Battles of the Loxahatchee

Battle of Second Seminole War

First Battle of the Loxahatchee

Part of the Second Seminole War

U.S. Navy sailors in the 1830s
| Date| January 15, 1838

|

Location|

Near Jupiter Inlet, Florida, U.S.

Result|  Seminole victory
Belligerents
United States|  Seminole
Commanders and leaders
Levin M. Powell (WIA)|  Abiaka
Strength
80 (55 Navy, 25 Army)|  300 (estimated)
Casualties and losses
4 killed
22 wounded|  Unknown
Second Battle of the Loxahatchee

Part of the Second Seminole War

The Loxahatchee River area during the 1800s
| Date| January 24, 1838

|

Location|

Near Jupiter Inlet, Florida, U.S.

Result|  Seminole victory
Belligerents
United States|  Seminole
Commanders and leaders
Thomas Jesup (WIA)
William Harney
William Lauderdale|  Abiaka
Strength
1,500
Unknown number of Congreve rockets and cannons|  300 (estimated)
Casualties and losses
7 killed
31 wounded|  1 killed

* v
* t
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Seminole Wars

First Seminole War

* Watering Hole Massacre
* Battle of Negro Fort
* Battle of Suwanee
* Fort Barrancas
* Arbuthnot and Ambrister incident

* * *

Second Seminole War

* Dade battle
* Withlacoochee
* San Felasco Hammock
* Wahoo Swamp
* Lake Okeechobee
* Loxahatchee (Jupiter Inlet)
* Pine Island Ridge
* Caloosahatchee

The Battles of the Loxahatchee occurred west of Jupiter Inlet in South Florida in January 1838 between the United States Military and the Seminole Indians led by Chief Abiaka. The First Battle of the Loxahatchee (Powell's Battle) occurred on January 15, involving a joint Navy-Army unit led by U.S. Navy Lieutenant Levin M. Powell. The Second Battle of the Loxahatchee (Jesup's Battle) occurred on January 24 involving a large army under U.S. Army General Thomas Jesup. The two battles were fought around the same area against the same group of Seminoles.

## Background

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The Seminoles in the Loxahatchee area in January 1838 were the same group of Seminoles who had just fought at the Battle of Lake Okeechobee a month earlier. Seminole historian Billy Bowlegs III stated that Chief Abiaka led this Seminole group after the battle to the coast of Palm Beach County in order to loot shipwrecks for valuable supplies of gunpowder, clothing, and food.[1]

The Battle of Lake Okeechobee and the Battles of the Loxahatchee were all part of a broader offensive into Southern Florida that was planned by General Thomas Jesup.

## Battle name

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The names of the two battles have not been historically consistent. Older sources sometimes erroneously refer to Powell's Battle as the Battle of Jupiter Inlet (including Guinn), probably because contemporary newspaper accounts described it as occurring "near" the inlet.

The modern name of both battles refers to the Loxahatchee River (not the modern community of Loxahatchee, Florida). "Loxahatchee" is an Anglicized version of the waterway's Seminole name, "Locha-hatchee" (turtle river). Historical spellings have varied, including Lockahatchee (Mahon) and Locha-Hatchie (Buker).

## First Battle of the Loxahatchee (Powell's Battle)

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Navy Lieutenant Levin M. Powell was put in charge of the Everglades Expeditionary Unit, a joint Navy-Army unit tasked with launching an amphibious expedition into South Florida to search for Seminole villages. Among the unit was a German doctor named Frederick Leitner who volunteered to be a combat medic for Powell's troops. Future Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston was also part of this unit as a topographical engineer.

The expedition began at Fort Pierce, where Powell and his men boarded onto boats and shipped down the east coast of Florida until they landed at Jupiter Inlet on January 15, 1838. Soon after they landed, Powell's troops captured a Seminole woman and ordered her to lead them to her village. Leaving 23 of his men to guard the boats, Powell divided the rest of his men under Lt. William P. McArthur (Navy), Lt. Horace N. Harrison (Navy), and Lt. Henry W. Fowler (Army) and marched inland.

After marching 5 miles (8.0 km) inland along the Loxahatchee River, Powell's troops were suddenly fired upon by the Seminole Indians. Powell then ordered his men to charge, and the Seminoles fell back into a dense cypress swamp where they made a defensive stand. As Powell's troops advanced towards the swamp, they began to take many casualties as they were put under intense rifle fire from the Seminole warriors. Powell, McArthur, and Harrison were all wounded and the medic Frederick Leitner was killed. The loss of the officers caused Powell's men, who were mostly inexperienced Navy sailors, to flee in panic.[2] Lt. Fowler was also wounded as he attempted to cover the retreat. With all of the officers down, Joseph E. Johnston took charge and managed to rally some of the men to cover the retreat. The U.S. troops retreated back to their boats and left after dark to flee to Fort Pierce. One boat, containing a barrel of gunpowder, was accidentally left behind during the retreat and was captured by the Seminoles. After recovering a lost man initially thought to be killed, Powell reported his losses as 4 killed and 22 wounded.[3]

## Second Battle of the Loxahatchee (Jesup's Battle)

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Notified that Powell had definitively located a group of Seminoles, Major General Thomas S. Jesup brought his army overland from Fort Pierce, passing west of the St. Lucie River and approaching the Seminole encampment from the west. Jesup had a force of about 1,500 men: 600 dragoons (2nd Dragoons under Lieutenant Colonel William S. Harney), 400 artillerymen (part of the 3rd Artillery Regiment under Colonel Lemuel Gates), 400 Tennessee Militiamen (under Major William Lauderdale), 100 Alabama Militiamen, and 35 Lenape Indian scouts.[4] The Seminoles facing Jesup would utilize the same defensive tactics they used a month earlier at the Battle of Lake Okeechobee, such as cutting the sawgrass in front of their position to give them a better view of the enemy, and putting notches in the trees to steady their rifles.[1]

On the afternoon of January 24, Jesup's scouts located the Seminoles in a dense hammock. Jesup's dragoons and infantry advanced towards the Seminole position, with support fire from cannons and Congreve rockets. The heavy cannon and rocket fire made the Seminoles fall back across the Loxahatchee River as they took up a second position on the east bank of the river. As the Seminoles fell back, General Jesup charged ahead on horseback towards the river.

