Bergamo

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Comune in Lombardy, Italy

Bergamo

Bèrghem (Lombard)

Comune

Città di Bergamo

The skyline of the old fortified Città Alta

Flag

Coat of arms

Nickname:

Città dei Mille ('City of the Thousand')

Map of the old walled Upper City of Bergamo

Location of Bergamo

Bergamo

Location of Bergamo in Lombardy

Show map of Italy

Bergamo

Bergamo (Lombardy)

Show map of Lombardy

Coordinates: 45°41′42″N 9°40′12″E﻿ / ﻿45.69500°N 9.67000°E﻿ / 45.69500; 9.67000
Country| Italy
Region| Lombardy
Province| Province of Bergamo (BG)
Government

• Mayor| Elena Carnevali (PD)
Area

[1]

• Total

| 40.16 km2 (15.51 sq mi)
Elevation

| 249 m (817 ft)
Population

(2025)[2]

• Total

| 120,580
• Density| 3,000/km2 (7,800/sq mi)
Demonym(s)| Bergamasque
Bergamaschi (Italian)
Bergamàsch (Eastern Lombard)
Time zone| UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)| UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code|

24100

Dialing code| (+39) 035
Website| www.comune.bergamo.it

Bergamo (/ˈbɜːrɡəmoʊ/ BUR-gə-moh, Italian: [ˈbɛrɡamo] ⓘ; Bergamasque: Bèrghem [ˈbɛrɡɛm] ⓘ) is a city in the alpine Lombardy region of northern Italy, approximately 40 km (25 mi) northeast of Milan, and about 30 km (19 mi) from the alpine lakes Como and Iseo and 70 km (43 mi) from Garda and Maggiore. The Bergamo Alps (Alpi Orobie) begin immediately north of the city.

With a population of 120,580 as of 2025,[2] Bergamo is the fourth-largest city in Lombardy. Bergamo is the seat of the province of Bergamo, which counts more than 1,115,037 residents as of 2025. The metropolitan area of Bergamo extends beyond the administrative city limits, spanning over a densely urbanized area with slightly fewer than 500,000 inhabitants.[3] The Bergamo metropolitan area is itself part of the broader Milan metropolitan area, home to more than 8 million people.[4][5][6]

The city of Bergamo is composed of an old walled core, known as Città Alta ('Upper Town'), nestled within a system of hills, and the modern expansion in the plains below. The upper town is encircled by massive Venetian defensive systems that has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 9 July 2017.[7]

Bergamo is well connected to several cities in Italy, thanks to the motorway A4 stretching on the axis between Milan, Verona, and Venice. The city is served by Il Caravaggio International Airport, the third-busiest airport in Italy with 12.3 million passengers in 2017. Bergamo is the second most visited city in Lombardy after Milan.[8][9]

## Toponymy

[edit]

In classical Latin, the toponym is attested as Bergomum, while in late Latin Bergame. The toponym in the local Bergamasque dialect of the Lombard language is instead Bèrghem. There are various hypotheses put forward to trace the origin of the name of the city.[10]

Local historian and politician Bortolo Belotti compared the toponym to previous Celtic and pre-Celtic names, of which Bergomum would then only be the Latinisation; the word berg in Celtic means a protection, fortification or abode. In the writings of early Roman period, the toponym Bergomum appears to be associated with Bergimus, the Celtic god of mountains or dwellings.[11]

Historian Antonio Tiraboschi argued instead that the toponym stemmed from the Proto-Germanic language. The Bergamo toponym is similar to toponyms in various Germanic-speaking areas, and might be associated with *berg +*heim, or the "mountain home".[12] The hypothesis of a Germanic derivation clashes however with the absence of documents regarding Germanic settlements in the area prior to the settlement of the Lombards who settled in the northern part of the Italian peninsula after the collapse of the Roman Empire.[13]

The Città Alta

## History

[edit]

See also: Timeline of Bergamo

Historic site in Bergamo, Natural Park of Bergamo Hills

Fortified Upper City of Bergamo

Native name
Città Alta di Bergamo (Lombard)

Fortified walls of Bergamo's Upper City

Location| Bergamo, Natural Park of Bergamo Hills
Area| Bergamo, Lombardy, northern Italy

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Type| Cultural
Criteria| iii, iv
Designated| 2017 (41st Session)
Part of| Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – Western Stato da Mar
Reference no.| 1533
Region| Europe and North America

### Antiquity

[edit]

Bergomum (as it was known in classical Latin) was first settled by the Ligurian tribe of the Orobii, during the Iron Age period.[14] During the Celtic invasion of northern Italy, around the year of 550 BC, the city was conquered by the Celtic tribe of Cenomani.[15]

In 49 BCE, it became a Roman municipality, containing c. 10,000 inhabitants at its peak.[16] An important hub on the military road between Friuli and Raetia, it was destroyed by Attila in the 5th century.

