Beijing National Stadium

Stadium in Beijing, China

For the indoor stadium in Beijing, see National Indoor Stadium.

National Stadium国家体育场·鸟巢

Bird's Nest

Exterior view of the stadium

Full name| National Stadium
Location| 1 National Stadium South Road, Beijing, China
Public transit|  8 15 Olympic Park
8 Olympic Sports Center
Executive suites| 140
Capacity| 80,000 (91,000 with temporary seats)[2]
Record attendance| 89,102 (Nigeria–Argentina Olympic football match, 23 August 2008)
Surface| Grass, All-weather running track
Construction
Broke ground| 24 December 2003; 21 years ago (2003-12-24)
Built| 2003–2008
Opened| 28 June 2008; 16 years ago (2008-06-28)
Construction cost| CN¥2.3 billion
Architect| Herzog & de Meuron[1]
ArupSport
China Architectural Design & Research Group
Ai Weiwei (Artistic consultant)
Structural engineer| Arup[1]
Tenants
China national football team (selected matches)
China women's national football team (selected matches)
China national basketball team (2009–2010)
Website
n-s.cn
Beijing National Stadium

Simplified Chinese| 北京国家体育场
Traditional Chinese| 北京國家體育場
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Běijīng Guójiā Tǐyùchǎng
Wade–Giles| Pěichīng Kwóchiā T'ǐyǜch'ǎng
Yale Romanization| Běijīng Gwójyā Tǐyùchǎng
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization| Bàk gìng Gwok gà Tái yuhk chèuhng
Jyutping| Bak1ging1 Gwok3gaa1 Tai2juk6coeng4
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ| Pak-kiaⁿ Kok-ka Thái-io̍k-tiûⁿ
Alternative Chinese name
Simplified Chinese| 鸟巢
Traditional Chinese| 鳥巢
Literal meaning| Bird's Nest
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Niǎo Cháo
Wade–Giles| Niǎo Ch'áo
Yale Romanization| Nyǎu Cháu
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization| Níuh Chàauh
Jyutping| Niu5 Caau4
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ| Chiáu Châu

The National Stadium[3] (国家体育场), a.k.a. the Bird's Nest (鸟巢),[4] is a stadium at Olympic Green in Chaoyang, Beijing, China. The National Stadium, covering an area of 204,000 square meters with an 80,000 person capacity (91,000 with temporary seating), broke ground in December 2003, officially started construction in March 2004, and was completed in June 2008.[5]

The National Stadium is owned and operated by a partnership company between Beijing Municipal State-owned Assets Management Co Ltd (58%) and CITIC Group (42%).[6]

The stadium was designed for the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. It was also used during the 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics.

Bird's nest at night during 2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Games

## History

[edit]

Bird's Nest in 2008

Located at the Olympic Green in Beijing, the stadium cost US$428 million. The design was awarded to a submission from the Swiss architecture firm Herzog & de Meuron in April 2003 after a bidding process that included 13 final submissions. The design, which originated from the study of Chinese ceramics, implemented steel beams in order to hide supports for the retractable roof; giving the stadium the appearance of a bird's nest. Leading Chinese artist Ai Weiwei was the artistic consultant on the project.[7] The retractable roof was later removed from the design after inspiring the stadium's most recognizable aspect. Ground was broken on 24 December 2003 and the stadium officially opened on 28 June 2008. A shopping mall and a hotel are planned to be constructed to increase use of the stadium, which has had trouble attracting events, football and otherwise, after the Olympics.[8]

### Bidding

[edit]

In 2001, before Beijing had been awarded the games, the city held a bidding process to select the best arena design. Multiple requirements including the ability for post-Olympics use, a retractable roof, and incredibly low maintenance costs, were required of each design.[9] The entry list was narrowed to thirteen final designs.[10] Of the final thirteen, Li Xinggang of China Architecture Design and Research Group (CADG), said after he placed the model of the "nest" proposal at the exhibition hall and saw the rival entries he thought to himself, "We will win this."[9] The model was approved as the top design by a professional panel and later exhibited to the public. Once again, it was selected as the top design.[9] The "nest scheme" design became official in April 2003.[9]

### Design

[edit]

Under construction in September 2007

> Why does a Chinese bowl or a Chinese window have this kind of pattern? Maybe the Chinese people like things to appear in this irregular way, but underneath there are very clear rules. The Bird's Nest developed in this way.

— Li Xinggang, head architect of CADG[11]

Beijing National Stadium (BNS) was a joint venture among architects Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron of Herzog & de Meuron, project architect Stefan Marbach and CADG, which was led by chief architect Li Xinggang.[12] During their first meeting in 2003, at Basel, the group decided to do something unlike Herzog and de Meuron had traditionally designed. "China wanted to have something new for this very important stadium," Li stated.[12] In an effort to design a stadium that was "porous" while also being "a collective building, a public vessel",[11] the team studied Chinese ceramics.[13] This line of thought brought the team to the "nest scheme".[11] The stadium consists of two independent structures, standing 50 feet apart:[1] a red concrete seating bowl and the outer steel frame around it.[11]

