Battle of Suwon Airfield

Part of Korean War

Battle of Suwon Airfield

Part of Korean War
| Date| 27 June 1950

|

Location|

Over Seoul and Suwon, South Korea

Result|  United Nations victory
Belligerents
United States
United Nations|  North Korea
Commanders and leaders
James W. Little|  Unknown
Units involved
8th Fighter Wing|  1st Air Division
Strength
5 F-82 Twin Mustangs
4 F-80C Shooting Stars|  5 Lavochkin La-7s
8 Ilyushin Il-10s
Casualties and losses
several aircraft damaged, one South Korean T-6 Texan destroyed on the ground|  7 aircraft destroyed

* v
* t
* e

Korean War

North Korean offensive
(25 June – 15 September 1950)

* Pokpung
* Chuncheon
* Gorangpo
* Kaesong–Munsan
* Ongjin
* Uijeongbu
* 1st Seoul
* Suwon Airfield
* Air Campaign
* Andong
* Chumonchin Chan
* Osan
* Pyongtaek
* Chonan
* Chochiwon
* Taejon
* Sangju
* Yongdong
* Hwanggan
* Hadong
* Notch
* Pusan Perimeter
* Masan
* P'ohang-dong
* Taegu
* 1st Naktong Bulge
* Bowling Alley
* Battle Mountain
* Kyongju
* Haman
* Nam River
* Ka-san
* Tabu-dong
* Yongsan
* 2nd Naktong Bulge

United Nations Command counteroffensive
(15 September – 30 October 1950)

* Inchon
* Pusan Perimeter offensive
* 2nd Seoul
* UN September 1950 counteroffensive
* Hill 282
* UN offensive into North Korea
* Sariwon
* Pyongyang
* Yongyu
* Kujin
* Chongju
* Sunchon tunnel

Chinese Intervention
(25 October 1950 – January 1951)

* Onjong
* Unsan
* Pakchon
* Second Phase Offensive
* Ch'ongch'on River
* Wawon
* Chosin Reservoir
* Task Force Faith
* UN retreat from North Korea
* Hungnam evacuation
* 3rd Seoul
* Uijeongbu
* 1st and 2nd Wonju
* Pohang

Fighting around the 38th parallel
(January – June 1951)

* Happy Valley
* Thunderbolt
* Twin Tunnels
* Roundup
* Hoengsong
* Chipyong-ni
* 3rd Wonju
* Chuam-ni
* Wonsan
* Killer
* 4th Seoul (Operation Ripper)
* Maehwa-san
* Courageous
* Tomahawk
* Rugged
* Dauntless
* Spring offensive
* Imjin River
* Yultong
* Hwacheon
* Kapyong
* Soyang River
* UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive

Stalemate
(July 1951 – 27 July 1953)

* Bloody Ridge
* Minden
* Punchbowl
* Heartbreak Ridge
* Commando
* 1st Maryang-san
* Haktang-ni
* Polecharge
* 2nd Maryang-san
* Rat Killer
* Hill Eerie
* Old Baldy
* Blaze
* Bunker Hill
* Outpost Kelly
* White Horse Hill
* Arrowhead Hill
* Triangle Hill
* Jackson Heights
* Noris
* 1st Hook
* 2nd Hook
* Chatkol
* Outpost Vegas
* Pork Chop Hill
* Little Switch
* Nevada Complex
* 3rd Hook
* Outpost Harry
* Kumsong
* Berlin Outposts and Boulder City
* Samichon River
* Korean Armistice Agreement
* Big Switch
* Panmunjom Declaration

Air operations
(1950 – 1953)

* Air Campaign
* MiG Alley
* Sunchon
* Strangle
* Sui-ho Dam
* Bombing of North Korea 1950–1953

Naval operations
(1950 – 1953)

* Battle of Korea Strait
* Battle of Chumonchin Chan
* Battle of Haeju
* Battle of Inchon
* Operation Tailboard
* 2nd Wonsan
* Fireball
* Buzz Saw
* Kickoff
* USS Walke Incident
* Han River

* Naval engagements of the Korean War

For further information, see also:
Korean War (template)

The Battle of Suwon Airfield was the first aerial battle of the Korean War occurring on 27 June 1950 over Kimpo Airfield and Suwon Airfield. The battle, between aircraft of the United States and North Korea, ended in a victory for the US Air Force after nine of its aircraft successfully shot down seven North Korean People's Air Force aircraft. It was the first direct engagement of the Air Battle of South Korea.

