Big Tech

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Collectivity of the largest technology companies

Google, Amazon, Apple, Meta, and Microsoft

Big Tech, also known as the Tech Giants, are the largest information technology companies. The term most often refers to the Big Five tech companies in the United States: Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, Meta, and Microsoft.[1][2] In China, Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent, and Xiaomi (BATX) are the equivalent of the Big Five. Big Tech can also include smaller tech companies with high valuations, such as Netflix and Nvidia, or non-tech companies with high-tech practices, such as the automaker Tesla.[3][4][5]

The concept of Big Tech is analogous to the consolidation of market dominance by a few companies in other market sectors, such as Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, and J.P. Morgan in investment banking, the Big Three consulting firms, Big Oil, and Big Media.[6]

## Background[edit]

The term "Big Tech" first appeared in media reports around 2013, as some economists saw signs of these companies becoming dominant in their respective markets with little regulation. After the late-1990s dot-com bubble wiped out most of the Nasdaq Composite stock market index, surviving technology companies expanded their market share and were no longer considered startups. The term "Big Tech" became popular around 2017, following the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, as the role these technology companies played with access to a large amount of user data ("big data") and the ability to influence their users came under Congressional review.[citation needed] The term "Big Tech" is similar to how the largest oil companies were called "Big Oil" following the 1970s energy crisis, and the largest cigarette producers were called "Big Tobacco", as the United States Congress sought to regulate those industries.[6] It is also similar to how, at the turn of the 21st century, the mainstream media became dominated by a small number of corporations called "Big Media" or the "Media Giants".[7] Dominant companies like IBM and Microsoft were the 20th-century precursors to Big Tech.[8]

## Membership[edit]

Big Five tech companies[a] Company  | Revenue (USD)[9] | Profit (USD)  | Subsidiaries

|
|
|

Alphabet | $283 billion  | $60 billion  | Google

Waymo

Amazon | $514 billion  | $-3 billion  | Audible
Twitch
Whole Foods
Apple | $394 billion  | $99 billion  | Beats
Meta | $116 billion  | $23 billion  | Facebook
Instagram
Reality Labs
WhatsApp
Microsoft | $212 billion  | $73 billion  | GitHub
LinkedIn
Skype

The Big Five are dominant players in their respective areas of technology: artificial intelligence, cloud computing, consumer electronics, e-commerce, home automation, online advertising, self-driving cars, social networking, software, and streaming media. They are among the most valuable public companies.[10][11] In August 2020, the Big Five accounted for nearly a quarter of the S&P 500, while in March 2023, Apple and Microsoft alone accounted for 13 percent of the S&P 500.[12] In February 2024, the combined market capitalization of the "Magnificent Seven" U.S. tech companies (Apple, Amazon, Alphabet, Meta Platforms, Microsoft, Nvidia, and Tesla) exceeded the combined market capitalization of all companies listed on every stock exchange in each respective G20 countries except the United States as a whole, China, and Japan.[13] Big Tech companies are considered among the most prestigious employers in the world.[14][15][16]

The Big Five are powerful corporations in structural and relational terms.[17] As such, they have been criticized for creating a new economic order called "surveillance capitalism".[18] They serve billions of users,[19] and are able to influence user behavior and control large amounts of user data.[20] Concerns over monopolistic practices have led to antitrust investigations from the Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission in the United States,[21][22][23] as well as the European Commission.[24] Commentators have questioned the impact of these companies on privacy, market power, freedom of speech, censorship, national security, and law enforcement.[25] In 2019, John Naughton wrote in The Guardian that "it's almost impossible to function without the big five tech giants."[26]

### Big Four[edit]

Alphabet, Amazon, Meta, and Apple are commonly referred to as the Big Four. They have also been referred to as "The Four", the "Gang of Four", and the "Four Horsemen".[27][28][29] They were known as GAFA before Facebook changed its name to Meta in 2021.[30] Former Google CEO Eric Schmidt, author Phil Simon, and NYU professor Scott Galloway have each grouped these companies together based on their impact on society. This distinguishes them from other big tech companies such as Microsoft and IBM, according to Simon and Galloway.[31][32] In 2011, Eric Schmidt excluded Microsoft from the group, stating that "Microsoft is not driving the consumer revolution in the minds of the consumers."[33]

