Bayraktar TB2

Turkish unmanned combat aerial vehicle

Bayraktar TB2

Bayraktar TB2 of the Turkish Air Force
Role  | Unmanned combat aerial vehicle

Type of aircraft

National origin | Turkey
Manufacturer  | Baykar
First flight  | August 2014; 10 years ago (2014-08)
Status  | In service
Primary users  | Turkey
Azerbaijan
Ukraine
See Operators
Number built | >600[1]
Developed from | Baykar Bayraktar TB1
Developed into | Baykar Bayraktar TB3

Bayraktar TB2 (Turkish: Standard-bearer TB2)[2] is a medium-altitude long-endurance (MALE) unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) capable of remotely controlled or autonomous flight operations. It is manufactured by the Turkish company Baykar Makina Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş., primarily for the Turkish Armed Forces.[2][3][4] The aircraft are monitored and controlled by an aircrew in a ground control station, including weapons employment. The development of the UAV has been largely credited to Selçuk Bayraktar, a former MIT graduate student.[5]

By November 2021, the TB2 drone had completed 400,000 flight hours globally.[6][7] The largest operator of TB2 drones is the Turkish military, but an export model has been sold to the militaries of a number of other countries.[8][9] Turkey has used the drone extensively in strikes on Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and People's Protection Units (YPG) targets in Iraq and Syria.[10][11][12][13] Bayraktar drones were later deployed by a number of other nations around the world in various wars, such as by Azerbaijan in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, by the Armed Forces of Ukraine during the Russian invasion of Ukraine,[14][15] as well as by the Ethiopian National Defense Force during the Tigray War.[16][17][18]

Bayraktar TB2 played a fundamental role in Turkey's development of a new military tactic and initiated a wave of change in modern military doctrines. It was accepted as the initiator of a new method of war by many military analysts and strategists,[19][20][21][22][23] including the political scientist Francis Fukuyama.[24]

## Development

[edit]

Bayraktar TB2 technical specifications in Turkish

The development of the Bayraktar TB2 was spurred by a U.S. ban on exports of armed unmanned aircraft to Turkey due to concerns that they would be used against PKK groups inside and outside Turkey.[13]

Baykar started developing a new combat tactical aerial vehicle system at the request of the Presidency of Defense Industries, after the experiences of its first tactical UAV, the Bayraktar Çaldıran or Bayraktar TB1, delivered to the Turkish army in 2011.[25] The Bayraktar TB2 made its maiden flight in August 2014.[26] On 18 December 2015, a video was published of a test firing of a missile from the Bayraktar TB2, a result of a collaboration with Roketsan. Roketsan's MAM and TUBITAK-SAGE's BOZOK laser-guided bombs were tested for the first time.[27][28][21]

### Components and technologies

[edit]

The aircraft previously relied on imported and regulated components and technologies such as Rotax 912 engines[29] (manufactured in Austria) and optoelectronics (FLIR sensors imported from Wescam in Canada or Hensoldt from Germany). Bombardier Recreational Products, owner of Rotax, suspended delivery of their engines to certain countries in October 2020, after becoming aware of their military use despite being certified for civil use only.[29][30]

According to the British newspaper The Guardian, the arming of the Bayraktar TB2 would not have been possible without the help of the UK Hornet micro-munitions bomb rack by EDO MBM Technology Ltd. The bomb rack was provided to Turkey in 2015, and a variant of it was integrated into the aircraft by EDO MBM and Roketsan.[31] In response to The Guardian newspaper article, Baykar Chief Technical Officer Selçuk Bayraktar denied that the bomb rack came from the UK. "We are not buying it from you, we never did. It not only does not work under any circumstances but is also very expensive", Bayraktar said on Twitter. "We have designed and manufactured a more advanced and cost-effective one ourselves."[32]

On 19 August 2020 the UK Department for International Trade (DIT) disclosed details of a six-year history of exports of the Hornet bomb rack to Turkey between 2014 and 2020, suggesting that supply of the critical technology to Turkey had continued well beyond the development stage of the Bayraktar TB2 and right up to the publication of the Guardian story in November 2019. 18 Standard Individual Export Licence (SIEL) applications were submitted by EDO MBM Technology between 2014 and 2020 for exports of goods 'related to Hornet Bomb Racks / Hornet Missile Launchers' for end-users in Turkey. Of these, 16 of the licences were granted.[33]

In October 2020, the drone's use of the Canadian Wescam MX-15D system was disclosed after Armenian officials claimed that remains of a MX-15D system had been recovered from a downed TB2 drone during the nation's conflict with Azerbaijan. That triggered the stopping of MX-15D exports to Turkey while an investigation by Global Affairs Canada evaluates the use of Canadian technology in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.[34][35][36] Turkish industry responded to foreign sales boycotts by announcing provision of domestically manufactured alternatives, including the TEI-PD170 engine (manufactured by TEI),[37][38] fuel valves, and the CATS FLIR system (manufactured by Aselsan).[39] Integration tests with that system started on 6 November 2020.[40] Turkish defense industry researcher Kadir Doğan tweeted that cancellation of sales of components to Baykar by foreign companies did not pose a major problem, and that, as of January 2021, all of those components have been replaced by locally manufactured alternatives.[41]

However, the majority of Baykar's customers—including Ukraine, Poland, Morocco, and Kuwait—declined to purchase the Aselsan CATS electro-optical turret and opted to order the Wescam MX-15D through an authorized distributor.[42] Reasons include a weight increase from 45 to 61 kg (99 to 134 lb), general performance, and compatibility with existing fleets.[42]

## Characteristics

[edit]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Bayraktar TB2" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

### Design

[edit]

Bayraktar TB2 first trial flights

The Bayraktar TB2 platform has a blended wing body design with an inverted V-tail structure. Thrust is generated by a variable pitch two-blade propeller in pusher configuration. The propeller is mounted between the tail booms and driven by an internal combustion engine located in the body. The monocoque platform is modular with detachable main items such as wing, tail boom, and V-tails. Fuselage pieces are made mostly of carbon fiber composite with machined aluminum parts at joints. Fuel is stored within bladder tanks and fuel consumption is balanced with solenoid valves.

The ground control station (GCS) is based on a NATO-spec shelter unit, which is equipped with cross-redundant command and control systems. The mobile unit supports three personnel: pilot, payload operator, and mission commander. The GCS is equipped with redundant air conditioners and nuclear, biological, and chemical filtration (NBC) filtering units. All hardware inside the shelter is placed inside racked cabinets. Each operator has dual screens in front, along with the operator interface software used for real-time command, control, and monitoring.[43]

While the Turkish Armed Forces describe Bayraktar TB2 as "Tactical UAV Class" to prevent it from being a competitor to the TAI Anka UAV, international standards would classify it as a medium-altitude long-endurance UAV.[44][45]

### Configuration

[edit]

Bayraktar TB2 Ground Control Station System Bayraktar ground control station on a mobile platform

Each TB2 is configured with six aerial vehicle platforms,[clarification needed] two ground control stations, three ground data terminals (GDT), two remote video terminals (RVT), and ground support equipment.[citation needed] Each aerial platform is equipped with a triply-redundant avionics system. Its ground control system's cross-redundant architecture allows for pilot, payload operator, and mission commander to command, control, and monitor the platform.[46]

### Digital flight control system

[edit]

The TB2 has a triple-redundant flight control system with autonomous taxi, takeoff, cruise, landing, and parking capability. The computerized flight control system is the primary component, programmed with sensor fusion algorithms that act on real-time sensor data. Mission-specific controls are handled through the mission-control computer system. The aerial platform is guided using various redundant rotary and linear servo actuators. All of the main airborne avionics equipment, software, and hardware are under constant development.[47]

The electronic power supply for the onboard systems is supported with triple alternators and balanced, smart lithium-ion battery units. A ruggedized heated camera unit is placed in the tail section of the platform to monitor flight, and all payload and telemetry data are saved to the airborne data recorder. The redundant architecture of the avionics supports autonomous emergency landings on different airfields if necessary. Sensor fusion algorithms, including an inertial navigation system, allow navigation and auto landing even with loss of global positioning signals.[47]

### Price

[edit]

Baykar has not stated a price, but has republished on its website several news reports about crowdfunding campaigns launched in 2022 in Europe to buy Bayraktar UAVs for Ukraine, all of them fixing a goal of around US$5–5.5 million for the unit.[48][49]

That is around one-sixth of the price for the US-built Reaper UAV, albeit with the TB2 capable of carrying only one-tenth the payload of the Reaper.[50]

## Operational history

[edit]

### Turkey

[edit]

Bayraktar TB2 loaded with MAM-L

The Turkish military's use of the TB2 gained prominence in counterinsurgency operations against sites of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and People's Protection Units (YPG) that were in Iraq and Syria.[10][11][12][13]

On 30 June 2018, one Turkish Air Force Bayraktar TB2 crashed due to technical problems in Hatay province, Turkey.[51][52]

In early 2018, the Turkish military combined UAV and artillery tactics in Syria against the YPG. According to Turkey the use of armed responsible for 449 terrorists being killed or wounded, and TB2s, in combined operations, assisted in the neutralization of 680 more.[10]

On 15 August 2018, Turkish Land Forces successfully used a Bayraktar TB2 in a joint cross-border operation, of the Turkish Armed Forces and the National Intelligence Organization of Turkey, to kill the senior (PKK) leader and board member of the Kurdistan Communities Union İsmail Özden in Sinjar District, northwestern Iraq.[53]

On 16 May 2021, one Bayraktar TB2 crashed in Zebari, northern Iraq; Kurdish militants claimed to have shot down the drone.[54]

A total of 37 Turkish Bayraktar TB2s successfully flew over 1551 hours in the earthquake zone of the 2023 Turkey-Syria earthquake. The drones have been instrumental in providing continuous updates and data to the crisis-response team for damage detection and search-and-rescue support, along with coordination activities.[55]

On 20 June 2023, a Turkish Bayraktar TB2 drone crashed in Qandil, northern lraq. The wreck fell in an area under Kurdish militia control.[56]

#### Turkish use in Syria

[edit]

See also: Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War and List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Syrian Civil War