With the outbreak of the war two days earlier, the US forces were attempting to evacuate US civilians and diplomats from the city of Seoul, where a battle was ongoing between North and South Korean forces. Transport aircraft and ships, escorted by US fighter planes, were attempting to move civilians out of the country as fast as possible. During these missions on 27 June US forces were attacked by North Korean aircraft in two separate incidents in the Seoul area. Despite being outnumbered, the better-built American aircraft outmaneuvered the North Koreans, quickly shooting down half of the attacking force.

The actions were among few air-to-air battles in the early phase of the war as the North Koreans, realizing their aircraft were outmatched, quickly stopped using them aggressively against the United Nations Command. The battle also signaled a turning point in the Jet Age, as new, jet engine powered fighter aircraft had easily bested conventional fighters.

## Background

[edit]

Main article: Operation Pokpung

On the morning of 25 June ten divisions of the North Korean People's Army launched a full-scale invasion of the Republic of Korea. The force of 89,000 men moved in six columns, catching the Republic of Korea Army by surprise, resulting in a rout. The smaller South Korean army suffered from widespread lack of organization and equipment, and was unprepared for war.[1] The numerically superior North Korean forces destroyed isolated resistance from the 38,000 South Korean soldiers on the front before it began moving steadily south.[2]

To prevent South Korea's collapse, the United Nations Security Council voted to send military forces. The United States Seventh Fleet dispatched Task Force 77, led by the fleet carrier USS Valley Forge; the British Far East Fleet dispatched several ships, including HMS Triumph, to provide air and naval support.[3] By 27 June the naval and air forces moving to Korea had authorization to attack North Korean targets with the goal of helping repel the North Korean invasion of the country.[4]

With the US forces accepting the North Korean attack as an act of war, it became imperative to evacuate civilians and American diplomats from Korea, as the forces of the north and south were battling across the peninsula. By 27 June the South Koreans were losing the First Battle of Seoul.[5] Most of South Korea's forces retreated in the face of the invasion. The North Koreans captured the city on 28 June, forcing the South Korean government and its shattered army to retreat further south.[6]

In the meantime, US naval and air forces were evacuating US diplomats, military dependents, and civilians by ship and air transport, hoping to get American civilians out of the country "by any means." Civilians were being gathered at Suwon Airfield and Kimpo Airfield in Seoul, before moving to Incheon and out of the country. These airlifts and convoys were being escorted by aircraft from the United States Far East Force, which was operating its aircraft from bases in Japan.[5] The two Koreas had very small air forces of their own, with the North Koreans' 132 aircraft organized into the 1st Air Division. At the early phase in the war, these aircraft were used boldly to the North Koreans' advantage.[7]

## Battle

[edit]

### First sortie

[edit]

On the morning of 27 June a flight of five F-82 Twin Mustangs of the 68th Fighter Squadron and 339th Fighter Squadron, 8th Fighter Wing commanded by World War II flying ace Major James W. Little[8] were escorting four C-54 Skymaster aircraft out of Kimpo.[9] The four transports were unarmed and filled with civilians from the Seoul area, en route to Japan.[10]

Around 12:00, a flight of five Korean People's Air Force (KPAF) Lavochkin La-7 appeared at an altitude of 10,000 feet (3,000 m). The North Korean aircraft were headed for Kimpo Airfield with the intention of attacking US transports. Spotting the transport aircraft, the five North Korean planes immediately descended on them and opened fire, scoring several hits.[10] The North Koreans then opened fire on the five US fighters guarding the transport aircraft. Little ordered return fire and personally fired the first shot against the North Koreans.[9]