In an attempt to hide steel supports for the retractable roof, required in the bidding process, the team developed the "random-looking additional steel" to blend the supports into the rest of the stadium.[11] Twenty-four trussed columns encase the inner bowl,[14] each one weighing 1,000 tons.[9] Despite the random appearance of the Stadium, each half is nearly symmetrical.[15] After a collapse of a roof at the Charles de Gaulle Airport,[9] Beijing reviewed all major projects. It was decided to eliminate the retractable roof, the original inspiration for the "nest" design,[9] as well as 9,000 seats from the design.[15] The removal of the elements helped to bring the project under the reduced construction budget of $290 million, from an original $500 million.[9] With the removal of the retractable roof, the building was lightened, which helped it stand up to seismic activity; however, the upper section of the roof was altered to protect fans from weather.[15] Enerpac was granted the contract to perform the stage lifting and lowering of the stadium roof as part of the construction process.[16] China National Electric Engineering Co Ltd and China National Mechanical Engineering Corporation lifted and welded the steel structure. Due to the stadium's outward appearance, it was nicknamed "The Bird's Nest". The phrase was first used by Herzog & de Meuron, though the pair still believes "there should be many ways of perceiving a building".[11] The use is a compliment Li explained, "In China, a bird's nest is very expensive, something you eat on special occasions."[9]

### Construction

[edit]

Construction of the stadium proceeded in several distinct phases, the first phase involving the construction of a concrete supporting structure upon the concrete foundations laid for the construction site. This was followed by the phased installation of the curved steel frame surrounding the stadium, which is largely self-supporting. This phased installation involved the interconnection of sections of the curved steel frame constructed in Shanghai and transported to Beijing for assembly and welding. The entire structure of interconnected sections was welded together as the primary means of interconnection used to assemble the entire surrounding nest structure. Upon removal of the supporting columns used for the purpose of expediting the assembly of the interconnecting sections, the completed nest structure as a whole settled approximately 27 cm to attain full stability before the interior design and construction of the stadium could be installed and completed.[17]

### Completion

[edit]

Ground was broken, at the Olympic Green,[18] for Beijing National Stadium on 24 December 2003.[19] At its height, 17,000 construction workers worked on the stadium.[20] Portraits of 143 migrant workers at the construction site were featured in the book Workers (Gong Ren) by artist Helen Couchman. On 1 January 2008, The Times reported that 10 workers had died throughout construction; despite denial from the Chinese government.[21] However, in a story the following week, Reuters, with the support of the Chinese government, reported that only two workers had died.[20] All 121,000 tons of steel were made in China. On 14 May 2008 the grass field of 7,811 square meters was laid in 24 hours.[22] The field is a modular turf system by GreenTech ITM.[23] Building the Beijing Olympic Field Beijing National Stadium officially opened at a ceremony on 28 June 2008.[24]

## Features and events

[edit]

The 2008 Summer Olympics opening ceremony. The cauldron that would burn for the duration of the games is pictured on the left hand side, hidden in darkness away from the spectators.

The eastern and western stands of Beijing National Stadium are higher than northern and southern stands, in order to improve sightlines.[25] A 24-hour-per-day rainwater collector is located near the stadium; after water is purified, it is used throughout and around the stadium.[26][27] Pipes placed under the playing surface gather heat in the winter to warm the stadium and disperse heat in the summer to cool the stadium.[28] The stadium's design originally planned to have capacity of 100,000 people; however, 9,000 were removed during a simplification of the design. The new total of 91,000 was shaved further when 11,000 temporary seats were removed after the 2008 Summer Olympics; decreasing the stadium's capacity to current 80,000.[29][30] The farthest seat is 460 feet (140 meters) from center field.[1][28] Temperature and airflow of every surface were optimized to increase ventilation.[28]

Beijing National Stadium hosted the opening and closing ceremonies, athletic events, and football final of the 2008 Summer Olympics from 8 to 24 August 2008.[3] The stadium also hosted the Opening and Closing ceremonies and athletic events of the 2008 Summer Paralympics from 6 to 17 September 2008.[3] Though designed for track and field events of the Olympics, the stadium continued to host sporting events, such as football, afterwards.[15] A shopping mall and a hotel, with rooms overlooking the field, are planned to help increase use after the Olympics.[1] Li stated, "This will become the most important public space in Beijing."[1]

Although ignored by the Chinese media, design consultant Ai Weiwei has voiced his anti-Olympics views and distanced himself from the project, saying, "I've already forgotten about it. I turn down all the demands to have photographs with it," and that it is part of a "pretend smile" of bad taste.[31][32][33][34]

### Football

[edit]

China men's and women's team has not played any matches since the opening of the stadium.

On its first anniversary, 8 August 2009, the stadium hosted a performance of the opera Turandot, and the 2009 Supercoppa Italiana (Italian Super Cup) final, the traditional curtain raiser to the Italian football league season.[35] In August 2011, the Bird's Nest once again hosted the Supercoppa Italiana, the stadium's second in three years, and also in 2012.