### Middle Ages

[edit]

See also: Rule of the Dukes, Kingdom of the Lombards, and List of kings of the Lombards

From the 6th century, Bergamo was the seat of one of the most important Lombard duchies of northern Italy, together with Brescia, Trento, and Cividale del Friuli: its first Lombard duke was Wallaris.[citation needed]

After the conquest of the Lombard Kingdom by Charlemagne, it became the seat of a county under one Auteramus (died 816). An important Lombardic hoard dating from the 6th to 7th centuries was found in the vicinity of the city in the 19th century and is now in the British Museum.[17]

From the 11th century onwards, Bergamo was an independent commune, taking part in the Lombard League which defeated Frederick I Barbarossa in 1165. The local Guelph and Ghibelline factions were the Colleoni and Suardi, respectively.[citation needed]

Feuding between the two initially caused the family of Omodeo Tasso to flee north c. 1250, but he returned to Bergamo in the later 13th century to organize the city's couriers: this would eventually lead to the Imperial Thurn und Taxis dynasty generally credited with organizing the first modern postal service.[citation needed]

### Early modern

[edit]

After a short period under the House of Malatesta starting from 1407, Bergamo was ceded in 1428 by the Duchy of Milan to the Republic of Venice in the context of the Wars in Lombardy and the aftermath of the 1427 Battle of Maclodio.

Despite the brief interlude granted by the Treaty of Lodi in 1454, the uneasy balance of power among the northern Italian states precipitated the Italian Wars, a series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 that involved, at various times, also the Papal States, France, and the Holy Roman Empire.[18]

The wars, which were both a result and cause of Venetian involvement in the power politics of mainland Italy, prompted Venice to assert its direct rule over its mainland domains.

As much of the fighting during the Italian Wars took place during sieges, increasing levels of fortification were adopted, using such new developments as detached bastions that could withstand sustained artillery fire.[19]

The Treaty of Campo Formio (17 October 1797) formally recognized the inclusion of Bergamo and other parts of northern Italy into the Cisalpine Republic, a "sister republic" of the French First Republic that was superseded in 1802 by the short-lived Napoleonic Italian Republic and in 1805 by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy.

### Late modern and contemporary

[edit]

At the 1815 Congress of Vienna, Bergamo was assigned to the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, a crown land of the Austrian Empire. The visit of Ferdinand I in 1838 coincided with the opening of the new boulevard stretching into the plains, leading to the railway station that was inaugurated in 1857. Austrian rule was at first welcomed, but later challenged by Italian independentist insurrections in 1848.[citation needed]

Giuseppe Garibaldi conquered Bergamo in 1859, during the Second Italian War of Independence. As a result, the city was incorporated into the newly founded Kingdom of Italy.[citation needed]

For its contribution to the Italian unification movement, Bergamo is also known as Città dei Mille ('City of the Thousand'), because a significant part of the rank-and-file supporting Giuseppe Garibaldi in his expedition against the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies came from Bergamo and its environs.

During the twentieth century, Bergamo became one of Italy's most industrialized areas.

In 1907, Marcello Piacentini devised a new urban master plan that was implemented between 1912 and 1927, in a style reminiscent of Novecento Italiano and Modernist Rationalism.[citation needed]

The 2017 43rd G7 summit on agriculture was held in Bergamo, in the context of the broader international meeting organized in Taormina.[20]

The "Charter of Bergamo" is an international commitment, signed during the summit, to reduce hunger worldwide by 2030, strengthen cooperation for agricultural development in Africa, and ensure price transparency.[21]

In early 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, Bergamo's healthcare system was overwhelmed by patients with COVID-19. There were reports of doctors confronted with ethical dilemmas with too few ICU beds and mechanical ventilation systems.[22] Morgues were overwhelmed, and images of military trucks carrying the bodies of COVID-19 victims out of the city were shared worldwide.[23] An investigative report by The New York Times found that faulty guidance and bureaucratic delays rendered the toll in Bergamo far worse than it had to be.[24]

Bergamo Upper Town and Alpi Orobie from the airport

## Geography

[edit]

### Climate

[edit]