The North Korean aircraft split off into two groups, with two climbing rapidly into the clouds and the remaining three descending. Two F-82s piloted by Lieutenant Charles B. Moran (tail number 46-357) and Lieutenant William G. Hudson (tail number 46-383) followed the ascending pair. The two North Korean aircraft maneuvered around Moran's aircraft and opened fire, damaging the tail of his plane. Hudson responded by attacking the lead plane, forcing it to ascend further. Hudson's shots struck the aircraft in the fuselage and right wing.[11] The North Korean pilot subsequently bailed out of the aircraft, though the navigator remained in it and was killed when the aircraft crashed.

Moran, in the meantime, had stalled while attempting to avoid the second North Korean plane, and when his aircraft recovered he was able to quickly shoot down the second aircraft which had accelerated in front of his.[11] Little then dove his aircraft to engage the three remaining aircraft, quickly shooting one down while attempting to assist Moran.[11]

The US planes, which were faster and more maneuverable than the North Korean aircraft, easily outperformed them. Within several minutes, three victories were claimed; one each by Little, Hudson, and Moran. The remaining two North Korean planes immediately fled.[9] The US aircraft, in the meantime, suffered damage from the dogfight though none was shot down. Fire broke out in Little's cockpit, but he rallied the other aircraft and continued to escort them to their destination in Japan.[10]

Initial reports differed on who had made the first kill, which would be the first North Korean plane shot down by the United Nations forces in the war. Later research indicated Hudson had successfully shot down the first aircraft.[12] The timing of Hudson and Moran's victories remains unclear, and it is possible each scored a victory within seconds of the other.[11] For his determination in leading the flight, though, Little was awarded a Silver Star.[10]

### Second sortie

[edit]

F-80Cs of the 8th Fighter-Bomber Group in Korea during the summer of 1950.

Word of the dogfight spread throughout the area, and an air alert was quickly posted over Seoul. In response, four F-80C Shooting Star aircraft of the 35th Fighter-Bomber Squadron under Captain Raymond E. Schillereff [13] were posted in the skies over Seoul to counter any North Korean aircraft appearing in the area. The F-80s were jet engine-powered fighter aircraft which would easily defeat all of the aircraft known in the North Koreans' air force.[12]

Early in the afternoon, the North Korean aircraft returned in larger numbers to attack the air transports. A flight of eight Ilyushin Il-10s appeared in the airspace between Seoul and Incheon, attempting to ambush transport aircraft while still on the ground at the airfields. The F-80s spotted the North Korean planes and engaged them.[12] The North Korean aircraft split into two groups of four and quickly destroyed a Republic of Korea Air Force T-6 Texan parked on the tarmac at Kimpo.[14][15]

#### First US jet-aircraft victory

[edit]

The four F-80 aircraft were able to attack the North Koreans from a greater distance. With a minimal amount of maneuvering, the US aircraft rushed the North Korean formation and quickly shot four of them down; two by Lieutenant Robert E. Wayne, one by Lieutenant Robert H. Dewald, and one by Schillereff. These victories were the first for US Air Force jet-powered fighters in history.[12]

The four remaining North Korean pilots immediately retreated to the north. The aircraft likely staged at Pyongyang Air Base and informed their superiors. No additional North Korean aircraft were spotted in the area for the rest of the day.[12] By the end of the day the US aircraft from the three squadrons had flown 163 sorties.[5]

## Aftermath

[edit]

Main article: Air Battle of South Korea

The battle was the first air-to-air dogfight between the United Nations and North Korea in the war. The North Koreans were unsuccessful in attempting to shoot down the air transports, and in the end none of the refugees in the evacuation was injured by the North Koreans.[9] In all, the operation saw 2,001 people, including 1,527 US nationals, evacuated from the peninsula ahead of the wider war.[5]