### Big Five[edit]

A more inclusive group called the Big Five defines Google, Amazon, Meta, Apple, and Microsoft as the tech giants.[34][35][36][37][38] They were known as GAFAM before Facebook changed its name to Meta in 2021.[39] In 2020, the Big Five ranked second through sixth on the list of the world's most valuable public companies, behind Saudi Aramco.[10]

### Acronyms[edit]

The Big Four or Five tech companies have been referred to in the media as GAFA, GAFAM, MAMAA, and other acronyms.[40] Alphabet, the parent company of Google, may be represented by "G" in these acronyms, while Meta, the rebranding of Facebook, may be represented by "F".[41]

The acronym FANG was coined in 2013 by Jim Cramer, the television host of CNBC's Mad Money, to refer to Facebook, Amazon, Netflix, and Google. Cramer called these companies "totally dominant in their markets".[42] Cramer considered that the four companies were poised "to really take a bite out of" the bear market, giving double meaning to the acronym, according to Cramer's colleague at RealMoney.com, Bob Lang.[42][43][44] Cramer expanded FANG to FAANG in 2017, adding Apple to the other four companies due to its revenues placing it as a potential Fortune 50 company.[45] Following Facebook's name change to Meta Platforms in October 2021, as well as the 2015 creation of Google holding company Alphabet Inc., Cramer suggested replacing FAANG with MAMAA, replacing Netflix with Microsoft because Netflix's valuation had fallen behind the other companies. With Microsoft, these companies were each valued at over $900 billion compared to Netflix's $310 billion.[41] In November 2021, The Motley Fool suggested MANAMANA (a reference to the 1968 song "Mah Nà Mah Nà") as a replacement acronym that stands for Microsoft, Apple, Netflix, Alphabet, Meta, Amazon, Nvidia, and Adobe.[46]

### Market dominance[edit]

The 10 largest corporations by market capitalization

In terms of market capitalization, the Big Five tech giants have surpassed the Big Oil energy giants such as ExxonMobil, BP, Chevron, and Shell. They have also outpaced big media companies such as Disney, Warner Bros. Discovery, and Comcast by a factor of 10.[47] In 2017, the Big Five had a combined value of over $3.3 trillion, and made up almost half of the Nasdaq 100.[48] In 2017, Elizabeth Warren criticized Big Tech for offering free services to remain more popular than the competition.[49]

#### Alphabet (Google)[edit]

Google is the leader in online advertising (Google Ads), online search (Google Search), online video sharing (YouTube), email services (Gmail), web browsing (Google Chrome), online mapping-based navigation (Google Maps and Waze), mobile operating systems (Android), and online storage (Google Drive). Google Cloud is the third most popular cloud computing platform after Amazon and Microsoft. Google and Facebook have been called a duopoly in the digital advertising market.[50] Google receives 82% of its revenue and most of its profit from advertising.[51] Alphabet has emerged among tech firms as the global leader in artificial intelligence, self-driving cars, and quantum computing. Waymo, Alphabet's self-driving car subsidiary, is considered to be the leader in autonomous vehicle technology and was the first self-driving company to offer a publicly available robo-taxi service in 2021.[52] With its Sycamore processor, Google is seen as the leader in quantum computing and in 2019, it claimed Sycamore had achieved quantum supremacy.[53] In January 2020, Alphabet reached $1 trillion in market capitalization for the first time.[54][55]

#### Amazon[edit]

In 2017, Amazon was the leader in e-commerce with 40.4% market share, cloud computing, with nearly 32% market share, and live-streaming with Twitch controlling 75.6% market share. With Amazon Alexa and Amazon Echo, Amazon is also the leader in the area of artificial intelligence-based personal digital assistants and smart speakers (Amazon Echo) with 69% market share followed by Google (Google Nest) at 25% market share. Amazon Web Services made up 59% of Amazon's profit in 2020,[56] and more than half of the company's profit every year since 2014.[57] Following the development of EC2 by Amazon in 2006, Google and Microsoft followed in 2008 with Google App Engine (expanded to Google Cloud Platform since 2011) and Windows Azure (Microsoft Azure since 2010).[58] After crossing above $1 trillion in market capitalization during trading hours once in September 2018 and once in January 2020,[59][60] Amazon closed above $1 trillion in market capitalization for the first time in April 2020.[61] In November 2022, Amazon fell below $1 trillion in market capitalization,[62] as part of a 51% decline in the company stock from an approximately $1.7 trillion market capitalization to begin the year to an approximately $834 billion market capitalization to end the year.[63] By May 2023, Amazon stock recovered and recrossed the $1 trillion market valuation threshold.[64]

