Beaux-Arts architecture

Neoclassical architectural style

Beaux-Arts architecture

Top: The Grand staircase of the Palais Garnier (Paris), 1860–1875, by Charles Garnier; Second: The CEC Palace on Victory Avenue (Bucharest, Romania), 1897–1900, by Paul Gottereau;[1] Third: Entrance of the Grand Palais (Paris), 1900, by Charles Girault; Bottom: Grand Central Terminal and the New York Central Building (New York City), pictured in 1944.

Beaux-Arts architecture (/boʊz ˈɑːr/ bohz AR, French: [boz‿aʁ] ⓘ) was the academic architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, particularly from the 1830s to the end of the 19th century. It drew upon the principles of French neoclassicism, but also incorporated Renaissance and Baroque elements, and used modern materials, such as iron and glass, and later, steel. It was an important style and enormous influence in Europe and the Americas through the end of the 19th century, and into the 20th, particularly for institutional and public buildings.

## History

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The Beaux-Arts style evolved from the French classicism of the Style Louis XIV, and then French neoclassicism beginning with Style Louis XV and Style Louis XVI. French architectural styles before the French Revolution were governed by Académie royale d'architecture (1671–1793), then, following the French Revolution, by the Architecture section of the Académie des Beaux-Arts. The academy held the competition for the Grand Prix de Rome in architecture, which offered prize winners a chance to study the classical architecture of antiquity in Rome.[2]

The formal neoclassicism of the old regime was challenged by four teachers at the academy, Joseph-Louis Duc, Félix Duban, Henri Labrouste, and Léon Vaudoyer, who had studied at the French Academy in Rome at the end of the 1820s. They wanted to break away from the strict formality of the old style by introducing new models of architecture from the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Their goal was to create an authentic French style based on French models. Their work was aided beginning in 1837 by the creation of the Commission of Historic Monuments, headed by the writer and historian Prosper Mérimée, and by the great interest in the Middle Ages caused by the publication in 1831 of The Hunchback of Notre-Dame by Victor Hugo. Their declared intention was to "imprint upon our architecture a truly national character."[3]

The style referred to as Beaux-Arts in English reached the apex of its development during the Second Empire (1852–1870) and the Third Republic that followed. The style of instruction that produced Beaux-Arts architecture continued without major interruption until 1968.[2]

The Beaux-Arts style heavily influenced the architecture of the United States in the period from 1880 to 1920.[4] In contrast, many European architects of the period 1860–1914 outside France gravitated away from Beaux-Arts and towards their own national academic centers. Owing to the cultural politics of the late 19th century, British architects of Imperial classicism followed a somewhat more independent course, a development culminating in Sir Edwin Lutyens's New Delhi government buildings.[citation needed]

## Training

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The Beaux-Arts training emphasized the mainstream examples of Imperial Roman architecture between Augustus and the Severan emperors, Italian Renaissance, and French and Italian Baroque models especially, but the training could then be applied to a broader range of models: Quattrocento Florentine palace fronts or French late Gothic. American architects of the Beaux-Arts generation often returned to Greek models, which had a strong local history in the American Greek Revival of the early 19th century. For the first time, repertories of photographs supplemented meticulous scale drawings and on-site renderings of details.

Beaux-Arts training made great use of agrafes, clasps that link one architectural detail to another; to interpenetration of forms, a Baroque habit; to "speaking architecture" (architecture parlante) in which the appropriateness of symbolism was paid particularly close attention.

Beaux-Arts training emphasized the production of quick conceptual sketches, highly finished perspective presentation drawings, close attention to the program, and knowledgeable detailing. Site considerations included the social and urban context.[5]

All architects-in-training passed through the obligatory stages—studying antique models, constructing analos, analyses reproducing Greek or Roman models, "pocket" studies and other conventional steps—in the long competition for the few desirable places at the Académie de France à Rome (housed in the Villa Medici) with traditional requirements of sending at intervals the presentation drawings called envois de Rome.

## Characteristics

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Beaux-Arts building decoration presenting images of the Roman goddesses Pomona and Diana. Note the naturalism of the postures and the channeled rustication of the stonework. Alternating male and female mascarons decorate keystones on the San Francisco City Hall

Beaux-Arts architecture depended on sculptural decoration along conservative modern lines, employing French and Italian Baroque and Rococo formulas combined with an impressionistic finish and realism. In the façade shown above, Diana grasps the cornice she sits on in a natural action typical of Beaux-Arts integration of sculpture with architecture.

Slightly overscaled details, bold sculptural supporting consoles, rich deep cornices, swags, and sculptural enrichments in the most bravura finish the client could afford gave employment to several generations of architectural modellers and carvers of Italian and Central European backgrounds. A sense of appropriate idiom at the craftsman level supported the design teams of the first truly modern architectural offices.