The Beijing Guo'an football club was scheduled to play at the stadium, but later backed out of their agreement, citing the embarrassment of using an 80,000+ seat venue for games that routinely draw only slightly more than 10,000.[8][36]

In July 2010, the stadium hosted a friendly football match between Football League Championship team Birmingham City and Beijing Guoan as a part of Birmingham's pre-season trip to China, homeland of the club's owner Carson Yeung. Birmingham City recorded a 1–0 victory in the game.[37]

Arsenal and Manchester City played each other in the inaugural 'China Cup', a one-off match in Beijing's played on 27 July 2012. Manchester City won the match with a score of 2–0.[38]

On 25 July 2016 Manchester City were scheduled to meet Manchester United as part of the 2016 International Champions Cup. However the game was cancelled due to heavy rain soaking the pitch, poor pitch conditions due to fungus and the pitch being relaid with turf.[39][40]

On 22 July 2017, Arsenal and Chelsea played against each other in a friendly match.[41]

After China became the host of the 2023 AFC Asian Cup on 4 June 2019 which the stadium was originally intended as the Beijing venue, but CFA chose Workers' Stadium on 4 January 2020 instead. However, on 14 May 2022, AFC announced that China would not be able to host the tournament due to the exceptional circumstances caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.[42]

### Other sports events

[edit]

The stage for the 2017 League of Legends World Championship finals between SK Telecom T1 and Samsung Galaxy

The stadium hosted the 2009 Race of Champions motor racing carnival.[43] In 2014 and 2015, the FIA Formula E Championship motor racing series hosted the Beijing ePrix at the Beijing Olympic Park.

On 1 November 2010, the IAAF announced that the 2015 World Championships in Athletics would take place at the Beijing National Stadium.[44] and the event will return to the same stadium in 2027.[45]

On 29 July 2017, the stadium hosted Monster Jam and the Stadium Super Trucks, marking the first Chinese race for both racing series. Chinese driver Li Ya Tao was among the ten drivers competing in the Stadium Super Truck race.[46]

On 4 November 2017, the stadium hosted the League of Legends World Championship 2017 Finals.[47]

### Concerts

[edit]

Date  | Artist  | Tour/Concert Name  | Notes

|
|
|

25 July 2004  | Whitney Houston | Soul Divas Tour[48] | Only Houston performed at Asian stops
1 May 2009  | Jackie Chan and more than 100 artists from Chinese mainland, Hong Kong and Taiwan  | Descendants of the Dragon: Jackie Chan and Friends Concert[49] | First large-scale event
30 June 2009  | Song Zuying | Bird's Nest Summer Concert  | First act to hold a solo concert.

Special guests: Jay Chou, Placido Domingo, Lang Lang

1 May 2011  | Rock Records artists  | Rock Records 30th Anniversary Concert  | First act to hold a concert with four-sided stage
18 June 2011  | Bo Jin  | Singing for the Party and Saluting the Motherland Concert[50] | Special guests：Li Shuangjiang, Phoenix Legend, Bian Xiaozhen, Geng Lianfeng, Geng Weihua, Li Qiong
14 April 2012  | Wang Leehom | MUSIC-MAN II World Tour[51] |
29-30 April 2012  | Mayday | MAYDAY NOW-HERE World Tour  | First act to hold 2 consecutive concerts
17 August 2013  |
19 October 2013  | S.M. Entertainment artists  | SMTown Live World Tour III | Artists: Kangta, BoA, TVXQ, Super Junior (Super Junior-M), Girls' Generation, SHINee, f(x), EXO, Zhang Liyin, and Tasty
14 June 2014  | Wang Leehom  | MUSIC-MAN II World Tour  |
2 August 2014  | Wang Feng | Peak Storm Coming Tour  |
25 October 2014  | K-pop artists  | MBC Korean Music Wave Concert  |
23 June 2016  | Sun Nan | Asuka Graduation Party Concert[52] | Special guests：Andy Hui、Tan Weiwei、Dino Lee、Nick Chou
25-26 June 2016  | Tommy Tallarico and Jack Wall | Video Games Live |
26-28 August 2016  | Mayday  | Just Rock It!!! World Tour  | First act to hold 3 consecutive concerts
21-22 October 2016  | Eason Chan | ANOTHER EASON's LIFE World Tour  |
7 July 2017  | Wang Feng  | Years World Tour  |
18-19 August 2017  | Mayday  | Life Tour |
23 September 2017  | Huang Kuo-lun  | Nothing is Impossible Bird's Nest Concert  | Special guests: Emil Chau, G.E.M., Kim Jimun, Huang Qishan
11 August 2018  | Jason Zhang | Future Live Tour  |
24-26 August 2018  | Mayday  | Life Tour \- Bird's Nest Special Edition  |
8-9 September 2018  | Hua Chenyu | 2016 Mars Concert Tour  |
10 August 2019  | Jason Zhang  | Future Live Tour  |
23-25 August 2019  | Mayday  | Just Rock It!!! World Tour  |
26-28 May 2023  | Mayday Fly to 2023 Tour  | First act to hold 6 consecutive concerts
31 May; 1, 3 June 2023  | MAYDAY NOW-HERE World Tour
11-13 August 2023  | Joker Xue | Extraterrestrial World Tour[53] |
25-27 August 2023  | Jason Zhang  | Future Live - Yao Beidou Tour  |
9-10 September 2023  | Hua Chenyu  | 2023 Mars Concert Tour  |
22-24 September 2023  | JJ Lin | JJ20 World Tour |
20 April 2024  | Li Ronghao | Free Soul World Tour  |
4-5 May 2024  | Phoenix Legend  | 2024 Good Luck and Good Fortune Tour  |
18-19, 21-22, 24-26, 30 May; 1 June 2024  | Mayday  | MAYDAY #5525 LIVE TOUR  | First act to hold 10 consecutive concerts
15 June 2024  | Karen Mok | The Big Big Show Concert  |
29-30 June 2024  | Jeff Chang | Future Ultimate World Tour  |
12-14, 17, 19-20 July 2024  | Joker Xue  | Extraterrestrial World Tour[54] |
2-4, 6-7, 9-11 August 2024  | Jason Zhang  | Future Live To 1982 Tour  |
22-25 August 2024  | G.E.M. | I Am Gloria World Tour | First act to hold 4 consecutive concerts
7-8 September 2024  | Hua Chenyu  | 2024 Mars Tour  |
21-22 September 2024  | Zhou Shen | 9.29 Hz 10th Anniversary Concert Tour  |
26 October 2024  | Xu Song | The Breathing Wilderness Tour  |
21-23 March 2025  | Silence Wang | Silence Wang 2025 Concert Tour One Hundred Thousand Volts 2.0  | Special guests: Li Ronghao, Miriam Yeung, David Tao
5-6 April 2025  | A-Mei | ASMR World Tour[55] |

