Black Bear Ranch

For other uses, see Black bear.

Intentional community in California, United States

Black Bear Ranch

Intentional community

Black Bear Ranch

Location map of Black Bear Ranch, United States

Coordinates: 41°14′31″N 123°10′38″W﻿ / ﻿41.24184°N 123.17721°W﻿ / 41.24184; -123.17721
Country| United States
State| California
Region| Shasta Cascade
Government

• Type| Land trust
• Founder| Richard Marley
Area

• Urban

| 0 sq mi (0 km2)
• Metro

| 0 sq mi (0 km2)
Population

(2013)

• Intentional community| 40
• Urban

| 0
• Urban density| 0/sq mi (0/km2)
Time zone| UTC-8 (Pacific Time Zone)
• Summer (DST)| UTC-7 (Pacific Daylight Time)
Website| www.blackbearranch.org

Black Bear Ranch is an 80-acre intentional community located in Siskiyou County, California, about 25 miles from Forks of Salmon. It was founded in 1968,[1] with the watchword "free land for free people". It has been considered by some participants and commentators to be one of the more radical examples of communal living/intentional communities that grew out of the counterculture of the 1960s.[2]

Before being converted into a commune, it was a ghost town that had been a gold mining settlement in the 1860s.[3] The commune's legal ownership was held by one resident, Richard Marley,[4] until in 1987 it was transferred to the Black Bear Family Trust,[1] which limits development of the property and established trustees to oversee various specified duties. Black Bear Ranch was the subject of the 2005 documentary Commune by Jonathan Berman. The commune still exists today and continues to follow the basic ideals which motivated its founding. At the Summer Solstice Gathering in 2013, there were over 40 residents, the highest population in decades. It is located in a steep pocket valley in the Siskiyou Mountains.[5]

## Early life[edit]

According to the historian Timothy Miller, the community bought the property for $22,500 using money from a variety of sources including from supporters in the entertainment industry, as well as "one large unexpected angelic gift" and the "proceeds from a major LSD deal".[1] The money from the entertainment industry was obtained through what Stephen Holden in The New York Times describes as "emotional blackmail", quoting Michael Tierra:

> You're making money off our lifestyle. It's time you gave back some to us.[6]

Although they struggled at first due to a lack of planning,[7] the community at Black Bear Ranch learned to live self-sufficiently, as the ranch was often snowed in for extended periods during the winter months, and was many hours' drive from the nearest city. The residents managed to gather large quantities of food and medical supplies to see them through the winter and were able to treat a variety of illnesses and medical problems onsite, delivering babies and performing veterinary care. The community homeschooled their children, and maintained tools like chainsaws and cars without a need for mechanics. To raise money to pay for food and supplies, they found work fighting fires in the nearby forests.[1]

Members of the commune were key organizers of Ent Forestry, a co-operative which took tree planting and forest rehabilitation contracts with the US Forest Service and Redwoods National Park, and provided income to the commune for several years.

Despite their remoteness, the community managed to keep in contact with a variety of radical groups including the Hells Angels and Black Power groups.[8] There was a tension between those with a radical—even paramilitary—persuasion who wanted to pursue weapons training and possibly harbor radical political fugitives[9] and the many pacifists. One of the founders of the commune, interviewed by the University of Kansas' 60s Commune Project and quoted in Miller:[1]

> we had a whole bunch of dependent people there, helpless, half of them reading comic books all day, waiting for someone to light the fire, who would rouse themselves when they smelled something cooking. So we founded the Black Bear Get-With-It Party, and we wrote a credo and went and nailed it up like Martin Luther on the door of the main house. It said, "We came up here to take over the world, to take over our own lives, and as a first step, we're announcing that we're going to take over Black Bear Ranch." It caused great consternation. Our tactic was to get up at the first light, have a bowl of porridge, and get to work and work all day—unheard of, right? Never mind smoking dope, you know—get to work.