In March 2020 Bayraktar TB2s, Anka-S UAVs, and an array of Koral electronic jammers were deployed and extensively used in coordinated action to strike Syrian army targets on the ground during Operation Spring Shield, launched by Turkey following losses the Turkish forces incurred at the hands of the Russian forces in northwestern Syria at the end of February 2020.[57][58][59]In this operation, in which Turkish forces used TB-2s in large numbers, they virtually "blinded" enemy radars and neutralized Syrian air defense systems such as Pantsir and Buk.[23][20][60][61] As a result, the attacks of the Assad regime forces, supported by Russia and Iran, on Idlib were forced to stop.[62][21] The deployment was assessed by experts to be a success and a tactical game-changer.[63][64][65]

During the week of fighting, Turkish drones took out 73 Syrian armed vehicles with 405 Syrians troops including 30 high ranking officers.[66]The OSINT Oryx Blog, in its research according to open sources, found 37 tanks of the T-55, T-62 and T-72 models, 9 BMP-1 armored combat vehicles, 16 2S1 Gvozdika howitzers, 1 122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30) gun, 3 M-46 guns, 1 152-mm howitzer M1943 (D-1) gun, 6 2S3 Akatsiya howitzers, 8 BM-21 Grad MLRS, 1 122mm HM-20 MLRS, 2 x 122mm MRL MLRS, 2 160mm M160 mortars, 1 240mm M240 mortar, 4 ZSU-23-4 armored anti-aircraft vehicles, 2 ZU-23-2 anti-aircraft guns, 1 S-75 Dvina surface-to-air anti-aircraft missile system, 2 Pantsir-S1 surface-to-air anti-aircraft and artillery systems, 1 SNR-125 air defense radar and 21 different types of trucks were destroyed in the TSK drone attack.[67]The New Lines Institute reported that it received information from sources close to the American government, and that as a result of the Turkish Armed Forces' attack, the Syrian Army lost 3 warplanes, 3 UAVs, 8 helicopters, 135 tanks, 86 artillery and MLRS, 77 armored vehicles, 9 ammunition depots, 5 air defense systems, and 16 anti-tank and mortar positions. It was also stated that an average of 60 regime soldiers were thought to have been killed per day between February 27 and March 5.[68] There is only visual evidence for three Bayraktar drones being shot down.[69][70][71][72]

On 23 August 2020, another Bayraktar TB2 drone was shot down by Syrian air defenses near Kafr Nabl, Idlib, after being detected spotting targets for Syrian rebels.[73][74]

On 22 October 2021, Turkey struck the Syrian town of Ayn al-Arab using Bayraktar TB2s, destroying several vehicles and killing a passenger of a car, a suspected member of a Kurdish rebel group.[75]

In 2022, Turkish drone strikes, including Bayraktar drones, killed 50 SDF fighters and 10 civilians.[76]

### Libya

[edit]

In June 2019, international news media reported that Libya's UN-recognized[77] Government of National Accord (GNA) used Bayraktar TB2s to strike an airbase held by General Haftar's Libyan National Army (LNA). Despite the UN embargo on Libya's ongoing civil war, it is suspected that at least 3 Bayraktar TB2s were being used over Tripoli by the government forces. Video evidence, as early as 11 June 2019, showed at least one TB2 flying over Tripoli[78] about to land at Mitiga International Airport's military section, under control of GNA-allied forces. Turkish supplied TB-2s were succesfull against Pantsir air defense systems in Libya and destroyed 9 units.[79][80]

* On 14 May 2019, a GNA TB2 was destroyed by LNA defenses in Al-Jufra area.[81][82][83]
* On 6 June 2019, two GNA TB2s were destroyed by LNA attacks on Mitiga Airport.[84][85]
* On 30 June 2019, a TB2 was destroyed by LNA defenses.[86][84]
* On 25 July 2019, two LNA Ilyushin Il-76TD cargo planes were destroyed on the ground in Al-Jufra Air base by an attack by TB2 drones.[87] A GNA TB2 was shot down near al-Jufra airbase during the same attack.[88]
* On 14 December 2019, a GNA TB2 was shot down in Ain Zara, Tripoli.[89][90]
* On 2 January 2020, a GNA TB2 was shot down south of Mitiga Airport.[91][90]
* On 22 January 2020, a TB2 drone, serial number T92, with GNA markings, was shot down by LNA forces after taking off from Mitiga Airport.[92][90]
* On 25 February 2020, the LNA shot down a GNA TB2, providing a video of the wreck.[93][94]
* On 26 February 2020, the LNA shot down another GNA TB2, later providing video of the wreck.[94][95][96]
* On 28 February 2020, the LNA shot down two GNA TB2, near Tripoli, providing images of both wrecks.[97]
* On 31 March 2020, the LNA shot down two GNA TB2 drones near Tripoli;[98] one at Misrata Air College and another in Al-Tawaisha.[99]
* On 11 April 2020, a GNA TB2 was shot down in Tarhuna.[100][90]
* On 13 April 2020, a GNA TB2, serial number T94, was shot down near Mitiga Airport by LNA forces.[101]
* On 17 April 2020, two GNA TB2 drones were shot down, one with serial number T95, near Bani Walid[102][103] and another in Misratah.[104][105]
* On 18 April 2020, a GNA TB2 was shot down by LNA forces south of Tripoli.[106][107]
* On 2 May 2020, a GNA TB2 was destroyed at Arada, near Mitiga Airport, downed by LNA forces.[108][90]
* On 12 May 2020, a GNA TB2 was shot down near Ash Shwayrif, Tripoli.[109][90]
* On 21–23 May 2020, Libyan National Army's Pantsir missile system shot down three GNA drones, including one TAI Anka drone over Tarhuna city, and one TB2 over the al-Shuwairif area in southwest of Jabal al-Gharbi province[110] and another TB2 in Qaryat.[111]
* On 7 June 2020, two GNA TB2 drones were shot down by LNA forces near Sirte.[112][90]
* By 1 July 2020, at least 16 TB2 drones were reported shot down or lost in Libya during six months of fighting[113] and 23 were reported lost since LNA offensive in Western Libya that began in April 2019.[98]

### Azerbaijan

[edit]

Bayraktar TB2 on display at the 2020 Victory Parade in Baku, Azerbaijan

In June 2020, the Defence Minister of Azerbaijan, Zakir Hasanov, announced that Azerbaijan had decided to purchase Bayraktar drones from Turkey.[114] During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, Bayraktar TB2s were used against the Armed Forces of Armenia with great success.[115] Azerbaijan used TB2s to destroy Armenian artillery, infantry positions, and military vehicles, including BM-30 Smerch MLRS, T-72 tanks, and BMP-1 and BMP-2 IFVs.[116][117] Nine Osa and Strela-10 air defense systems were also destroyed by Azerbaijani drones, likely TB2s.[116] On 19 October 2020, a Bayraktar TB2 was shot down by air defenses of the Armenian army over Nagorno-Karabakh.[118][119] On 8 November 2020, another Azerbaijani Bayraktar TB2 was shot down by air defense, in southeastern Nagorno-Karabakh.[120]

### Ukraine

[edit]

A Bayraktar TB2 of the Ukrainian Air Force armed with MAM-L; two ground control stations are in the background

As part of its military modernization program, the Armed Forces of Ukraine purchased 12 Bayraktar TB2s in 2019.[121][122] In January 2019, Baykar signed an agreement with Ukrspetsproject, part of Ukroboronprom, for the purchase of six TB2s and 3 ground control stations worth US$69 million for the Ukrainian army.[123][124] Ukraine received the first batch of the UAVs in March 2019.[125] After successful testing of the aircraft, the Ukrainian Navy placed a separate order for six TB2s, to be delivered in 2021, according to navy officials.[126] Meanwhile, Turkish and Ukrainian officials announced the establishment of a joint venture to produce 48 additional Bayraktar TB2s in Ukraine.[127] The first batch of the Bayraktar TB2 complex was delivered to the navy in July 2021.[128]

During a Russian military buildup in Crimea and near Ukraine's borders, a TB2 conducted a reconnaissance flight over the Donbas region on 9 April 2021. This was the first operational use of the aircraft by Ukrainian forces within an active conflict zone.[129][130] In October 2021, a TB2 drone was used for the first time in combat during the war, targeting a Russian separatist artillery position, destroying a D-30 howitzer, and halting the bombardment of Ukrainian troops near Hranitne.[131]

#### 2022 Russian invasion

[edit]

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, TB2 drones were used by Ukraine's armed forces against Russian forces and equipment.[132] In January, prior to the invasion, the spokesperson for the air force command, Lt. Col. Yuri Ihnat, stated that "Ukraine has approximately 20 Bayraktar drones, but we will not stop there".[133] On 2 March, Ukrainian defense minister Oleksii Reznikov announced the arrival of additional TB2 drones.[134]

According to video footage released by the armed forces, TB2 drones have successfully destroyed, on different occasions, a Russian command post, military vehicles—including tanks, IFVs, and different types of trucks—surface-to-air missile systems (including Buk and Tor systems), self-propelled artillery, multiple rocket launcher (MLRS), howitzers, and an electronic warfare system.[132][135][136][137][138] The drone also reportedly destroyed two Russian fuel trains, patrol boats, and a helicopter.[139][140][141]

On 24 February, the day of invasion, four Bayraktar TB2 drones stationed at Chuhuiv Air base were abandoned and later destroyed on the ground by Ukrainian Forces, amid reported Russian rocket attacks.[142] The People's Militia of the Luhansk People's Republic claimed it shot down two TB2 drones near the city of Luhansk.[143] On 27 February, Ukraine's air force confirmed two strikes by TB2s on Russian convoys in the Kherson and Zhytomyr regions.[135]

The chief of Ukraine's air force, Lieutenant General Mykola Oleschuk, called the UAV system "life-giving".[144] The popularity of the drone in Ukraine led to a song, "Bayraktar", which praised the drone while also insulting the Russian army and its invasion.[145][146][147]

Ukrainian drones appear to be equipped with anti-jamming antennas. They appear to use MAM-C and MAM-L laser-guided bombs. Traditional search radars appear to struggle against the TB2 because of its slow speed and size, which give it a low radar cross section. One radar that was destroyed on 7 May appeared to be actively scanning just prior to supposedly being hit, although Russian units reportedly turn off their own radars to reduce the radar being detected and targeted. The drone can also be deployed within minutes and launched from a normal road.[148]