Climate data for Bergamo (1991–2020, extremes 1946–present)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 21.9
(71.4)  | 22.7
(72.9)  | 27.1
(80.8)  | 31.9
(89.4)  | 35.5
(95.9)  | 36.3
(97.3)  | 39.0
(102.2)  | 37.9
(100.2)  | 32.4
(90.3)  | 31.5
(88.7)  | 23.0
(73.4)  | 19.0
(66.2)  | 39.0
(102.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 7.8
(46.0)  | 9.3
(48.7)  | 14.2
(57.6)  | 18.2
(64.8)  | 22.9
(73.2)  | 27.0
(80.6)  | 29.6
(85.3)  | 28.9
(84.0)  | 24.2
(75.6)  | 18.3
(64.9)  | 12.2
(54.0)  | 8.0
(46.4)  | 18.4
(65.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 3.6
(38.5)  | 4.9
(40.8)  | 9.2
(48.6)  | 13.1
(55.6)  | 17.7
(63.9)  | 21.8
(71.2)  | 24.1
(75.4)  | 23.6
(74.5)  | 19.1
(66.4)  | 14.1
(57.4)  | 8.5
(47.3)  | 4.0
(39.2)  | 13.7
(56.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | −0.2
(31.6)  | 0.7
(33.3)  | 4.3
(39.7)  | 8.1
(46.6)  | 12.3
(54.1)  | 16.3
(61.3)  | 18.5
(65.3)  | 18.3
(64.9)  | 14.5
(58.1)  | 10.2
(50.4)  | 5.0
(41.0)  | 0.6
(33.1)  | 9.0
(48.2)
Record low °C (°F)  | −15.0
(5.0)  | −20.1
(−4.2)  | −7.7
(18.1)  | −3.6
(25.5)  | 1.7
(35.1)  | 4.2
(39.6)  | 8.9
(48.0)  | 8.4
(47.1)  | 5.1
(41.2)  | −1.7
(28.9)  | −7.0
(19.4)  | −12.4
(9.7)  | −20.1
(−4.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 44.5
(1.75)  | 49.8
(1.96)  | 53.0
(2.09)  | 79.5
(3.13)  | 103.9
(4.09)  | 103.3
(4.07)  | 63.2
(2.49)  | 92.1
(3.63)  | 105.5
(4.15)  | 103.0
(4.06)  | 149.1
(5.87)  | 61.5
(2.42)  | 1,008.4
(39.70)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 5.1  | 5.3  | 5.8  | 8.4  | 10.0  | 8.0  | 5.0  | 6.4  | 6.4  | 7.8  | 8.4  | 6.4  | 82.7
Average relative humidity (%)  | 71.6  | 69.1  | 64.3  | 64.8  | 65.5  | 64.5  | 63.2  | 65.0  | 67.9  | 74.0  | 75.9  | 74.2  | 68.3
Average dew point °C (°F)  | −0.8
(30.6)  | −0.4
(31.3)  | 2.5
(36.5)  | 6.0
(42.8)  | 10.4
(50.7)  | 14.1
(57.4)  | 15.9
(60.6)  | 16.1
(61.0)  | 12.6
(54.7)  | 9.4
(48.9)  | 4.7
(40.5)  | 0.1
(32.2)  | 7.5
(45.5)
Source 1: NOAA[25]
Source 2: Servizio Meteorologico (extremes)[26]

## Cityscape

[edit]

Lower City seen from Upper City Walled city scheme

The town has two centres: Città Alta ('Upper City'), a hilltop medieval town, surrounded by 16th-century defensive walls, and the Città Bassa ('Lower City'). The two parts of the town are connected by funicular, roads, and footpaths.

### Upper city

[edit]

The Upper City The Angelo Maj library

The upper city, surrounded by Venetian walls built in the 16th century, forms the historic centre of Bergamo.[27] Walking along the narrow medieval streets, you can visit numerous places of interest including:

* Cittadella (Citadel), built under the rule of the Visconti in the mid-14th century.
* Piazza Vecchia
* Palazzo della Ragione. This was the seat of the administration of the city in the medieval municipal period. Built in the 12th century, it was revamped in the late 16th century by Pietro Isabello. The façade has the Lion of Saint Mark over a mullioned window, testifying to the long period of Venetian rule. The atrium has a well-preserved 18th-century sundial.
* Palazzo Nuovo (Biblioteca Civica Angelo Mai). It was designed by Vincenzo Scamozzi in the early 17th century and completed in 1928.
* Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore. It was built from 1137 on the site of a previous religious edifice of the 7th century. Construction continued until the 15th century. Of this first building the external Romanesque structure and the Greek cross plan remain. The interior was extensively modified in the 16th and 17th centuries. Noteworthy are the great Crucifix and the tomb of Gaetano Donizetti.
* Cappella Colleoni, annexed to Santa Maria Maggiore, is a masterwork of Renaissance architecture and decorative art. It contains the tomb of Bartolomeo Colleoni.
* Battistero (Baptistry), an elegant octagonal building dating from 1340.
* Bergamo Cathedral. It was built in the late 17th century with later modifications.
* Rocca. It was begun in 1331 on the hill of Sant'Eufemia by William of Castelbarco, vicar of John of Bohemia, and later completed by Azzone Visconti. A wider citadel was added, but is now partly lost.
* San Michele al Pozzo Bianco. Built in the 12th century, this church contains several frescoes from the 12th to the 16th centuries, including paintings by Lorenzo Lotto.
* Tempietto di Santa Croce. Small 12th century octagonal Romanesque chapel.
* Museo Civico Archeologico. It is housed in the Cittadella.
* Museo di Scienze Naturali Enrico Caffi. It is housed in the Cittadella.
* Orto Botanico di Bergamo "Lorenzo Rota" (botanical garden).