Characteristics of Beaux-Arts architecture included:

* Flat roof[4]
* Rusticated and raised first story[4]
* Hierarchy of spaces, from "noble spaces"—grand entrances and staircases—to utilitarian ones
* Arched windows[4]
* Arched and pedimented doors[4]
* Classical details:[4] references to a synthesis of historicist styles and a tendency to eclecticism; fluency in a number of "manners"
* Symmetry[4]
* Statuary,[4] sculpture (bas-relief panels, figural sculptures, sculptural groups), murals, mosaics, and other artwork, all coordinated in theme to assert the identity of the building
* Classical architectural details:[4] balustrades, pilasters, festoons, cartouches, acroteria, with a prominent display of richly detailed clasps (agrafes), brackets and supporting consoles
* Subtle polychromy

## Beaux-Arts architecture by country

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### Europe

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#### Belgium

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* Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren

* Main triumphal arch with the two side buildings of the Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark, Brussels

* Grand Staircase of the Royal Palace of Brussels

* Overview from the Royal Palace of Laeken, Brussels

* Panoramic view of the Royal Galleries of Ostend

Even though the style was not used as much as in neighbouring country France, some examples of Beaux-Arts buildings can still be found in Belgium. The most prominent of these examples is the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren, but the complexes and triumphal arch of the Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark in Brussels and expansions of the Palace of Laeken in Brussels and Royal Galleries of Ostend also carry the Beaux-Arts style, created by the French architect Charles Girault. Furthermore, various large Beaux-Arts buildings can also be found in Brussels on the Avenue Molière/Molièrelaan. As an old student of the École des Beaux-Arts and as a designer of the Petit Palais, Girault was the figurehead of the Beaux-Arts around the 20th century. After the death of Alphonse Balat, he became the new and favourite architect of Leopold II of Belgium. Since Leopold was the grandson of Louis Philippe I of France, he loved this specific building style which is similar to and has its roots in the architecture that has been realized in the 17th and 18th century for the French crown.

##### Beaux-Arts buildings in Belgium

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* 1782: Palace of Laeken, Brussels (extensions)
* 1880: Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark, Brussels (complexes and triumphal arch)
* 1898: Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren
* 1902–1906: Royal Galleries of Ostend, Ostend (extensions)
* 1908: Avenue Molière 177–179 / Avenue Brugmann 176–178, Brussels (a combination of Art Nouveau, Beaux-Arts and eclecticism)
* 1909: Avenue Molière 193, Brussels
* 1910: Avenue Molière 128, Brussels
* 1910: Avenue Molière 130, Brussels
* 1910: Avenue Molière 132, Brussels
* 1910: Avenue Molière 207, Brussels
* 1912: Avenue Molière 519, Brussels
* 1912: Avenue Molière 305, Brussels

#### France

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* Conservatoire national des arts et métiers by Léon Vaudoyer (1838–1867)

* Sainte-Geneviève Library, Paris, by Henri Labrouste (1844–1850)

* Museum of Natural History, Paris, by Louis-Jules André (1877–1889)

* Monte Carlo Casino, Monaco, by Jules Dutrou and Charles Garnier (1878–79)

* Grand Palais, Paris (1897–1900)

* Gare d'Orsay, Paris (1900)

The Beaux-Arts style in France in the 19th century was initiated by four young architects trained at the École des Beaux-Arts, architects; Joseph-Louis Duc, Félix Duban, Henri Labrouste, and Léon Vaudoyer, who had first studied Roman and Greek architecture at the Villa Medici in Rome, then in the 1820s began the systematic study of other historic architectural styles, including French architecture of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. They instituted teaching about a variety of architectural styles at the École des Beaux-Arts, and installed fragments of Renaissance and Medieval buildings in the courtyard of the school so students could draw and copy them. Each of them also designed new non-classical buildings in Paris inspired by a variety of different historic styles: Labrouste built the Sainte-Geneviève Library (1844–1850), Duc designed the new Palais de Justice and Court of Cassation on the Île-de-la-Cité (1852–1868), Vaudroyer designed the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (1838–1867), and Duban designed the new buildings of the École des Beaux-Arts. Together, these buildings, drawing upon Renaissance, Gothic and Romanesque and other non-classical styles, broke the monopoly of neoclassical architecture in Paris.[6]

#### Germany

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* Bode Museum, Berlin

* Laeiszhalle, Hamburg

* Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg, Hamburg

Germany is one of the countries where the Beaux-Arts style was well received, along with Baroque Revival architecture. The style was especially popular and most prominently featured in the now non-existent region of Prussia during the German Empire. The best example of Beaux-Arts buildings in Germany today are the Bode Museum in Berlin, and the Laeiszhalle and Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg in Hamburg.

##### Beaux-Arts buildings in Germany

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* 1898–1904: Bode Museum, Berlin
* 1904–1908: Laeiszhalle, Hamburg
* 1888–1913: Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg, Hamburg

#### Hungary

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* Budapest Nyugati station, Budapest

* Széchenyi Medicinal Bath, Budapest

##### Beaux-Arts buildings in Hungary

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* 1875–1877: Budapest Nyugati station, Budapest
* 1913: Széchenyi thermal bath, Budapest

#### Italy

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* Hotel Excelsior, Naples

* Palazzo Broggi, Milan

* Grand Hotel Tremezzo, Como Lake

* Hotel Gallia, Milan

* Genoa Stock Exchange, Genoa

* Palace of Justice, Rome

* Palazzo Meroni, Milan

* Grand Hotel Des Iles Borromees, Stresa, Maggiore Lake

* The Westin Excelsior, Rome

* Teatro Bellini, Catania

##### Beaux-Arts buildings in Italy

[edit]

* 1908: Hotel Excelsior, Naples
* 1890: Galleria Vittorio Emanuele III, Napoli
* 1894: Palazzo delle Poste, Trieste
* 1897: Palazzo delle Assicurazioni Generali, Milano
* 1901: Palazzo Broggi (ex Poste), Milano
* 1911: Palazzo della Banca Commerciale Italiana, Milano
* 1912: Palazzo della Borsa Valori, Genova
* 1912: Palazzo delle Poste, Livorno
* 1912: Palazzo della Camera di Commercio, Taranto
* 1913: Palazzo della Cassa di Risparmio, Ravenna
* 1914-1926: Palazzo Meroni, Milano
* 1920: Palazzo delle Poste, Palermo
* 1927: Palazzo della Banca d’Italia, Verona
* 1931: Stazione Centrale, Milano
* 1933: Palazzo delle Poste, La Spezia
* 1936: Palazzo della Provincia, Bari

