Black players in ice hockey

Sports history

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The history of black players in North American ice hockey has roots dating back to the late 19th century. The first black ice hockey star was Herb Carnegie during the Great Depression. Willie O'Ree broke the NHL's color barrier with the Boston Bruins in 1958.[note 1]

## Colored Hockey League

[edit]

The Colored Hockey League of the Maritimes began in 1895, as an initiative of black Baptist churches in Nova Scotia.[1] The aim was to increase and retain male membership. The league consisted of teams from Halifax, Africville, Hammond's Plains, Dartmouth, Truro, Amherst, and Charlottetown, P.E.I.[1] All games were on an invitational basis with the trophy still residing in a private home in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Historically, they were the first league to allow the goaltender to drop to the ice to stop the puck.[2]

## Ontario

[edit]

Ontario is geographically large, and it was impossible in the early 20th century to organize an all-black league like in Nova Scotia. Some of the early black players in Ontario ice hockey history included Hipple Galloway and Fred Kelly. Galloway played as a member of the Woodstock team in the Central Ontario Hockey Association in 1899.[3] In 1916, Fred (Bud) Kelly of London played for the 118 Battalion team of the Ontario Hockey League. Kelly was scouted by the Toronto St. Pats but was never officially contacted. One of the first all-black teams in Ontario was the Orioles. The team was from St. Catharines and played in the Niagara District Hockey League during the 1930s.[citation needed]

Herb Carnegie's career began in 1938 with the Toronto Young Rangers and continued in the early 1940s with the Buffalo Ankerites, a team in a mines league that played in mining towns in northern Ontario and Quebec. While with the Ankerites, Carnegie was part of the Black Aces line.[4][better source needed] The other line members consisted of his brother, Ossie Carnegie, and Manny McIntyre, originally from Fredericton, New Brunswick. They were recognized as much for their talent and skill as their skin color (Herb was at center, Ossie was right wing, McIntyre was the left wing). In the semi-professional Quebec Provincial League, Herb was named most valuable player in 1946, 1947, and 1948.[5]

In 1948, Carnegie was given a tryout with the New York Rangers and offered a contract to play in the Rangers' minor league system. However, he was offered less money than he was earning in the Quebec league and turned down all three offers made by the Rangers organization during his tryout.[6]

## WHA

[edit]

* Alton White played for the New York Raiders, Los Angeles Sharks, Michigan Stags, and Baltimore Blades of the World Hockey Association (WHA). White is best known for being the second player of African descent, after Willie O'Ree, to have played on a professional major league ice hockey team.[7] In addition, White is the first player of African descent to score 20 goals in a single season. He did this for the Los Angeles Sharks during the 1972–73 season. During the same 1972–73 season, he became the first black player in history to score a hat trick in a major league professional game.[7]
* Tony McKegney was adopted and raised by a white family in Sarnia, Ontario. At age twenty, Tony McKegney signed a contract with the WHA's Birmingham Bulls, only to see the owner illegally renege on the deal after fans threatened to boycott the team for having added a black player to its roster.[8] In the NHL, scored over 300 career goals, including 40 in the 1987–88 season. His total of 78 points in the same season was the highest recorded by a black player until Jarome Iginla broke the record in 2001–02.

## NHL

[edit]

Main article: List of black NHL players

The NHL does not keep statistics on the percentages of ethnicities in the league. However, outside sources have collected statistics on the number of black players in the NHL as well as the percentage of white players in the NHL. According to an article by USA Today, 97% of the NHL is white, while the other 3% is made of different ethnicities.[9] Of the 3% of the remaining ethnicities, twenty-six are black. Twenty of the twenty-six black players are from Canada while six are American.[10] In all, the NHL is made up of 47.4% Canadians, 25.4% Americans, 9.0% Swedes, and the rest is made up by Russia, Finland, and a few other nations.[11] Notable players of African American descent include Dustin Byfuglien, who is of Norwegian, African, and Swedish descent; Kyle Okposo, who is of Nigerian descent; and Joel Ward, whose ancestors are from Barbados.