On 26 February 2022, two TB2 drones were claimed shot down near Shchastia.[149] On 17 March 2022, a Bayraktar TB2 was shot down over Kyiv; Russia published images of the drone wreckage.[150] A second TB2 drone was shot down on 29 March 2022, in eastern Ukraine.[151][152] On 2 April a third TB-2 drone was shot down.[153][154]

On 12 April 2022, one Bayraktar TB2 was claimed to have been shot down by Russian frigate Admiral Essen off the coast of Crimea.[155][156]

On 13 April 2022, Ukrainian sources claimed at least two R-360 Neptune missiles were responsible for the sinking of the Russian cruiser Moskva – causing an explosion on one of the ship's exposed deckside missile tubes. Drones, likely TB2s, were alleged to have helped decoy the cruiser's defences.[157][158]

On 26 and 27 April, three additional TB2 drones were destroyed, two in Kursk Oblast[159][160] and the third in Belgorod Oblast, Russia, by a Pantsir-S1.[161][162]

On 1 May, a TB2 drone with registration S51T was shot down in Kursk region, Russia.[163] TB2 losses amounted to seven units confirmed visually.[140]

On 2 May, Bayraktar drones operated by Ukraine attacked and destroyed two Russian Raptor-class patrol boats near Snake Island.[140]

On 7 May, a TB2 drone attacked and destroyed a Russian Mil Mi-8 transport helicopter as it was unloading passengers on Snake Island.[141] In the same deployment, a TB2 drone destroyed a Tor missile launcher on the island, while a second launcher was destroyed as it was being unloaded from a landing craft. This cleared the way for a bombing run by a Ukrainian Air Force Sukhoi Su-27 'Flanker' aircraft against buildings on the island.[138]

On 23 May 2022, the remains of a Ukrainian Bayraktar TB2, tail number 75, were found in Romanian territorial waters by Romanian authorities. The drone was likely shot down during the Snake Island attacks of 7 May.[164][165]

On 28 May 2022 Lithuanian citizens fundraised $3.2 million, out of the $5.37 million unit cost, to buy a single Bayraktar TB2 drone for Ukraine.[166] On 2 June, Baykar said: "The people of Lithuania have honorably raised funds to buy a Bayraktar TB2 for Ukraine. Upon learning this, Baykar will give a Bayraktar TB2 to Lithuania free of charge and asks those funds go to Ukraine for humanitarian aid."[167]

From the beginning of the invasion to late June, Ukraine received over 50 TB2s. On 28 June, Defence Minister Reznikov announced that Baykar would be devoting all of its capacities to meet the needs of the Ukrainian armed forces, fulfilling its requirement for "dozens more" of the aircraft.[168]

In July 2022, Haluk Bayraktar, CEO of Baykar, stated in an interview that his company would never supply Russia with its drones as he supports Ukraine's sovereignty and independence.[169]

#### Further use and vulnerability

[edit]

Although at the start of the invasion Ukrainian drones, including the TB2, were able to be used to harass Russian forces, by summer 2022 they had become less effective in this role. The disorganized Russians were initially slow to set up proper air defenses; but once they did, Ukrainian UAVs were downed with increasing frequency. In addition to being shot down, electronic warfare is used to jam and disrupt communication links. This may have caused the Ukrainians to scale back TB2 use.[170] On 25 July, a military expert told the BBC that the slow speed and medium altitudes of Bayraktar drones made them easy targets for Russian air defenses, and that many were shot down.[171]

In late July 2022, a TB2 with tail number U139 was reported shot down in Belgorod Oblast, Russia.[172] On 2 August another drone, with call sign 409, was shot down in Ukraine.[173] On 2 September, the remains of a Ukrainian TB2 drone were discovered in Kherson.[174]

By July 2022, Bayraktar TB2 losses reached 14 units confirmed visually by that time.[175]

On 15 January 2023 a Bayraktar TB2 was downed by Russian Electronic Warfare systems Downed using EW systems.[176]

On 22 January 2023, the remains of a destroyed Bayraktar TB2 drone were found in Odesa.[177]

The commander of the Russian Air Defense Force, Lieutenant General Andrey Demin, claimed in April 2023 that Russia had shot down "more than 100" Bayraktar drones since the war began.[178]

On 23 February 2023, a Bayraktar TB2 crashed in Kharkiv oblast due to friendly fire.[179]

On 5 May 2023, the Ukrainian air force said it downed one of its own TB2 drones over Kyiv, after they lost control of it due to a "likely" technical malfunction. No casualties were reported from the incident.[180]

On 12 May, another Bayraktar TB2 drone was shot down by Russian forces near Marinka.[181]

By June 2023, the role of the remaining TB2 drones had changed from attack to reconnaissance, staying out of the range of Russian air defenses and using their more advanced optics and sensors to guide other drones.[182]

On 17 July 2023, another TB2 drone, T 263 was shot down by Russian forces in Kherson Oblast.[183]

On 3 September 2023, Ukraine released video of a KS-701 patrol boat being destroyed by a TB2 drone. This was the first time the drone had been confirmed as being used offensively in several months. Recently, it had been used for reconnaissance, such as correcting artillery fire, due to Russian air defences.[184] It is believed that the degrading of Russian air defenses due to Ukrainian attacks have allowed TB2 drones to be used in air strikes again.[185] However, Colonel Volodymyr Valiukh, a commander in Ukrainian Main Intelligence Directorate, reported in late October 2023 that TB2 drones are now rarely used and only for short-time reconnaissance missions because of more sophisticated Russian air defense and electronic warfare systems. He specifically said: "For the TB2, I don't want to use the word useless, but it is hard to find situations where to use them".[186]

According to the Oryx Blog, as of 25 February 2025, 26 Bayraktar TB2s were destroyed, either on the ground or having been shot down by Russian forces.[187]

### Ethiopia

[edit]

Ethiopian forces have reportedly been using the TB2 against the TPLF in the Tigray War. Satellite images have shown TB2 drones in Harar Meda airbase, and debris of MAM-L guided munition have been found in Tigray.[188][189][190] On 7 January 2022, a drone strike killed nearly 60 civilians and injured dozens more in a camp of internally displaced people in Dedebit in Tigray; the missile used was a MAM-L exclusively used with the TB2 drone.[191]

### African insurgencies

[edit]

Some parts of Africa face attacks by highly mobile bands of Islamist militants, who move through scrubby terrain by motorbike to attack isolated military and civilian targets. These attacks had largely been in the Sahel, but by 2019 they had been spreading. Drones provide countries with the aerial surveillance capacity to seek and potentially attack insurgents. Buying from Turkey reduces the dependence of Niger and Togo on former-colonial-power France.[192]

## Variants

[edit]

### Bayraktar TB2S

[edit]

In October 2020, Baykar CTO Selçuk Bayraktar showed the new, improved version of TB2, named TB2S. In Bayraktar's Twitter post, the TB2S has a protrusion on its body and an antenna on its nose for satellite communication (SATCOM).[193][194] In the basic model, TB2, communication between the aircraft and the control station was via ground-based antennas. Communication via the TÜRKSAT satellite provides a much greater control range than the 150–300 kilometres (93–186 mi) range of the basic model. The satellite communication will also make the TB2S more resistant to the jamming of communications by the enemy.[195] The SATCOM-integrated TB2S made its maiden flight on 4 December 2020.[196]

### Bayraktar TB2T-AI

[edit]

In February 2025, the CTO of Baykar, Selçuk Bayraktar, unveiled the new version on his official X page, followed by a video of the first flight of the updated drone. According to the post, the new variant has the following specifications:

* Turbo Engine
* New Aerodynamic Design (New added winglets and horizontal stabilisers to the inverted v-tail of TB2)
* 3 Advanced AI Computers
* Speed: 160 kts (~300 km/h)
* Increased MTOW & Payload Capacity
* Max. Altitude: 30,000ft++
* 30,000ft Climb: 25 min

[197]

## Operators

[edit]

Current operators

Future operators

As of September 2023, the Bayraktar TB2 has been exported to 31 countries.[198] Some of these countries are unknown. The known countries are as follows:

### Current operators

[edit]