HOTELS

* 1863: Grand Hotel des Iles Borromées, Stresa
* 1894: Grand Hotel Villa d’Este, Cernobbio
* 1898: Grand Hotel des Bains, Venezia
* 1899: Grand Hotel Excelsior Vittoria, Sorrento
* 1901: Grand Hotel Majestic (già Baglioni), Bologna
* 1906: Grand Hotel Tremezzo, Tremezzo
* 1906: The Welstin Excelsior, Rome
* 1908: Grand Hotel Excelsior, Venezia
* 1910: Grand Hotel et de Milan, Milano
* 1913: Hotel Villa Igea (già Grand Hotel Villa Igiea), Palermo
* 1914: Hotel Danieli (ristrutturazione in stile), Venezia
* 1925: Excelsior Hotel Gallia, Milano

#### Netherlands

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* Plan C, Rotterdam

* Blauwbrug, Amsterdam

* Hogesluis, Amsterdam

* Regentessebrug, Rotterdam

* City hall, Rotterdam

* Former General Post Office, Rotterdam

* Peace Palace, The Hague

Compared to other countries like France and Germany, the Beaux-Arts style never really became prominent in the Netherlands. However, a handful of significant buildings have nonetheless been made in this style during the period of 1880 to 1920, mainly being built in the cities of Rotterdam, Amsterdam and The Hague.

##### Beaux-Arts buildings in the Netherlands

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* 1880–1889: Plan C, Rotterdam [nl] (destroyed during the German bombing of Rotterdam in 1940)
* 1883: Blauwbrug, Amsterdam
* 1883: Hogesluis [nl], Amsterdam
* 1898: Regentessebrug [nl], Rotterdam
* 1914–1920: Rotterdam City Hall (partially damaged during the Rotterdam Blitz of 1940 but later restored)
* 1915–1923: Former General Post Office, Rotterdam [nl] (partially damaged during the Rotterdam Blitz of 1940 but later restored)
* 1907–1913: Peace Palace, The Hague

#### Portugal

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* Edifício na Rua Alexandre Herculano, Lisbon

* Edifício de Gaveto, Lisbon

* Instituto Central da Assistência Nacional aos Tuberculosos, Lisbon

* Sede da Ordem dos Engenheiros, Lisbon

##### Beaux-Arts buildings in Portugal

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* 1909–1911: Building on Rua Alexandre Herculano, 25-25A [pt], Lisbon
* 1912: Headquarters of the Orders of Engineers, Lisbon
* 1913: Gaveto Building [pt], Lisbon
* Central Institute of National Assistance to Tuberculosis Portugal, Lisbon

#### Romania

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Main article: Romanian architecture § The Belle Époque (1877–1916)

* Central University Library on Calea Victoriei, Bucharest, 1891–1895, by Paul Gottereau[7]

* CEC Palace on Calea Victoriei, 1897–1900, by Paul Gottereau (project) and Ion Socolescu (construction)[8]

* Cantacuzino Palace on Calea Victoriei, 1898–1906, by Ion D. Berindey[9]

* Constantin Mihail Palace (currently the Craiova Art Museum), Craiova, 1898–1907, by Paul Gottereau

* Strada Silvestru no. 13, Bucharest, c.1900, unknown architect

* Assan House, Bucharest, 1914, by Ion D. Berindey[10]

In the Romanian Old Kingdom, towards the end of the century, many administrative buildings and private homes are built in the «Beaux-Arts» or «Eclectic» style, brought from France through French architects who came here for work in Romania, schooled in France. The National Bank of Romania Palace on Strada Lipscani, built between 1883 and 1885 is a good example of this style, decorated not just with columns (mainly Ionic), but also with allegorical statues placed in niches, that depict Agriculture, Industry, Commerce, and Justice. Because of the popularity of this style, it changed the way Bucharest looks, making it similar in some way with Paris, which led to Bucharest being seen as "Little Paris". Eclecticism was very popular not just in Bucharest and Iași, the two biggest cities of Romania at that time, but also in smaller ones like Craiova, Caracal, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Pitești, Ploiești, Buzău, Botoșani, Piatra Neamț, etc. This style was used not only for administrative palaces and big houses of wealthy people, but also for middle-class homes.

#### Spain

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* Estación del Norte, Madrid (renamed the Estación de Príncipe Pío after renovation in 1995)

* Hotel Santo Mauro, Madrid

* Casino de Madrid

* Edificio Metrópolis, Madrid

* Casa Reynot, Madrid

* Gran Vía 24, Madrid

* Homes for the Marquis of Encinares, Madrid

* Casa-Palacio de Tomás de Beruete, Madrid

* Former Humanities Center of the Spanish National Research Council, Madrid

* Calle Mayor 6, Madrid

* Spanish Navy Headquarters, Madrid

* Casa Cortés, Corunna

##### Beaux-Arts buildings in Spain

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* 1876: Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country of Cartagena building, Cartagena
* 1876–1882: North Station, Madrid
* 1981: Casa Resines, Valladolid
* 1886: Gutierrez Passage, Valladolid
* 1902: Hotel Santo Mauro, Madrid
* 1905–1910: Casino de Madrid
* 1907–1911: Metropolis Building, Madrid
* 1908–1911: Calle de Montalbán 5, Madrid
* 1913–1916: Reynot House, Madrid
* 1919–1924: Gran Vía 24, Madrid
* 1920–1923: Homes for the Marquis of Encinares, Madrid
* 1921–1923: Mansion of Tomás de Beruete, Madrid
* 1922: Former Humanities Center of the Spanish National Research Council, Madrid
* 1924: Calle Mayor 6, Madrid
* 1915–1928: Navy Headquarters, Madrid [es]