A Sports Illustrated article in 1999 attributed the increase in black NHL players, in part, to significant demographic changes in Canada, the country which supplies the largest share of the league's players: "In 1971 there were only 34,445 blacks in Canada ... 25 years later, after heavy immigration from British Commonwealth nations in the Caribbean, Canada had 573,860 blacks (2% of the population) ...."[12]

In 2019, the NHL designed a Black History Month mobile museum. The mobile museum is a part of the "Hockey is For Everyone" campaign and is aimed to celebrate Black History Month. The mobile museum is also a commemoration of the black players who have played in the NHL. The museum completed an eight-city tour in February, with its final stop being outside the Canadian embassy in Washington, D.C.[13]

The Black Girl Hockey Club was founded in October 2018 by Renee Hess, an assistant director at La Sierra University and Pittsburgh Penguins fan, as an online chat group for black women in ice hockey. Hess previously conducted a study on black women's experiences in the game, the Black Hockey Research Project, noting that many experienced discrimination at games and that there were only three black women playing professional ice hockey in North America at the time.[14] The group quickly grew, and began organising meet-ups at NHL and NWHL games.[15] The first NHL meet-up was held at a Washington Capitals match on December 16, 2018, and was attended by over 40 members, including NWHLer Kelsey Koelzer.[16]

### Players

[edit]

Willie O'Ree is referred to as the "Jackie Robinson of ice hockey" (and twice met Robinson personally, in O'Ree's own younger years)[17] as the first black player in the National Hockey League (NHL).[note 1] He was called up to the Boston Bruins of the NHL to replace an injured player. He made his NHL debut with the Bruins on January 18 of the 1957–58 NHL season, against the Montreal Canadiens, becoming the first black player in league history. O'Ree is still heavily involved with the NHL, in promoting the league's Diversity Program all over North America with amateur youth and adult ice hockey players.[18]

#### Other firsts

[edit]

* Mike Marson is a Black Canadian left winger. He was drafted in the second round, 19th overall by the Washington Capitals in the 1974 NHL entry draft, making him the first black player to be drafted in an NHL entry draft (first introduced in 1963). He became the second Black Canadian to play in the NHL. He played five seasons in the NHL for the Washington Capitals and the Los Angeles Kings. Mike Marson and Bill Riley (the third black player in the NHL) were also the first two black players to play in an NHL game together.[19] They both played for the Capitals.
* Tony McKegney is a black Canadian, drafted by the Buffalo Sabres 32nd overall in 1979. Played in the NHL for Buffalo Sabres, Quebec Nordiques, Minnesota North Stars, New York Rangers, St. Louis Blues, Detroit Red Wings, and Chicago Blackhawks from 1979 to 1991. He was the first black player to score 40 goals in a season. He played 912 regular season games, scoring 320 goals with 319 assists.
* Grant Fuhr is a black Canadian goaltender. Making his NHL debut in the 1981–82 season, he was the first black goaltender in the NHL and later became the first black player to win the Stanley Cup in 1984. Shortly after his retirement, in 2003, he became the first black player to be inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame.[20]
* Val James is an African American defenceman. He was the first American-born African American to play in the NHL, debuting with the Buffalo Sabres during the 1981–82 season. However, James was not the first African American player to be trained exclusively in the United States, as he played in the Canadian Major Junior Hockey League.[21]
* Dirk Graham is a black Canadian right winger. He was the first black player to be named team captain, captaining the Chicago Blackhawks from 1989 to 1995. Graham was also the first black player to be awarded Selke Trophy for the best defensive forward in 1990–91 as well as the first black head coach, coaching the Blackhawks during the 1998–99 season.
* Mike Grier is an African American right winger. Born in Detroit, Michigan, he became the first African American player born and trained in the United States to play in the NHL, after making his NHL debut during the 1996–97 season. He later became the first black general manager in the NHL, after being hired by the San Jose Sharks before the 2022–23 season. [21]
* Jarome Iginla is a black Canadian right winger. He is the Calgary Flames' all-time leader in goals, points, and games played. Iginla is the first black NHL player to win the Art Ross Trophy (leading point scorer) and the first to win the Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy (leading goal scorer), both in 2002. As a member of the Canadian men's national team in the 2002 Winter Olympics, he became the first black man to win any gold medal at the Winter Olympics.[22]
* Kelsey Koelzer is an American ice hockey defenceman who serves as head coach of the Arcadia University women's ice hockey program, the first black female head coach in NCAA history, as well as the Advisor to the Commissioner on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion for the National Women's Hockey League (NWHL).[23][24][25]
* Johnny Oduya is an African Swedish defenceman, whose father was a Luo from Kenya. He became the first European-trained player of African descent to play in the NHL, after making his NHL debut during the 2006–07 season.
* P. K. Subban is a black Canadian defenceman, whose father immigrated to Canada from Jamaica. He was the first black player to win the award for the League's best defenceman, the James Norris Memorial Trophy in 2013.
* Wayne Simmonds is a black Canadian right winger. He was the first black player to be awarded the NHL All-Star Game MVP in 2017.
* Claude Vilgrain is a Haitian-born Canadian player. He played 89 NHL games with the Vancouver Canucks, New Jersey Devils, and Philadelphia Flyers. He played in the 1988 Olympics for Team Canada. He was raised in Quebec City, Quebec.
* Quinton Byfield of the Sudbury Wolves of the OHL set a record for being the highest-ever selected black player in the NHL entry draft, being picked by the Los Angeles Kings at second overall in the 2020 NHL entry draft.