#### Apple[edit]

Apple sells consumer electronics including laptops, smartphones, and smartwatches, sharing a duopoly with Google in mobile operating systems: 27% of the market share belonging to Apple (iOS) and 72% to Google (Android).[48][65] In August 2018, Apple became the first publicly traded U.S. company in history to reach $1 trillion in market capitalization,[66][67] and in August 2020, became the first publicly traded U.S. company in history to reach $2 trillion in market capitalization.[68] In January 2022, Apple became the first publicly traded company in the United States to reach $3 trillion in market capitalization during trading hours.[69] In January 2023, Apple fell below $2 trillion in market capitalization.[70] In June 2023, Apple closed above $3 trillion in market capitalization for the first time and closed again above $3 trillion the following December.[71][72]

#### Meta[edit]

Meta Platforms, formerly Facebook until its rebranding in October 2021,[73] is the parent company of the Facebook social network, the Instagram image sharing service, and the WhatsApp messaging service. Facebook acquired Oculus in 2014, entering the virtual reality market.[74] After closing with a $1 trillion market capitalization for the first time in June 2021 as Facebook,[75] Meta Platforms finished 2021 below the $1 trillion market cap.[76][77] In February 2022, Meta Platforms fell to less than $600 billion in market capitalization (including setting a new record for the largest one-day drop in U.S. stock market history of $232 billion on February 3),[78][79][80][81] and fell further to $270 billion in market capitalization in October 2022 and was no longer within the top 20 publicly traded U.S. companies.[82][83] In January 2024, Meta Platforms recrossed $1 trillion in market capitalization during trading hours.[84]

#### Microsoft[edit]

Microsoft controls the majority of market share in desktop operating systems (Microsoft Windows)[85] and productivity software (Microsoft Office). Microsoft owns the second biggest cloud computing platform (Microsoft Azure)[86] after Amazon. Microsoft is also one of the biggest companies in the video game industry (Xbox). Microsoft is the dominant player in enterprise software (Microsoft 365)[87] and business communication (Microsoft Teams).[88] In April 2019, Microsoft reached $1 trillion in market capitalization for the first time.[89] In June 2021, Microsoft crossed $2 trillion in market capitalization for the first time,[90][91] and beginning in October 2021, briefly surpassed Apple as the most valuable publicly traded company in the world before finishing the year at $2.5 trillion in market capitalization and second to Apple.[92][76] After its stock price fell for most of the year,[93] Microsoft finished 2022 below $2 trillion in market capitalization.[94] By May 2023, Microsoft stock recovered and recrossed the $2 trillion market valuation threshold.[64] In January 2024, Microsoft surpassed Apple during trading hours as the largest U.S. company by market capitalization before giving up the gains before close,[95] and crossed $3 trillion in market capitalization during trading hours.[96]

## Smaller companies[edit]

### United States[edit]

Smaller U.S. Big Tech companies[b] Company  | Revenue (USD)[97] | Profit (USD)  | Subsidiaries

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|
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IBM | 60 billion  | 2 billion  | Red Hat
Tesla | 81 billion  | 12 billion  | —
Oracle | 50 billion  | 8 billion  | Cerner
Netflix | 31 billion  | 5 billion  | —
Nvidia | 27 billion  | 4 billion  | —
Salesforce | 31 billion  | 0.2 billion  | Tableau
Slack
Adobe | 17 billion  | 5 billion  | —

Smaller companies like Adobe, Netflix, Nvidia, Oracle, Salesforce, Snap, X, and Uber are sometimes referred to as Big Tech due to their popular influence.[98][99] X, although privately owned by Elon Musk, has been criticized for its outsized influence on politics.[98][100][101][102]