The battle was also considered a sign of the US's arrival into the Jet Age. The Il-10, which had been considered a high quality and effective conventional aircraft in World War II, had been easily outmatched by the F-80 and its jet engine. The engagement was a rare example of an air-to-air battle at the early phase of the war, and North Korean forces became much more cautious when deploying their aircraft in battle, knowing they were easily outnumbered and outmatched by UN forces.[12] For the next several months, the UN forces enjoyed air supremacy, operating their air forces in support of ground combat virtually unopposed.[16] The public perception of the F-80s, which had to this point been cautious, improved with news of the victories.[17]

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Alexander 2003, p. 1
2. ^ Alexander 2003, p. 2
3. ^ Malkasian 2001, p. 23
4. ^ Appleman 1998, p. 38
5. ^ a b c d Appleman 1998, p. 39
6. ^ Varhola 2000, p. 2
7. ^ Futrell 1997, p. 19
8. ^ Dorr & Lake 1999, p. 7
9. ^ a b c d Futrell 1997, p. 12
10. ^ a b c d Valor Awards for James Walter Little, Gannett Company, 2011, retrieved 2011-08-23
11. ^ a b c d Dorr & Lake 1999, p. 8
12. ^ a b c d e f Futrell 1997, p. 13
13. ^ Schillereff was later on the cover of Life Magazine July 17, 1950. He was later killed in an aircraft accident in the United States August 8, 1951.
14. ^ Dorr & Lake 1999, p. 9
15. ^ Appleman 1998, p. 44
16. ^ Appleman 1998, p. 257
17. ^ Dorr & Lake 1999, p. 10

### Sources

[edit]

* Alexander, Bevin (2003), Korea: The First War We Lost, New York: Hippocrene Books, ISBN 978-0-7818-1019-7
* Appleman, Roy E. (1998), South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu: United States Army in the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, ISBN 978-0-16-001918-0, archived from the original on 2014-02-07, retrieved 2011-08-24
* Dorr, Robert F.; Lake, John (1999), Korean War Aces, Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-85532-501-2
* Futrell, Robert F. (1997), The United States Air Force in Korea, 1950–1953, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, ISBN 978-0-16-048879-5
* Malkasian, Carter (2001), The Korean War, Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84176-282-1
* Varhola, Michael J. (2000), Fire and Ice: The Korean War, 1950–1953, Mason City, Iowa: Da Capo Press, ISBN 978-1-882810-44-4

* v
* t
* e

Korean War

25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953

Background|

* Korea divided (1945–1949)
* Prelude to war (1950)

Belligerents|

| United Nations|

* Republic of Korea
* Australia
* Belgium and Luxembourg
* Canada
* Colombia
* Ethiopia
* France
* Greece
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Philippines
* Thailand
* Turkey
* South Africa
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Arkansas Army National Guard
* 65th Infantry Regiment (Puerto Rico)

|

Eastern Bloc|

* Democratic People's Republic of Korea
* China
* Soviet Union

Medical (non-combat)
participants|

Medical support in the Korean War

* Czechoslovakia
* Denmark
* India
* Italy
* Norway
* Sweden
* Hungary
* West Germany

Political leaders|

* rok
* Syngman Rhee
* Shin Song-mo
* usa
* Harry S. Truman
* Dwight D. Eisenhower
* uk
* Clement Attlee
* Winston Churchill
* ca
* Louis St. Laurent
* dprk
* Kim Il Sung
* Pak Hon-yong
* Kim Chaek
* prc
* Mao Zedong
* Zhou Enlai
* ussr
* Joseph Stalin
* Georgy Malenkov
* Lavrentiy Beria
* Vyacheslav Molotov

Military commanders|

* rok
* Kim Hong-il
* Kim Jong-oh
* Chung Il-kwon
* Paik Sun-yup
* usa
* Douglas MacArthur
* Matthew Ridgway
* Mark Wayne Clark
* dprk
* Choi Yong-kun
* prc
* Peng Dehuai
* Chen Geng
* Deng Hua