### Management

[edit]

In July 2022, the San Jose Sharks hired Mike Grier as general manager, making him the first black American to serve as general manager.[26][27]

### Officiating

[edit]

On April 3, 2001, Jay Sharrers made NHL history as the first black referee to officiate an NHL game. He worked his first game as an NHL ref when the Philadelphia Flyers faced the visiting Florida Panthers.[28]

### Racial incidents in the NHL

[edit]

During the 1958 season, Canadian-born Willie O'Ree became the first player of African descent to join the National Hockey League. Playing a short career of only 45 games, O'Ree faced racism after being recalled from the Canadian minor leagues. While in the minor leagues, O'Ree recalls the racism he faced as predominantly muted. However, as soon as O'Ree entered into the NHL, racist remarks and actions by hostile fans and players appeared.[29] While playing in America, O'Ree recalled one racial incident where Chicago Blackhawks forward Eric Nesterenko yelled racial slurs at O'Ree and butt-ended O'Ree with his stick. The event caused fights to break out between all players of each team and a police escort was required for O'Ree to leave the building safely.[29] O'Ree has stated that racism had not affected him in his playing career. In addition, any racial slurs, according to him, "would go in one ear, and out the other." O'Ree cites his brother as his main inspiration to become the first black player. He found that if the fans were against him playing because of his skin color, he may as well ignore it and focus on what he does best.[9] This motivation led Willie O'Ree to be named the "Jackie Robinson" of ice hockey by the NHL community.

When O'Ree first entered the league as the first ice hockey player of African descent, he received no recognition from the league or the media. The media did not publish any articles that the color line in ice hockey had been broken. Some newspapers who reported about the first game O'Ree played confused O'Ree's first name Willie, as Billy. O'Ree himself noted, "It didn't really dawn on me then,"[30] that he had broken the color barrier in professional ice hockey. When Val James first entered the league in 1981, the NHL did not make any recognition of him being the first African American in the NHL.[31]

Nowadays,[when?] O'Ree serves as the NHL Diversity Ambassador and aims to raise participation in ice hockey by all races through hosting programs at local ice arenas. These programs include learn-to-skate clinics as well as youth ice hockey development clinics for children of multi-ethnic backgrounds. The main goal of the clinics is to increase the diversity of ice hockey and allow children who are unfamiliar with the sport to have a chance at trying it out. The clinics also address the issue of race within the ice hockey community. O'Ree's personal goals are to communicate that, "Your race can't keep you from succeeding,"[30] to the younger children and to share how he overcame the racism he faced during his career.

The first American-born player of African descent in the NHL was Val James. James's short career was spent with the Toronto Maple Leafs and the Buffalo Sabres. James recalls fans taunting him with racial slurs as well as players committing penalties and fights against him because of his skin color. In an interview with James, he states that he could not watch another ice hockey game for ten years due to the events of his NHL career haunting him.[31] Val James found the most intensive racism to be in the United States. During his career with the Buffalo Sabres, Val James recalls beer bottles being thrown at him when entering the arena as well as fans shouting racial slurs at him.[31]

Modern-day racial incidents in the NHL come in many different forms; however, the most prominent are player and spectator interactions. According to an interview with Washington Capitals forward Devante Smith-Pelly, "As a Black hockey player, he [Smith-Pelly] knew exactly what they meant by, 'Basket­ball, basket­ball, basket­ball!'"[9] In this case, the spectators were taunting Smith-Pelly that he is better suited to play basketball, since the majority of players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) are African American.[32] Smith-Pelly states that this incident was "just ignorant people being ignorant."[9]

Many other racist incidents during games have also occurred. During a preseason game, while playing for the Philadelphia Flyers, Wayne Simmonds had a banana thrown at him by a fan. Simmonds' response to this event was very similar to Smith-Pelly's. He believes that a strong example should be set by including a zero-tolerance policy in the NHL. With this policy enacted, any racist remarks or gestures would cause an immediate ejection from the arena and a subsequent ban from attending that organization's games.[9]

