Bengali dialects

Dialects of the Bengali language

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The Bengali dialects (Bengali: বাংলা উপভাষা [baŋla upobʱaʃa]) or Bengali varieties (বাংলা ভাষিকা [baŋla bʱaʃika]) are the varieties of the Bengali language, an Eastern Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-European language family, widely spoken in the Bengal region of South Asia. The spoken dialects of Bengali are mutually intelligible with neighbouring dialects.

Bengali dialects can be classified along at least two dimensions: spoken vs. literary variations, and prestige vs. regional variations.

## Classifications

[edit]

Suniti Kumar Chatterji and Sukumar Sen classified Bengali dialects in five classes by their phonology and pronunciation. They are:[1][2]

1. Eastern/Bangali dialects: the most widely spoken dialect of Bengali language. It is spoken across the Khulna, Barisal, Dhaka, Mymensingh, Sylhet and Comilla Divisions of Bangladesh and the State of Tripura in India. However, it's not a widely accepted grouping as dialects spoken in Khulna are much closer to Central dialects. Dialects spoken in central and central-north Bangladesh are very different from Sylheti and Chittagonian dialects.
2. Central/Rarhi dialects: spoken across much of Southern West Bengal, India and Southwestern Bangladesh. It is spoken by almost 20 percent of Bengali people. The regions where it is spoken include the whole of Presidency division, the Northern half of Khulna Division, the southern half of Burdwan division and the district of Murshidabad.
3. North Central/Varendri dialects: This variety is spoken in Rajshahi Division and Southern Rangpur Division of Bangladesh and Malda division of West Bengal, India (previously part of Varendra or Barind division). It is also spoken in some adjoining villages in Bihar bordering Malda.
4. Western/Manbhumi dialects: spoken in the westernmost Bengali speaking regions which includes the whole of Medinipur division and the northern half of Burdwan division in West Bengal. Also included are the so-called Jharkhandi dialects spoken in Santhal Pargana division and Kolhan division.[3]
5. Kamta, Rajbanshi, Deshi and Surjapuri (KRDS) Dialects: spoken in Rangpur Division of Bangladesh and Jalpaiguri division of West Bengal, India and nearby areas in Assam, Bihar and the Nepali province of Koshi. Despite being grouped with Bengali for cultural reasons, some of these dialects are linguistically closer to Assamese. Thus, they are often referred to as either Northern Bengali or Western Assamese depending on what region they're spoken in, as well as the cultural identity of its speakers.

## Spoken and literary variants

[edit]

More than other Indo-Aryan languages, Bengali exhibits strong diglossia between the formal, written language and the vernacular, spoken language. Two styles of writing, involving somewhat different vocabularies and syntax, have emerged :[4][5]

1. Shadhubhasha (সাধুভাষা) is the written language with longer verb inflections and a more Sanskrit-derived (তৎসম tôtshôm) vocabulary (সাধু shadhu = 'chaste' or 'sage'; ভাষা bhasha = 'language'). Songs such as India's national anthem Jana Gana Mana (by Rabindranath Tagore) and national song Vande Mātaram (by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay) were composed in Shadhubhasha, but its use is on the wane in modern writing.
2. Choltibhasha (চলতিভাষা ) or Cholitobhasha (চলিতভাষা), a written Bengali style that reflects a more colloquial idiom, is increasingly the standard for written Bengali (চলিত cholito = 'current' or 'running'). This form came into vogue towards the turn of the 19th century, in an orthography promoted in the writings of Peary Chand Mitra (Alaler ghare dulal, 1857),[6] Pramatha Chowdhury (Sabujpatra, 1914) and in the later writings of Rabindranath Tagore. It is modeled on the dialect spoken in the Shantipur and Shilaidaha region in Nadia and Kushtia Districts. This form of Bengali is often referred to as the "Kushtia standard" (Bangladesh) or "Nadia dialect" (West Bengal).[7]

Spoken Bengali exhibits far more variation than written Bengali. Formal spoken Bengali, including what is heard in news reports, speeches, announcements, and lectures, is modelled on Choltibhasha. This form of spoken Bengali stands alongside other spoken dialects, or Ancholik Bangla (আঞ্চলিক বাংলা) (i.e. 'regional Bengali'). The majority of Bengalis are able to communicate in more than one dialect – often, speakers are fluent in Choltibhasha, one or more Ancholik dialect, and one or more forms of Gramyo Bangla (গ্রাম্য বাংলা) (i.e. 'rural Bengali'), dialects specific to a village or town.