From 2014-2022, the finals for the Chinese singing competition The Voice of China, later re-branded as Sing! China, were held at the stadium. The finals were usually held on either 7 October or on a Sunday of the Golden Week to commemorate the event.

### Pageants

[edit]

In 4th quarter of 2017, this stadium is also open for both local & international pageant events.

### Post-Olympics legacy

[edit]

On 12 January 2009 the venue's owners announced plans for the stadium to anchor a shopping and entertainment complex. These plans, having been developed by operator CITIC Group, were projected to take three to five years to achieve. The stadium also continues to function as a tourist attraction, while hosting sports and entertainment events.[36] However, by 2013 the stadium had fallen into visual disrepair and was criticized as appearing rusty and neglected by visitors to Beijing.

In 2009, the stadium was the site of a Pit Stop for the double-length penultimate leg in the 14th season of The Amazing Race.[56] In 2010, an Olympic-themed Detour was held here in the fifth leg of the first season of The Amazing Race: China Rush.[57] Later in 2016, the first leg of the third season of The Amazing Race China featured a Roadblock where a team member reenacted a dancing segment from the opening ceremony.[58]

The National Stadium was intended to be a Monument of New China, expected to be visited by millions of tourists and showcased through an array of media representations.[59]

In spite of the lack of significant events, the stadium appears to be quite profitable, drawing some 20,000 to 30,000 people a day at the price of a 50 yuan admission.[60] In 2010 it was used as a snow theme park.[61] The venue costs approximately $9 million to maintain per year.[8][36]

The stadium was used for the finals of the 2017 League of Legends World Championship.[62] This included performances by Jay Chou.

The stadium was used to host "The Great Journey", an art performance marking the 100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party on 1 July 2021.[63]

### 2022 Winter Olympics

[edit]

The stadium was used for the opening and closing ceremonies of 2022 Winter Olympics and 2022 Winter Paralympics. It is the only stadium to host both the Summer and Winter Olympics and Paralympics opening and closing ceremonies.[8]

* The Beijing National Stadium at night during the Summer Olympics

* Inside of the stadium during the 2008 Summer Olympics

* Interior view of the stadium

* 2008 Summer Olympics flame

* 2008 Summer Olympics flame

* Detail of the exterior

* Architectural detail of the stadium's exterior

* Entrance during the 2008 Summer Olympics

* Beijing National Stadium at night

* Golden hall, the lounge for national leaders

* Silver hall, the lounge for IOC officials

## See also

[edit]

* Workers' Stadium
* Lists of stadiums
* Stadium diplomacy

## References

[edit]

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2. ^ "Bird's Nest Beijing: Beijing National Stadium, How to Visit Bird's Nest, Location".
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13. ^ Pasternack 2008, pp. 93–4
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23. ^ https://www.canr.msu.edu Archived 24 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine › C...PDF
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31. ^ Cooper, Rafi (6 July 2008). "Cultural revolutionary". The Observer. Archived from the original on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2008.
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41. ^ https://www.itv.com/news/2017-07-22/chelsea-beat-arsenal-3-0-in-pre-season-friendly-in-beijing/ Archived 17 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine Arsenal v. Chelsea
42. ^ "Important update on AFC Asian Cup 2023 hosts". Asian Football Confederation. 14 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
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45. ^ Beijing to host 2027 World Athletics Championships after Italy withdraws bid CBC News
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47. ^ "League of Legends 2017 International Events". Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
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55. ^ 【北京】张惠妹ASMR MAXXX演唱会 - 北京站大麥
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58. ^ 霍启刚郭晶晶"妇唱夫随" 为推广奥运献综艺首秀 (in Chinese). People's Daily. 8 July 2016. Archived from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
59. ^ Kang, Jaeho; Traganou, Jilly (2011). "The Beijing National Stadium as Media-space". Design and Culture. 3 (2): 145–163\. doi:10.2752/175470811X13002771867761. S2CID 143762612.
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### Sources

[edit]

* Pasternack, Alex (2008). "National Stadium". Architectural Record. Clifford A. Pearson: 92–9\. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2008.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beijing National Stadium.