NHL commissioner Gary Bettman has supported his players' wishes by including the zero-tolerance policy for racism. According to Gary Bettman, "Even if it's only one incident it is one too many."[9] The NHL has taken increasing action in the past few years[when?] against racist events, even banning four fans from the United Center and all future Chicago Blackhawks events. Commissioner Gary Bettman has also raised awareness of racist incidents around the league by dedicating the month of February to "Hockey is for Everyone Month". The event starts on February 1, the same date as Black History Month, and has the goal of raising awareness of equality throughout the league. Players tape their sticks with pride tape that represents awareness of equality, respect, and inclusion. In addition, many different programs take place across the nation to include players with disabilities. The event is also promoted through social media with the hashtag HockeyIsForEveryone.[33]

Although the NHL has taken strong actions against racism in the league, players still believe there is a large issue at hand. Most players, including Smith-Pelly and Evander Kane of the Edmonton Oilers, believe that the NHL has still a long way to go. In their words, race as an issue in the NHL will continue to exist, due to similar incidents occurring in the NHL both sixty years ago and today. O'Ree has a hopeful outlook for the future of ice hockey's diversity. He has stated, "There's more kids of colour playing hockey today than ever before, and more girls."[13] Furthermore, many players are optimistic that the NHL community has gathered around to protect its players from racist incidents.[9]

## IIHF

[edit]

* On May 11, 2003, Anson Carter scored on Mikael Tellqvist of Sweden men's national team to lead Canada men's national team to the gold medal at the 2003 IIHF World Championship.[34]
* In 2008, Angela James became the first black woman inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame.[35] She also scored 11 goals during the 1990 Women's World Championship tournament, a record that still stands today. James has won four world championship gold medals, two 3 Nations Cup gold medals, and one IIHF Pacific Rim Championship gold medal with Canada women's national team.{{citation needed}date=December 2024}}
* In 2023, Kaidan Mbereko became the first black American goaltender to win a medal (bronze) at World Junior Championship.[36][37]
* In 2023, Laila Edwards became the first black woman to compete for the United States women's national team.[38][39]

## Women's ice hockey

[edit]

Angela James played in the Central Ontario Women's Hockey League, precursor to the National Women's Hockey League and Canadian Women's Hockey League. She represented Canada women's national team internationally. She scored 34 points (22 goals, 12 assists)[40] in 20 games over four women's world championships,[41] including 11 goals in five games in the inaugural World Women's Championship in 1990.[42] In 2008, she, along with Cammi Granato (United States) and Geraldine Heaney (CAN), became the first women to be inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame.[41] James is the daughter of a black father and white mother; she is the only Black Canadian to captain a national team.[43]

## Career stats

[edit]

### Franchise career

[edit]

These are the top-ten points, goals, and assists scorers in any franchise history. Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season.

Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game; G/G = Goals per game; A/G = Assists per game; * = Active player; Bold = Current team

Points  | Player | GP | G | A | Pts | P/G | Team

|
|
|
|
|
|

Jarome Iginla (RW) | 1,219 | 525 | 570 | 1,095 | .90 | Calgary Flames
Wayne Simmonds (RW) | 584 | 203 | 175 | 378 | .65 | Philadelphia Flyers
Kyle Okposo (RW) | 529 | 139 | 230 | 369 | .70 | New York Islanders
Dirk Graham (W) | 546 | 172 | 191 | 363 | .66 | Chicago Blackhawks
Dustin Byfuglien (D) | 528 | 102 | 261 | 363 | .69 | Winnipeg Jets
Darnell Nurse* (D) | 716 | 81 | 219 | 300 | .42 | Edmonton Oilers
P. K. Subban (D) | 434 | 63 | 215 | 278 | .64 | Montreal Canadiens
Tony McKegney (LW) | 363 | 127 | 141 | 268 | .74 | Buffalo Sabres
Lucas Raymond* (LW) | 320 | 98 | 156 | 254 | .79 | Detroit Red Wings
Kyle Okposo (RW) | 516 | 103 | 142 | 245 | .47 | Buffalo Sabres
Goals  | Player | G | G/G | Team