To a non-Bengali, these dialects may sound or look vastly different, but the differences are mostly in Pronunciation and vocabulary, and not so much a grammatical one, one exception is the addition of grammatical gender in some eastern dialects. Many dialects share features with Sadhu bhasha, which was the written standard until the 19th century. Comparison of Bengali dialects gives us an idea about archaic forms of the language as well.

During standardisation of Bengali in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the cultural elite were mostly from the regions of Dhaka, Kolkata, Hooghly, Howrah, 24 Parganas, Nadia and Kushtia. What is accepted as the standard form today in both West Bengal and Bangladesh is based on the West-Central dialect. While the language has been standardised today through two centuries of education and media, variation is widespread, with many speakers familiar with or fluent in both their socio-geographical variety as well as the standard dialect used in the media.

## Regional dialect differences

[edit]

Dialectal differences in Bengali manifest themselves in three forms: standardized dialect vs. regional dialect, literary language vs. colloquial language, and lexical (vocabulary) variations. The name of the dialects generally originates from the district where the language is spoken.

While the standard form of the language does not show much variation across the Bengali-speaking areas of South Asia, regional variation in spoken Bengali constitutes a dialect continuum. Mostly speech varies across distances of just a few miles and takes distinct forms among religious communities. Bengali Hindus tend to speak in Sanskritised Bengali (a remnant of the Sadhu bhasha), Bengali Muslims comparatively use more Perso-Arabic vocabulary and Bengali Christians converse in Christian Bengali when engaging in their own circles. Apart from the present dialects, there are a few more that have disappeared. For example, Sātagāiyã' (this is the name used in East Bengal for the dialect of the Southwestern Rarh region). The present dialects of Bengali are listed below with an example sentence meaning:

English translation: "A man had two sons." (M=male indicated i.e. A man had two sons, P= person indicated, without gender, i.e. A person had two sons)

### North Bengal dialects

[edit]

Main article: Varendri dialect

This dialect is mainly spoken in the districts of North Bengal. The dialects of the North do not have contrastive nasal vowels, tend to conserve the h-word medially, often go through l-n and n-l transitions, often in nouns, and are the only dialects where æ can be found word terminally.

Rajshahi: æk jon mansher duita bæṭa/chhawal chhilo. (P)

Pabna : æk zôn mansher duiḍa bæt̹a/sawal silo. (P)

Dinajpur: æk zôn mansher dui bæṭa/chhawal chhilo. (P)

Sirajganj : æk zon mainsher duido bæṭa/sol silo. (P)

Bogra: æk jhoner dui bæṭa/chhoil achhilo. (P)

Malda: æk jhon manuser duiṭa bæṭa/chhawal chhilô. (P)

Rangpur: æk zon mansher duikna/duikhona bæṭa/sawal asil. (P)

Joypurhat: æk zon mansher duikona bæta/sawal~sol silo. (P)

East Purnia (Siripuria): æk jhonar dui chhawal chhil. (P)

### Central dialects

[edit]

Main article: Central Bengali dialect

These dialects are mostly spoken in and around the Bhagirathi River basin, in Central West Bengal and Southwestern Bangladesh . The standard form of the colloquial language (Choltibhasha) has developed out of the Nadia-Kushtia dialect.

Nadia-Kushtia: ækta loker duţi chhele chhilo. (M)

Meherpur: æk mansher duđi seile silo.