View of Bergamo Città Alta from Via Sudorno (2021)

### Lower city

[edit]

Bergamo Upper City, Lower City and Bergamo Hills

The lower city is the modern centre of Bergamo. At the end of the 19th century, Città Bassa was composed of residential neighborhoods built along the main roads that linked Bergamo to the other cities of Lombardy. The main boroughs were Borgo Palazzo along the road to Brescia, Borgo San Leonardo along the road to Milan and Borgo Santa Caterina along the road to Serio Valley. Borgo Santa Caterina is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ('The most beautiful villages of Italy').[28]

The city rapidly expanded during the 20th century. In the first decades, the municipality erected major buildings such as the new courthouse and various administrative offices in the lower part of Bergamo in order to create a new city center. After World War II, many residential buildings were constructed in the lower part of the city which are now divided into twenty-five neighborhoods:

Neighborhoods of Bergamo

* Boccaleone
* Borgo Palazzo
* Borgo Santa Caterina
* Campagnola
* Carnovali
* Celadina
* Centro-Papa Giovanni XXIII
* Centro-Pignolo
* Centro-Sant'Alessandro
* Città Alta
* Colli
* Colognola
* Conca Fiorita
* Grumello del Piano
* Longuelo
* Loreto [it]
* Malpensata
* Monterosso
* Redona
* San Paolo
* San Tomaso de' Calvi
* Santa Lucia
* Valtesse-San Colombano
* Valverde con Valtesse-Sant'Antonio
* Villaggio degli Sposi

The most relevant sites are:

* Accademia Carrara
* Galleria d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea (GAMeC, Gallery of Modern and Contemporary Art).

## Government

[edit]

See also: List of mayors of Bergamo

## Demographics

[edit]

Historical populationYear| Pop.| ±%

|
|

1861| 44,388| —
1871| 42,275| −4.8%
1881| 43,878| +3.8%
1901| 52,015| +18.5%
1911| 63,870| +22.8%
1921| 71,662| +12.2%
1931| 79,328| +10.7%
1936| 86,027| +8.4%
1951| 103,236| +20.0%
1961| 114,948| +11.3%
1971| 127,884| +11.3%
1981| 123,383| −3.5%
1991| 114,820| −6.9%
2001| 113,038| −1.6%
2011| 115,349| +2.0%
2021| 119,476| +3.6%
Source: ISTAT[29][30]

Bergamo has 120,580 inhabitants as of 2025, of whom 47.7% were male and 52.3% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 16.79 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 23.61 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 17.88 percent (minors) and 20.29 percent (pensioners).[citation needed]

The average age of Bergamo residents is 45 compared to the Italian average of 43. In the eight years between 2002 and 2010, the population of Bergamo grew by 5.41 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 5.77 percent.[31]

## Economy

[edit]

Bergamo is in Lombardy, Italy's northern region where about a quarter of the country's GDP is produced.[32]

The city has an advanced tertiary economy focused on banking, retail, and services associated with the industrial sector of its province. Corporations and firms linked to the city include UBI banking group, Brembo (braking systems), Tenaris (steel), and ABB (power and automation technology).

## Culture

[edit]

See also: Accademia Carrara

### Notable natives

[edit]

Gaetano Donizetti was born in Bergamo in 1797. He's considered one of the most important composers of all time, best known for his almost 70 operas. Along with Gioachino Rossini and Vincenzo Bellini, he was a leading composer of the bel canto opera style during the first half of the nineteenth century and a probable influence on other composers such as Giuseppe Verdi.

Bergamo was the hometown and last resting place of Enrico Rastelli, a highly technical and world-famous juggler who lived in the town and, in 1931, died there at the early age of 34. There is a life-sized statue of Rastelli within his mausoleum. A number of painters were active in the town as well; among these were Giovanni Paolo Cavagna, Francesco Zucco, and Enea Salmeggia, each of whom painted works for the church of Santa Maria Maggiore. Sculptor Giacomo Manzù and the bass-baritone opera singer Alex Esposito[33] were born in Bergamo.

The American electrical engineer and professor Andrew Viterbi, inventor of Viterbi's algorithm, was born in Bergamo, before migrating to the US during the Fascist era because of his Jewish origins. Designers born in Bergamo include Nicola Trussardi and the late Mariuccia Mandelli, the founder of Krizia and one of the first female fashion designers to create a successful line of men's wear.[34]

The physicist Fausto Martelli was born in Bergamo in 1982. Fausto Martelli is known for his fundamental contributions to the physics of liquids and glasses.

### Theater

[edit]

Gaetano Donizetti Theater

The main city theater is the Gaetano Donizetti Theater; another historical theater is the Teatro Sociale [it], in the Upper Town.

