Birth aboard aircraft and ships

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Legal status of persons

Birthright

* Birthplace
* Aboard aircraft and ships
* Jus sanguinis
* Jus soli
* Birth tourism

Nationality

* Citizenship
* missing
* multiple
* transnational
* Naturalization
* Ius Doni
* Oath
* Test
* Law
* Lost citizenship
* denaturalized
* renounced

Immigration

* Alien
* Enemy
* Criminalization
* Diplomatic protection
* Expatriate
* Foreign worker
* Illegal
* Law
* Permanent residency
* Refugee
* Right to homeland
* Voluntary return
* Identity cleansing
* Right of return

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The subject of birth aboard aircraft and ships is one with a long history in public international law. The law on the subject is complex, because various states apply differing principles of nationality, namely jus soli and jus sanguinis, to varying degrees and with varying qualifications.

## Historical background

[edit]

Before 1961, a number of states expressly provided, in their laws, that births and deaths aboard an aircraft registered to that state are considered to have occurred on national territory, and thus the nationality laws of that territory apply. One such was § 32(5) of the British Nationality Act 1948.

## Contemporary laws

[edit]

Under the 1944 Convention on International Civil Aviation, articles 17-21, all aircraft have the nationality of the state in which they are registered, and may not have multiple nationalities. The law of the aircraft's nationality is applicable on the aircraft. However, nationality laws of any country already apply everywhere, since it is for each country to determine who are its nationals. So this convention has no effect on nationality laws. The convention does not say that a birth on a country's aircraft is to be treated as a birth in that country for the purposes of nationality.

Under the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, for the purposes of determining the obligations under the convention, a birth on a ship or aircraft in international waters or airspace shall be treated as a birth in the country of the ship or aircraft's registration. However, the convention applies only to births where the child would otherwise be stateless. Since in most cases a child would be covered by one or more countries' jus sanguini at birth (getting the same citizenship as its parents), this convention rarely comes into play. In addition, there are still very few member states that are party to the 1961 convention.

### Canada

[edit]

Children born in Canadian airspace are automatically extended Canadian citizenship, but birth in or over international waters is assessed on a case-by-case basis. Various factors are assessed in determining citizenship at birth, parentage being the most important factor. But being born in a Canadian-registered vehicle would establish a connection with Canada which would probably be taken into account, if application was made to have the person declared a Canadian citizen.[1]

### United States

[edit]

Main articles: Birthright citizenship in the United States of America and United States nationality law

U.S. law holds that natural persons born on foreign ships docked at U.S. ports or born within the limit of U.S. territorial waters are U.S. citizens. An important exception to this rule is children born to people who (in line with the 14th Amendment) are not "subject to the jurisdiction" of the United States, e.g. foreign diplomats accredited with the United States Department of State or invading foreign enemy forces.[2] Despite a common misconception to the contrary, birth on board a U.S.-flagged ship, airliner, or military vessel outside of the 12-nautical-mile (22 km; 14 mi) limit is not considered to be a birth on U.S. territory, and the principle of jus soli thus does not apply.[3]

In addition to the question of a child's citizenship, there is also a question of how to report "Place of Birth" for children born in transit. US State Department guidance instructs that a child born in international waters should have their place of birth listed as "AT SEA", while those born in the territorial waters of any country would list the name of that country.[4] A child born in flight in a region where no country claims sovereignty would list their place of birth as "IN THE AIR".[4]

## See also

[edit]

* List of people born at sea

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Josh Elliot (May 11, 2015). "Air-born: Will baby delivered mid-flight get Canadian citizenship?". CTV News. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
2. ^ Jeffrey A. Schoenblum (2006). Multistate and Multinational Estate Planning (Third ed.). CCH. pp. 9–56. ISBN 0-8080-8950-1.
3. ^ "8 FAM 301.1 ACQUISITION BY BIRTH IN THE UNITED STATES". fam.state.gov. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
4. ^ a b "U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual - 8 FAM 403.4 (U) Place of Birth". United States.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Barbara Reukema (1982). "Birth on board aircraft". Discriminatory Refusal of Carriage in North America. Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers. pp. 117–124. ISBN 90-6544-049-6.
* William Samore (July 1951). "Statelessness as a Consequence of the Conflict of Nationality Laws". The American Journal of International Law. 45 (3). The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 45, No. 3: 476–494. doi:10.2307/2194545. JSTOR 2194545. S2CID 147312560.
* Gerhard Von Glahn (1976). "The Law and the Individual". Law Among Nations: An Introduction to Public International Law. Macmillan. pp. 202. ISBN 0-02-423150-9.
* Lauterpacht (June 1986). "re Delgado de Román". International Law Reports. Cambridge University Press. pp. 371–372. ISBN 0-949009-37-7. -- a 1956 case in Argentina exemplifying how both Spanish and Argentinian laws could apply to a birth aboard ship. The decision in the case cites "Birth on Board Ship". Spanish Encyclopedia. Vol. 23\. p. 328..
* British Institute of International Affairs (1965). "Nationality in Public International Law". The British Year Book of International Law. Vol. 39\. Hodder and Stoughton. p. 306.

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Nationality laws

By continent|

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Comoros
* Congo Republic
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eritrea
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Gabon
* The Gambia
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Liberia
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Somalia
* Somaliland3
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Western Sahara3
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

|

Americas|

| North|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Belize
* Canada
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* El Salvador
* Greenland (Kingdom of Denmark)
* Grenada
* Guatemala
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* St. Kitts and Nevis
* St. Lucia
* St. Vincent and the Grenadines
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States (Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands)

|

South|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Chile
* Colombia
* Ecuador
* Guyana
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Suriname
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* East Timor
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Kuwait
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* North Korea
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Taiwan3
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

| European Union
and Schengen Area|

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland

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Rest of Europe|

* Albania
* Armenia
* Andorra2
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Georgia
* Kosovo3
* Moldova
* Monaco2
* Montenegro
* North Macedonia
* Northern Cyprus3
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia
* Federated States of Micronesia
* Fiji
* Nauru
* Kiribati
* Marshall Islands
* New Zealand
* Palau
* Papua New Guinea
* Samoa
* Solomon Islands
* Tonga
* Tuvalu
* United States (American Samoa, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam)
* Vanuatu

International
organizations|

* Commonwealth of Nations
* European Union
* Mercosur
* Nordic Council
* Caribbean Community
* African Union

By procedure|

* Loss of citizenship
* Denaturalization
* Renunciation of citizenship
* Naturalization
* Birth aboard aircraft and ships
* Ius sanguinis
* Ius soli
* Repatriation

By result|

* Citizenship
* Multiple citizenship
* Passport
* Internal
* Permanent residency
* Right of return
* Second-class citizen
* Statelessness
* Travel visa

Defunct|

* Nazi Germany
* Ancient Rome
* Soviet Union

* 1 British Overseas Territories.
* 2 Open border with Schengen Area.
* 3 Partially recognized.
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