Chuadanga : æk jon lokir duiţo seile silo. (M)

Kolkata: æk jon loker duţo chhele chhilo. (M)

Kolkata (Women's dialect): æk joner dui chhele chhelo. (P)

Howrah: æk loker duţi chhele chhilo. (M)

Howrah (Women's dialect): æk loker duţi chhele chhilo. (M)

Ghatal: æk loker duiţi putro chhilo. (M)

Katwa-Murshidabad: kono loker duţi chhele chhilo. (M)

### Eastern dialects

[edit]

Main article: Eastern Bengali

#### Mymensinghi dialect

[edit]

Mymensingh: æk zôner dui put asil. (P)

Tangail: æk zôner duiđi pola asil. (P)

#### Dhakaiya dialect

[edit]

Manikganj: æk zoner duiđi saoal asilo. (P)

Dhaka-Bikrampur: æk zôner duiđa pola asilo. (P)

#### Tippera dialect

[edit]

Comilla: æk bæđar dui put/pula asilo. (M)

West Tripura: æk bæđar dui pula asilo. (P)

#### Noakhali dialect

[edit]

Sandwip: ek shôkser dui beţa asilo.(P)

Noakhailla (Feni) (Chhagalnaiya)/South Tripura: egga mainsher duga hut/hola asilo. (P)

Noakhailla (Hatia): ækzôn mainsher duga hola asil. (P)

Noakhailla (Lakshmipur) (Ramganj): ekzôner dui hut asil. (P)

South Tripura: egga mainsher duga hut/hola asilo.

#### Chittagonian dialect

[edit]

Chittagong: ækzôn tun dua fua asil. (P)

#### Sylheti dialect

[edit]

Sylhet: exzôner dui fuayn asil. (P)

Sylheti alternative: exzôn manusher dui fuayn asil. (P)

Sylheti alternative: ekh betar dui fuayn asil. (M)

North Tripura: ekh betar dui fuayn asil. (M)

Cachar: ekjon manushor duita chhele aslo. (M)

### South Bengal dialects

[edit]

Khulna: æk zon manshir dui saoal silo. (P)

Bagerhat: æk zon manshir dui sôwal silo. (P)

Jessore: æk zoner duţo sol silo. (P)

Barisal (Bakerganj): æk zon mansher duida pola asilo. (P)

Patuakhali: æk loker dugga pola asilo. (P)

Faridpur: æk zon mansher dui pola silo. (P)

### Rajbanshi dialects

[edit]

Main article: Rangpuri

Goalpara: æk zônkar dui bæṭa asil. (P)

Rangpur: ækzôn mansher duikna bæṭa asin. (P)

Jalpaiguri: æk jhônkar dui jhon bæṭa achhil. (P)

Cooch Behar: æk jôna mansir dui kona bæṭa achhil. (P)

Darjeeling (Terai): æk jhônkar duiṭa bæṭa chhilo. (P)

### Western Border dialects

[edit]

Main article: Manbhumi dialect

This dialect is spoken in the area which is known as Manbhum and its neighbouring districts.

Manbhumi: æk loker duṭa beṭa chhilô. (M)

East Medinipur: gote loker duiṭa toka thilo. (M)

Tamluk: æk bektir duiţi po chhilo. (P)

Dhalbhum/East Singhbhum: æk loker duṭa chha chhilo. (M)

West Bardhaman: kono loker duiṭi chhele chhilo. (M)

Ranchi: æk loker du beṭa rahe. (M)

Mayurbhanj: akṭa loker duṭa beṭa chhilo. (M)

The latter two, along with Kharia Thar and Mal Paharia, are closely related to Western Bengali dialects, but are typically classified as separate languages. Similarly, Rajbanshi language (Nepal) and Hajong are considered separate languages, although they are very similar to North Bengali dialects. There are many more minor dialects as well, including those spoken in the bordering districts of Purnea and Singhbhum and among the tribals of eastern Bangladesh like the Hajong and the Chakma.

### Other dialects and closely related languages

[edit]

This category is for dialects, mostly restricted to certain communities instead of a region, as well as closely related languages. Dobhashi was a highly Perso-Arabised dialect, that started developing during the Bengal Sultanate period. The sadhu bhasha was a historical Sanskritised register of Bengali. Examples of heavily Sanskritised Bengali include the Jana Gana Mana.