More modern is the tensile structure that houses the "Creberg Teatro Bergamo"[35] with 1536 seats which make it one of the largest theaters in the province.

Another theatrical structure is the Auditorium in Piazza della Libertà. The building that houses the Auditorium was built in 1937 as the seat of the local Fascist Federation and known as the "House of Freedom".

Among the theatrical companies operating in Bergamo there are the TTB (teatro tascabile di Bergamo),[36] La Compagnia Stabile di Teatro,[37] Erbamil,[38] Pandemonium Teatro,[39] Teatro Prova,[40] Ambaradan and Slapsus,[41] Luna and Gnac,[42] the CUT (University Theater Center)[43] and La Gilda delle Arti - Teatro Bergamo.[44]

## Sports

[edit]

* Bergamo's football team is Atalanta who play in the top level Serie A at the Stadio Atleti Azzurri d'Italia. They are a one time Coppa Italia and UEFA Europa League winner.
* The city has a women's volleyball team named Volley Bergamo.
* The city is also home to the Bergamo Lions American football team, one of the most successful in European Football League history, winning multiple Eurobowls.
* The Olympic gold medalist skier Sofia Goggia was born in Bergamo in 1992. She won the gold medal in downhill skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics and the silver medal at the 2022 Winter Olympics.
* The Olympic gold medalist snowboarder Michela Moioli was born in a town in the metropolitan area of Bergamo in 1995. She won the gold medal in snowboard cross at the 2018 Winter Olympics and the silver medal in mixed team snowboard cross at the 2022 Winter Olympics.

## Education

[edit]

Further information: University of Bergamo, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Accademia Carrara, and Bergamo Conservatory

## Transportation

[edit]

Bergamo is served by Il Caravaggio International Airport 5 km (3 mi) to the southeast and by Milan Linate Airport 50 km (31 mi) to the southwest, as well as by Bergamo railway station.

## Notable churches

[edit]

* San Benedetto, Bergamo
* San Bernardino in Pignolo, Bergamo
* San Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo
* San Michele al Pozzo Bianco

## People

[edit]

Main category: People from Bergamo

* Francesco Akira
* Giovanni Michele Alberto da Carrara
* Francesco Cucchi
* Gaetano Donizetti
* Gianandrea Gavazzeni
* Pietro Locatelli
* Lorenzo Lotto
* Giacomo Manzù
* Pio Manzù
* Andrea Previtali
* Enrico Rastelli

## International relations

[edit]

### Twin towns − sister cities

[edit]

Bergamo is twinned with:[45]

* Greenville, United States, since 1985[45]
* Pueblo, United States[45][46]
* Mulhouse, France, since 1989[45]
* Tver', Russia, since 1989[45]
* Bengbu, People's Republic of China, since 1988[45]
* Cochabamba, Bolivia, since 2008[47]
* Olkusz, Poland, since 2009[48]
* Ludwigsburg, Germany, since 2022[49]
* Bucha, Ukraine, since 2022[50]

Bergamo has a partnership with:

* Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland[45]
* Bolesław, Poland[45]
* Posadas, Argentina, as Friendship and Cooperation city since 1998[51]

### Consulates

[edit]

Bergamo is home to the following consulates:

* Bolivia[52]
* Switzerland[53]

## See also

[edit]