Order of battle|

* Korean People's Army
* Republic of Korea Armed Forces
* Australia
* China
* United Nations contingents
* United States Eighth Army
* United States Seventh Fleet
* Korean People's Air Force

Military operations
• North Korean,
Chinese and
Soviet forces
• South Korean, U.S.,
Commonwealth
and United Nations
forces|

| North Korean offensive
(25 June – 15 September 1950)|

* Pokpoong
* Chuncheon
* 1st Seoul
* Gorangpo
* Kaesong–Munsan
* Korea Strait
* Ongjin
* Uijeongbu
* Suwon Airfield
* Air Campaign
* Andong
* Chumonchin Chan
* Osan
* Pyongtaek
* Chonan
* Chochiwon
* Kum River
* Taejon
* Sangju
* Yongdong
* Hwanggan
* Hadong
* Notch
* Pusan Perimeter
* Masan
* P'ohang-dong
* Taegu
* 1st Naktong Bulge
* Bowling Alley
* Battle Mountain
* Kyongju
* Haman
* Nam River
* Ka-san
* Tabu-dong
* Yongsan
* 2nd Naktong Bulge

|

United Nations Command
Counteroffensive
(15 September – 30 October 1950)|

* Haeju
* Inchon
* 2nd Seoul
* Hill 282
* Sariwon
* Pyongyang
* Yongyu
* Kujin
* Chongju

Chinese Intervention
(25 October 1950 – January 1951)|

* Onjong
* Unsan
* Pakchon
* Ch'ongch'on River
* Wawon
* Chosin Reservoir
* Task Force Faith
* 3rd Seoul
* Uijeongbu
* Chaegunghyon
* 1st and 2nd Wonju

Combat around the 38th parallel
(January – June 1951)|

* Thunderbolt
* Roundup
* Twin Tunnels
* Hoengsong
* Chipyong-ni
* 3rd Wonju
* Chuam-ni
* Wonsan
* Killer
* Ripper (4th Seoul)
* Maehwa-san
* Courageous
* Tomahawk
* Rugged
* Dauntless
* Spring offensive
* Imjin River
* Yultong
* Kapyong
* Soyang River
* UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive

Air operations
(1950–1953)|

* MiG Alley
* Sunchon
* Strangle
* Sui-ho Dam
* Bombing of North Korea 1950–1953

Naval operations
(1950–1953)|

* Korea Strait
* Chumonchin Chan
* Haeju
* Inchon
* Blockade of Wonsan
* Han River

Stalemate
(July 1951 – 27 July 1953)|

* Bloody Ridge
* Minden
* Punchbowl
* Heartbreak Ridge
* Han River
* Commando
* 1st Maryang-san
* Haktang-ni
* Polecharge
* 2nd Maryang-san
* Sunchon
* Hill Eerie
* Sui-ho Dam
* Old Baldy
* Blaze
* White Horse Hill
* Triangle Hill
* 1st Hook
* 2nd Hook
* Chatkol
* Outpost Vegas
* Pork Chop Hill
* 3rd Hook
* Outpost Harry
* Kumsong
* Samichon River
* Korean Armistice Agreement

Aftermath|

* Memorial Day
* Casualties
* War crimes
* Prisoners of war
* Armistice
* DMZ
* Korean DMZ Conflict
* Northern Limit Line
* Panmunjom Declaration

Popular culture|

* Documentary films
* Films
* Books
* Reenactment
* M*A*S*H
* Television series

Other|

* North Korea–South Korea relations
* Korean conflict
* Allegations of biological warfare
* American and British defectors
* Flying aces
* Impact on the economy of the United States
* MiG Alley
* Operation Blacklist Forty
* Operation Glory
* United Nations Memorial Cemetery
* Weapons

* See also:
* Korean War images
* Cold War

Portals:

* North Korea
* South Korea
* 1950s

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