Dobhashi: "æk shakhser dui awlad chhilô." (এক শাখ্সের দুই আওলাদ ছিল।) (ايك شخصير دوئي أولاد چھیل۔) (M)

Sadhu bhasha: "kono æk bektir duṭi putrô chhilô" (কোন এক ব্যক্তির দু'টি পুত্র ছিল।) (P)

Heavily Sanskritised Bengali: "æka vyaktira putradvaya aasit" (এক ব্যক্তির পুত্রদ্বয় আসীৎ।) (एक व्यक्तिर पुत्रद्वय आसीत्।)

Assamese: "ezôn manuhôr duzon putek asil" (এজন মানুহৰ দুজন পুতেক আছিল) (P)

Hajong: "ekzôn manôlôg duida pôla thakibar" (একজন মানলগ দুইদা পলা থাকিবার) (P)

Chakma: ek jônôtun diba pwa el. (P)

Kharia Thar: æhôk nôker duiţa chhaoga rôhina. (M)

Mal Paharia: æk jhỗṇỗr duiţô beţa achhlæk. (M)

Halbi: æk minis le dui pila holo. (P)

Odia: jane loka ra ḍuiṭi pua thila. (P)

Bhojpuri: ægo bekat ke ḍugo beṭa rahal. (B)

Maithili: æk admi ke ḍuṭa beṭa rahe. (M)

Rohingya: æk zon manushor dui zon fua asil. (P)

Sambalpuri: gote lokankara duiṭa pua thila. (P)

### Phonological variations

[edit]

Bengali dialects include Eastern and Southeastern Bengali dialects: The Eastern dialects serve as the primary colloquial language of the Dhaka district, mixed nowadays with the standard register. In contrast to Western and Central dialects where ট /ʈ/ and ড /ɖ/ are unvoiced and voiced retroflex stops respectively, far eastern dialects pronounce them as apical alveolar /t̠/ and /d̠/, especially in less formal speech. These dialects also lack contrastive nasalised vowels or a distinction in র /r~ɾ/, ড়/ঢ় /ɽ/, pronouncing them mostly as /ɹ/, although some speakers may realise র /r~ɾ/ when occurring before a consonant or prosodic break. This is also true of the Sylheti dialect, which has a lot in common with the Kamrupi dialect of Assam in particular, and is sometimes considered a separate language. The Eastern dialects extend into Southeastern dialects, which include parts of Chittagong. The Chittagonian dialect has Tibeto-Burman influences.

#### Fricatives

[edit]

Western-central Bengali palato-alveolar or alveolo-palatal affricates চ [tɕ~tʃ], ছ [tɕʰ~tʃʰ], জ [dʑ~dʒ], and ঝ [dʑʱ~dʒʱ] correspond to eastern Bengali [ts]~[s], [tsʰ]~[s], [dz]~[z], and [z]~[zʱ]. A similar pronunciation is also found in Assamese, a related language across the border in India.

The aspirated velar stop খ [kʰ], the voiceless aspirated labial stop ফ [pʰ], and the aspirated dental stop থ [t̪ʰ] of western-central Bengali correspond to [x~ʜ], [ɸ~f] and [t̪~θ] in eastern Bengali. Retroflexes lose aspiration and variously remain like that or become alveolar. Breathy voiced stops lose breathiness. The voiced velar stop গ [g] can fricativize to [ɣ], and is mostly lost afterwards.

Many eastern Bengali dialects share phonological features with Assamese, including the debuccalisation of স & শ [ʃ] to হ [h] (but not to খ [x]).

#### Tibeto-Burman influence

[edit]

The influence of Tibeto-Burman languages on the phonology of eastern Bengali is seen through the lack of nasalised vowels, an alveolar articulation for the Retroflex stops ট [ʈ], ঠ [ʈʰ], ড [ɖ], and ঢ [ɖʱ], resembling the equivalent phonemes in languages such as Thai and Lao and the lack of distinction between র [ɹ] and ড়/ঢ় [ɽ]. Unlike most languages of the region, some Purbo Bengali dialects do not include the breathy voiced stops ঘ [ɡʱ], ঝ [dʑʱ], ঢ [ɖʱ], ধ [d̪ʱ], and ভ [bʱ]. Some variants of Bengali, particularly Chittagonian and Chakma Bengali, have contrastive tone; differences in the pitch of the speaker's voice can distinguish words. In dialects such as Hajong of northern Bangladesh, there is a distinction between উ and ঊ, the first corresponding exactly to its standard counterpart but the latter corresponding to the Japanese [ü͍] sound listenⓘ. There is also a distinction between ই and ঈ in many northern Bangladeshi dialects. ই representing the [ɪ] sound whereas ঈ represents an [i].

