Black Hawk (steamboat)

Advertisement for steamer Blackhawk.

History
Name| Black Hawk
Operator| Jacob Kamm; C.H. Clark & Co.
Route| Sacramento River, Willamette River
Fate| Dismantled, 1852
General characteristics
Type| inland shallow draft passenger/freighter/towboat
Length| 30 ft (9 m)
Beam| 7 ft (2 m)
Depth| 3.0 ft (1 m) depth of hold
Installed power| steam engine
Propulsion| propeller
Notes| Iron hull.

Black Hawk was one of three small iron-propeller driven steamboats manufactured in Philadelphia in about 1850 and shipped to the west coast of United States to be placed in river service. The other boats were Eagle and Major Redding.[1] These boats were some of the earliest steamers to operate on the Willamette and Columbia rivers. They could carry about 12 passengers and perhaps a ton of cargo.[2] The boats had to be small to make the run to Oregon City, which passed through the Clackamas rapids a short distance downriver from the town.[2]

## Dimensions

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Black Hawk was 30 feet long, with a beam of 7 feet and depth of hold of 3 feet.[1] The boat's tonnage was 10.[1] Tonnage was a measure of volume and not weight.

## Sacramento river service

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Black Hawk ran on the Sacramento River in 1850 under captain and engineer Jacob Kamm.[3] When Kamm left the vessel in charge of the second engineer, a boiler pump malfunction caused the boiler to overheat and set fire to the boat.[3] Kamm was able to patch up Black Hawk and it could still reach Sacramento, but this was, according to Kamm's remarks in 1911, the swan song of the Black Hawk which was condemned.[3]

## Transfer to Oregon

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Competition among the early steamboats on the Willamette

> In the first year that steamers ran on the Columbia and the Willamette, the strip from Portland to the Falls became infested with boats, all competing for the trade between those places. As it is doubtful whether the two towns together could muster over a couple of thousand inhabitants, pickings for the steamers were slim, and the fight raged furiously between the little propellers Eagle, Black Hawk, and Major Redding, which were joined the next year by the Allan, the Washington, and the pioneer Columbia.

—Randall V. Mills, Sternwheelers Up Columbia (1947)[4]

Black Hawk was brought to Oregon by Capt. Richard Hoyt, Sr. (1814-1862) from San Francisco on the barque Ocean Bird.[5]

Black Hawk arrived at the landing at Oregon City on Sunday, May 18, 1851.[6] There was speculation that Blackhawk could navigate the Tualatin river.[6]

On May 29, 1851, Blackhawk, under Capt. Charles Clark, was making a regular daily run between Oregon City and Portland, departing Oregon City in the morning, and returning the same day from Portland.[7][8][9]

An advertisement promised that "strict punctuality, as to the time of starting, will be observed."[7] Also on May 29, 1851, the editor of the Oregon Spectator reported that the captain of the Black Hawk had "chalked our hat", that is, provided the editor free passage on the steamer, on a trip to Portland and back.[10]

On Saturday, May 31, 1851, Black Hawk had to carry the freight and passengers of the new sidewheeler Lot Whitcomb, when the Whitcomb, a much larger vessel, broke a few paddle buckets on one wheel during an excursion to the Cascades Rapids, and as a result had to stop at the foot of the Clackamas Rapids rather than proceeding on to Oregon City.[11]

In June, 1851, Martin Angel, a resident of Oregon City, bought a one-half interest in the Black Hawk.[12]

By June 26, 1851, the boat's management, C.H. Clark & Co., were advertising more specific departure times, 8:00 a.m. from Oregon City, and 2:00 p.m. from Portland, with towing "attended to on short notice."[13]

The water level in the Willamette River fell greatly in the last two weeks of July, 1851.[14] Despite the low level of water, Black Hawk, and another steamboat, the sidewheeler Columbia, were still able to make their runs.[14]

In September 1851, the steamer Black Hawk was taken below the Clackamas Rapids, to be operated on the river away from Oregon City.[15] About November 1, 1851, Black Hawk returned to Oregon City, running a route from there to the Clackamas Rapids and back.[16] The Willamette River was then rising because of fall rains, making steamboat navigation much easier.[17]

## Disposition

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Black Hawk was dismantled in 1852.[2]