In May 2023, Nvidia crossed $1 trillion in market valuation during trading hours,[103] and grew to $1.2 trillion by the following November.[104] In February 2024, Nvidia surpassed both Amazon and Alphabet to $1.83 trillion in market capitalization to become the third most valuable U.S. company after Apple and Microsoft,[105][106] and later in the same month, crossed $2 trillion in market capitalization during trading hours before giving up the gains.[107][108]

#### Tesla[edit]

Tesla's classification as a Big Tech company has been debated. Business Insider stated that because Tesla makes cars, it should be classified as an automaker.[109] Al Root of Barron's argued that Tesla is a tech company, but not a good one due to differences in the information technology and automotive markets.[110] In the The Wall Street Journal, Stephen Wilmot raised concerns regarding the supply chain, especially raw materials, semiconductor shortages, and the price of electric vehicle batteries.[111] Fortune designated Tesla as a tech company when reporting Big Tech's 2022 Q1 earnings, and The Washington Post argued that Tesla's vehicles are comparable to Apple's iPhone and its walled garden ecosystem.[112][113] In October 2021, Tesla passed $1 trillion in market capitalization.[114][115] After its stock price peaked in November 2021,[116] Tesla fell to $495 billion in market capitalization by December 2022 with its stock losing 73% of its value from the peak and more than 40% of its value in December 2022 alone (and falling by more than double the decline of the Nasdaq during the course of 2022).[117][118][119]

### Asia[edit]

Two Chinese technology companies, Alibaba and Tencent, were among the top ten most valuable public companies worldwide at the end of the 2010s. Smyrnaios argued in 2016 that the Asian technology giants Samsung, Alibaba, Baidu, and Tencent could be included in the definition of Big Tech.[120] Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent and Xiaomi, referred to as BATX, are often seen as Chinese competitors to Big Tech. TikTok developer ByteDance and drone manufacturer DJI have also been called Big Tech.[121][122] Futurist Amy Webb has called the combination of the Big Five, IBM, Alibaba, Baidu, and Tencent "G-MAFIA BAT".[123]

## Causes[edit]

Nikos Smyrnaios argued in 2016 that four characteristics were key in the emergence of GAMA: the theory of media and information technology convergence, financialization, economic deregulation, and globalization.[120] He argued that the promotion of technology convergence by people such as Nicholas Negroponte made it appear credible and desirable for the Internet to evolve into an oligopoly. Autoregulation and the difficulty politicians have understanding software issues made governmental intervention against monopolies ineffective. Financial deregulation led to big profit margins: Google, Apple, and Facebook earned over 20 percent profit margins in 2014.[120]

### Innovation[edit]

A major contributing factor towards the growth of Big Tech is Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, passed into law in 1996. Section 230 removed the liability for online services from hosting user-generated content that is deemed illegal, providing them safe harbor as long as they acted on such material when discovered in good faith. This allowed service providers in the early days of the Internet to expand offerings without having to invest heavily in content moderation.[124] For this reason, Section 230 is often called "The twenty-six words that created the Internet",[125] as it helped to fuel innovation in online services over the years that allowed Big Tech companies to grow and flourish.[126]

The tech giants began as small engineering-focused firms building new products when their larger competitors were less innovative (such as Xerox when Apple was founded in 1976).[127] The companies engaged in timely investment in rising technologies of the personal computer era, dotcom era, e-commerce, rise of mobile devices, social media, and cloud computing. The characteristics of these technologies allowed the companies to expand quickly with market adoption. According to Alexis Madrigal, the style of innovation that initially drove Silicon Valley firms to grow is being lost, shifting to a form of growing through acquisitions. Additionally, large companies tend to focus on process improvements rather than new products.[128] However, the Big Tech firms all rank near the top on the list of companies by research and development spending.[129][130]

"Cloud wars" between the tech giants have been observed as a major factor over the years, as the companies have competed on developing more efficient cloud computing services.[131][132]