Miller also records how "a strong sense of community" including ritual peyote use led to a variety of social experiments being conducted including the abolishing of private property and also the institution of a rule to prevent "coupling," which banned anyone from sleeping with the same partner for more than two consecutive nights,[3] although this had disastrous consequences after a venereal disease spread amongst the community. Despite the ban on coupling (considered "bourgoise decadence"),[6] traditional feelings of resentment came back when they tried to work out who had slept with whom in order to treat the disease:[1]

> We made up a chart with who slept with who, just go down and put a little "X" on it, and it turned out that I think we had to treat everybody. But the funny thing was, people would look at the chart and say "Joe, you bastard, you cheated on me with that bitch?" And I remember coming up and going, "Look at that son of a bitch Michael, he screwed everybody! And look at me, I got no marks next to my name!

At one point, a group called the Shivalila[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] became part of the commune until they were asked to leave by the other members. The New York Sun describes them as a "nomadic cult of acid-taking, baby-worshiping hippies looking for the perfect place to bring up children"[6] and they were led by a man called Gridley Wright.[22]

Very few rules were ever adopted by the community as Malcolm Terence notes: "Anarchists are good at lots of things but making rules isn’t one of them."[7] After a hepatitis epidemic, they banned sitting on the kitchen counter, and they also banned turning the handle on the cream separator "because it used to drive people crazy when people would sit in the kitchen and play with the handle on the cream separator".[1]

## Life today[edit]

Life at the ranch continues on, with similar struggles about what communality means as took place during the early days. The rules have grown into a set of "Traditional Guidelines" which try to ensure "the continued existence of Black Bear Ranch and its tradition of communal living in a way that cares for and nourishes each other and the environment".[23] Decision making by the group is managed through weekly 'Circles'.

In April 2017, the ranch made news when 15-year-old Tennessee student Elizabeth Thomas and her convicted kidnapper and former teacher Tad Cummins were found in a cabin in Cecilville, CA near the ranch after a month-long interstate manhunt.[24] They had stayed for two weeks at Black Bear Ranch but were asked to leave, after which they moved into the cabin.[25]

## See also[edit]

* Society portal
* 1960s portal
* California portal

* Anti-globalization movement
* Beat Generation
* Cannabis culture
* Counterculture of the 1960s
* Food Not Bombs
* Freak scene
* Hippie
* Indomania
* Pacifism
* Sexual revolution
* Simple living
* Summer of Love

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g Miller, Timothy (2002). "The Historical Communal Roots of Ultraconservative Groups: Earlier American Communes That Have Helped Shaped Today's Far Right". In Kaplan, Jeffrey (ed.). The cultic milieu: Oppositional subcultures in an age of globalization. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. ISBN 978-0-7591-0204-0. OCLC 49029480.
2. ^ Malcolm Miles (2008). Urban utopias: the built and social architectures of alternative settlements. Taylor & Francis. p. 84\. ISBN 978-0-415-37575-7. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
3. ^ a b Robert P. Sutton (2005). Modern American communes: a dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-313-32181-8. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
4. ^ Black Bear Ranch website, Black Bear Family Trust Document
5. ^ "Commune". 26 July 2005. Retrieved 8 April 2017 - via IMDb.
6. ^ a b c Just a Hardy Bunch of Settlers Who Left America and Moved to California, by Stephen Holden. New York Times, Nov. 3, 2006
7. ^ a b Malcolm Terence, Return to Black Bear, The Journal, Humboldt County California.
8. ^ Malcolm Terence (January 2000). Free land, free love: tales of a wilderness commune. Black Bear Mining and Pub. Co. p. 76\. ISBN 978-0-9673242-0-3. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
9. ^ Peter Braunstein; Michael William Doyle (2002). Imagine nation: the American counterculture of the 1960s and '70s. Routledge. p. 334\. ISBN 978-0-415-93040-6. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
10. ^ "Gridley Lorimer Wright, IV (1934 - 1979) - Find A Grave Memorial". findagrave.com. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
11. ^ Shivalila. "The Book Of The Mother". Retrieved 8 April 2017 - via Internet Archive.
12. ^ "TheLand - Black Mountain". wikispaces.com. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
13. ^ "Gridley Wright". nndb.com. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
14. ^ Marinacci, Michael (29 October 2014). "Califia's Children: Gridley Wright and Shivalila". califias.blogspot.com. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
15. ^ "Trying To Remember the Family Band - The New York Sun". nysun.com. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
16. ^ Wright, Gridley Lorimer (1 January 1978). "Shivalila: Social Culture Based on LSD Research". Children's Liberation Front. Retrieved 8 April 2017 - via Google Books.
17. ^ "People v. Wright". justia.com. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
18. ^ "Casetext". casetext.com. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
19. ^ Lewis, James R. (1 January 2002). The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions. Prometheus Books. ISBN 9781615927388. Retrieved 8 April 2017 - via Google Books.
20. ^ "Indiana Gazette from Indiana, Pennsylvania on August 19, 2006 * Page 3". newspapers.com. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
21. ^ Communal – After 1960 - Encyclopedia.com "Shivalila was founded in Bakersfield, California, in the 1970s by Gridley Lorimer Wright IV (1934-1979)."
22. ^ James Bowman, Trying To Remember the Family Band, New York Sun.
23. ^ Black Bear Ranch website, Traditional Guidelines
24. ^ WKRN web staff (2017-04-20). "Black Bear Ranch: Details on commune where Cummins, Thomas stayed". WKRN.com. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
25. ^ WKRN web staff (2017-04-20). "Tad Cummins arrested, Elizabeth Thomas rescued at California cabin". WKRN.com. Retrieved 2017-04-21.