## Comparison table

[edit]

English  | Standard Bengali | Khulnaiya  | Medinipuri  | Barishali  | Old Dhakaiya | Faridpuri  | Varendri | Mymensinghi | Rarhi | Noakhali | Chittagonian | Sylheti | Rangpuri

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

will eat (first person)  | khabo  | khabo  | khamo  | khamu  | khamu  | khamu  | Khabo/khamõ  | khamu/khaibam  | khabo  | khaiyum  | haiyyum  | xaimu  | khaim
Taka | ṭaka  | ṭa(h)a  | ṭeka  | ṭaha  | ṭæka  | ṭaha  | ṭæka  | ṭæha  | ṭaka  | ṭĩa  | ṭĩa  | ṭexa  | ṭeka
Dhaka | ḍhaka  | ḍaha  | ḍhaka  | ḍaha  | ḍaka  | ḍhaha  | ḍhaka  | ḍaha  | ḍhaka  | ḍhaka  | ḍhaha  | ḍaxa  | ḍhaka

### Other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages

[edit]

English | Assamese | Odia | Sambalpuri | Rohingya | Bhojpuri | Maithili |  Halbi

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

will eat (first person) | kham | khaibi | khaimi | khayyum | khaib | kha leb | khawan
taka | tôka | ṭankā | ṭankā | ṭia | ṭaka | ṭaka | ṭaka
dhaka | dhaka | ḍhaka | ḍhaka | ḍaka | ḍhaka | ḍhaka | ḍhaka

## See also

[edit]

* Bengali vocabulary
* Bengali phonology

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Bandyopadhyay, Anita (2001). "Problems of Phonetic Transcription in Bengali". Praci-Bhasha-Vijnan Indian Journal of Linguistics. 20: 79. OCLC 2256120. "We all know that there are 4 or 5 dialects of the Bengali language. These are, according to Professor Suniti Kumar Chatterji and Sukumar Sen - Rarhi, Barendra, Kamarupi, Banga and Jharkhandi as added by Dr. S. Sen." NB Barendra refers to Varendri
2. ^ Sen, Sukumar (1993). Bhāshāra itibr̥tta (in Bengali). Ānanda Pābaliśārsa. pp. 148–150\. ISBN 978-81-7215-123-2.
3. ^ Nag, Oishmaya Sen (1 August 2017). "What Languages Are Spoken In Bangladesh?". WorldAtlas.
4. ^ Huq, Mohammad Daniul (2012). "Chalita Bhasa". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
5. ^ Huq, Mohammad Daniul (2012). "Sadhu Bhasa". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
6. ^ Huq, Mohammad Daniul (2012). "Alaler Gharer Dulal". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
7. ^ Morshed, Abul Kalam Manjoor (2012). "Dialect". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.

## References

[edit]

* Ahsan, Syed Ali (2000), বাংলা একাডেমী বাংলাদেশের আঞ্চলিক ভাষার অভিধান, Bangla Academy, Dhaka, ISBN 984-07-4038-5
* Haldar, Gopal (2000), Languages of India, National Book Trust, India, ISBN 81-237-2936-7

## External links

[edit]

* Book – Bengali and Other Related Dialects of South Assam

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* Chittagonian
* Dhakaiya Kutti
* Sylheti
* Manbhumi
* Rangpuri
* Rarhi
* Sadhu bhasha
* Varendri

Language movements|

* Bengali language movement (Bangladesh)
* Language Movement Day (Bangladesh)
* Shoheed Minar
* International Mother Language Day
* Bengali Language Movement in Assam
* Bengali Language Movement in India
* Bengali language movement (Manbhum)

Language institutions|

* Bangla Academy
* Shilpakala Academy
* PôshchimBônggô Bangla Akademi
* Bônggiyô Sahityô Pôrishôd
* Bishwô Sahityô Kendrô
* Pôshchim Bônggô Natyô Akademi