Among those who believe that acquisitions will weaken an original innovative atmosphere is scholar Tim Wu. Wu pointed out that when Meta acquired Instagram, it simply eliminated a competitive threat that may have presented a fresher competitor had it remained independent. He also states however that when Microsoft first emerged, with its innovations in personal computing and operating systems, it created platforms for new innovations by others.[133] Wu formulated the idea of oligopoly "kill zones" created by acquiring competitors that approach their market.[134][135] Big Tech operating in digital markets and being inherently focused on technology mean that Big Tech is more likely to focus on innovation than other groups of large industry dominating corporations before them. According to a report by the think tank ITIF, acquisitions being possible supports innovation, arguing the larger firm is less likely to simply copy the process of the smaller firm.[135]

### Globalization[edit]

According to Smyrnaios, globalization has allowed Big Tech to minimize its global taxation load and pay international workers much lower wages than would be required in the United States.[120]

### Oligopoly maintenance[edit]

Smyrnaios argued in 2016 that Big Tech combines six vertical levels of power: data centers, internet connectivity, computer hardware including smartphones, operating systems, Web browsers and other user-level software, and online services. He also discussed horizontal concentration of power, in which diverse services such as email, instant messaging, online searching, downloading and streaming are combined internally within any of the Big Tech members.[120] For example, Google and Microsoft pay to have their web search engines appear as first and second in Apple's iPhone.[136]

According to The Economist, "Network and scale effects mean that size begets size, while data can act as a barrier to entry."[137]

### Capitalism[edit]

The 2020 American docudrama film The Social Dilemma argues that capitalism is the root cause of Big Tech's harmful practices.[138]

## Antitrust efforts[edit]

### United States[edit]

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In the United States, antitrust scrutiny and investigations of members of Big Tech began in the late 1990s and early 2000s, leading to the first major American antitrust law case against a member of Big Tech in 2001 when the U.S. government accused Microsoft of illegally maintaining its monopoly position in the personal computer (PC) market primarily through the legal and technical restrictions it put on the abilities of PC manufacturers (OEMs) and users to uninstall Internet Explorer and use other programs such as Netscape and Java. At trial, the district court ruled that Microsoft's actions constituted unlawful monopolization under Section 2 of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit affirmed most of the district court's judgments. The DOJ later announced on September 6, 2001, that it was no longer seeking to break up Microsoft and would instead seek a lesser antitrust penalty in exchange for a settlement by Microsoft in which Microsoft agreed to share its application programming interfaces with third-party companies and appoint a panel of three people who would have full access to Microsoft's systems, records, and source code for five years in order to ensure compliance. On November 1, 2002, Judge Kollar-Kotelly released a judgment accepting most of the proposed DOJ settlement and on June 30, 2004, the U.S. appeals court unanimously approved the settlement with the Justice Department.[139]

In the late 2010s and early 2020s the Big Tech industry again became the center of antitrust attention from the United States Department of Justice and the United States Federal Trade Commission that included requests to provide information about prior acquisitions and potentially anticompetitive practices. Some Democratic candidates running for president proposed plans to break up Big Tech companies and regulate them as utilities. "The role of technology in the economy and in our lives grows more important every day," said FTC Chairman Joseph Simons. "As I’ve noted in the past, it makes sense for us to closely examine technology markets to ensure consumers benefit from free and fair competition."[140][141]

The United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law began investigating Big Tech on an antitrust basis in June 2020, and published a report in January 2021 concluding that Apple, Amazon, Meta, and Google each operating in antitrust manners that requires some type of corrective action that either could be implemented through Congressional action or through legal actions taken by the Department of Justice, including the option of splitting up these companies.[142][143]

On June 24, 2021, the United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law held hearings on earlier introduced bills which would limit the scope of Big Tech. Among those bills was HR 3825, Ending Platform Monopolies Act introduced by Representative Pramila Jayapal which passed through the committee.[144] The specific purpose of the bill is to prohibit platform holders to also compete in those same platforms. For example, Amazon attempted to purchase Diapers.com and when they resisted and refused to sell, Amazon started selling diaper related products at a loss which Diapers.com could not sustain. The point came when Diapers.com could not sustain and they eventually, without any other choice ended up selling to Amazon out of fear even though Walmart was willing to pay more.[145]

The issue of consumer welfare arose in the subcommittee but was voted down and rejected as the majority held the opinion that the reason these monopolies for the monopolies is mainly because of the consumer welfare standard. This doctrine was introduced over 100 years ago and the committee would not adopt the consumer welfare standard in HR 3825.