* Blue Mountain Ranch Commune (December 1974), January Thaw, Times Change Press, ISBN 978-0-87810-530-4, OCLC 979434, OL 8114859M, 0878105301

## External links[edit]

* Black Bear homepage
* digital story reflection by an early resident

* v
* t
* e

Municipalities and communities of Siskiyou County, California, United States

County seat: Yreka

Cities|

* Dorris
* Dunsmuir
* Etna
* Fort Jones
* Montague
* Mount Shasta
* Tulelake
* Weed
* Yreka

Siskiyou County map

CDPs|

* Carrick
* Edgewood
* Gazelle
* Greenview
* Grenada
* Happy Camp
* Hornbrook
* Lake Shastina
* Macdoel
* McCloud
* Mount Hebron
* Tennant

Unincorporated
communities|

* Black Bear
* Black Butte
* Callahan
* Cecilville
* Forks of Salmon
* Hambone
* Hamburg
* Hatfield‡
* Hawkinsville
* Hilt
* Horse Creek
* Klamath River
* Little Shasta
* Oro Fino
* Pondosa
* Sawyers Bar
* Scott Bar
* Seiad Valley
* Somes Bar

Indian reservation|

* Quartz Valley Indian Community

Ghost towns|

* Bestville
* Gullion's Bar
* Hooperville
* Negro Flat
* Picard

Footnotes|

‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties

* California portal
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* v
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Cooperatives and mutual organizations

Cooperatives

| By governance|

| Consumer|

* Cooperative federation
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|

Worker (list)|

* Artel
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Purchasing|

* Retailers' cooperative

Other|

* Social cooperative
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By purpose|

| Banking|

* Credit union
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|

Housing|

* Building
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Agricultural|

* Collective farming
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Utility (list)|

* Community wind energy
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Mutual insurance|

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Other|

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Topics

| Identity|

* Rochdale Principles
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|

Political and
economic theories

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Key theorists|

* G. D. H. Cole
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Hippies

History of the
hippie movement|

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* Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters
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* Yippies
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Politics and ethics|

* Back-to-the-land movement
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Culture and fashion|

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Music|

* Folk music
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* List of jam band music festivals
* List of historic rock festivals

Psychedelics
and other drugs|

* Cannabis
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* LSD
* Psilocybin mushroom
* Mescaline
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Hippie related
subcultures|

* Deadhead
* Feral
* Flower child
* Freak scene
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Related|

* List of films
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* list
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* Neo-psychedelia
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Simple living

Practices|

* Barter
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* Downshifting
* Dry toilet
* Fasting
* Forest gardening
* Freeganism
* Frugality
* Gift economy
* Intentional community
* Local currency
* Low-impact development
* No frills
* Off-the-grid
* Permaculture
* Regift
* Sattvic diet
* Self-sufficiency
* Subsistence agriculture
* Sustainable living
* Sustainable sanitation
* Veganism
* Vegetarianism
* War tax resistance
* WWOOF

Religious and spiritual|

* Amish
* Aparigraha
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* Detachment
* Distributism
* Jesus movement
* Mendicant
* Mindfulness
* Monasticism
* New Monasticism
* Plain dress
* Plain people
* Quakers
* Rastafari
* Temperance
* Testimony of simplicity
* Tolstoyan movement
* Twelve Tribes communities