* Turkey [2014][199]
* Turkish Land Forces – >200 TB2s operational.[200]
* Turkish Naval Forces – 10 TB2s.[201][202]
* Gendarmerie General Command – 18 TB2s, used by Elazig Gendarmerie UAV command.[203][204]
* Coast Guard Command – 6 TB2s.[205]
* General Directorate of Security (Police) – Under the aviation department, 6 TB2s entered the inventory in 2019, another 3 TB2s entered in 2020, and 3 more in 2022.[206][207][208][209]
* Turkish National Intelligence Organization – 86 TB2s in use in Turkish security units, and 6 each in Qatar and Ukraine.[210][211]
* Qatar [2019][199]
* Reconnaissance and Surveillance Center – 6 operational.[212]
* Libya [2019][199]
* Libyan Air Force[213]
* Ukraine [2019][199]
* Ukrainian Air Force – 6 operational and 48 more have been ordered (as of 2020).[214][125][124] (It is unknown how many systems are still in operation.)
* 383rd UAV Brigade
* Ukrainian Navy – 6 have been ordered, the first drone arrived in July 2021.[128][215][216] Four more were intended to be purchased by the end of 2022.[217] (It is unknown how many systems are still in operation.)
* 10th Naval Aviation Brigade
* Azerbaijan [2020][199]
* Azerbaijani Air Force had confirmed its use.[116]
* Turkmenistan [2021][199]
* Turkmen Air Force[218]
* Morocco [2021][199]
* Moroccan Air Force – 19 drones have been ordered.[219][220][221] Received first TB2 on 21 September 2021.[222]
* Ethiopia [2021][199]
* Ethiopian Air Force – 4 ordered in August 2021, delivered in November 2021.[223][224][225][226]
* Kyrgyzstan [2021][199]
* State Border Guard Service – Ordered 3 units. Deliveries started.[227][228][229]
* Somalia [2021][230]
* Somali Air Force[231]
* Pakistan [2022][199]
* Pakistan Air Force – Unknown number in service. Evaluated in mid 2021, with operations starting in early 2022.[232][233][234]
* Djibouti [2022][199]
* Djibouti Air Force[235]
* Burkina Faso [2022][199]
* Burkina Faso Air Force[199]
* Rwanda [2022][199]
* Air Force[199]
* Togo [2022][199]
* Air Force[192]
* Tunisia [2022][236]
* Tunisian Air Force[236]
* Niger [2022][199]
* Niger Air Force – 6 units delivered as of May 2022.[237][238]
* Nigeria [2022][199]
* Nigerian Air Force \- Unknown number in service[199], 43 on order[239]
* Poland [2022][199]
* Polish Air Force – 24 drones were ordered in 2021, making Poland the first NATO and EU country to buy the drones.[240] The first batch of aircraft has delivered in 2022.[241] All drones were delivered in May 2024.[242]
* Mali [2022][199]
* Malian Air Force – at least three delivered in 2022, three more delivered in 2023.[243][244]
* United Arab Emirates [2022][199]
* United Arab Emirates Air Force – In September 2022, Reuters reported that Baykar has delivered 20 armed Bayraktar drones to the United Arab Emirates and could sell more in the future.[245] Later in 2022, Middle East Eye reported that the UAE is negotiating to buy 120 TB2 drones from Baykar—along with a large package of ammunition, training, and control centers—in a deal worth up to 2 billion dollars.[246] In March 2023, one TB2 drone was pictured next to UAE troops in Desert Tiger Exercise/6 military drills in Malaysia.[247]
* Bangladesh [2023] [248]
* Bangladesh Army – Bangladesh purchased 6 TB2s in 2023 with a plan to purchase 6 additional units in the future. The TB2 drones will operate from army hangars at Chittagong/M.A. Hannan International, also known as Zahurul-Haque Air Base.[249]
* Kosovo [2023][199]
* Kosovo Security Force – In May 2023, it was announced that Kosovo security forces received five TB2s almost seven months after the initial agreement was signed with Baykar.[250]
* Romania [2023][251]
* Romanian Land Forces – In April 2023, the Romanian Ministry of National Defence purchased 3 Bayraktar TB2 systems consisting of 6 drones each (18 in total) for a total cost of $321 million. The purchased drones serve with the Land Forces and are based at the former 93rd Air Base.[252][253] The first Romanian Bayraktar drone was presented at the military parade during Great Union Day on 1 December 2023.[251]
* Albania [2024] [254]
* Albanian Armed Forces – In December 2022, Baykar's CEO Haluk Bayraktar signed a contract with the Albanian prime minister, Edi Rama, to deliver three Bayraktar TB2s to the armed forces of Albania in, with options to expand the fleet in future.[255] In March 2024, TB2 drones arrived to Albania and were placed at the Kuçovë Air Base.[254][256]
* Maldives [2024]
* Maldives National Defence Force – 6 Bayraktar TB2s.[257]
* Kenya [2024]
* Kenyan Armed Forces – 6 Bayraktar. TB2s were spotted in a military hangar in Kenya, displaying the Kenyan flag.The delivery follows a training program for Kenyan operators at the Baykar Flight Training Center in Keşan, Turkey. [258]

### Future operators

[edit]

* Croatia [before September 2025]
* Croatian Air Force – On 21 November 2024, Croatia has signed a €67 million agreement with Turkish drone manufacturer Baykar Makina to acquire six Bayraktar TB2s.[259] Becoming the 6th NATO and 4th EU member state to add TB2 in their defence inventory.[260]
* Iraq [Unknown][199]
* Iraqi Armed Forces – In an Iraqi TV broadcast, the Iraqi defense minister announced that Iraq will soon acquire TB2 drones and T129 ATAK helicopters. 8 drones have been ordered.[261][262][263]
* Japan [Unknown]
* Japan Self-Defense Forces – Purchased in the 2023 defense budget. Plans are in place for test operations by the Ground Self-Defense Force.[264]
* Kuwait [Unknown][199]
* Kuwaiti Armed Forces – Baykar signed a $370 million (TL 6.95 billion)-contract to export TB2s to Kuwait.[265]

## Specifications (TB2)

[edit]

5-view drawing of Bayraktar TB2 tactical drone in flight configuration. The craft is armed with a MAM-L bomb on an inner and a MAM-C bomb on an outer stb. hardpoint. UMTAS missile used with TB2[266]

Specifications for the Bayraktar TB2 (not TB2S) from Baykar Defence.[267][268]

### General characteristics

[edit]

* Crew: 0 on board, 3 per ground control station
* Length: 6.5 m (21 ft 4 in)
* Wing span: 12 m (39 ft 4 in)
* Max. take-off mass: 700 kg (1,540 lb)
* Payload: 150 kg (331 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × 100 hp (75 kW) Rotax 912-iS internal combustion engine with injection (Expected to be replaced by BM100 locally developed engine.)
* Propeller: 2-bladed variable-pitch
* Fuel capacity: 300 litres (79 US gal)
* Fuel type: gasoline (petrol)

### Performance

[edit]

* Maximum speed: 120 knots (222 km/h)
* Cruise speed: 70 knots (130 km/h)
* Range:
* Communication range: line-of-sight propagation, < 300 kilometres (186 mi)
* Service ceiling: 25,000 ft (7,620 m)
* Operational altitude: 18,000 ft (5,486 m)
* Endurance: 27 hours[269]

### Armaments

[edit]

The Smart Micro Munition (MAM-L) and behind it MAM-C high explosive variant

* Hardpoints: four hardpoints with provisions to carry combinations of:
* MAM: MAM-C and MAM-L laser-guided smart bombs[270][271][272]
* L-UMTAS (Long Range Anti tank Missile System)[273]
* Roketsan Cirit (70 mm Missile System)[274]
* TUBITAK-SAGE BOZOK Laser Guided Rockets[275]
* TUBITAK-SAGE TOGAN[276] quad rack of GPS/INS guided 81 mm mortars[277]
* Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System – 70mm laser-guided rocket (proposed)[278]
* Kemankeş Mini Intelligent Cruise Missile[279]
* TUBITAK-SAGE's KAYI-30 laser-guided miniature bomb. A free fall guided ammunition with a 15km range and a CEP of<3m. [280]

### Avionics

[edit]

* Interchangeable EO/IR/LD imaging and targeting sensor systems or Multi Mode AESA Radar:
* Aselsan CATS EO/IR/LD imaging and targeting sensor (Option 1)[281][282][283][284]
* Hensoldt ARGOS-II HDT (Option 2)
* Wescam MX-15D EO/IR/LD imaging and targeting sensor (Option 3, all production until October 2020)[35]
* Garmin GNC 255A navigation/communication transceiver[285]
* ASELSAN’s ANTIDOT pods including:[286]
* ANTIDOT 2-U/S electronic support pod. This pod can detect, identify, and locate signals from enemy radars. The pod has a power consumption of 300 W, which can be satisfied by tactical UAVs and UCAVs.
* ANTIDOT 2-U LB/MB/HB mini-EW.
* ANTIDOT 3-U mini-EW pod against UAV data links and GNSS.

## See also

[edit]

