of Samsun
* Liberation of Istanbul

Georgia|

* Artvin (1919)
* Artvin (1921)
* Ardahan
* Batumi

Agreements|

| Allies|

* Conference of London
* San Remo conference
* Paris Peace Conference

|

Ottoman|

* Misak-ı Millî
* Treaty of Sèvres

National
Assembly|

* Treaty of Alexandropol
* Treaty of Moscow
* Conference of London (1920)
* Cilicia Peace Treaty
* Treaty of Ankara
* Treaty of Kars
* Conference of London (1921–1922)
* Armistice of Mudanya
* Conference of Lausanne
* Treaty of Lausanne

Timeline
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