Secular movements|

* Back-to-the-land
* Car-free
* Environmental
* Hippie
* Open Source Ecology
* Slow
* Small house
* Tiny house
* Transition town

Notable writers|

* Wendell Berry
* Ernest Callenbach
* G. K. Chesterton
* Duane Elgin
* Mahatma Gandhi
* Richard Gregg
* Tom Hodgkinson
* Harlan Hubbard
* Satish Kumar
* Helen Nearing
* Scott Nearing
* Peace Pilgrim
* Nick Rosen
* Dugald Semple
* E. F. Schumacher
* George Skene Keith
* Henry David Thoreau
* Leo Tolstoy
* Valluvar

Modern-day adherents|

* Mark Boyle
* Robin Greenfield
* Ted Kaczynski
* Pentti Linkola
* Jim Merkel
* Peace Pilgrim
* Suelo
* Thomas

Media|

* "Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral"
* Escape from Affluenza
* The Good Life
* The Moon and the Sledgehammer
* Mother Earth News
* The Power of Half
* Small Is Beautiful
* Walden

Related|

* Affluenza
* Agrarianism
* Amateurism
* Anarcho-primitivism
* Anti-consumerism
* Appropriate technology
* Bohemianism
* Consumerism
* Critique of work
* Deep ecology
* Degrowth
* Ecological footprint
* Food miles
* Front Porch Republic
* Green anarchism
* The good life
* Global warming
* Hedonophobia
* Intentional living
* commune
* Rainbow Gathering
* Itinerant
* Low-technology
* Nonviolence
* Peak oil
* Sustainability
* Work–life interface

* v
* t
* e

Sexual revolution

Main topics|

* Birth control
* Free love
* Gay liberation
* Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf

Milestones|

* Abortion law
* Boys in the Sand
* Blue Movie
* Myra Breckinridge
* Deep Throat
* Divorce law by country
* Freedom of speech
* Freedom of the press
* Golden Age of Porn
* Loving v. Virginia
* Miller Test
* Obergefell v. Hodges
* "Porno chic"
* Pornography
* Pornography in the United States
* Swinging
* The Pill (1965)
* United States v. One Book Called Ulysses

Slogans|

* "Make love, not war"
* "The personal is political"

Events|

* AIDS epidemic
* Kinsey Reports
* Masters and Johnson Institute
* Playboy
* Protests of 1968
* Stonewall riots
* Summer of Love

People|

* Pat Califia
* Marilyn Chambers
* Aleister Crowley
* Gerard Damiano
* Betty Dodson
* Larry Flynt
* Sigmund Freud
* Ralph Ginzburg
* Al Goldstein
* Bob Guccione
* Terri Hall
* Fred Halsted
* Nina Hartley
* Hugh Hefner
* Magnus Hirschfeld
* David Hurles
* Virginia Johnson
* Alfred Kinsey
* Linda Lovelace
* Robert Mapplethorpe
* William Margold
* William Masters
* Radley Metzger
* Bettie Page
* Wilhelm Reich
* Marquis de Sade
* Margaret Sanger
* Annie Sprinkle
* Andy Warhol
* Ruth Westheimer
* Oscar Wilde

Places|

* 55th Street Playhouse
* Caldron (sex club)
* Catacombs (sex club)
* Club Baths
* The Factory
* Gay bathhouse
* LGBT culture
* Dallas-Fort Worth
* Houston
* Miami
* New York City
* San Francisco
* Mineshaft (gay club)
* New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre
* Plato's Retreat
* Sandstone retreat
* South of Market

Related|

* Counterculture of the 1960s
* Feminist views of pornography
* Freudo-Marxism
* Hippie
* Inside Deep Throat (2005 film)
* Kinsey (2004 film)
* LGBT
* Lust
* Lovelace (2013 film)
* Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History (2001 book)
* The Notorious Bettie Page (2005 film)
* Peace movement
* Slut-shaming
* Whatever (1994 novel)

* v
* t
* e

Youth empowerment

Elements|

* Evolving capacities
* Free-range parenting
* Future generations
* Intergenerational equity
* Leaving the nest
* Student voice
* Youth-adult partnership
* Youth mainstreaming
* Youth rights
* Youth voice