* Aviation portal

* List of unmanned aerial vehicles
* Measurement and signature intelligence

Related development

* Bayraktar Akıncı
* Bayraktar Kızılelma
* Bayraktar Mini UAV
* Bayraktar UAV

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

* CAIG Wing Loong
* General Atomics MQ-1 Predator
* TAI Anka
* Qods Mohajer-6

Related lists

* List of active Turkish military aircraft

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Bayraktar TB2'deki SATCOM detayı dikkatinizi çekti mi?" (in Turkish). 12 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
2. ^ a b Léo PÉRIA-PEIGNÉ (17 April 2023). "TB2 Bayraktar Big Strategy for a Little Drone" (PDF). Institut français des relations internationales. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2025. "Baykar Makina's TB2 Bayraktar–meaning "standard-bearer" in Turkish–..."
3. ^ Brandon J. Weichert (8 January 2025). "Turkey's Bayraktar TB2 Drone is a Sky Demon". The National Interest. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
4. ^ "Bayraktar TB2". Military Factory. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
5. ^ "Baykar İnsansız Hava Aracı Sistemleri | Selçuk Bayraktar". Baykarsavunma.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
6. ^ BAYKAR [@BaykarTech] (26 November 2021). "#BayraktarTB2 UAV has successfully completed 400,000 flight hours!" (Tweet). Retrieved 26 November 2021 - via Twitter.
7. ^ "Bayraktar TB2 SİHA'dan 400 bin uçuş saati". TRT Haber (in Turkish). 26 November 2021.
8. ^ "How drones are changing the game". Israel National News. 11 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
9. ^ "Droning On in the Middle East". American Purpose. 5 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
10. ^ a b c "Turkey's Bayraktar TB2 drones enable swift, precise victory against YPG/PKK in Syria's Afrin". Daily Sabah. 19 April 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
11. ^ a b Gatopoulos, Alex (2 March 2020). "Syria's War News: Battle for Idlib: Turkey's drones and a new way of war". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
12. ^ a b Crino, Scott; Dreby, Andy (16 April 2020). "Turkey's Drone War in Syria – A Red Team View". Small Wars Journal.
13. ^ a b c Sabbagh, Dan; McKernan, Bethan (27 November 2019). "Revealed: how UK technology fuelled Turkey's rise to global drone power". The Guardian.
14. ^ "Ukraine credits Turkish drones with eviscerating Russian tanks and armor in their first use in a major conflict". Business Insider. 28 February 2022.
15. ^ Gatopoulos, Alex. "The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is ushering in a new age of warfare". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
16. ^ "Turkish Drones Join Ethiopia's war, Satellite Imagery Confirms – Peace Organization PAX". paxforpeace.nl. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
17. ^ Bearak, Max; Kelly, Meg; Lee, Joyce Sohyun. "How Ethiopia used a Turkish drone in a strike that killed nearly 60 civilians". Washington Post. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
18. ^ "Ethiopia Shows Off Combat Drones at Military Ceremony". The Defense Post. 27 June 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
19. ^ "Rewind and Reconnoiter: Turkey's Drone Technology with Aaron Stein". War On The Rock. 4 January 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2024.
20. ^ a b Kasapoglu, Can (17 April 2020). "Turkey's Drone Blitz Over Idlib". Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 3 March 2025. "While the Turkish Armed Forces scored a large number of kills on the Baathist regime's combat units, the unmanned systems' success in eliminating Syria's Russian-manufactured surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems deserve the utmost attention. Within a week, Turkey's UAVs destroyed a total of eight Pantsir and Buk air defenses "
21. ^ a b c Cafarella, Jennifer; Dunford, John; Land, Michael; Wallace, Blane (18 March 2020). "Turkey Commits to Idlib". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 3 March 2025. "Turkey's intervention in Idlib Province changed the military balance in northwest Syria... Turkey has compelled Russia to enter a new de-escalation agreement, but that agreement is unlikely to hold... Russia opted to de-escalate in Idlib in September 2018 after attempting but failing to compel Turkish-backed opposition groups to surrender...Turkey's response indirectly but significantly weakened Russia's military position in Idlib. The casualties and equipment losses badly depleted the ability of pro-regime forces to launch further offensives...Turkey's targeting of regime aircraft and airbases also forced Russia to face even greater material and manpower costs to sustain an air campaign, either by expanding its own air campaign or offsetting the regime's losses. Finally, Turkey's targeting of the regime's air force also delivered a significant morale victory for the Syrian opposition and the displaced Syrian populations who have suffered years of unmitigated aerial bombardment. "
22. ^ Bakeer, Ali (26 March 2020). "The fight for Syria's skies: Turkey challenges Russia with new drone doctrine". Middle East Institute. "As part of the operation, Turkish military planners introduced a new military doctrine that prescribes the use of drones as an air force in a conventional battle. For Turkey, the advantages drones offer are clear: They enabled Ankara to dominate the skies without the need for a traditional air force and to inflict massive damage on the enemy from above without land-ground engagement. ...The precision and the lethality of the Turkish drone strikes in Idlib were remarkable. The massive attacks against Assad regime forces also humiliated the Russians, whose technology, including air defense systems (ADSs) designed to counter such threats, proved useless.)"
23. ^ a b Tanchum, Michaël (25 March 2020). "Turkey's In-between State of War and Peace with Russia". The Turkey Analyst. Retrieved 25 December 2024. "Employing its domestically-produced KORAL land-based transportable electronic warfare system that can create ghost images on enemy radar, Turkey was able to inflict an impressive amount of damage to Syrian as well as Russian military assets using its Bayraktar TB2 and Anka combat drones...Turkey's overriding interest to entrench its influence northern Syria compel Ankara to yield to Moscow and seek a new equilibrium somewhere between war and peace in Idlib. "
24. ^ "Turkey drone success has 'elevated' it in the world, says Fukuyama". Middle East Monitor. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2024.
25. ^ "Bayraktar Caldiran UAV" (PDF). E-dergi.tubitak.gov.tr. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
26. ^ "Milli İHA'ya yerli füze takıldı!". Haber7. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018.
27. ^ YouTube Archived 5 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine May I present to you eventually, 100% Turkish manufactured armed UAV: Bayraktar TB2
28. ^ "Official video footage of Turkish UCAV tests". YouTube. 17 December 2015. Archived from the original on 1 June 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
29. ^ a b Albert L (28 October 2020). "Bombardier Recreational Products suspends aircraft engine exports over UCAV use concerns". OVD. Overt Defense. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
30. ^ Levon Sevunts (25 October 2020). "Bombardier Recreational Products suspends delivery of aircraft engines used on military drones". CBC.
31. ^ Sabbagh, Dan; McKernan, Bethan (27 November 2019). "Revealed: how UK technology fuelled Turkey's rise to global drone power". Theguardian.com.
32. ^ "Turkish drone maker slams Guardian report it used British technology". Ahval. 28 November 2019. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
33. ^ "EDO MBM Technology Ltd Export licence end users – a Freedom of Information request to Department for International Trade". WhatDoTheyKnow. 29 June 2020.
34. ^ Sevunts, Levon (20 October 2020). "Armenia claims it found Canadian tech on downed Turkish drone". cbc.ca.
35. ^ a b Levon Sevunts (5 October 2020). "Canada suspends exports of military drone technology to Turkey". CBC News.
36. ^ Cevheri Güven (17 October 2020). "Canadian decision to halt tech exports exposes key weakness in Turkish drone industry". Turkish Minute.
37. ^ "British Andair company stopped supplying parts to Bayraktar TB2 UAVs". defenceturk.net (in Turkish). 16 January 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
38. ^ Aksan, Sertaç (30 October 2020). "The new actor of the skies will come with a domestic engine". TRT Haber (in Turkish). Retrieved 3 March 2022.
39. ^ "Bayraktar TB2 completed shooting tests with ASELSAN CATS domestic optical camera component". defenceturk.net (in Turkish). 6 November 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
40. ^ "Bayraktar TB2 test-fires local ammo using Turkey-made electro-optical system". Daily Sabah. 6 November 2020.
41. ^ "Replacements for Bayraktar TB2's halted components can be 'easily produced'". defenceturk.net (in Turkish). 15 January 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
42. ^ a b "CANADA/POLAND/TURKEY : Aselsan's new sensor ball fails to convince the foreign market – 23/02/2022". Intelligence Online. 23 February 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
43. ^ "Bayraktar's Tactical UAV Demonstrates Outstanding Performance Beyond Its Class". Military Science Intelligence Magazine Turkey. 1 June 2014. [permanent dead link]
44. ^ "Turkey Steadily Builds UAV Capabilities". 13 May 2014. Archived from the original on 16 August 2014.
45. ^ "Turkey's unmanned ambitions shift up gear". 6 March 2014. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014.
46. ^ "Turkey's unmanned ambitions shift up gear". 6 March 2014. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014.
47. ^ a b "Bayraktar Taktik İHA". 8 June 2014. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014.
48. ^ "Norway, Canada start fundraising to buy Bayraktar TB2s for Ukraine". Baykar. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
49. ^ "Baykar, 3 adet Bayraktar TB2 SİHA'yı Ukrayna'ya hibe ettiğini açıkladı". Baykar. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
50. ^ "The Turkish Bayraktar TB2: Ankara's Renewed Prominence in the Drone Market". FINABEL European Army Interoperability Centre. 5 August 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
51. ^ "Turkish Air Force Bayraktar TB-2S armed drone crashed in Hatay province". 2 July 2018.
52. ^ "Hatay'da Bayraktar İHA'sı düştü" (in Turkish). 30 June 2018.
53. ^ "3 gün adım adım izlendi, son darbeyi SİHA indirdi!". Gazetevatan (in Turkish). 17 August 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
54. ^ "Guerrillas shoot down Turkish killer drone Bayraktar TB2". ANFNews.
55. ^ "Bayraktar TB2 UAVs conduct over 1,551 hours of flights in quake zone". BAYKAR Technology. 17 February 2023. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
56. ^ "Turkish Bayraktar TB2 UAV Crashes in Northern Iraq, Ends Up in Kurdish Hands - GEOPOLITIKI". 21 June 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
57. ^ "Damage caused to Assad regime assets demonstrates Turkey's high UAV capabilities". dailysabah.com. 1 March 2020.
58. ^ "Turkey's Killer Drone Swarm Poses Syria Air Challenge to Putin". Bloomberg News. 1 March 2020.
59. ^ Karnozov, Vladimir (2 March 2020). "Fighter-bombers and Anka UAVs Downed as Turkey and Syria Exchange Blows". Aviation International News. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
60. ^ "Turkish Drone Destroys Syrian Pantsir-S1 Air Defense System". t-intell.com. 4 March 2020.
61. ^ Wolf, Fabrice (10 March 2020). "Syrian Pantsir S1 anti-aircraft systems hacked to pieces by Turkish drones in Idlib, Ankara says". meta-defence.fr.