The consumer welfare doctrine is an ideology which states that if the consumer enjoys lower pricing as a result of corporate mergers or decision making then those actions are not generally antitrust, no matter if there has been any damage done to the market or society. The newly appointed chair to the FTC, Lina Khan has held different views as outlined in her publication Amazon's Antitrust Paradox.

There has been opposition from Big Tech regarding these bills and any legislation to trim them. Mark Zuckerberg of Meta implied that his company's success is important to the national security of the United States. Tim Cook, CEO of Apple spoke to House Speaker, Nancy Pelosi in an attempt to slow down the bills.

Consumer welfare, not assumptions that large firms are automatically harmful to competition, should be the core consideration of any antitrust action. The consumer welfare standard serves as the "good reason" in antitrust enforcement as it appropriately looks at the impact on consumers and economic efficiency.[146] So far, it is not apparent that there has been a harm to consumer welfare and many technology companies continue to innovate and are bringing real benefits to consumers.[147] At the same time, some Big Tech companies engage in "per se" uncompetitive conduct, such as Amazon Marketplace and Amazon Home Services, via scaled agreements that restrain free trade in violation of, inter alia, 18 U.S.C. § 1343; 15 U.S.C. § 1; 15 U.S.C. § 45. When agreements that restrain trade are scaled on the Internet, such acts can be reasonably prosecuted with criminal charges of multiple counts of wire fraud as an illegal activity that crosses interstate borders.[148]

On July 9, 2021, President Joe Biden signed Executive Order 14036, "Promoting Competition in the American Economy", a sweeping array of initiatives across the executive branch. Related to Big Tech, the order established an executive branch-wide policy to more thoroughly scrutinize mergers involving Big Tech companies, with focus on the acquisition of new, potentially disruptive technology from smaller firms by the larger companies. The order also instructed the FTC to establish rules related to data collection and its use by Big Tech companies in promoting their own service.[149][150]

### European Union[edit]

The European Commission, which has imposed sanctions on several of the high-tech giants

In June 2020, the European Union opened two new antitrust investigations into practices by Apple. The first investigation focuses on issues including whether Apple is using its dominant position in the market to stifle competition using its music and book streaming services. The second investigation focuses on Apple Pay, which allows payment by Apple devices to brick and mortar vendors. Apple limits the ability of banks and other financial institutions to use the iPhones' near field radio frequency technology.[151][152]

Fines are insufficient to deter anti-competitive practices by high tech giants, according to European Commissioner for Competition Margrethe Vestager. Commissioner Vestager explained, "fines are not doing the trick. And fines are not enough because fines are a punishment for illegal behaviour in the past. What is also in our decision is that you have to change for the future. You have to stop what you're doing."[153]

In September 2021, the United States and European Union began discussions of a joint approach to Big Tech regulation.[154] The European Parliament reached an agreement to implement the Digital Markets Act in March 2022, which once it has been implemented, would restrict what data Big Tech companies could collect from European users, require interoperability of social media messaging applications, and allow alternate app stores and payment systems for systems like Apple and Google.[155][156] The EU also reached agreement to implement the Digital Services Act in April 2022, which would require tech companies to take steps to remove illegal content from their services, such as hate speech and child sexual abuse, and eliminate targeting of ads based on gender, race or religion as well as targeting ads at children.[157] Both the Digital Markets Act and Digital Services Act were enacted by the EU in July 2022.[158] The EU defined six companies - Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, ByteDance, Meta, and Microsoft - as "gatekeepers" under the DMA in September 2023, requiring them to comply by March 2024.[159]

## Criticism[edit]

Scott Galloway has criticized the companies for "avoid[ing] taxes, invad[ing] privacy, and destroy[ing] jobs",[160] while Smyrnaios has described the group as an oligopoly, coming to dominate the online market through anti-competitive practices, ever-increasing financial power, and intellectual property law.[120] He has argued that the current situation is the result of economic deregulation, globalization, and the failure of politicians to understand and respond to developments in technology. Smyrnaios recommended developing academic analysis of the political economy of the Internet in order to understand the methods of domination and to criticize these methods in order to encourage opposition to that domination.[120]