### North America

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#### Canada

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* Montreal City Hall, Montreal

* Senate of Canada Building, Ottawa

* Alberta Legislature Building, Edmonton

* Manitoba Legislative Building, Winnipeg

* Hockey Hall of Fame, Toronto

Beaux-Arts was very prominent in public buildings in Canada in the early 20th century. Notably all three prairie provinces' legislative buildings are in this style.

##### Beaux-Arts buildings in Canada

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* 1885: Hockey Hall of Fame (formerly a branch of the Bank of Montreal), Toronto
* 1898: London and Lancashire Life Building, Montreal
* 1903: Old Montreal Stock Exchange Building
* 1905: Alden Hall, Meadville
* 1906: Toronto Power Generating Station
* 1907: Royal Alexandra Theatre, Toronto
* 1909: Linton Apartments, Montreal
* 1910: Gilles Hocquart Building (originally the École des Hautes études commerciales), Montreal
* 1912: Sun Tower, Vancouver
* 1912: Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal
* 1912: Senate of Canada Building (originally a railway station by Ross and Macdonald), Ottawa
* 1912: Saskatchewan Legislative Building, Regina
* 1913: Alberta Legislative Building, Edmonton
* 1913–1920: Union Station, Toronto
* 1913–1931: Sun Life Building, Montreal
* 1920: Manitoba Legislative Building, Winnipeg
* 1920: Millennium Centre, Winnipeg
* 1923: Commemorative Arch, Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario
* 1923–1924: Bank of Nova Scotia, Ottawa
* 1924–2017: Former Superior Court of Justice Building, Thunder Bay
* 1927: Union Station, Toronto
* 1930: Dominion Square Building, Montreal
* 1931: Canada Life Building, Toronto
* 1932: Mount Royal Chalet, Montreal
* 1932: Indigenous Peoples Space, Ottawa (formerly the United States Embassy)
* 1935: Dominion Public Building, Toronto

##### Beaux-Arts architects in Canada

[edit]

* William Sutherland Maxwell
* John M. Lyle
* Ross and Macdonald
* Sproatt & Rolph
* Pearson and Darling
* Ernest Cormier
* E.J. Lennox
* Jean-Omer Marchand [fr]

#### Mexico

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* La Mexicana Building,
Mexico City (1907)

* City Hall of Chihuahua,
Chihuahua City (1907)

* Hidalgo Market,
Guanajuato City (1910)

* Former Military Academy,
Mexico City (1910)

* Cantón Palace,
Mérida (1911)

Beaux-Arts was architecturally relevant in Mexico in the late 19th century and the first decade of 20th century. The style was popular among the científicos of the Porfiriato. The Academy of San Carlos had an impact on the style's development in Mexico. Notable architects include Genaro Alcorta, Alfred Giles, and Antonio Rivas Mercado (the preeminent Mexican architect during this era). Rivas Mercado served as the director of the Academy of San Carlos from 1903 to 1912.[11] Having studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, he aimed to incorporate and adapt its teachings to the Mexican context.[11] Among the texts produced on the Beaux-Artes style, Eléments et théorie de l'architecture from Julien Guadet is said to have had the most influence in Mexico.[11] The style lost popularity following the Mexican Revolution (beginning in 1910). In contemporary architecture, the style has influenced New Classical architect Jorge Loyzaga.[12]

#### United States

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* The Thomas Jefferson Building of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., by John L. Smithmeyer, Paul J. Pelz, and Edward Pearce Casey (1897)

* The Willard Hotel, Washington, D.C., by Henry Janeway Hardenbergh (1901)

* Facade of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, by Richard Morris Hunt (1902)

* Grand Central Terminal (1913), New York City

* The New York Public Library Main Branch in Bryant Park, New York City, by architects Carrère and Hastings (1911)

* The San Francisco War Memorial Opera House by Arthur Brown Jr. (1932)

* The Palace of Horticulture from the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco by Arthur Brown Jr. (1915 demolished in 1916)

Beaux-Arts architecture had a strong influence on architecture in the United States because of the many prominent American architects who studied at the École des Beaux-Arts, including Henry Hobson Richardson, John Galen Howard, Daniel Burnham, and Louis Sullivan.[13]: 76

The first American architect to attend the École des Beaux-Arts was Richard Morris Hunt, between 1846 and 1855, followed by Henry Hobson Richardson in 1860. They were followed by an entire generation. Richardson absorbed Beaux-Arts lessons in massing and spatial planning, then applied them to Romanesque architectural models that were not characteristic of the Beaux-Arts repertory. His Beaux-Arts training taught him to transcend slavish copying and recreate in the essential fully digested and idiomatic manner of his models. Richardson evolved a highly personal style (Richardsonian Romanesque) freed of historicism that was influential in early Modernism.[14]

The "White City" of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago was a triumph of the movement and a major impetus for the short-lived City Beautiful movement in the United States.[15] Beaux-Arts city planning, with its Baroque insistence on vistas punctuated by symmetry, eye-catching monuments, axial avenues, uniform cornice heights, a harmonious "ensemble," and a somewhat theatrical nobility and accessible charm, embraced ideals that the ensuing Modernist movement decried or just dismissed.[16] The first American university to institute a Beaux-Arts curriculum is the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1893, when the French architect Constant-Désiré Despradelle was brought to MIT to teach. The Beaux-Arts curriculum was subsequently begun at Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, and elsewhere.[17] From 1916, the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design in New York City schooled architects, painters, and sculptors to work as active collaborators.