Literature|

* Folk literature
* Authors
* Poets

Literary awards|

* Bangla Academy Literary Award (1960)
* Ekushey Padak (1976)
* Rabindra Puraskar (1950)
* Sahitya Akademi Award (1955)
* Bankim Puraskar (1975)
* Ananda Puraskar (1958)

Personalities|

* Ram Mohan Roy
* Kazi Nazrul Islam
* Rabindranath Tagore
* Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
* Nathaniel Brassey Halhed
* John Beames
* Suniti Kumar Chatterji
* Muhammad Shahidullah
* Humayun Azad

Mega-events|

* Ekushey Book Fair
* Kolkata Book Fair

Cinema|

* Cinema of Bangladesh
* Cinema of West Bengal

Other|

* Bengali input methods in computers
* States of India by Bengali speakers

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Bangladesh

Official language|

* Bengali

Indo-European|

* Assamese
* Goalpariya
* Kamrupi
* Bengali
* Chittagonian
* Dhakaiya Kutti
* Dobhashi
* Eastern Bengali
* Mymensinghi
* Noakhailla
* Rangpuri
* Rarhi
* Sylheti
* Varendri
* Bihari
* Bishnupriya
* Chakma
* English
* Bangladeshi English
* Hajong
* Hindustani
* Dhakaiya Urdu
* Hindi
* Urdu
* Khotta
* Odia
* Persian
* Rohingya
* Sadri (Nagpuri)

Sino-Tibetan|

* Shö
* A'Tong
* Bawm
* Sak
* Kukish
* Falam
* Garo
* Hakha Chin (Laiholh)
* Khumi
* Koch
* Kokborok
* Megam
* Meitei (Manipuri)
* Mizo
* Mru
* Pangkhu
* Rakhine (Marma)
* Rengmitca
* Tanchangya

Austroasiatic|

* Khasi
* Koda
* Kol
* Mundari
* Pnar
* Santali
* War-Jaintia

Dravidian|

* Kurukh
* Sauria Paharia

Afro-Asiatic|

* Arabic

Sign|

* Indo-Pakistani Sign Language

* v
* t
* e

Indo-Aryan languages

Dardic|

| Kashmiri|

* Kashmiri
* Kishtwari

|

Shina|

* Shina
* Brokskat
* Kundal Shahi
* Kalkoti
* Ushoji
* Palula
* Sawi

Pashayi|

* Pashayi

Kunar|

* Dameli
* Gawar-Bati
* Nangalami
* Shumashti
* Wotapuri-Katarqalai

Chitral|

* Kalasha
* Khowar

Hazara Division|

* Indus Kohistani
* Bateri
* Chilisso
* Gowro
* Kalami
* Tirahi
* Mankiyali

Northern|

| Eastern|

* Doteli
* Jumli
* Nepali

|

Central|

* Garhwali
* Kumaoni

Western|

* Dogri
* Kangri
* Bhadarwahi
* Churahi
* Bhateali
* Bilaspuri
* Chambeali
* Gaddi
* Pangwali
* Mandeali
* Mahasu Pahari
* Jaunsari
* Kullui
* Pahari Kinnauri
* Hinduri
* Sirmauri
* Sarazi

Northwestern|

| Punjabi|

| Eastern|

* Punjabi
* dialects
* Sansi

|

Lahnda|

* Hindko
* Inku
* Khetrani
* Pahari-Pothwari
* Saraiki

Sindhi|

* Jadgali
* Kholosi
* Kutchi
* Luwati
* Memoni
* Sindhi

Western|

| Gujarati|

* Aer
* Gujarati
* Lisan ud-Dawat
* Jandavra
* Koli
* Kachi
* Parkari
* Wadiyara
* Saurashtra
* Vaghri

|

Rajasthani|

* Bagri
* Goaria
* Loarki
* Gujari
* Dhundari
* Harauti
* Malvi
* Marwari
* Mewati
* Mewari
* Shekhawati
* Dhatki
* Od
* Nimadi