62. ^ "An uncertain future for Idlib as Assad is welcomed back to the international stage". The New Arab. 5 June 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2024. "The Syrian regime has expressed its desire to reclaim the (Idlib) province, but ever since a March 2020 offensive ended in a disastrous defeat at the hands of Turkey, the territory has not changed hands"
63. ^ "Ten Hezbollah, Syrian Army Commanders Killed in Turkish Drone Strikes". defenseworld.net. 3 March 2020.
64. ^ Gatopoulos, Alex (3 March 2020). "Battle for Idlib: Turkey's drones and a new way of war". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
65. ^ Petkova, Mariya (2 March 2020). "Turkish drones – a 'game changer' in Idlib". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
66. ^ "The Syrian Regime's Combat Losses in Spring 2020, and What Lies Ahead". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 18 October 2020. "In one week, this Turkish offensive, supporting a rebel ground offensive, killed at least 405 pro-regime fighters, including 30 high-ranking officers, and led to the destruction or capture of 73 armored vehicles. Among the dead was an entire Republican Guards operations room consisting of the commander of the 124th Brigade, his battalion commander, and a lt. colonel and major from the brigade; a Syrian Hezbollah commander; and the operations commander and three field commanders of the Tiger Force's Taha Regiment."
67. ^ "The Idlib Turkey Shoot: The Destruction and Capture of Vehicles and Equipment by Turkish and Rebel Forces". Oryx. 2 March 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2024.
68. ^ Lister, Charles (12 March 2020). "Turkey's High Stakes in Northwest Syria". New Lines Institute. Retrieved 27 December 2024. "In the space of a week, Turkey's air campaign appears to have destroyed the following (I'm told that the U.S. government considers this information "more or less" accurate):3 fighter jets,3 aerial drones,8 helicopters,135 tanks,86 artillery and multiple rocket launch (MRL) systems,77 armored vehicles,9 arms depots,5 air defense systems,16 anti-tank guided missile and mortar positions"
69. ^ "Drone Crash Database". 1 July 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
70. ^ "Two Turkish Air Force Drone Reportedly Shot Down By Syrian Air Defense Over Idlib". 3 March 2020.
71. ^ "Images of one of the Turkish drones shot down by Syrian Arab Army units in Idleb". Syrian Arab News Agency. 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
72. ^ "Wreckage Of Turkish Combat Drone Uncovered In Southeast Idlib (Photos)". Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
73. ^ "СРОЧНО: В Сирии сбит ударный беспилотник, координировавший вражеские удары (ФОТО)" [URGENT: An attack drone, coordinating enemy strikes, was shot down in Syria (PHOTOS)]. Rusvezna.ru (in Russian). 23 August 2020.
74. ^ "Syrian air defenses shot down a Turkish attack UAV Bayraktar TB2". Avia-pro.net. 24 August 2020.
75. ^ GDC (21 October 2021). "Turkish TB2 Drone Strike Killed Kurdish Leader in Syria". Global Defense Corp. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
76. ^ "Death toll update | Five people killed in Turkish drone attack and SDF reacts by shelling Turkish positions in Al-Raqqa • the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights". 16 September 2022.
77. ^ "As Libya marks 64th independence anniversary, UN envoy urges unity behind new Government". United Nations. 24 December 2015. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016.
78. ^ "Libya: Turkish-made Bayraktar TB2 UAV seen at the GNA-held airbase". Military Africa. 11 June 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
79. ^ "How did Turkish UAVs outmaneuver Russia's Pantsir air defense in Libya: Lessons and ramifications". The Middle East Center for Reporting and Analysis. 27 May 2020. "A sophisticated attack on the forces of the Libyan National Army of Khalifa Haftar by the Turkish-backed Government of the National Accord on May 17 led to the destruction of numerous Russian-made Pantisr air defense systems. In all, around nine may have been destroyed and one captured."
80. ^ Parachini, John V.; Wilson, Peter A. (2 July 2020). "Drone-Era Warfare Shows the Operational Limits of Air Defense Systems". RAND Corporation. "In recent weeks, drones supplied by Turkey in support of the internationally recognized Government of National Accord have reportedly destroyed the Russian Pantsir short-range air defense systems (SHORADS) that the opposition Libyan National Army (LNA) used to protect their forces. Many of the tactics, techniques, and procedures used to defeat SHORADS in Libya were tested during the Turkish military's brief 2020 winter campaign in Idlib Province during which Turkey destroyed Pantsir SHORAD and Buk-M1 medium-range SAM systems operated by the Assad Regime."
81. ^ "Letter dated 29 November 2019 from the Panel of Experts onLibya established pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011) addressed to the President of the Security Council" (PDF). United Nations Security Council. 9 December 2019. "p.297 Summary of HAF Bayraktar TB2 UCAV destroyed (14 May 2019 to date) 14 May 2019 Confirmed by Imagery"
82. ^ "(VIDEO) LNA shoots down a drone of GNA's militias". 14 May 2019. Archived from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
83. ^ "(شاهد الصور) طائرة الاستطلاع التركية تثب تورط ركيا في دعم الإرهاب في ليبيا". 16 May 2019.
84. ^ a b "Letter dated 29 November 2019 from the Panel of Experts on Libya established pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011) addressed to the President of the Security Council" (PDF). United Nations Security Council. 9 December 2019. "p.32 The Panel is aware that two Bayraktar TB2 UCAVs were destroyed by HAF air strikes against the Misrata air academy on 6 and 7 June 2019, with a third shot down by HAF on 30 June 2019, but combat losses have reportedly been much higher"
85. ^ "Libya:Drone test laboratory for a new type of air warfare". Air & Cosmos International. 15 November 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
86. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 226717 (The military drone was apparently shot down by LNA.)". aviation-safety.net. 1 July 2019.
87. ^ "Libya's deadly game of drones". Arabian Aerospace. 19 March 2020. Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. "On July 25, several Bayraktars were used to attack and subsequently destroy two Ilyushin Il-76 military transport aircraft operated by Ukraine's Air Europe airfreight company, at Al Jufra Air Base. A hangar was also destroyed at the base, which was being used as a key staging post for supporters of General Haftar's LNA."
88. ^ "Letter dated 29 November 2019 from the Panel of Experts onLibya established pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011) addressed to the President of the Security Council" (PDF). United Nations Security Council. 9 December 2019. "p.297 Summary of HAF Bayraktar TB2 UCAV destroyed (14 May 2019 to date) 25 July 2019 Confirmed by Imagery"
89. ^ "What we know about the drone shot down in Tripoli". Italian Military Radar. 14 December 2019. Archived from the original on 5 August 2021.
90. ^ a b c d e f g "Drone Crash Database". Dronewars.net. 25 November 2010.
91. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 231892". Aviation Safety Network. 4 January 2020.
92. ^ "GNA drone shot down in Tripoli". Italian Military Radar. 22 January 2020.
93. ^ "Libyan Army shoots down Turkish aircraft in southern Tripoli". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
94. ^ a b "VIDEO Two GNA drones shot down in Tripoli". Italian Military Radar. 26 February 2020.
95. ^ "New drone shot down south of Tripoli". Asharq Al-Awsat. 27 February 2020.
96. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 233271". Aviation Safety Network.
97. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 343597". Aviation Safety Network.
98. ^ a b "LNA Downs Another Turkish Bayraktar Drone Loaded at Mitiga Airbase". Almarsad.co. 31 March 2020.
99. ^ "New drone shot down south of Tripoli". Italian Military Radar. 31 March 2020.
100. ^ "Latest Updates on Libya, 12 April 2020". Islamic World news. 12 April 2020.
101. ^ "Aviation Occurrence 235058". Aviation Safety Network. 14 April 2020.
102. ^ "Aviation Occurrence 235131". Aviation Safety Network. 16 April 2020.
103. ^ "Drone Losses Impact Turkey's Fighting in Libya | Small Wars Journal". smallwarsjournal.com. 10 May 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
104. ^ "A Turkish drone shot down in Libya". Islamic World News. 17 April 2020.
105. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 235147". 17 April 2020.
106. ^ "Libya: the drones' nightmare". Italian Military Radar. 20 April 2020.
107. ^ "الجيش الليبي يسقط طائرة تركية مسيرة جنوب طرابلس". Sky News Arabia (in Arabic). 18 April 2020.
108. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 235730". Aviation Safety Network. 5 May 2020.
109. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 236038". Aviation Safety Network. 15 May 2020.
110. ^ "Hot market for UAV destruction in Libya!". Islamic World News. 23 May 2020.
111. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 249569". 22 May 2020.
112. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 343598". 7 June 2020.
113. ^ "Libyan War Claimed 25 Large military Drones in 2020". Defenseworld.net. 2 July 2020.
114. ^ Anadolu Ajansı. "Azerbaijan to purchase combat drones from Turkey". Retrieved 29 September 2020.
115. ^ "Turkish armed drones used against Armenia, Azerbaijan confirms". Middle East Eye. 5 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
116. ^ a b c "Everything We Know About The Fighting That Has Erupted Between Armenia And Azerbaijan". The Drive. 28 September 2020. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
117. ^ "Bayraktar TB2 Armed UAVs operated by the Azerbaijan Air Force have destroyed 2 more Armenian Smerch MLRS platform". Cybershafarat. 30 October 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
118. ^ "Karabakh displays wreckage of Turkish Bayraktar drone (Video)". Panarmenian. 19 October 2020.
119. ^ "Տեսնես' ինչքա՞ն "Բայրաքթար" ունեն". ՀՐԱՊԱՐԱԿ. 20 October 2020.
120. ^ "Karabakh air defense shoots down another Turkey-made Bayraktar drone of Azerbaijan (photos)". Armenia News. 8 November 2020.
121. ^ "Ukraine to buy five more Turkish Bayraktar TB2 drones in 2021". Daily Sabah. 27 November 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
122. ^ Axe, David (9 April 2021). "Ukraine Might Field A Drone Strike Force—And It Could Knock Out Russian Tanks". Forbes. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
123. ^ "Ukraine signs agreement to procure Turkish Bayraktar TB2 drones". The Defense Post. 12 January 2019. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
124. ^ a b "Ukraine, Turkey have signed deal for 12 Bayraktar TB2 UAVs, Poroshenko says". Daily Sabah. 12 January 2019. Archived from the original on 13 January 2019.
125. ^ a b Sariibrahimoglu, Lale (11 March 2019). "Ukraine receives Bayraktar armed UAVs from Turkey". Jane's 360. Ankara. Archived from the original on 11 March 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
126. ^ "Ukrainian Navy to receive Turkey's Bayraktar TB2 UAVs this year". Ukrinform.net. 27 January 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
127. ^ "Ukrainian Navy Will Receive Turkish Bayraktar TB2 Drones This Year". Thedefensepost.com. 28 January 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
128. ^ a b "Ukrainian military gets first Turkish Bayraktar UAV complex". www.ukrinform.net. 15 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