### Reuse of copyrighted content[edit]

On May 9, 2019, the Parliament of France passed a law intended to force GAMA to pay for related rights (the reuse of substantial amounts of text, photos or videos), to the publishers and news agencies of the original materials. The law is aimed at implementing Article 15 of the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market of the European Union.[161]

### Environmental impact[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Environmental impact of Big Tech.[edit]

The environmental impact of big tech is a phenomenon in which many aspects of Big Tech contribute to negative impacts on the environment and climate change. In the big data age, technologists and people in general find it valuable to view emerging technologies with a critical lens, one of which is geared toward the environment. As these emerging technologies become more popular, they consider the extent at which they contribute to changes in the environment and whether they are inherently positive or negative.

The environmental cost of big tech comes from multiple sources. One prominent one are data centers. These warehouses that run big computing models daily use a large amount of water and energy, affecting the environment around them. Along with that, big tech companies use a lot of supplies that contribute to their carbon footprint. However, big tech is also aware of the impact they are making, and in turn, have attempted to reduce their environmental impact.

Large companies like Apple, Microsoft, Dell, and others have announced plans to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 through critical steps such as investing in renewable energy and decarbonization of their supply chains.

## Controversies[edit]

According to The Globe and Mail, criticism of Big Tech has come from both the left (progressives) and the right (conservatives).[162] The Left has criticized Big Tech for "runaway profit-taking and concentration of wealth", while the Right has criticized Big Tech for having a "liberal bias".[162] According to The New York Times, "The left generally argues that companies like Facebook and Twitter aren't doing enough to root out misinformation, extremism and hate on their platforms, while the right insists that tech companies are going so overboard in their content decisions that they're suppressing conservative political views."[163] According to The Hill, libertarians are against government regulation of Big Tech due to their support for laissez-faire economics.[164]

### Accusations of inaction towards misinformation[edit]

Following Russian interference in the 2016 US election, Facebook was criticized for not doing enough to curb misinformation, and accused of downplaying its role in allowing misinformation to spread.[165] Part of the controversy involved the Cambridge Analytica scandal and political data collection.[166] In 2019, a Senate Intelligence Committee report criticized tech giants more generally for not responding strongly enough to misinformation, most Senate Intelligence reports regarding the subject focused on Meta and Twitter's role.[167] 'Big tech' social media networks improved their response to fake accounts and influence operation trolls, and these initiatives received some praise compared to 2016.[168][169]

In 2020 and 2021, social media giants have been frequently criticized for allowing COVID-19 misinformation to spread.[170][171] According to Representatives Frank Pallone, Mike Doyle, and Jan Schakowsky, "Industry self-regulation has failed. We must begin the work of changing incentives driving social media companies to allow and even promote misinformation and disinformation."[172][173] President Joe Biden criticized Facebook for allowing anti-vaccine propaganda to spread.[174][175] Multiple social media platforms introduced more stringent moderation of health-related misinformation.[176]

Human Rights Watch criticized Big Tech, primarily Meta's Facebook, for capturing the information market in developing countries where misinformation would rapidly spread to new internet users.[177]

### Accusations of censorship and election interference[edit]

Further information: Social media censorship controversy

The practice of banning hate speech has received criticism from conservatives.[178] In July 2020, United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law held a congressional hearing of CEOs of Alphabet, Amazon, Apple and Facebook, where some members of the subcommittee raised concerns about alleged bias against conservatives on social media.[179] U.S. Representative for Florida's 1st congressional district Matt Gaetz suggested that the CEO of Amazon Jeff Bezos should "divorce from the SPLC," due to the practice of forbidding donations to organizations which are designated as hate groups by the SPLC.[180]