##### Beaux-Arts buildings in the United States

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Numerous American university campuses were designed in the Beaux-Arts, notably: Columbia University (commissioned in 1896), designed by McKim, Mead & White; the University of California, Berkeley (commissioned in 1898), designed by John Galen Howard; the United States Naval Academy (built 1901–1908), designed by Ernest Flagg; the campus of MIT (commissioned in 1913), designed by William W. Bosworth; Emory University and Carnegie Mellon University (commissioned in 1908 and 1904, respectively),[18] both designed by Henry Hornbostel; and the University of Texas (commissioned in 1931), designed by Paul Philippe Cret.

While the style of Beaux-Art buildings was adapted from historical models, the construction used the most modern available technology. The Grand Palais in Paris (1897–1900) had a modern iron frame inside; the classical columns were purely for decoration. The 1914–1916 construction of the Carolands Chateau south of San Francisco was built to withstand earthquakes, following the devastating 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The noted Spanish structural engineer Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908), famous for his vaultings, known as Guastavino tile work, designed vaults in dozens of Beaux-Arts buildings in Boston, New York, and elsewhere.

Beaux-Arts architecture also brought a civic face to railroads. Chicago's Union Station, Detroit's Michigan Central Station, Jacksonville's Union Terminal, Grand Central Terminal and the original Pennsylvania Station in New York, and Washington, D.C.'s Union Station are famous American examples of this style. Cincinnati has a number of notable Beaux-Arts style buildings, including the Hamilton County Memorial Building in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood, and the former East End Carnegie library in the Columbia-Tusculum neighborhood.

Two notable ecclesiastical variants on the Beaux-Arts style—both serving the same archdiocese, and both designed by the same architect—stand in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Minnesota. Minneapolis' Basilica of St. Mary,[19] the first basilica constructed and consecrated in the United States, was designed by Franco-American architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray (1861–1917) and opened in 1914. A year later in neighboring Saint Paul, construction of the massive Masqueray-designed Cathedral of Saint Paul (also known as National Shrine Cathedral of the Apostle Paul) was completed. The third-largest Roman Catholic cathedral in the United States, its architecture predominantly reflects Beaux-Arts principles, into which Masqueray integrated stylistic elements of other celebrated French churches.

Other examples include the main branch of the New York Public Library; Bancroft Hall at the Naval Academy, the largest academic dormitory in the world;[20] and Michigan Central Station in Detroit, the tallest railway station in the world at the time of completion.[21]

##### Beaux-Arts architects in the United States

[edit]

In the late 1800s, during the years when Beaux-Arts architecture was at a peak in France, Americans were one of the largest groups of foreigners in Paris. Many of them were architects and students of architecture who brought this style back to America.[22] The following individuals, students of the École des Beaux-Arts, are identified as creating work characteristic of the Beaux-Arts style within the United States:

* Otto Eugene Adams
* William A. Boring
* William W. Bosworth
* Arthur Brown Jr.
* Daniel Burnham
* Carrère and Hastings
* James Edwin Ruthven Carpenter Jr.
* Paul Philippe Cret
* Edward Emmett Dougherty
* Douglas Ellington
* Ernest Flagg
* Robert W. Gibson
* C. P. H. Gilbert
* Cass Gilbert
* Philip L. Goodwin
* Thomas Hastings
* Raymond Hood
* Henry Hornbostel
* John Galen Howard
* Richard Morris Hunt
* Albert Kahn
* Charles Klauder
* Ellamae Ellis League
* Electus D. Litchfield
* Austin W. Lord
* Emmanuel Louis Masqueray
* William Rutherford Mead
* Julia Morgan
* Charles Follen McKim
* Harry B. Mulliken
* Kenneth MacKenzie Murchison
* Henry Orth
* Theodore Wells Pietsch I
* Willis Polk
* John Russell Pope
* Reed and Stem
* Arthur Wallace Rice
* Henry Hobson Richardson
* Francis Palmer Smith
* Louis Sullivan
* Edward Lippincott Tilton
* Evarts Tracy of Tracy and Swartwout
* Horace Trumbauer
* Enock Hill Turnock
* Whitney Warren
* Stanford White

Charles McKim, William Mead, and Stanford White would ultimately become partners in the prominent architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White, which designed many well-known Beaux-Arts buildings.[23]

### South America

[edit]

#### Argentina

[edit]

* Palace of Running Waters, Buenos Aires

* Teatro Colón, Buenos Aires

* Palace of the Argentine National Congress, Buenos Aires

* Libertad Palace, Buenos Aires

* Retiro Mitre railway station, Buenos Aires

* Tucumán Government Palace, San Miguel de Tucumán

* Buenos Aires House of Culture, Buenos Aires

* Rosario Board of Trade, Rosario

From 1880 the so-called Generation of '80 came to power in Argentine politics. These were admirers of France as a model republic, particularly with regard to culture and aesthetic tastes. Buenos Aires is a center of Beaux-Arts architecture which continued to be built as late as the 1950s.[24]

##### Beaux-Arts buildings in Argentina

[edit]