* Italy portal
* European Union portal
* Cities portal

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
2. ^ a b "Monthly Demographic Balance". ISTAT.
3. ^ "Urbanismi in Italia, 2011" (PDF). cityrailways.it (in Italian). Retrieved 4 November 2014.
4. ^ "OECD Territorial Review - Milan, Italy".[permanent dead link]
5. ^ "Competitiveness and knowledge transfer" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2015. Competitiveness of Milan and its metropolitan area
6. ^ ISTAT
7. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "The city of Bergamo - UNESCO World Heritage Centre". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
8. ^ "RSY Lombardia-Arrivals and nights spent by guests in accommodation establishments, by type of resort and by type of establishment. Total accommodation establishments. Part III. Tourist resort. Year 2012". asr-lombardia.it. Archived from the original on 4 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
9. ^ "Lombardia, Pil più alto in Italia Bergamo disoccupazione ai minimi" (in Italian). Retrieved 11 October 2017.
10. ^ "L'ETIMOLOGIA DI BERGAMO". LA BARBA DI DIOGENE. 3 November 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
11. ^ Mommsen, Theodor. Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum. p. 548.
12. ^ "Comune di Bergamo (BG)". comune.bergamo.it. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
13. ^ "Cosa vedere | AEGEE-Bergamo" (in Italian). Retrieved 18 March 2023.
14. ^ "Orobi nell'Enciclopedia Treccani". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 18 March 2023.
15. ^ Battista Rota, Giovanni. Dell'origine e della storia antica di Bergamo (in Italian). p. 55.
16. ^ Bergamo, Visit. "LA BERGAMO ROMANA • • Visit Bergamo". visitbergamo.net (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 March 2023.
17. ^ "Collection search: You searched for". British Museum.
18. ^ Michael Mallett and Christine Shaw, The Italian Wars: 1494–1559. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2012.
19. ^ Max Boot, War Made New: Technology, Warfare, and the Course of History, 1500 to Today. New York: Penguin Group, 2006.
20. ^ "G7 Agricoltura, approvata la Carta di Bergamo: "Zero fame entro il 2030"". Repubblica.it (in Italian). 15 October 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
21. ^ "G7, nasce la Carta di Bergamo: cooperazione, trasparenza sui prezzi e lotta allo spreco alimentare". BergamoNews (in Italian). 15 October 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
22. ^ "Special Report: 'All is well'. In Italy, triage and lies for virus patients". Reuters. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
23. ^ Bostock, Bill. "Video shows Italian army trucks transporting coffins from Italy's worst-hit city to remote cremation sites because morgues can't cope with more coronavirus deaths". Business Insider. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
24. ^ "Behind the Curve: The Lost Days That Made Bergamo A Coronavirus Tragedy". The New York Times. 29 November 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
25. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Bergamo". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
26. ^ "Bergamo Orio al Serio: Record mensili dal 1946" (in Italian). Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
27. ^ "The city of Bergamo". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
28. ^ "Lombardia" (in Italian). Retrieved 31 July 2023.
29. ^ "Popolazione residente e presente dei comuni. Censimenti dal 1861 al 1971" [Resident and present population of the municipalities. Censuses from 1861 to 1971] (PDF) (in Italian). ISTAT. 24 October 1971.
30. ^ "Dashboard Permanent census of population and housing". ISTAT.
31. ^ "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". Demo.istat.it. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
32. ^ "European Commission - PRESS RELEASES - Press release - Regional GDP per inhabitant in the EU27
GDP per inhabitant in 2006 ranged from 25% of the EU27 average in Nord-Est in Romania to 336% in Inner London". europa.eu. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
33. ^ "Alex Esposito". roh.org.uk. Royal Opera House. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
34. ^ Fox, Margalit (7 December 2015). "Mariuccia Mandelli, Italian Fashion Designer, Dies at 90". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
35. ^ "Il Teatro". Creberg Teatro Bergamo (in Italian). Retrieved 13 June 2022.
36. ^ "TTB - Teatro Tascabile di Bergamo". www.teatrotascabile.org. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
37. ^ "Home | Commedie musicali in dialetto bergamasco" (in Italian). Retrieved 13 June 2022.
38. ^ "Home". Erbamil (in Italian). Retrieved 13 June 2022.
39. ^ "Pandemonium Teatro – Pandemonium Teatro" (in Italian). Retrieved 13 June 2022.
40. ^ "::: Teatro Prova, spettacoli e laboratori per bambini e ragazzi ::: Bergamo :::". 8 March 2012. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
41. ^ "ambaradan". 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 6 June 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
42. ^ "Teatro a Bergamo". Luna e Gnac (in Italian). Retrieved 13 June 2022.
43. ^ "Centro Universitario Teatrale CUT Bergamo - scuola di teatro" (in Italian). Retrieved 13 June 2022.
44. ^ "La Gilda delle Arti - Teatro Bergamo". lagildadellearti.it. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
45. ^ a b c d e f g h "Gemellaggi e relazioni internazionali" (official website) (in Italian). Comune di Bergamo. 7 April 2006. Archived from the original on 29 October 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
46. ^ "Pueblo's Sister Cities Home" (official website). Pueblo, CO, USA: Pueblo Sister Cities Commission. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
47. ^ "Convenios Internacionales" (official website) (in Spanish). Cochabamba, Bolivia: Gobierno Autónomo Municipal de Cochabamba. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
48. ^ "Bergamo firma il gemellaggio con Olkusz" (in Italian). Comune di Bergamo. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
49. ^ Clemens Flach (21 October 2022). "Bergamo wird Partnerstadt" (in German). Stadt Ludwigsburg. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
50. ^ "Міста-побратими | Офіційний сайт Бучанської міської ради". bucha-rada.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 25 June 2023.
51. ^ "Posadas y sus hermanas" (in Spanish). Primera Edición. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
52. ^ Consolato Onorario della BOLIVIA "Easydiplomacy" Archived 1 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
53. ^ "Rappresentanze svizzera in Italia". eda.admin.ch.

## Further reading

[edit]

For a more comprehensive list, see Timeline of Bergamo § Bibliography.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bergamo.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bergamo.