* Beijing2008.cn profile
* Beijing National Stadium Official site Archived 25 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Chinese)

39°59′30″N 116°23′26″E﻿ / ﻿39.99167°N 116.39056°E﻿ / 39.99167; 116.39056

Preceded by

Olympic Stadium
Athens

|  Summer Olympics
Opening and closing ceremonies venue (Olympic Stadium)
2008 | Succeeded by

Olympic Stadium
London

|
|

Preceded by

Olympic Stadium
Athens

|  Summer Olympics
Athletics competitions
Main venue
2008 | Succeeded by

Olympic Stadium
London

Preceded by

Olympic Stadium
Athens

|  Summer Olympics
Men's football gold medal match venue
2008 | Succeeded by

Wembley Stadium
London

Preceded by

Olympic Stadium
Athens

|  Summer Paralympics
Opening and closing ceremonies venue (Olympic Stadium)
2008 | Succeeded by

Olympic Stadium
London

Preceded by

Olympic Stadium
Athens

|  Summer Olympics
Athletics competitions
Main venue
2008 | Succeeded by

Olympic Stadium
London

Preceded by

Luzhniki Stadium
Moscow

|  World Championships in Athletics
Main venue
2015 | Succeeded by

London Stadium
London

Preceded by

Staples Center
Los Angeles

|  League of Legends World Championship
Final venue
2017 | Succeeded by

Incheon Munhak Stadium
Incheon

Preceded by

Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium
Pyeongchang

|  Winter Olympics
Opening and closing ceremonies venue (Olympic Stadium)
2022 | Succeeded by

San Siro, Milan (opening)
Verona Arena, Verona (closing)

Preceded by

Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium
Pyeongchang

|  Winter Paralympics
Opening and closing ceremonies venue (Olympic Stadium)
2022 | Succeeded by

Verona Arena, Verona (opening)
Stadio Olimpico Del Ghiaccio, Cortina (closing)

* v
* t
* e

Venues of the 2008 Summer Olympics (Beijing)

New venues|

* Beijing National Stadium
* Beijing National Aquatics Center
* Beijing National Indoor Stadium
* Beijing Shooting Range Hall
* Wukesong Indoor Stadium
* Laoshan Velodrome
* Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park
* China Agricultural University Gymnasium
* Peking University Gymnasium
* Beijing Science and Technology University Gymnasium
* Beijing University of Technology Gymnasium
* Olympic Green Tennis Center

Existing venues|

* Olympic Sports Centre
* Olympic Sports Center Gymnasium
* Workers' Stadium
* Workers Indoor Arena
* Capital Indoor Stadium
* Fengtai Softball Field
* Ying Tung Natatorium
* Laoshan Mountain Bike Course
* Beijing Shooting Range Clay Target Field
* Beijing Institute of Technology Gymnasium
* Beihang University Gymnasium

Temporary venues|

* Olympic Green Convention Center
* Olympic Green Hockey Field
* Olympic Green Archery Field
* Wukesong Baseball Field
* Chaoyang Park Beach Volleyball Ground
* BMX Field
* Triathlon Venue
* Urban Road Cycling Course

Venues outside Beijing|

* Qingdao International Sailing Centre
* Shanghai Stadium
* Qinhuangdao Olympic Sports Center Stadium
* Hong Kong Equestrian Venues
* Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium
* Shenyang Olympic Sports Center Stadium

* v
* t
* e

Venues of the 2022 Winter Olympics (Beijing, China)

Beijing cluster|

| Olympic Green|

* Beijing National Speed Skating Oval
* Beijing National Stadium
* Beijing National Aquatics Center
* Beijing National Indoor Stadium

|

Others|

* Big Air Shougang
* Capital Indoor Stadium
* Wukesong Arena

Yanqing cluster|

* Yanqing National Alpine Skiing Centre
* Yanqing National Sliding Centre

Zhangjiakou cluster|

* Kuyangshu Nordic Center and Biathlon Center
* Genting Snow Park

* v
* t
* e

Olympic venues in athletics

19th century|

* 1896: Marathon (city), Panathenaic Stadium

20th century|

* 1900: Croix-Catelan Stadium
* 1904: Francis Field
* 1908: White City Stadium
* 1912: Stockholm Olympic Stadium
* 1920: Olympisch Stadion
* 1924: Stade Yves-du-Manoir
* 1928: Olympic Stadium
* 1932: Olympic Stadium, Riverside Drive at Griffith Park
* 1936: Avus Motor Road, Olympic Stadium
* 1948: Empire Stadium
* 1952: Olympic Stadium
* 1956: Melbourne Cricket Ground
* 1960: Arch of Constantine, Raccordo Anulare, Stadio Olimpico, Via Appia Antica, Via Cristoforo Colombo
* 1964: Fuchu City, Karasuyama-machi, National Stadium, Sasazuka-machi, Shinjuku
* 1968: Estadio Olímpico Universitario, Zócalo
* 1972: Olympiastadion
* 1976: Montreal Botanical Garden, Olympic Stadium, Streets of Montreal
* 1980: Grand Arena, Streets of Moscow
* 1984: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Santa Monica College, Streets of Los Angeles, Streets of Santa Monica
* 1988: Seoul Olympic Stadium, Streets of Seoul
* 1992: Estadi Olímpic de Monjuïc, Marathon course, Mataró, Walking course
* 1996: Marathon course, Olympic Stadium, Walking course