As soon as General Jesup reached the bank of the Loxahatchee River, a Seminole bullet grazed Jesup's face, cutting open his left cheek and shattering his glasses. The U.S. troops and Seminole warriors then began to fire at each other across the Loxahatchee River. During this shooting battle, the Tennessee Militia troops under Major Lauderdale took the heaviest casualties. Lieutenant Colonel Harney and some of his dragoons managed to cross the river and flanked the Seminoles on the east bank.[4] After holding off the U.S. troops long enough for their women, children, and elderly to safely evacuate, the Seminole warriors withdrew deeper into the Everglades.[5]

Shortly after the battle, Jesup's men found the dead body of a U.S. Navy sailor from Levin M. Powell's unit, showing that both battles took place around the same area. Only one body of a Seminole warrior was found after the battle.[6] This battle would be the last pitched battle of the Seminole Wars.

## Aftermath

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General Jesup complained in his report that the battle he fought was "productive of no results",[5] and that it only caused the Seminoles to escape further into the Everglades, making it harder for the U.S. troops to catch them. The battle convinced Jesup that defeating the Seminole Indians was impossible, and he later wrote a letter to Secretary of War Joel Poinsett requesting that the U.S. Government allow the Seminole tribe to remain in Florida.[5]In May 1838, Jesup was replaced by General Zachary Taylor as the commander of all U.S. troops in Florida.[7]

In the meantime, Jesup's troops built Fort Jupiter near Jupiter Inlet. Major William Lauderdale would remain in the area with his Tennessee Militiamen, and two months later he would march further south to New River and build the eponymously named Fort Lauderdale. Chief Abiaka and the Seminoles would move south to Broward County, where they would be pursued again by U.S. troops at the Battle of Pine Island Ridge in March 1838.

## Battlefield today

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The exact location of both battlefields was unclear for most of the 20th century. At one time it was incorrectly identified as having taken place in modern Jonathan Dickinson State Park, with a marker placed there accordingly. In the 1980s, numerous avocational archaeologists, not all of them working together, concluded Jesup's battle occurred in Jupiter Farms along the Loxahatchee River Northwest Fork around and south of Indiantown Road (SR 706). An extensive archaeological survey by professional archaeologist Robert S. Carr and his Archaeological and Historical Conservancy (AHC) confirmed the location of the battlefield as well as numerous Seminole and pre-Seminole archaeological sites in Riverbend Park. The part of the park where the battle took place is now Loxahatchee River Battlefield Park. The park is managed by Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation.

The exact location of Powell's Battle is less clear, but probably occurred east of Riverbend Park.

The Loxahatchee Battlefield Preservationists (LBP) have held an annual reenactment of the battle in late January since 2007.[8]

## See also

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* List of battles won by Indigenous peoples of the Americas
* West Indies Squadron

## Notes

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1. ^ a b West, Patsy (2022-05-05). "Abiaka, or Sam Jones, in Context: The Mikasuki Ethnogenesis through the Third Seminole War". Florida Historical Quarterly. 94 (3).
2. ^ Buker, George (2021-05-07). "Lieutenant Levin M. Powell, U.S.N., Pioneer of Riverine Warfare". Florida Historical Quarterly. 47 (3).
3. ^ Buker 1975.
4. ^ a b Procyk 1999.
5. ^ a b c Monaco, C. S. (2018-03-15). The Second Seminole War and the Limits of American Aggression. JHU Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-2481-1.
6. ^ Grunwald, Michael (2007-03-27). The Swamp: The Everglades, Florida, and the Politics of Paradise. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-5107-5.
7. ^ III, Walter C. Hilderman (2013-11-21). Theophilus Hunter Holmes: A North Carolina General in the Civil War. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-7310-6.
8. ^ Preservationists, Loxahatchee Battlefield. "Loxahatchee Battlefield Preservationists". Loxahatchee Battlefield Preservationists. Retrieved 2023-10-31.

## References

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* Buker, George E. (1975). Swamp Sailors: Riverine Warfare in the Everglades, 1835-1842. University Press of Florida. pp. 61–64\. ISBN 0-8130-0352-0.
* Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
* Guinn, Jeff (2005). Our Land Before We Die. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-16081-7.
* Mahon, John K. (1985). History of the Second Seminole War, 1835-1842 (Revised ed.). University Press of Florida. pp. 231–234\. ISBN 978-0-8130-1097-7.
* Neil, Wilfred T. (1956). The Story of Florida's Seminole Indians. Seaside Press. p. 73.
* Procyk, Richard J. (1999). Guns Across The Loxahatchee. Florida Historical Society. ISBN 978-1-886104-34-1.
* Symonds, Craig L. (1994). Joseph E. Johnston: A Civil War Biography. New York, New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31130-3.
* "The Seminole Wars". Florida Department of State. Retrieved January 12, 2022.

## External links

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* Loxahatchee Battlefield Preservationists
* Florida State Historical Marker - Powell's Battle
* Florida State Historical Marker - Jesup's Battle
* Levin M. Powell Biography

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