On November 5, 2020, U. S. President Donald Trump claimed "historic election interference from big money, big media and big tech" and labeled the Democratic Party as "party of the big donors, the big media, the big tech". Conservative paper Washington Times criticized Trump's claim of election fraud as without evidence.[181] On January 6, 2021, during his speech before the crowd of protesters stormed the United States Capitol, Trump accused "Big Tech" of rigging elections and shadow banning conservatives, while promising to hold them accountable and work to "get rid of" Section 230.[182] On January 11, after Trump's Twitter account was suspended, German Chancellor Angela Merkel's chief spokesman Steffen Seibert noted that Merkel found Twitter's halt of Trump's account "problematic", adding that legislators, not private companies, should decide on any necessary curbs to free expression if speech incites to violence.[183][184]

According to a New York University report in February 2021, conservative claims of social media censorship could be a form of disinformation, since an analysis of available data indicated that the claims that right-wing views were censored was false. Nonetheless, the same report also recommended that social media platforms could be more transparent to assuage concerns of ideological censorship, even if those concerns are overblown.[185][186] However, conservatives have argued that Facebook and Twitter limiting the spread of the Hunter Biden laptop controversy on their platforms that later turned out to be accurate "proves Big Tech's bias".[187][188] There is also a fear of over-censoring. One example is the ban of the channel Right Wing Watch by YouTube, which was banned for showing far-right content with the explicit goal of exposing and warning about those views (the channel was later restored after a backlash).[189] Separately, Human Rights Watch stated that, particularly on Facebook, excessive content removals meant the loss of important information such as the documentation of human rights abuses needed as evidence to serve justice.[177]

Facebook is also accused of censoring progressive voices, like deleting political ads by Democratic senator Elizabeth Warren who called for increased regulation of Big Tech monopolists and for breaking up Facebook because of its monopoly and abuse of power. Warren accused the company of having the "ability to shut down a debate" and called for "a social media marketplace that isn't dominated by a single censor".[190][191]

Russian opposition figure Alexei Navalny criticized tech giants (specifically Apple and Google) for cooperating with a Russian government order to ban the Smart Voting app.[192] In India, Facebook and Twitter were criticized for censoring social media in favour of the Indian government during the 2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest.[193][194] The Wall Street Journal pointed out how Facebook regularly restricted content critical of the Indian government, but never any content by government supporters, no matter how false their claims.[195]

### Censorship against tech giants[edit]

Further information: Censorship of social media

The largest tech platforms have faced censorship themselves. China banned Google in 2010 because Google refused to censor search results critical of the Chinese Communist Party.[192][196] Meta and Twitter have been banned in China since 2009.[196] Microsoft's LinkedIn has been blocked in Russia since 2016.[197] Russia also blocked access to Facebook and Twitter because of "disinformation" and "fake news" in 2022.[198]

On March 21, 2022, Russia recognized Meta as an extremist organization, making Meta the first public company to be recognized as extremist in Russia.[199]

## Alternatives[edit]

Main articles: Alt-tech and Fediverse

Alt-tech are social media platforms and Internet service providers that have become popular among the alt-right, far-right, and others who espouse extremism or fringe theories, often because they employ less stringent content moderation than mainstream platforms.[200][201][168]

The fediverse is a group of federated social networks that allow users of a service to communicate with users of the other services, typically using the ActivityPub protocol.[202] Unlike Big Tech, the fediverse is mostly based on free and open-source software.

## See also[edit]

* Internet portal
* Companies portal

* Other "Big" industries:
* Big Five film studios
* Big Four accounting firms
* Big Four banks
* Big Oil
* Big Soda
* Big Three (automobile manufacturers)
* Big Three (management consultancies)
* Big Tobacco
* Concentration of media ownership
* Criticism of Amazon
* Criticism of Apple
* Criticism of Facebook
* Criticism of Google
* DeGoogle
* Googlization
* Criticism of Microsoft
* Criticism of technology
* Privacy concerns with social networking services
* United States antitrust law

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ Based on data from the 2022 Fortune 500.
2. ^ Data is based on the 2022 Fortune 500.

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## External links[edit]

Wikiquote has quotations related to Big Tech.

* How Amazon, Apple, Facebook and Google manipulate our emotions – Scott Galloway at TED
* "In the Age of AI". FRONTLINE. Season 38. Episode 6. November 5, 2019. PBS. WGBH. Retrieved June 4, 2023.