21st century|

* 2000: Marathon course, North Sydney, Olympic Stadium
* 2004: Marathon (city), Olympic Stadium, Panathenaic Stadium, Stadium at Olympia
* 2008: Beijing National Stadium, Olympic Green Promenade Walking course, Streets of Beijing Marathon course
* 2012: Marathon Course, Olympic Stadium
* 2016: Estádio Olímpico João Havelange, Pontal, Sambódromo
* 2020: Japan National Stadium, Odori Park
* 2024: Stade de France, Champs-Élysées
* 2028: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Grand Park, Santa Monica & Venice Beach
* 2032: Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre, Alexandra Headland

* v
* t
* e

Olympic venues in association football

| 1890s|

1896
Neo Phaliron Velodrome

|

1900s|

1900
Vélodrome de Vincennes
1904
Francis Olympic Field
1908
White City Stadium

1910s|

1912
Råsunda IP, Stockholm Olympic Stadium (final), Tranebergs Idrottsplats

1920s|

1920
Jules Ottenstadion, Olympisch Stadion (final), Stade Joseph Marien, Stadion Broodstraat
1924
Stade Bergeyre, Stade Yves-du-Manoir (final), Stade de Paris, Stade Pershing
1928
Monnikenhuize, Olympic Stadium (final), Sparta Stadion Het Kasteel

1930s|

1936
Hertha-BSC Field, Mommsenstadion, Olympiastadion (final), Poststadion

1940s|

1948
Arsenal Stadium, Champion Hill, Craven Cottage, Empire Stadium (medal matches), Fratton Park, Goldstone Ground, Green Pond Road, Griffin Park, Lynn Road, Selhurst Park, White Hart Lane

1950s|

1952
Kotkan urheilukeskus, Kupittaan jalkapallostadion, Lahden kisapuisto, Olympic Stadium (final), Ratina Stadion, Töölön Pallokenttä
1956
Melbourne Cricket Ground (final), Olympic Park Stadium

1960s|

1960
Florence Communal Stadium, Grosseto Communal Stadium, L'Aquila Communal Stadium, Livorno Ardenza Stadium, Naples Saint Paul's Stadium, Pescara Adriatic Stadium, Stadio Flaminio (final)
1964
Komazawa Olympic Park Stadium, Mitsuzawa Football Field, Nagai Stadium, Tokyo National Stadium (final), Nishikyogoku Athletic Stadium, Ōmiya Football Field, Prince Chichibu Memorial Football Field
1968
Estadio Azteca (final), Estadio Cuauhtémoc, Estadio Nou Camp, Jalisco Stadium

1970s|

1972
Dreiflüssestadion, ESV-Stadion, Jahnstadion, Olympiastadion (final), Rosenaustadion, Urban Stadium
1976
Lansdowne Park, Olympic Stadium (final), Sherbrooke Stadium, Varsity Stadium

1980s|

1980
Dinamo Stadium, Dynamo Central Stadium – Grand Arena, Central Lenin Stadium – Grand Arena (final), Kirov Stadium, Republican Stadium
1984
Harvard Stadium, Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, Rose Bowl (final), Stanford Stadium
1988
Busan Stadium, Daegu Stadium, Daejeon Stadium, Dongdaemun Stadium, Gwangju Stadium, Olympic Stadium (final)

1990s|

1992
Estadi de la Nova Creu Alta, Camp Nou (final), Estadio Luís Casanova, La Romareda, Sarrià Stadium
1996
Florida Citrus Bowl, Legion Field, Orange Bowl, RFK Memorial Stadium, Sanford Stadium (both finals)

2000s|

2000
Brisbane Cricket Ground, Bruce Stadium, Hindmarsh Stadium, Melbourne Cricket Ground, Olympic Stadium (men's final), Sydney Football Stadium (women's final)
2004
Kaftanzoglio Stadium, Karaiskakis Stadium (women's final), Olympic Stadium (men's final), Pampeloponnisiako Stadium, Pankritio Stadium, Panthessaliko Stadium
2008
Beijing National Stadium (men's final), Qinhuangdao Olympic Sports Center Stadium, Shanghai Stadium, Shenyang Olympic Sports Center Stadium, Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium, Workers' Stadium (women's final)

2010s|

2012
Coventry Arena, Hampden Park, Millennium Stadium, St James' Park, Old Trafford, Wembley Stadium (both finals)
2016
Estádio Nacional de Brasília, Arena Fonte Nova, Mineirão, Arena Corinthians, Arena da Amazônia, Estádio Olímpico João Havelange, Maracanã (both finals)