* 1877–1894: Palace of Running Waters, Buenos Aires
* 1883–1887: Unzué Palace, Buenos Aires
* 1889–1908: Teatro Colón, Buenos Aires
* 1889: Pabellón Argentino [es] (Argentine pavilion from the 1889 Paris Exposition Universelle), taken down and reconstructed in Buenos Aires (demolished in 1932)
* 1890: Estación Mar del Plata Sud [es], Mar del Plata (the train station was closed in 1949, and was later damaged by fire. Although it was renovated, it is today much less adorned)
* 1894–1898: Buenos Aires House of Culture, Buenos Aires
* 1898–1906: Palace of the Argentine National Congress, Buenos Aires
* 1908–1910: Club Mar del Plata [es], Mar del Plata (burned down in 1961)
* 1908–1928: Libertad Palace, Buenos Aires
* 1926–1931: Buenos Aires City Legislature Palace, Buenos Aires
* 1908–1910: Tucumán Government Palace, San Miguel de Tucumán
* 1924–1929: Estrugamou Building, Buenos Aires

##### Beaux-Arts architects in Argentina

[edit]

* Alejandro Bustillo
* Julio Dormal
* Gainza y Agote
* Alejandro Christophersen
* Eduardo Le Monnier
* León Dourge [es] (later an exponent of rationalism)
* Paul Pater
* Jacques Dunant [es]
* Norbert Maillart [es]
* Carlos Thays (landscape architect)

#### Brazil

[edit]

* Casa Lebre, São Paulo

* Caetano de Campos House, São Paulo

* Palace of the Champs Elysees, São Paulo

* Municipal Theater of São Paulo

* Coliseu Santista Theater, Santos

* Tereza Toledo Lara Palace, São Paulo

* Prates Mansions, São Paulo

* Tiradentes Palace, Rio de Janeiro

* Helvetia Palace, São Paulo

* Alexandre Mackenzie Building, São Paulo

##### Beaux-Arts buildings in Brazil

[edit]

* 1858: Casa Lebre [pt], São Paulo
* 1890–1894: Casa Caetano de Campos [pt], São Paulo
* 1896–1899: Palace of the Champs Elysees, São Paulo [pt]
* 1903–1911: Municipal Theater of São Paulo
* 1909: Coliseu Santista Theater [pt], Santos, São Paulo
* 1910: Tereza Toledo Lara Palace [pt], São Paulo
* 1911: Prates Mansions, São Paulo [pt]
* 1922–1926: Tiradentes Palace, Rio de Janeiro
* 1923: Helvetia Palace [pt], São Paulo
* 1926–1929: Alexandre Mackenzie Building, São Paulo
* Artemis Hotel, São Paulo
* Banco de São Paulo Building, São Paulo
* Hôtel de La Rotisserie Sportsman, São Paulo
* Mococa Building, São Paulo

#### Colombia

[edit]

* Palacio de San Francisco, Bogotá

* Capitolio nacional, Bogotá

* Palacio Echeverri, Bogotá

* Casa de Nariño, Bogotá

* Museo de la Policía, Bogotá

* Teatro Colón, Bogotá

* Banco Dugand, Barranquilla

* Antigua Aduana, Barranquilla

#### Peru

[edit]

* Club Nacional, Lima

* Edificio Rímac, Lima

* Palacio Legislativo del Perú, Lima

##### Beaux-Arts buildings in Peru

[edit]

* 1855: Club Nacional, Lima
* 1906–1939: Legislative Palace, Lima
* 1919–1924: Edificio Rímac, Lima

### Africa

[edit]

#### Mozambique

[edit]

* Mercado Municipal, Maputo

* Banco da Beira

* Casa Infante de Sagres, Beira

* Edifício do Almoxarifado, Beira

* Escola de Artes e Ofícios, Beira

* Palácio dos Desportos, Beira

* Standard Bank Building, Beira

* Tribunal da Beira

##### Beaux-Arts buildings in Mozambique

[edit]

* 1901?: Municipal Market, Maputo
* 1933: Gil Vicente Theater, Maputo
* Banco da Beira, Beira
* Casa Ana, Beira
* Casa Infante de Sagres, Beira
* Edifício do Almoxarifado, Beira
* Escola de Artes e Ofícios, Beira
* Palácio dos Desportos, Beira
* Standard Bank Building, Beira
* Tribunal da Beira

### Asia

[edit]

#### Japan

[edit]

* Kobe Yusen Building, Kobe

* Mitsui Main Building, Tokyo

* Meiji Life Insurance Building, Tokyo

##### Beaux-Arts buildings in Japan

[edit]

* 1918: Kobe Yusen Building, Kobe
* 1926–1929: Mitsui Main Building, Tokyo
* 1930–1934: Meiji Life Insurance Building, Tokyo
* Yokohama Yusen Building

#### Philippines

[edit]

* Legislative building

* China bank Manila

* Regina Building, Manila

* University of Santo Tomas Main Building, Manila

* Lopez Mansion Iloilo

* Calvo Building, Manila

* Cebu Capitol

* El Hogar

* Don Roman Santos Building

##### Beaux-Arts buildings in Philippines

[edit]