129. ^ "Ukraine flies its first Turkish-made armed drone over Donbas". Aerotime.aero. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
130. ^ "Ukraine flies first Turkish-made strike drone over Donbas". Unian.info. 15 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
131. ^ "Ukrainian Military Deploys Turkish-made Bayraktar Drone in Donbas". Defense World Net. 26 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
132. ^ a b "Ukraine posts videos it says show Bayraktar drones blowing up Russian armor, further cementing their heroic status". Business Insider. 14 March 2022. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
133. ^ Zaman, Amberin (27 January 2022). "Turkish drones boost Ukrainian spirits amid fears of Russian invasion". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
134. ^ "Ukraine receives new batch of Bayraktar TB-2 drones from Turkey". Aero Time Hub. 2 March 2022.
135. ^ a b "Ukraine credits Turkish drones with eviscerating Russian tanks and armor in their first use in a major conflict". Business Insider. 28 February 2022.
136. ^ "Ukraine's Secret Weapon Against Russia: Turkish Drones". Time. 1 March 2022.
137. ^ "In three days, two Bayraktar drones destroy nearly $27 million of Russian hardware". Yahoo! News. 3 September 2022. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
138. ^ a b D'Urso, Stefano; Cenciotti, David (10 May 2022). "Bayraktar TB2 Videos Show New Wave Of Ukrainian Attacks Against Russian Forces On Snake Island". The Aviationist. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
139. ^ "A cheap drone is giving Ukraine's military an edge against Russia". Quartz. 3 March 2022.
140. ^ a b c "Ukraine Claims TB2 Drones Sunk Russian Patrol Boats Off Snake Island". The Drive. 2 May 2022.
141. ^ a b "Ukrainian TB2 struck Russian Mi-8 just as troops are disembarking". bulgarianmilitary.com. 8 May 2022.
142. ^ "Кримінальні справи (з 01.01.2019); Кримінальні правопорушення проти встановленого порядку несення військової служби (військові кримінальні правопорушення); Умисне знищення або пошкодження військового майна". Ukrainian Tribunal (in Ukrainian). 12 December 2022. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023.
143. ^ "Ukraine's Turkish-made Bayraktar drones shot down – Russia". Aero Time Hub. 24 February 2022.
144. ^ "Ukraine Says It Used Turkish-Made Drones to Hit Russian Targets". Wall Street Journal. 27 February 2022.
145. ^ Kornhaber, Spencer (10 March 2022). "The Military Weapon That Has Become a Musical Touchstone in Ukraine". The Atlantic. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
146. ^ "Turkish drones have become a symbol of the Ukrainian resistance". 11 April 2022.
147. ^ "Ukraine Has Written a Folk Song About Its Drone". 4 April 2022.
148. ^ "Incredible Success Of Ukraine's Bayraktar TB2: The Ghost Of Snake Island". 18 May 2022.
149. ^ Tiwari, Sakshi (26 February 2022). "Zelensky 'Begs For Peace' As Russia Cripples Ukraine; Shoots-Down Its Most Sophisticated Bayraktar TB2 Drones – Reports". The EurAsian Times. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
150. ^ "Russian defense ministry shares photos of downed Ukrainian Bayraktar". 17 March 2022.
151. ^ "Aviation Safey # 276935". Aviation Safety Network. 30 March 2022.
152. ^ "Russia Has Shot Down A Second TB-2. It's Too Little, Too Late To Stop Ukraine's Killer Drones". Forbes. 31 March 2022.
153. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 277049". Aviation Safety Network. 2 April 2022.
154. ^ Axe, David (9 April 2022). "Russia Just Lost A Killer Drone Over Ukraine. It Can't Afford To Lose Many More". Forbes. "At the same time, there's photographic evidence that the Ukrainians have shot down at least one of Russia's killer drones. Yes, the Russians have shot down at least three TB-2s, but the Ukrainians can afford to lose more drones."
155. ^ "Russian frigate Admiral Essen destroys Ukrainian Bayraktar TB2 UAV". navyrecognition.com. 12 April 2022.
156. ^ "Russia claims its frigate destroyed Ukrainian Bayraktar drone off Crimean coast – video". navaltoday.com. 12 April 2022.
157. ^ Henry Holloway and The Sun (15 April 2022). "Sneaky way Ukraine distracted Russian warship Moskva". news.com.au.
158. ^ Hambling, David (14 April 2022). "Ukraine's Bayraktar Drone Helped Sink Russian Flagship Moskva". forbes.com.
159. ^ "Появились снимки сбитых в Курской области беспилотников "Байрактар"". Vesti (in Russian). 25 April 2022.
160. ^ "В Курской области нашли сбитый Байрактар с уцелевшей системой управления". avia.pro (in Russian). 27 April 2022.
161. ^ "В приграничном районе Белгородской области сбили беспилотник "Байрактар ТБ2"". bel.ru (in Russian). 27 April 2022.
162. ^ "The Russians Got Caught Faking A TB-2 Drone Shoot-Down". Forbes. 28 April 2022.
163. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 277801". Aviation Safety Network. 1 May 2022.
164. ^ "Epava dronei ucrainene din apele României – un Bayraktar TB2. Foarte probabil UAV-ul a fost doborât în timpul bătăliei pentru Insula Șerpilor" (in Romanian). 23 May 2022.
165. ^ "Imagini cu drona Bayraktar prăbuşită la Sulina. Ce performanţe are". Aderavul (in Romanian). 23 May 2022.
166. ^ "Lithuanians Join Together to Buy Drone for Ukraine". 28 May 2022.
167. ^ "Turkey's Baykar donates drone for Ukraine after Lithuanian crowdfunder". Reuters. 2 June 2022.
168. ^ "Ukraine conflict: Baykar to commit entire Bayraktar production to Ukraine". Janes Information Services. 30 June 2022. Archived from the original on 16 July 2022.
169. ^ "'We will never' supply Russia with drones, says Turkish CEO". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
170. ^ Ukraine's drones are becoming increasingly ineffective as Russia ramps up its electronic warfare and air defenses. Business Insider. 3 July 2022.
171. ^ "Ukrainian Conflict: How drones are playing". BBC. 25 July 2022.
172. ^ "Aviation Safey # 280814". Aviation Safety Network. 25 July 2022.
173. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 281305". Aviation Safety Network. 9 August 2022.
174. ^ "Aviation Safety # 281902". Aviation Safety Network. 2 September 2022.
175. ^ Axe, David (28 July 2022). "After Five Months, The Russians Finally Managed To Destroy Some Ukrainian Drone Equipment". Forces.
176. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 316667". aviation-safety.net. 15 January 2023.
177. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 307266". Aviation Safety Network. 22 January 2023.
178. ^ "Russian air defenses shoot down 100 Bayraktar drones during special operation".
179. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 308627". aviation-safety.net. 23 February 2023.
180. ^ "Ukraine shoots down its own drone over Kyiv after device 'lost control'". The Guardian. 4 May 2023. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
181. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 312466". Aviation Safety Network. 12 May 2023.
182. ^ Shoaib, Alia. "Bayraktar TB2 drones were hailed as Ukraine's savior and the future of warfare. A year later, they've practically disappeared". Business Insider. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
183. ^ "ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 318162". Aviation Safety Network. 17 July 2023.
184. ^ David Axe (3 September 2023). "Ukraine's TB-2 Drones Are Back In Action. That's An Ominous Sign For Russia". Forbes. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
185. ^ Rennolds, Nathan. "Ukraine's Bayraktar TB2 drones appear to be back in combat — and with devastating effect, reports say". Business Insider. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
186. ^ Gosselin-Malo, Elisabeth (31 October 2023). "Are the once-vaunted Bayraktar drones losing their shine in Ukraine?". Defense News. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
187. ^ "Attack On Europe: Documenting Ukrainian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine". Retrieved 25 February 2025.
188. ^ Gatopoulos, Alex. "How armed drones may have helped turn the tide in Ethiopia's war". Aljazeera.com. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
189. ^ "Ethiopia-Turkey pact fuels speculation about drone use in Tigray war". The Guardian. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
190. ^ Plaut, Martin (4 October 2021). "Ethiopia: The drone identification plate pointing to Turkish drones being used in Tigray". Eritreahub.org. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
191. ^ "How Ethiopia used a Turkish drone in a strike that killed nearly 60 civilians". The Washington Post. 7 February 2022. "Weapon remnants recovered from the site of the strike by aid workers showed internal components and screw configurations that matched images of Turkish-made MAM-L munitions released by the weapons manufacturer. The MAM-L pairs exclusively with the Turkish-made TB-2 drone."
192. ^ a b "Turkey's Bayraktar TB2 drone: Why African states are buying them". BBC News. 25 August 2022.
193. ^ "SATCOM'lu Bayraktar TB2 ilk kez görüntülendi" (in Turkish). savunmasanayist.com. 10 November 2020. Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
194. ^ "Selçuk Bayraktar: "Uydu haberleşmesine sahip Bayraktar TB2/S SİHA'lar görevde"" (in Turkish). tolgaozbek.com. 20 February 2021. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
195. ^ Hasan Hız (11 November 2020). "TB2 Bayraktar will be able to fly in every region covered by Türksat (Google Translate)". Yeni Şafak. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
196. ^ "SATCOM entegre edilen Bayraktar TB2S SİHA uçuş gerçekleştirdi" (in Turkish). defenceturk.net. 4 December 2020. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
197. ^ . 22 February 2025 https://x.com/Selcuk/status/1893168831591219711. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
198. ^ "BAYKAR'ın AKINCI ve TB2 ihraç ettiği ülke sayısı açıklandı" [The number of countries to which Baykar exports Akinci and TB2 has been announced]. Savunma Sanayi ST (in Turkish). 15 September 2023.
199. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Oryx. "An International Export Success: Global Demand For Bayraktar Drones Reaches All Time High". Oryx. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
200. ^ Aka, Mert Can (24 June 2022). "Yeni TB2'ler Kara Kuvvetleri envanterine girdi! Sayısı kaça çıktı?". Teknoloji Haberleri - ShiftDelete.Net (in Turkish). Retrieved 20 October 2022.
201. ^ "Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı'na teslim edilen SİHA ilk test uçuşunu yaptı". Milliyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 16 April 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
202. ^ Bayraktar, Selçuk [@Selcuk] (16 April 2019). "Deniz Kuvvetleri'mizin Bayraktar SİHA'sı Akdeniz semalarında ilk test uçuşunu yaptı. Bismillah Vira. ✈🚀🚢⚓️ 🇹🇷 #MilliTeknolojiHamlesi https://t.co/uoZ9qxYbCL" (Tweet) (in Turkish). Retrieved 29 May 2021 - via Twitter.
203. ^ "TB2 Gendermarie GC" (PDF). Setav.org. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
204. ^ "Bayraktar TB2 SİHA Delivery to Gendarmerie General Command". RayHaber | RaillyNews. 8 May 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
205. ^ admin (20 October 2022). "SSB-Führer Demir: TB2s wurden in das Inventar des Coast Guard Command aufgenommen". Wikiforlive (in German). Retrieved 20 October 2022.
206. ^ Soy, Yunus (30 September 2022). "EGM'ye 3 adet Bayraktar TB2 İHA teslimatı". DefenceTurk (in Turkish). Retrieved 20 October 2022.
207. ^ sabah, daily (2 July 2016). "Turkish National Police starts using Bayraktar Unmanned Aerial Vehicle". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
208. ^ "6 Bayraktar TB2 UAVs Delivered to the Turkish National Police". Defenceturkey.com. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