* Municipality of Bergamo official website (in Italian)
* Visit Bergamo

* v
* t
* e

Bergamo

History of Bergamo|

* Timeline
* Kingdom of the Lombards
* Lombard League
* Republic of Venice
* Republic of Bergamo
* Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
* Il Risorgimento
* Italian resistance movement

Monuments and places|

* Accademia Carrara
* Cappella Colleoni
* Duomo di Bergamo
* Santa Maria Maggiore
* Teatro Donizetti

Personalities|

* Alexander of Bergamo
* Evaristo Baschenis
* Filippo Della Vite
* Gaetano Donizetti
* Giuseppe Donizetti
* Gianandrea Gavazzeni
* Sofia Goggia
* Lorenzo Lotto
* Giacomo Manzù
* Michela Moioli
* Giovanni Battista Moroni
* Palma il Vecchio
* Filippo Maria Pandolfi
* Carlo Alfredo Piatti
* Andrea Previtali
* Giacomo Quarenghi
* Enrico Rastelli
* Gianluigi Trovesi
* Andrew Viterbi

Neighborhoods|

* Colognola
* Redona
* Valtesse
* Valverde

Transportation|

* Il Caravaggio International Airport
* A4-E64 motorway
* Bergamo railway station
* Bergamo–Albino light rail

* Category
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

World Heritage Sites in Italy

Northwest|

* Crespi d'Adda
* Genoa
* Historic center
* Ivrea
* Mantua and Sabbioneta
* Monte San Giorgio1
* Porto Venere, Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto, Cinque Terre
* Residences of the Royal House of Savoy
* Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes1
* Rock Drawings in Valcamonica
* Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy
* Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan
* Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato

Northeast|

* Aquileia
* The Dolomites
* Ferrara
* Le Colline del Prosecco di Conegliano e Valdobbiadene
* Modena Cathedral, Torre della Ghirlandina and Piazza Grande, Modena
* Orto botanico di Padova
* Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles
* Porticoes of Bologna
* Ravenna
* Venice
* Verona
* City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto

Central|

* Assisi and Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
* Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia
* Great Spa Towns of Europe - Montecatini Terme
* Florence
* Hadrian's Villa
* Medici villas
* Piazza del Duomo, Pisa
* Pienza
* Rome2
* San Gimignano
* Siena
* Urbino
* Val d'Orcia
* Villa d'Este

South|

* Alberobello
* Amalfi Coast
* Appian Way (with Via Traiana)
* Castel del Monte, Apulia
* Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park, Paestum and Velia, Certosa di Padula
* Herculaneum
* Oplontis and Villa Poppaea
* Naples
* Historic Centre
* Royal Palace of Caserta, Aqueduct of Vanvitelli and San Leucio Complex
* Pompeii
* Sassi di Matera

Islands|

* Aeolian Islands
* Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale
* Archaeological Area of Agrigento
* Barumini nuraghes
* Domus de Janas
* Mount Etna
* Syracuse and Necropolis of Pantalica
* Val di Noto
* Villa Romana del Casale

Countrywide|

* Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)
* Brescia
* Cividale del Friuli
* Castelseprio
* Spoleto
* Temple of Clitumnus located at Campello sul Clitunno
* Santa Sofia located at Benevento
* Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo located at Monte Sant'Angelo
* Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps3
* Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe4
* Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries5
* Bergamo
* Palmanova
* Peschiera del Garda

* 1 with Switzerland
* 2 with the Holy See
* 3 with Austria, France, Germany, Slovenia, and Switzerland
* 4 with 17 other countries
* 5 with Croatia and Montenegro