Types|

* Anarchistic free school
* Community youth development
* Democratic education
* Popular education
* Positive youth development
* Student activism
* Student-centered learning
* Student rights
* Teen court
* Youth activism
* Youth council
* Youth engagement
* Youth leadership
* Youth-led media
* Youth organizations
* Youth participation
* Youth philanthropy
* Youth politics
* Youth service
* Youth suffrage
* Youth vote
* Youth work

Barriers|

* Adultcentrism
* Adultism
* Age restrictions
* Ageism
* Control freak
* Eleutherophobia
* Ephebiphobia
* Fear of children
* Gerontocracy
* Grounding
* Helicopter parent
* Infantilization
* Intrusiveness
* Narcissism
* Parental respect
* Paternalism
* Patriarchy
* School-to-prison pipeline
* Vicariousness
* Youth control complex
* Youth exclusion

Related topics|

* Age of candidacy
* Age of consent reform
* Age of criminal responsibility
* Beat Generation
* Beatnik
* The Catcher in the Rye
* Counterculture of the 1960s
* Greaser
* Hippies
* Hungry generation
* International Youth Year
* LGBT student movement
* Subcultures of the 1950s
* Taking Children Seriously
* The Teenage Liberation Handbook
* Teenage rebellion
* UK underground
* Voting age

* Index of youth rights–related articles

* v
* t
* e

Recreational drug use

Major recreational drugs

| Depressants|

* Barbiturates
* Benzodiazepines
* Carbamates
* Ethanol (alcohol)
* Alcoholic drinks
* Beer
* Wine
* Gabapentinoids
* GHB
* Inhalants
* Medical
* Nitrous oxide (recreational use)
* Hazardous solvents
* contact adhesives
* Gasoline
* nail polish remover
* Paint thinner
* Other
* Freon
* Kava
* Nonbenzodiazepines
* Quinazolinones

|

Opioids|

* Buprenorphine
* Suboxone
* Subutex
* Codeine
* Desomorphine
* Krokodil
* Dextropropoxyphene
* Darvocet
* Darvon
* Fentanyl
* Diamorphine
* Heroin
* Hydrocodone
* Hydromorphone
* Dilaudid
* Methadone
* Mitragyna speciosa
* Kratom
* Morphine
* Opium
* Oxycodone
* /paracetamol
* Tramadol

Stimulants|

* Amphetamine
* Arecoline
* Areca
* Betel
* Caffeine
* Coffee
* Energy drinks
* Tea
* Cathinone
* Khat
* Cocaine
* Coca
* Crack
* Ephedrine
* Ephedra
* MDPV
* Mephedrone
* Methamphetamine
* Methylone
* Methylphenidate
* Modafinil
* Nicotine
* Tobacco
* Theobromine
* Cocoa
* Chocolate

Entactogens|

* 2C series
* 6-APB
* Benzofury
* AMT
* MDA
* MDMA
* Ecstasy
* Molly

Hallucinogens|

| Psychedelics|

* Bufotenin
* Psychoactive toads
* Vilca
* Yopo
* DMT
* Ayahuasca
* LSA
* LSD-25
* Mescaline
* Peruvian torch
* Peyote
* San Pedro
* Psilocybin / Psilocin
* Psilocybin mushrooms

|

Dissociatives|

* DXM (recreational use)
* Glaucine
* Inhalants
* Nitrous oxide (recreational use)
* alkyl nitrites
* poppers
* amyl nitrite
* Ketamine
* MXE
* Muscimol
* Amanita muscaria
* PCP
* Salvinorin A
* Salvia divinorum

Deliriants|

* Atropine and Scopolamine
* Atropa belladonna
* Datura
* Hyoscyamus niger
* Mandragora officinarum
* Dimenhydrinate
* Diphenhydramine

Cannabinoids|

* THC
* Cannabis (Marijuana)
* Hashish
* Hash oil
* Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids
* JWH-018
* APICA
* APINACA
* Spice

Oneirogens|

* Calea zacatechichi
* Silene capensis

Club drugs|

* Cocaine
* Quaaludes
* MDMA
* Ecstasy
* Molly
* Nitrous oxide (recreational use)
* Poppers