2020s|

2020
International Stadium Yokohama (both finals), Kashima Soccer Stadium, Miyagi Stadium, Saitama Stadium, Sapporo Dome, Tokyo Stadium
2024
Parc des Princes (both finals), Parc Olympique Lyonnais, Stade de la Beaujoire, Stade de Nice, Stade Geoffroy-Guichard, Stade Matmut Atlantique, Stade Vélodrome
2028
Rose Bowl (both finals), Levi's Stadium, PayPal Park, Stanford Stadium, California Memorial Stadium, Snapdragon Stadium

2030s|

2032
Lang Park (both finals), Barlow Park, Melbourne Rectangular Stadium, North Queensland Stadium, Sunshine Coast Stadium, Sydney Football Stadium, Robina Stadium

* v
* t
* e

Summer Olympic stadiums

19th century|

* Panathenaic Stadium (Athens 1896)
* Vélodrome de Vincennes (Paris 1900)

20th century|

* Francis Olympic Field (St Louis 1904)
* White City Stadium (London 1908)
* Stockholm Olympic Stadium (Stockholm 1912)
* Olympisch Stadion (Antwerp 1920)
* Stade Yves-du-Manoir (Paris 1924)
* Olympic Stadium (Amsterdam 1928)
* Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (Los Angeles 1932)
* Olympiastadion (Berlin 1936)
* Wembley Stadium (London 1948)
* Helsinki Olympic Stadium (Helsinki 1952)
* Melbourne Cricket Ground (Melbourne 1956)
* Stadio Olimpico (Rome 1960)
* National Stadium (Tokyo 1964)
* Estadio Olímpico Universitario (Mexico City 1968)
* Olympiastadion (Munich 1972)
* Olympic Stadium (Montreal 1976)
* Luzhniki Stadium (Moscow 1980)
* Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (Los Angeles 1984)
* Seoul Olympic Stadium (Seoul 1988)
* Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys (Barcelona 1992)
* Centennial Olympic Stadium (Atlanta 1996)
* Stadium Australia (Sydney 2000)

21st century|

* Olympic Stadium (Athens 2004)
* Beijing National Stadium (Beijing 2008)
* London Stadium (London 2012)
* Estádio Olímpico Nilton Santos/Maracanã Stadium (Rio de Janeiro 2016)
* Japan National Stadium (Tokyo 2020)
* Stade de France (Paris 2024)
* Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum/SoFi Stadium (Los Angeles 2028)
* Lang Park (Brisbane 2032)

* v
* t
* e

Winter Olympic stadiums

20th century|

* Stade Olympique de Chamonix (Chamonix 1924)
* St. Moritz Olympic Ice Rink (St. Moritz 1928)
* James B. Sheffield Olympic Skating Rink (Lake Placid 1932)
* Große Olympiaschanze (Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936)
* St. Moritz Olympic Ice Rink (St. Moritz 1948)
* Bislett Stadium (Oslo 1952)
* Stadio olimpico del ghiaccio (Cortina d'Ampezzo 1956)
* Blyth Arena (Squaw Valley 1960)
* Bergisel Ski Jump and Olympiahalle (Innsbruck 1964)
* Olympic Stadium and Palais des Sports (Grenoble) (Grenoble 1968)
* Makomanai Open Stadium and Makomanai Ice Arena (Sapporo 1972)
* Bergisel Ski Jump and Olympiahalle (Innsbruck 1976)
* Lake Placid Equestrian Stadium and Herb Brooks Arena (Lake Placid 1980)
* Koševo City Stadium and Zetra Olympic Hall (Sarajevo 1984)
* McMahon Stadium (Calgary 1988)
* Théâtre des Cérémonies (Albertville 1992)
* Lysgårdsbakken (Lillehammer 1994)
* Nagano Olympic Stadium (Nagano 1998)

21st century|

* Rice–Eccles Stadium (Salt Lake City 2002)
* Stadio Olimpico Grande Torino (Turin 2006)
* BC Place (Vancouver 2010)
* Fisht Olympic Stadium (Sochi 2014)
* Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium (Pyeongchang 2018)
* Beijing National Stadium (Beijing 2022)
* San Siro and Verona Arena (Milan–Cortina 2026)
* TBA (French Alps 2030)
* Rice–Eccles Stadium (Salt Lake City 2034)

* v
* t
* e

Notable buildings and structures in Beijing from the modern era

Ten Great Buildings|

* Beijing railway station
* Cultural Palace of Nationalities
* Diaoyutai State Guesthouse
* Great Hall of the People
* Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution
* Minzu Hotel
* National Museum of China
* Workers' Stadium
* 1959–2020
* 2023–present

Olympic Green|

* Beijing National Stadium
* Beijing National Aquatics Center
* Beijing National Indoor Stadium
* Beijing Olympic Tower
* China National Convention Center
* Digital Beijing Building
* National Tennis Center

Tiananmen Square|

* Chairman Mao Memorial Hall
* Monument to the People's Heroes
* National Centre for the Performing Arts

Museums|

* Beijing Planetarium
* Capital Museum
* China Aviation Museum
* China Railway Museum
* China Science and Technology Museum
* Museum of the Chinese Communist Party
* Museum of the War of Chinese People's Resistance Against Japanese Aggression
* National Art Museum of China

Transportation|

* Beijing Capital International Airport
* Beijing South railway station
* Beijing West railway station
* Beijing Daxing International Airport