209. ^ "Bayraktar TB2 İHA polisin emrinde". Haber.aero (in Turkish). 24 April 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
210. ^ "Bayraktar TB2, Milli İstihbarat Teşkilatı'nın envanterine girdi". Takvim.com.tr (in Turkish). 25 June 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
211. ^ "Bayraktar TB2'den yeni rekor: 300 bin uçuş saatini tamamladı". Trthaber.com (in Turkish). 22 February 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
212. ^ "Turkey delivered Bayraktar TB2 drones to Qatari Emirati Armed Forces". Global Defense Corp. 8 April 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
213. ^ "'Largest drone war in the world': How airpower saved Tripoli". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
214. ^ Alemdar, Ahmet (5 October 2020). "Ukrayna 48 adet Bayraktar TB2 SİHA tedarik etmek istiyor".
215. ^ GDC (27 July 2021). "Turkey delivers first Bayraktar TB2 UCAV to Ukrainian Navy". Global Defense Corp. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
216. ^ Ukrainian military gets first Turkish Bayraktar UAV complex, Ukrinform (15 July 2021)
217. ^ "Ukraine to buy four more Bayraktar TB2 strike drones from Turkey – Commander-in-Chief". Ukrinform. 14 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
218. ^ Oryx. "Turkmenistan Parades Newly-Acquired Bayraktar TB2s". Oryx Blog. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
219. ^ "Morocco to Receive 13 Bayraktar TB2 Combat Drones From Turkey". Thedefensepost.com. 20 April 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
220. ^ "Morocco receives their first Turkish drones". Defense Arabia (in Arabic).
221. ^ Latrech, Oumaima (2 December 2021). "Morocco to Acquire 6 More Turkish Bayraktar TB2 Military Drones". Moroccoworldnews.com/. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
222. ^ "Morocco receives first Turkish Bayraktar TB2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle". Air Recognition. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
223. ^ Coskun, Orhan; Spicer, Jonathan; Toksabay, Ece (14 October 2021). "Turkey expands armed drone sales to Ethiopia and Morocco – sources". Reuters.com. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
224. ^ Walsh, Declan (20 December 2021). "Foreign Drones Tip the Balance in Ethiopia's Civil War". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
225. ^ Spicer, Jonathan; Paravicini, Giulia; Coskun, Orhan (22 December 2021). "EXCLUSIVE U.S. concerned over Turkey's drone sales to conflict-hit Ethiopia". Reuters.com. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
226. ^ "Ethiopia – Turkey: Ankara's ongoing economic and military support". Theafricareport.com. 2 November 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
227. ^ "Kyrgyzstan set to receive Turkish armed drones". Aa.com.tr. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
228. ^ "Bayraktar TB2 SİHA'ların Yeni Alıcısı Kırgızistan Oldu". Savunma Sanayi ST (in Turkish). 21 October 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
229. ^ "ЦАМТО / / Пограничная служба Кыргызстана получила БЛА "Байрактар TB2"". Armstrade.org. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
230. ^ Straturka (10 December 2021). "Somalia has received the first batch of Bayraktar TB2 drones". Straturka. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
231. ^ Azman, Kaan (3 October 2022). "Bayraktar TB2 SİHA Somali'de görüntülendi". DefenceTurk (in Turkish). Retrieved 20 October 2022.
232. ^ "Pakistan Air Force To Acquire State-Of-The-Art Weaponry from Allied Nations". Global Defense Insight. 26 August 2022.
233. ^ "Pakistan Procures Bayraktar TB-2 Drone". PakStrategic.com. 8 January 2022.
234. ^ "PAKISTAN AIR FORCE Officially Deploys TURKISH Bayraktar TB2 Medium Altitude Long Endurance Tactical Combat Drone for Combat Missions". PakDefense. 8 January 2022.
235. ^ "Niger, Djibouti become Africa's latest Bayraktar TB2 operators". Key Aero. 5 July 2022.
236. ^ a b "Turkey's Bayraktar TB2 drone: Why African states are buying them". BBC News. 25 August 2022.
237. ^ "Nijer'e Bayraktar TB2 SİHA teslimatı". defenceturk.net (in Turkish). Defence Turk. 22 May 2022.
238. ^ "Erdoğan discusses Turkey-Niger relations with Bazoum". Daily Sabah. 18 November 2021.
239. ^ "Nigeria to acquire 43 Bayraktar TB2 drones from Türkiye - Türkiye Today". Retrieved 20 December 2024.
240. ^ "Poland to become first NATO country to buy Turkish drones". Reuters. 22 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
241. ^ BAL, AYŞE BETÜL (28 October 2022). "Poland receives 1st batch of Turkish Bayraktar TB2 combat drones". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
242. ^ Siminski, Jack (17 May 2024). "Final Delivery of Polish Bayraktar TB2 Drones Completed". The Aviationist. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
243. ^ Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (16 August 2022). "Russia's African Offensive: Russia Builds Up Malian Air Force". Oryx Blog. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
244. ^ "Mali receives more TB2, L-39 aircraft". Janes.com. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
245. ^ Coskun, Orhan (21 September 2022). "Exclusive: Turkey sells battle-tested drones to UAE as regional rivals mend ties". Reuters. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
246. ^ Soylu, Ragıp (8 September 2022). "Bayraktar TB2: UAE in talks to buy large number of armed drones from Turkey". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
247. ^ Sahin, Anil (7 March 2023). "BAE'nin Bayraktar TB2 tedarik ettiği bu fotoğrafla kesinleşti". Retrieved 8 March 2023.
248. ^ Saballa, Joe (27 July 2022). "Bangladesh to Procure Bayraktar TB2 Drones After Ukraine Success". The Defense Post.
249. ^ "Bangladesh gets Bayraktar TB2". December 2023.
250. ^ "Kosovo Security Forces receive Turkish Bayraktar drones". 6 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
251. ^ a b Victor Cozmei (1 December 2023). "Parada militară de 1 Decembrie: Ce militari și ce tehnică militară au defilat pe sub Arcul de Triumf din Capitală de Ziua Națională". HotNews (in Romanian).
252. ^ Elisabeth Gosselin-Malo (25 April 2023). "Romania awards $321 million contract for Turkish TB2 combat drones". defensenews.com. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
253. ^ Haber Merkezi (25 April 2023). "Romanya'dan milyonlarca dolarlık Bayraktar TB2 siparişi". savunmasanayist.com (in Turkish).
254. ^ a b "Bayraktar drones have arrived in Albania, announces defense minister". Euronews. 1 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
255. ^ "Arnavutluk'tan Bayraktar TB2 SİHA Siparişi". Savunmasanayist.com (in Turkish). 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
256. ^ "Bir ülkeye daha Bayraktar TB2! Türk SİHA'ları Avrupa semalarında" (in Turkish). Milliyet. 4 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
257. ^ savunmasanayist (9 March 2024). "Bayraktar TB2 SİHA era has begun for Maldives". savunmasanayist. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
258. ^ Military Africa (31 December 2024). "Kenya receives Bayraktar TB2 drones from Turkey".
259. ^ "Moderan i moćan besposadni sustav Bayraktar dolazi u Hrvatsku vojsku". MORH (in Croatian). Croatian Ministry of Defence. 21 November 2024. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
260. ^ Ergocun, Gokhan (21 November 2024). "Turkish UAV maker signs export deal with Croatia". www.aa.com.tr. Istanbul: Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
261. ^ "Irak'tan Bayraktar TB2, T129 ATAK ve EH Sistemleri Açıklaması". Savunmasanayist.com (in Turkish). 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
262. ^ Iddon, Paul. "Why Iraq Would Want To Buy Turkish Drones And Attack Helicopters". Forbes.com. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
263. ^ "ЦАМТО / / Ирак подписал контракт на закупку восьми турецких БЛА "Байрактар TB2S"". Armstrade.org. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
264. ^ ""新型機の感想は？" 無人戦闘機「バイラクタル」製造企業を駐トルコ日本大使が訪問". 乗りものニュース. 5 April 2023. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
265. ^ "Baykar inks $370M export deal with Kuwait for Bayraktar TB2s". dailysabah.com (in Turkish). 18 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
266. ^ Eshel, Tamir (19 December 2015). "Turkish UMTAS Missile Dropped From a Bayraktar Tactical Drone". Defense Update. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
267. ^ "Bayraktar TB2". www.baykartech.com (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
268. ^ "Baykar'dan TB2 İçin Yerli Motor: BM100 - SavunmaTR" (in Turkish). 25 June 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
269. ^ "Turkey's indigenous Bayraktar drone breaks endurance record". Daily Sabah. 19 July 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
270. ^ Roblin, Sebastien (2 March 2020). "Turkish Drones and Artillery Are Devastating Assad's Forces In Idlib Province-Here's Why". Forbes. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
271. ^ Frantzman, Seth J. (2 March 2020). "Turkish drones revolutionize Idlib conflict – analysis". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
272. ^ "Roketsan's Smart Micro Guided Munitions Boost Effectiveness of UAVs". Asian Military Review. 25 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
273. ^ Eshel, Tamir (19 December 2015). "Turkish UMTAS Missile Dropped From a Bayraktar Tactical Drone | Defense Update". defense-update.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
274. ^ "Cırıt 2.75" Laser Guided Missile" (PDF). Roketsan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
275. ^ Bekdil, Burak Ege (8 August 2017). "Turkey To Outfit Drones with Local Mini Rocket". Defense News.
276. ^ "TURKISH DEFENCE INDUSTRY PRODUCT CATALOGUE". Ssb.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
277. ^ Mehmet, Fatih (23 January 2020). "Asisguard ve Tübitak Sage TOGAN'ı SONGAR'a entegre etti". DefenceTurk (in Turkish). Retrieved 14 April 2021.
278. ^ Hambling, David. "New Weapons From U.S. Could Rearm Ukraine's Bayraktar Drones". Forbes. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
279. ^ "KEMANKEŞ Mini Intelligent Cruise Missile". Baykar. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
280. ^ "Bayraktar TB2'den BOZOK ve KAYI-30 ile başarılı atış testi" (in Turkish). 20 January 2025.
281. ^ "CATS- COMMON APERTURE TARGETING SYSTEM- Electro-Optical Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Targeting System". Aselsan.com.tr.
282. ^ Ergöçün, Gökhan (6 October 2020). "Turkish defense industry moving on despite embargoes". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
283. ^ Özbek, Tolga (5 October 2020). "Wescam satışını durdurdu" (in Turkish). Tolgaozbek. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
284. ^ "SSB İsmail Demir: SİHA'larımızın CATS kameraları seri üretime geçiyor" (in Turkish). Defence Turk. 6 October 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
285. ^ "Foreign Import of Locally-Built Bayraktar TB-2 Turkish Drone Parts". www.1lurer.am. 28 October 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
286. ^ "Bayraktar TB2 Flies with ASELSAN's ANTIDOT 2-U/S ESM Pod". 7 January 2025.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bayraktar TB2.

* Turkey breaks national record for longest drone flight
* Baykar Aerospace Industries Archived 17 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
* Baykar Research Activities Documentary Video
* Bayraktar Block B Technical Brochure
* Bayraktar Block B Preliminary Design Review Documentary / May 2012
* Bayraktar Block B Maiden Flight / 29 April 2014
* Bayraktar Block B Endurance Record Flight / 5–6 August 2014
* Bayraktar Block B Altitude Record Flight / 14 June 2014