* 1911: Nurse's home, Philippine General Hospital
* 1914: El Hogar Filipino Building, Escolta, Manila
* 1915: Regina Building, Escolta, Manila
* 1916: Aduana de Iloilo
* 1919: Jones Bridge, Ermita and Binondo, Manila
* 1919: Grand Cafe building Manila
* 1919: Luneta Hotel, Ermita, Manila
* 1920: St. La Salle Hall
* 1924–1927: University of Santo Tomas Main Building, Sampaloc, Manila
* 1928: Lopez Mansion, Jaro, Iloilo City
* 1928: Natividad Building, Escolta, Manila
* 1937: Lizares Mansion, Jaro, Iloilo City
* 1938: Calvo Building, Escolta, Manila
* Juan Luna Building
* Natalio Enriquez Mansion, Sariaya, Quezon
* Filipinas Insurance co. building
* National Museum of Anthropology (Manila)
* National Museum of Natural History (Manila)
* Manila City Hall
* Manila Post office
* Lingayen capitol
* Negros Occidental capitol
* Philippine General Hospital
* Philippine Women's University
* Batangas capitol
* Sorsogon provincial capitol
* Rizal Hall Manila
* Casa Boix, Quiapo, Manila
* Trinidad ancestral house, Iba, Zambales
* Gawas harigi house, Carigara, Leyte

### Oceania

[edit]

#### Australia

[edit]

* Flinders Street railway station, Melbourne

* General Post Office, Perth

* State Savings Bank building, Sydney

* Bank of New South Wales building, Brisbane

Several Australian cities have some significant examples of the style. It was typically applied to large, solid-looking public office buildings and banks, particularly during the 1920s.

##### Beaux-Arts buildings in Australia

[edit]

* 1900–1910: Flinders Street railway station, Melbourne
* 1914–1923: General Post Office building, Forrest Place, Perth
* 1916: Perpetual Trustee Company Limited, Hunter Street, Sydney
* 1917: Former Mail Exchange Building, Melbourne
* 1920: National Theatre, Melbourne
* 1925–1928: Commonwealth Bank building, Martin Place, Sydney
* 1926: Argus Building, La Trobe Street, Melbourne
* 1927: Emily McPherson College of Domestic Economy, Melbourne
* 1928–1930: Bank of New South Wales building, Elizabeth Street, Brisbane
* 1928: Port Authority building, Melbourne
* 1928: Herald & Weekly Times Building, Flinders Street, Melbourne
* 1933: Commonwealth Bank building, Forrest Place, Perth

#### New Zealand

[edit]

* Former Auckland railway station, Auckland

##### Beaux-Arts buildings in New Zealand

[edit]

* 1928–1930: Auckland railway station, Auckland

## See also

[edit]

* Academic art
* Second Empire architecture
* Beaux Arts Village, Washington

Portals:

* Architecture
* France
* Visual arts

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Marinache, Oana (2017). Paul Gottereau – Un Regal în Arhitectură (in Romanian). Editura Istoria Artei. p. 184\. ISBN 978-606-8839-09-7.
2. ^ a b Robin Middleton, ed. (1982). The Beaux-Arts and Nineteenth-century French Architecture. London: Thames and Hudson.
3. ^ Texier 2012, p. 76.
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Clues to American Architecture. Klein and Fogle. 1986. p. 38. ISBN 0-913515-18-3.
5. ^ Arthur Drexler, ed. (1977). The Architecture of the École des Beaux-Arts. New York: Museum of Modern Art.
6. ^ Texier 2012, pp. 76–77.
7. ^ Celac, Carabela & Marcu-Lapadat 2017, p. 64.
8. ^ Celac, Carabela & Marcu-Lapadat 2017, p. 51.
9. ^ Celac, Carabela & Marcu-Lapadat 2017, p. 90.
10. ^ Celac, Carabela & Marcu-Lapadat 2017, p. 84.
11. ^ a b c Noelle, Louise (2012). "Arquitectos y arquitectura francesa en México, siglo XX". Villes en Parallèle. 45: 240–260\. doi:10.3406/vilpa.2012.1496. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
12. ^ "How These Mexican Designers Are Continuing a Legacy of Craftsmanship". House Beautiful. 24 March 2021.
13. ^ Texier 2012.
14. ^ James Philip Noffsinger. The Influence of the École des Beaux-arts on the Architects of the United States (Washington D.C., Catholic University of America Press, 1955).
15. ^ Howe, Jeffery. "Beaux-Arts Architecture in America". www.bc.edu. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
16. ^ Chafee, Richard. The Architecture of the École des Beaux-Arts. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1977.
17. ^ Jarzombek, Mark (2004). Designing MIT: Bosworth's New Tech. Northeastern University Press.
18. ^ "Emory to demolish John Portman-designed Dobbs University Center". Archpaper.com. 13 February 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
19. ^ "Architecture | The Basilica of Saint Mary". www.mary.org. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
20. ^ National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form [page 3]. National Park Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior, September 1977, as recorded to the Maryland State Archives, 2 December 1992. Accessed 14 January 2016.
21. ^ Marcus, Jonathan. "Michigan Central and the rebirth of Detroit". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
22. ^ Beaux-arts Architecture in New York: A Photographic Guide Front Cover Courier Dover Publications, 1988 (page vii–viii)
23. ^ Richard Guy Wilson. McKim, Mead & White, Architects (New York: Rizzoli, 1983)
24. ^ Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Architecture, Stephen Sennott (ed.), p. 186

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Celac, Mariana; Carabela, Octavian; Marcu-Lapadat, Marius (2017). Bucharest Architecture – an annotated guide. Order of Architects of Romania. ISBN 978-973-0-23884-6.
* Texier, Simon (2012). Paris- Panorama de l'architecture. Parigramme. ISBN 978-2-84096-667-8.a ddi

## Further reading

[edit]

* Reed, Henry Hope; Gillon Jr. Edmund V. (1988). Beaux-Arts Architecture in New York: A Photographic Guide. Dover Publications: Mineola NY.
* United States. Commission of Fine Arts. 1978, 1988 (2 vols.). Sixteenth Street Architecture (The Commission of Fine Arts: Washington, D.C.: The Commission) – profiles of Beaux-Arts architecture in Washington D.C. SuDoc FA 1.2: AR 2.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beaux-Arts architecture.