* v
* t
* e

Lombardy * Comuni of the Province of Bergamo

* Adrara San Martino
* Adrara San Rocco
* Albano Sant'Alessandro
* Albino
* Algua
* Almenno San Bartolomeo
* Almenno San Salvatore
* Almè
* Alzano Lombardo
* Ambivere
* Antegnate
* Arcene
* Ardesio
* Arzago d'Adda
* Averara
* Aviatico
* Azzano San Paolo
* Azzone
* Bagnatica
* Barbata
* Bariano
* Barzana
* Bedulita
* Berbenno
* Bergamo
* Berzo San Fermo
* Bianzano
* Blello
* Bolgare
* Boltiere
* Bonate Sopra
* Bonate Sotto
* Borgo di Terzo
* Bossico
* Bottanuco
* Bracca
* Branzi
* Brembate
* Brembate di Sopra
* Brignano Gera d'Adda
* Brumano
* Brusaporto
* Calcinate
* Calcio
* Calusco d'Adda
* Calvenzano
* Camerata Cornello
* Canonica d'Adda
* Capizzone
* Capriate San Gervasio
* Caprino Bergamasco
* Caravaggio
* Carobbio degli Angeli
* Carona
* Carvico
* Casazza
* Casirate d'Adda
* Casnigo
* Cassiglio
* Castel Rozzone
* Castelli Calepio
* Castione della Presolana
* Castro
* Cavernago
* Cazzano Sant'Andrea
* Cenate Sopra
* Cenate Sotto
* Cene
* Cerete
* Chignolo d'Isola
* Chiuduno
* Cisano Bergamasco
* Ciserano
* Cividate al Piano
* Clusone
* Colere
* Cologno al Serio
* Colzate
* Comun Nuovo
* Corna Imagna
* Cornalba
* Cortenuova
* Costa di Mezzate
* Costa Serina
* Costa Valle Imagna
* Costa Volpino
* Covo
* Credaro
* Curno
* Cusio
* Dalmine
* Dossena
* Endine Gaiano
* Entratico
* Fara Gera d'Adda
* Fara Olivana con Sola
* Filago
* Fino del Monte
* Fiorano al Serio
* Fontanella
* Fonteno
* Foppolo
* Foresto Sparso
* Fornovo San Giovanni
* Fuipiano Valle Imagna
* Gandellino
* Gandino
* Gandosso
* Gaverina Terme
* Gazzaniga
* Ghisalba
* Gorlago
* Gorle
* Gorno
* Grassobbio
* Gromo
* Grone
* Grumello del Monte
* Isola di Fondra
* Isso
* Lallio
* Leffe
* Lenna
* Levate
* Locatello
* Lovere
* Lurano
* Luzzana
* Madone
* Mapello
* Martinengo
* Medolago
* Mezzoldo
* Misano di Gera d'Adda
* Moio de' Calvi
* Monasterolo del Castello
* Montello
* Morengo
* Mornico al Serio
* Mozzanica
* Mozzo
* Nembro
* Olmo al Brembo
* Oltre il Colle
* Oltressenda Alta
* Oneta
* Onore
* Orio al Serio
* Ornica
* Osio Sopra
* Osio Sotto
* Pagazzano
* Paladina
* Palazzago
* Palosco
* Parre
* Parzanica
* Pedrengo
* Peia
* Pianico
* Piario
* Piazza Brembana
* Piazzatorre
* Piazzolo
* Pognano
* Ponte Nossa
* Ponte San Pietro
* Ponteranica
* Pontida
* Pontirolo Nuovo
* Pradalunga
* Predore
* Premolo
* Presezzo
* Pumenengo
* Ranica
* Ranzanico
* Riva di Solto
* Rogno
* Romano di Lombardia
* Roncobello
* Roncola
* Rota d'Imagna
* Rovetta
* San Giovanni Bianco
* San Paolo d'Argon
* San Pellegrino Terme
* Sant'Omobono Terme
* Santa Brigida
* Sarnico
* Scanzorosciate
* Schilpario
* Sedrina
* Selvino
* Seriate
* Serina
* Solto Collina
* Solza
* Songavazzo
* Sorisole
* Sotto il Monte Giovanni XXIII
* Sovere
* Spinone al Lago
* Spirano
* Stezzano
* Strozza
* Suisio
* Taleggio
* Tavernola Bergamasca
* Telgate
* Terno d'Isola
* Torre Boldone
* Torre Pallavicina
* Torre de' Busi
* Torre de' Roveri
* Trescore Balneario
* Treviglio
* Treviolo
* Ubiale Clanezzo
* Urgnano
* Valbondione
* Val Brembilla
* Valbrembo
* Valgoglio
* Valleve
* Valnegra
* Valtorta
* Vedeseta
* Verdellino
* Verdello
* Vertova
* Viadanica
* Vigano San Martino
* Vigolo
* Villa d'Adda
* Villa d'Almè
* Villa d'Ogna
* Villa di Serio
* Villongo
* Vilminore di Scalve
* Zandobbio
* Zanica
* Zogno

* v
* t
* e

Parco dei Colli di Bergamo

Municipalities|

* Almè
* Bergamo
* Mozzo
* Paladina
* Ponteranica
* Ranica
* Sorisole
* Torre Boldone
* Valbrembo
* Villa d'Almè

Mountains and hills of the park|

* Canto Alto
* Maresana Hill

Rivers of the park|

* Morla
* Quisa

* v
* t
* e

Cities in Italy by population

1,000,000+|

* Rome
* Milan

500,000+|

* Naples
* Turin
* Palermo
* Genoa

200,000+|

* Bari
* Bologna
* Catania
* Florence
* Messina
* Padua
* Trieste
* Venice
* Verona

100,000+|

* Ancona
* Andria
* Arezzo
* Bergamo
* Bolzano
* Brescia
* Cagliari
* Ferrara
* Foggia
* Forlì
* Giugliano
* Latina
* Livorno
* Modena
* Monza
* Novara
* Parma
* Perugia
* Pescara
* Piacenza
* Prato
* Ravenna
* Reggio Calabria
* Reggio Emilia
* Rimini
* Salerno
* Sassari
* Syracuse
* Taranto
* Terni
* Trento
* Udine
* Vicenza

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Norway
* Croatia
* Vatican
* Israel

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area

Other|

* IdRef
* Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
* NARA
* Yale LUX

*[c.]: circa
*[Pop.]: Population
*[±%]: Percent change
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template