Bhil|

* Bhili
* Bhilali
* Chodri
* Dhodia–Kukna
* Dhanki
* Dubli
* Bauria
* Bhilori
* Mawchi
* Magari
* Palya Bareli
* Pauri Bareli
* Rathwi Bareli
* Pardhi
* Gamit
* Kalto
* Vasavi
* Wagdi
* Vaagri Booli

Others|

* Khandeshi
* Lambadi
* Dawoodi
* Domari
* Romani
* list of languages

Central|

| Western|

* Braj Bhasha
* Bundeli
* Haryanvi
* Hindustani
* Kauravi
* Hindi
* Hinglish/Urdish
* Urdu
* Deccani
* Judeo-Urdu
* Hyderabadi Urdu
* Rekhta
* Kannauji
* Sansi
* Sadhukkadi

|

Eastern|

* Awadhi
* Bagheli
* Chhattisgarhi
* Fiji Hindi

Others|

* Parya

Eastern|

| Bihari|

| Bhojpuric|

* Bhojpuri
* Caribbean Hindustani

|

Magahi|

* Magahi
* Khortha

Maithili|

* Maithili
* Angika
* Bajjika

Sadanic|

* Sadri
* Kurmali

Tharuic|

* Tharu
* Kochila
* Buksa
* Majhi
* Musasa

Others|

* Kumhali
* Kuswaric
* Bote-Darai
* Danwar

Gauda–
Kamarupa|

| Bengali|

* Bengali
* dialects
* Bishnupriya Manipuri
* Hajong
* Kharia Thar
* Kurmukar
* Mal Paharia
* Noakhali
* Sylheti
* Tanchangya
* Chittagonian
* Chakma
* Rohingya

|

Kamarupic|

* Assamese
* Kamrupi
* Dehan
* Goalpariya
* Rajbanshi (Nepal)
* Rangpuri
* Surjapuri

Odia|

* Odia
* Sambalpuri
* Desia
* Bhatri
* Bodo Parja
* Reli
* Kupia

Halbic|

* Halbi
* Kamar
* Bhunjia
* Nahari

Southern|

| Marathi–
Konkani|

| Marathic|

* Marathi
* Varhadi
* Andh
* Berar Deccan
* Varli
* Phudagi
* Katkari
* Kadodi

|

Konkanic|

* Konkani
* Maharashtrian Konkani
* Nawayathi

Insular|

* Maldivian
* Sinhala

Old|

* Sanskrit
* Vedic
* Classical
* Mitanni superstrate

Middle|

| Early|

* Ashokan Prakrit
* Pāli
* Early Ardhamagadhi

|

Middle (Prakrit)|

* Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
* Dramatic Prakrits
* Ardhamagadhi
* Magadhi
* Maharashtri
* Shauraseni
* Gāndhārī
* Gaudi
* Paishachi

Late (Apabhraṃśa)|

* Abahattha
* Apabhraṃśa
* Elu
* Kamarupi
* Khasa Prakrit

Proto-
languages|

* Proto-Indo-Iranian
* Proto-Indo-Aryan

Unclassified|

* Badeshi (unknown further classification)
* Bazigar
* Chinali–Lahul
* Chinali
* Lahul Lohar
* Sheikhgal

Pidgins
and creoles|

* Andaman Creole Hindi
* Bombay Hindi
* Haflong Hindi
* Nagamese
* Nefamese
* Vedda

See also
Indo-Iranian languages
Nuristani languages
Iranian languages

* v
* t
* e

Varieties of languages

* Albanian
* Antiguan and Barbudan Creole
* Arabic
* Aragonese
* Armenian
* Aromanian
* Azerbaijani
* Basque
* Bengali
* Bulgarian
* Catalan
* Chinese
* Danish
* Dutch
* English
* French
* Georgian
* German
* Greek
* Hindi
* Japanese
* Korean
* Macedonian
* Malay
* Maltese
* Norwegian
* Pashto
* Persian
* Polish
* Portuguese
* Punjabi
* Romani
* Romanian
* Russian
* Serbo-Croatian
* Slovene
* Spanish
* Swedish
* Turkish
* Ukrainian
* Urdu
* Yiddish

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