Drug culture

| Cannabis culture|

* 420
* Cannabis consumption
* Cannabis cultivation
* Cannabis edible
* Cannabis rights
* Cannabis rights leaders
* List of cannabis rights organizations
* Cannabis smoking
* Cannabis Social Club
* Cannabis tea
* Cannabis vaping
* Head shop
* Legal history of cannabis in the United States
* Legality of cannabis
* Marijuana Policy Project
* Medical cannabis
* NORML
* Cannabis and religion
* Stoner film

|

Coffee culture|

* Coffee break
* Coffeehouse
* Latte art
* Teahouse

Drinking culture|

* Bartending
* Beer culture
* Beer festival
* Binge drinking
* Diethyl ether
* Drinking games
* Drinking song
* Happy hour
* Hip flask
* Nightclub
* Oktoberfest
* Pub
* Pub crawl
* Sommelier
* Sports bar
* Tailgate party
* Wine bar
* Wine tasting

Psychedelia|

* Psychonautics
* Art
* Drug
* Era
* Experience
* Literature
* Music
* Microdosing
* Smart shop
* Therapy

Smoking culture|

* Cigarette card
* Fashion cigarettes
* Cloud-chasing
* Loosie
* Smokeasy
* Smoking fetishism
* Tobacco smoking

Other|

* Chasing the dragon
* Club drug
* Counterculture of the 1960s
* Dance party
* Drug paraphernalia
* Drug tourism
* Entheogen
* Hippie
* Needle sharing
* Nootropic
* Party and play
* Poly drug use
* Rave
* Religion and drugs
* Self-medication
* Sex and drugs
* Urban legends about drugs
* Whoonga

Legality of drug use

| International|

* International Drug Control Conventions
* 1961 Narcotic Drugs
* 1971 Psychotropic Substances
* 1988 Drug Trafficking
* Other treaties addressing drugs
* Law of the Sea Convention
* Convention Against Doping
* Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs

|

State level|

* Drug policy
* Decriminalization
* Prohibition
* Supply reduction
* Policy reform
* Demand reduction
* Drug Policy Alliance
* Harm reduction
* Law Enforcement Action Partnership
* Liberalization
* Latin America
* Students for Sensible Drug Policy
* Transform Drug Policy Foundation

Drug policy
by country|

* Australia
* Canada
* Germany
* India
* Netherlands
* Portugal
* Slovakia
* Soviet Union
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* United States
* Just Say No
* Office of National Drug Control Policy
* School district drug policies
* California
* Colorado
* Maryland
* Virginia

Drug legality|

* Alcohol legality
* Anabolic steroid legality
* Cannabis legality
* Cocaine legality
* Methamphetamine legality
* Psilocybin mushrooms legality
* Salvia legality

Other|

* Arguments for and against drug prohibition
* Capital punishment for drug trafficking
* Cognitive liberty
* Designer drug
* Drug court
* Drug possession
* Drug test
* Narc
* Politics of drug abuse
* War on drugs
* Mexican drug war
* Plan Colombia
* Philippine drug war
* Zero tolerance

Other

| Drug
production
and trade|

| Drug
production|

* Coca production in Colombia
* Drug precursors
* Opium production in Afghanistan
* Rolling meth lab

|

Drug trade|

* Illegal drug trade
* Colombia
* Darknet market
* Pharmaceutical distribution
* Beer shop
* Cannabis shop
* Liquor store
* Liquor license

Issues with
drug use|

* Abuse
* Addiction
* Date rape drug
* Dependence
* Driving impaired
* Drug harmfulness
* Effects of cannabis
* Drug-related crime
* Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
* Long-term effects of cannabis
* Neurotoxicity
* Overdose
* Passive smoking
* of tobacco or other substances

Harm reduction|

* Drug checking
* Drug legalization
* Drug rehabilitation
* Needle and syringe programmes
* Opioid replacement therapy
* Pharmacovigilance
* Reagent testing
* Regulation of therapeutic goods
* Responsible drug use
* Substance abuse prevention
* Supervised injection site

Countries by
drug use|

* Alcohol consumption
* Cocaine use
* Cannabis
* Annual use
* Lifetime use
* Opiates use
* Tobacco consumption

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