CBD|

* Beijing TV Centre
* Beijing Yintai Centre
* CCTV Headquarters
* CCTV Tower
* The China World Trade Center
* Fortune Plaza
* Jing Guang Centre
* China Zun

Other government buildings|

* National Library of China
* Workers Indoor Arena

Others|

* IAP Meteorological Tower
* New Beijing Poly Plaza
* Galaxy SOHO
* Wangjing SOHO
* Leeza SOHO

* v
* t
* e

Venues of the World Athletics Championships

| 1980s|

* 1983: Olympic Stadium (Helsinki)
* 1987: Olympic Stadium (Rome)

|

1990s|

* 1991: National Stadium (Tokyo)
* 1993: Neckarstadium (Stuttgart)
* 1995: Ullevi (Gothenburg)
* 1997: Olympic Stadium (Athens)
* 1999: Estadio de La Cartuja (Seville)

2000s|

* 2001: Commonwealth Stadium (Edmonton)
* 2003: Stade de France (Paris)
* 2005: Olympic Stadium (Helsinki)
* 2007: Nagai Stadium (Osaka)
* 2009: Olympic Stadium (Berlin)

2010s|

* 2011: Daegu Stadium
* 2013: Luzhniki Stadium (Moscow)
* 2015: Beijing National Stadium
* 2017: London Stadium
* 2019: Khalifa International Stadium (Doha)

2020s|

* 2022: Hayward Field (Eugene)
* 2023: National Athletics Centre (Budapest)
* 2025: National Stadium (Tokyo)
* 2027: Beijing National Stadium

* v
* t
* e

Stadium Super Trucks race venues (2013–present)

Current (2025)|

* Long Beach
* TBA

Former|

* Adelaide
* Austin
* Beijing
* Belle Isle
* Bristol
* Charlotte (Dirt Track)
* Coronado
* Costa Mesa
* Crandon
* Glendale
* Hidden Valley
* Indianapolis
* Lake Elsinore
* Las Vegas (Caesars Palace)
* Las Vegas Village
* Los Angeles
* Mexico City
* Mid-Ohio
* Nashville
* Portland
* Road America
* San Bernardino
* San Diego
* St. Louis
* St. Petersburg
* Surfers Paradise
* Sydney (Eastern Creek)
* Sydney (Homebush)
* Sydney (Speedway)
* Symmons Plains
* Texas
* Toronto
* Townsville
* Wanneroo
* Watkins Glen

* v
* t
* e

Chaoyang District, Beijing

Areas|

* Beijing central business district
* Chaowai Subdistrict
* Dashanzi
* Sanlitun
* Wangjing Subdistrict
* Yabaolu
* Yayuncun Subdistrict

Education|

| Tertiary|

* Beijing International Studies University
* Central Academy of Fine Arts
* China Women's University

|

K-12|

* No.80 High School of Beijing
* Beanstalk International Bilingual School Upper East Side and Dongrun
* Beijing BISS International School
* Beijing Ritan High School
* British School of Beijing, Sanlitun
* Beijing Chen Jing Lun High School
* Beijing City International School
* Canadian International School of Beijing
* Deutsche Botschaftsschule Peking
* Harrow International School Beijing
* High School Attached to Beijing University of Technology
* Japanese School of Beijing
* Korean International School in Beijing
* Lycée Français International Charles de Gaulle de Pékin
* Pakistan Embassy College Beijing
* Yew Chung International School of Beijing

| Closed|

* Dulwich College Beijing Beijing Riviera Campus

|

Landmarks|

* 798 Art Zone
* Chaoyang Park
* China–Japan Friendship Hospital
* China Railway Museum
* China World Trade Center
* CMG Headquarters (CCTV Building)
* Digital Beijing Building
* Embassy of the United Kingdom
* Embassy of the United States
* Fairmont
* INDIGO
* Kempinski Hotel Beijing Lufthansa Center
* Olympic Forest Park
* Olympic Green
* National Aquatics Center (Water Cube)
* National Indoor Stadium
* National Stadium (Bird's Nest)
* Olympic Tower
* 2008 Summer Olympic Village
* China National Convention Center
* China Science and Technology Museum
* Digital Beijing Building
* Ling Long Pagoda
* National Speed Skating Oval
* National Tennis Center
* Olympic Green Archery Field (Closed)
* Olympic Green Hockey Field (Closed)
* Panjiayuan Antique Market
* Ritan Park
* Silk Street
* Taikoo Li Sanlitun
* Temple of the Eastern Peak
* Workers' Stadium
* former stadium
* Yintai Centre

Transport|

| Airport|

* Beijing Capital International Airport

|

China Railway
stations|

* Beijing Chaoyang railway station
* Beijing East railway station

Beijing Subway
stations|

* Beiyuanlubei
* Chaoyangmen (part)
* Datunludong
* Dawang Lu
* Guangqumenwai (part)
* Guomao
* Huixin Xijie Beikou
* Huixin Xijie Nankou
* Jianguomen (part)
* Jiaohuachang
* Lishuiqiao
* Lishuiqiaonan
* Sihui
* Sihuidong
* Yong'anli

This list is incomplete.

Portals:

* Architecture
* Sports

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

Geographic|

* Structurae
* StadiumDB

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