* New York architecture images, Beaux-Arts gallery
* Advertisement film about the usage of the Beaux Arts style as a reference in kitchen design
* Hallidie Building

* v
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Historicism and Revivalism in architecture and decorative arts

International|

* Art Deco
* Art Nouveau
* Arts and Crafts
* Baroque Revival
* Beaux-Arts
* Neo-Byzantine
* Carpenter Gothic
* Egyptian Revival
* French Provincial
* Gothic Revival
* Greek Revival / Neo-Grec
* Mayan Revival
* Moorish Revival
* Neoclassical
* New Classical
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* Châteauesque
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* Palazzo style
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* Second Empire
* French
* European
* North American
* Spanish Colonial Revival
* Swiss chalet style
* Vernacular

France|

* Henry II style
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* Louis XIV style
* Louis XV style
* Louis XVI style
* Neoclassicism
* Directoire style
* Empire style
* French Restoration style
* Louis Philippe style
* Second Empire style
* Belle Époque

Germany, Austria-Hungary|

* Biedermeier
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* Nazi architecture
* Resort style
* Rundbogenstil

Great Britain|

* Adamesque
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* Egyptian Revival
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* Indo-Saracenic Revival
* British India
* Jacobethan
* Neo-Palladian
* Queen Anne Revival
* Regency
* Romanesque Revival
* Scottish Baronial
* Tudor Revival / Black-and-white Revival

Greece|

* Mycenaean Revival

Italy|

* Stile Umbertino
* Milan

Netherlands|

* Traditionalist School

Nordic countries|

* Dragon style
* National Romantic style
* Gustavian style
* Nordic Classicism

Portugal|

* Neo-Manueline
* Neo-Mudéjar
* Soft Portuguese style

Poland|

* Zakopane Style

Romania|

* Romanian Revival

Russian Empire and USSR|

* Neo-Byzantine
* Neoclassical Revival
* Russian Revival
* Stalinist

Serbia|

* Serbo-Byzantine Revival

Spain|

* Neo-Mudéjar

United States|

* American Renaissance
* Collegiate Gothic
* Colonial Revival
* Dutch Colonial Revival
* Federal style
* Greco Deco
* Jeffersonian
* Mediterranean Revival
* Mission Revival
* Pueblo Revival
* Polish cathedral style
* Queen Anne style
* Richardsonian Romanesque
* Territorial Revival

other|

* Neo-Chinese style
* Imperial Crown Style (Japan)
* Neo-Korean architecture

* v
* t
* e

Architecture of the United States

Native and indigenous|

* Mound
* Builders
* Pueblo

Colonial and post-colonial|

* Creole
* First Period
* Colonial Georgian
* Dutch Colonial
* French Colonial
* German Colonial
* Spanish Colonial
* Territorial

Early Republic|

* Adam
* Federal
* Jeffersonian
* Neoclassical
* Antebellum

Mid-19th century|

* Greek Revival
* Italianate
* Gothic Revival

Victorian|

* Richardsonian Romanesque
* Second Empire
* American Renaissance
* Folk
* Stick style
* Queen Anne
* Shingle

Late-19th to
mid-20th century|

* Art Deco (Streamline Moderne)
* American Craftsman
* American Foursquare
* Beaux-Arts
* California bungalow
* Chicago School
* Colonial Revival
* Dutch Colonial Revival
* Georgian Revival
* Googie
* International style
* Mayan Revival
* Mediterranean Revival
* Mission Revival
* Pueblo Revival
* Deco
* Prairie School
* Pre-war
* PWA Moderne
* Sarasota School of Architecture
* Rustic
* Spanish Colonial Revival
* Territorial Revival
* Tudor Revival

Post–World War II|

* Blobitecture
* Brutalist
* Deconstructivism
* Dingbat
* Earthship
* High-tech
* Mid-century modern
* Modern
* Neo-eclectic
* Neo-futurism
* Neomodern
* New Classical architecture
* Postmodern
* Ranch
* Shed style
* Tiny-house
* Usonian

Building types and vernacular|

* Adirondack
* Adobe
* Barabara
* Cape Cod
* Central-passage house
* Chickee
* Corn crib
* Cowboy church
* Critical regionalism
* Dogtrot house
* Earth lodge
* Hogan
* Hall and parlor house
* I-house
* Igloo
* Jacal
* Kiva
* Log cabin
* Longhouses
* Moki steps
* Plank house
* Platform mound
* Qargi
* Quiggly hole
* Ramada
* Saltbox
* Shotgun house
* Sipapu
* Skyscraper
* Sod house
* Sweat lodge
* Temples
* Tipi
* Town square
* Tupiq
* Wigwam

Cities|

* Atlanta
* Boston
* Buffalo
* Chicago
* Columbus
* Detroit
* Houston
* Jacksonville
* Kansas City
* Las Vegas
* Los Angeles
* Miami
* New Orleans
* New York City
* Omaha
* Philadelphia
* Portland
* San Antonio
* San Francisco
* Seattle
* Spokane
* St. Louis
* Washington, D.C.

States|

* California
* Hawaii
* Texas

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