## Notes

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1. ^ a b c "Appendix MM: Steamboats Out of Service". Report of the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army: Improvement of Rivers and Harbors in Oregon and in Washington Territory. Vol. 2 pt. 3. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1880. p. 2274.
2. ^ a b c Mills, Randall V. (1977). Sternwheelers up Columbia -- A Century of Steamboating in the Oregon Country. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska (published 1947). pp. 21, 170, 190. ISBN 0-8032-5874-7. LCCN 77007161.
3. ^ a b c "Jacob Kamm, 88 Years Old, Recalls Steamboat Days on the Columbia". Sunday Oregonian. Vol. XXX, no. 50\. Portland, OR. December 10, 1911. p. 16.
4. ^ Mills, Randall V. (1977). Sternwheelers up Columbia -- A Century of Steamboating in the Oregon Country. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska (published 1947). p. 170\. ISBN 0-8032-5874-7. LCCN 77007161.
5. ^ Wright, E.W., ed. (1895). Lewis & Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. Portland, OR: Lewis and Dryden Printing Co. p. 23, n.7. LCCN 28001147.
6. ^ a b Schnebly, D.J., ed. (May 22, 1851). "The Black Hawk, a tugboat, arrived at our landing ..." Oregon Spectator. Vol. 5, no. 37\. Oregon City, O.T. p. 2, col.1.
7. ^ a b Schnebly, D.J., ed. (May 29, 1851). "Regular Trips". Oregon Spectator (advertisement). Vol. 5, no. 38\. Oregon City, O.T. p. 5, col.3.
8. ^ Schnebly, D.J., ed. (June 5, 1851). "The Propeller Black Hawk runs her regular trips ..." Oregon Spectator. Vol. 5, no. 39\. Oregon City, O.T. p. 2, col.1.
9. ^ Cartwright, Charlotte Moffett (1903). Young, Frederick George (ed.). "Glimpses of Early Days in Oregon". Oregon Historical Quarterly. 4. Salem, OR: Oregon Historical Society.
10. ^ Schnebly, D.J., ed. (May 29, 1851). "The captain of the Black Hawk". Oregon Spectator. Vol. 5, no. 38\. Oregon City, O.T. p. 2, col.1.
11. ^ Schnebly, D.J. (ed.). "The boat returned to Milwaukie on Saturday. ..." Oregon Spectator. Vol. 5, no. 39\. Oregon City, O.T. p. 2, col.3.
12. ^ Schnebly, D.J., ed. (June 19, 1851). "Our townsman, Martin Angel, as purchased one half ..." Oregon Spectator. Vol. 5, no. 41\. Oregon City, O.T.
13. ^ Schnebly, D.J., ed. (June 26, 1851). "The Steam Propeller Black Hawk ..." Oregon Spectator. Vol. 5, no. 42\. Oregon City, O.T. p. 3, col.3.
14. ^ a b Schnebly, D.J., ed. (July 29, 1851). "The river has fallen very much ..." Oregon Spectator. Oregon City, O.T. p. 2, col.2.
15. ^ Schnebly, D.J., ed. (September 23, 1851). "The Propeller Black Hawk, has been taken below the rapids ..." Oregon Spectator. Vol. 6, no. 3\. Oregon City, O.T. p. 2, col.1.
16. ^ Schnebly, D.J., ed. (November 4, 1851). "The Black Hawk returned to our landing a few days ago ..." Oregon Spectator. Oregon City, O.T. p. 2, col.3.
17. ^ Schnebly, D.J., ed. (November 4, 1851). "Winter is down upon us — the rains have set in in earnest". Oregon Spectator. Oregon City, O.T. p. 2, col.4.

## References

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### Books

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* Mills, Randall V. (1977). Sternwheelers up Columbia -- A Century of Steamboating in the Oregon Country. Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska (published 1947). ISBN 0-8032-5874-7. LCCN 77007161.
* Wright, E.W., ed. (1895). Lewis & Dryden's Marine History of the Pacific Northwest. Portland, OR: Lewis and Dryden Printing Co. LCCN 28001147.

### On line historic newspaper collections

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* "Historic Oregon Newspapers". University of Oregon.

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Steamboats of the Willamette River

Particular vessels|

* Columbia (1850)
* Lot Whitcomb (1850)
* Black Hawk (1851)
* Canemah (1851)
* Multnomah (1851)
* Washington (1851)
* Oregon (1852)
* Shoalwater (1852)
* Belle (1853)
* Fenix (1853)
* Portland (1853)
* Wallamet (1853)
* Gazelle (1854)
* Enterprise (1855)
* Jennie Clark (1855)
* Franklin (1855)
* Señorita (1855)
* James Clinton (1856)
* Elk (1857)
* Minnie Holmes (1857)
* Swan (1857)
* Surprise (1857)
* Cowlitz (1858)
* Onward (1858)
* Carrie Ladd (1858)
* Relief (1858)
* Moose (1859)
* Rival (1860)
* Unio /Union (1861)
* Enterprise (1863)
* Senator (1864)
* Alert (1865)
* Active (1865)
* Echo (1865)
* Fannie Patton (1865)
* Shoshone (1866)
* Minnehaha (186)
* Onward (1867)
* Albany (1868)
* Dayton (1868)
* Wenat (1868)
* Shoo Fly (1870)
* Alice (1871)
* Beaver (1873)
* Gov. Grover (1873)
* Willamette Chief (1874)
* Occident (1875)
* Orient (1875)
* O&CRR Ferry No. 2 (1879)
* Manzanillo (1881)
* Three Sisters (1886)
* N.S. Bentley (1886)
* Altona (1890)
* Elwood (1891)
* Northwest (1891)
* Ramona (1892)
* Grey Eagle ((1894)
* Ruth (1895)
* Pomona (1898)
* America (1899)
* Leona (1899)
* Bonita (1900)
* Oregona (1904)
* Gazelle (1905)
* Grahamona (1912)
* Nespelem (1918)
* Robert Young (1920)
* Portland (1947)

Portages, locks, and canals|

* Willamette Falls Locks
* Yamhill River lock and dam

Steamboat lines|

* Upper Willamette Transportation Line (1859)
* Oregon Steam Navigation Company (1860)
* People's Transportation Company (1861)
* Willamette Steam Navigation Company (1865)
* Oregon Pacific Railroad (1880)

Geographic features|

* Willamette River
* Willamette Falls
* Yamhill River
* Oswego Lake
* Tualatin River

Owners and personnel|

* George Abernethy
* John T. Apperson
* Charles H. Bennett
* John H. Couch
* John Gates
* Bernard Goldsmith
* Joseph Kellogg
* James D. Miller
* George A. Pease
* Riley E. Stratton

Builders and shipyards|

* Canemah
* Willamette Iron Works

Shipwrecks|

* Elk
* Gazelle
* Portland
* Senator

Other areas|

* Columbia River
* Oregon Coast
* Yaquina Bay and river
* Coquille River
* Cowlitz River
* Puget Sound
* Lake Washington
* Grays Harbor
* Chehalis River
* Hoquiam River
* Willapa Bay
* Columbia River (Wenatchee Reach)
* Lake Crescent
* Arrow Lakes
* Upper Fraser River
* Skeena River

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