|
|
|

Jarome Iginla (RW) | 525 | .43 | Calgary Flames
Wayne Simmonds (RW) | 203 | .35 | Philadelphia Flyers
Dirk Graham (W) | 172 | .32 | Chicago Blackhawks
Kyle Okposo (RW) | 139 | .26 | New York Islanders
Tony McKegney (LW) | 127 | .35 | Buffalo Sabres
Kyle Okposo (RW) | 103 | .20 | Buffalo Sabres
Dustin Byfuglien (D) | 102 | .19 | Winnipeg Jets
Lucas Raymond* (LW) | 98 | .31 | Detroit Red Wings
Ray Neufeld (RW) | 95 | .29 | Hartford Whalers
Evander Kane* (LW) | 87 | .41 | San Jose Sharks
Assists  | Player | A | A/G | Team

|
|
|

Jarome Iginla (RW) | 570 | .47 | Calgary Flames
Dustin Byfuglien (D) | 261 | .49 | Winnipeg Jets
Kyle Okposo (RW) | 230 | .43 | New York Islanders
Darnell Nurse* (D) | 219 | .31 | Edmonton Oilers
P. K. Subban (D) | 215 | .50 | Montreal Canadiens
Dirk Graham (W) | 191 | .35 | Chicago Blackhawks
Wayne Simmonds (RW) | 175 | .30 | Philadelphia Flyers
Seth Jones (D) | 173 | .45 | Columbus Blue Jackets
Trevor Daley (D) | 164 | .22 | Dallas Stars
Lucas Raymond* (LW) | 156 | .49 | Detroit Red Wings

### NHL career

[edit]

These are the top-ten points, goals, and assists scorers in NHL history. Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season.

Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game; G/G = Goals per game; A/G = Assists per game; * = Active player

Points  | Player | Pos | GP | G | A | Pts | P/G

|
|
|
|
|
|

Jarome Iginla | RW | 1,554 | 625 | 675 | 1,300 | .84
Tony McKegney | LW | 912 | 320 | 319 | 639 | .70
Evander Kane* | LW | 930 | 326 | 291 | 617 | .66
Kyle Okposo | RW | 1,051 | 242 | 372 | 614 | .58
Wayne Simmonds | RW | 1,037 | 263 | 263 | 526 | .51
Dustin Byfuglien | D | 869 | 177 | 348 | 525 | .60
Dirk Graham | W | 772 | 219 | 270 | 489 | .63
P. K. Subban | D | 834 | 115 | 352 | 467 | .56
Seth Jones* | D | 860 | 99 | 342 | 441 | .51
Anson Carter | RW | 674 | 202 | 212 | 414 | .61
Goals  | Player | Pos | G | G/G

|
|
|

Jarome Iginla | RW | 625 | .40
Evander Kane* | LW | 326 | .35
Tony McKegney | LW | 320 | .35
Wayne Simmonds | RW | 263 | .25
Kyle Okposo | RW | 242 | .23
Dirk Graham | W | 219 | .28
Anson Carter | RW | 202 | .30
Dustin Byfuglien | D | 177 | .20
Mike Grier | RW | 162 | .15
Ray Neufeld | RW | 157 | .26
Assists  | Player | Pos | A | A/G

|
|
|

Jarome Iginla | RW | 675 | .43
Kyle Okposo | RW | 372 | .35
P. K. Subban | D | 352 | .42
Dustin Byfuglien | D | 348 | .40
Seth Jones* | D | 342 | .40
Tony McKegney | LW | 319 | .35
Evander Kane* | LW | 291 | .31
Dirk Graham | W | 270 | .35
Wayne Simmonds | RW | 263 | .25
Mike Grier | RW | 221 | .21

## Historic firsts

[edit]

* First black player to sign an NHL contract: Art Dorrington (August 1950)[44]
* First black player to sign a contract with an NHL team: John Utendale (1955)[45]
* First black player in an NHL game: Willie O'Ree (January 18, 1958)
* First black head coach in the NCAA: Ed Wright, Buffalo Bulls (1970–71)[46]
* First black player to surpass 20 goals in a single season: Alton White, Los Angeles Sharks, WHA, 1972–73 season
* First black player to surpass 100 PIM in an NHL season: Bill Riley (1976–77)
* First black player to surpass 20 goals in a single NHL season: Tony McKegney (1979–80)
* First black goaltender in the NHL: Grant Fuhr (1981–82)
* First black player to surpass 100 goals in the NHL: Tony McKegney (1982–83)
* First black player to win the Stanley Cup: Grant Fuhr (1983–84)
* First black player to surpass 500 NHL Points: Tony McKegney (1987–88)
* First black player to surpass 200 NHL Wins: Grant Fuhr (1988–89)
* First black player to win the Frank J. Selke Trophy: Dirk Graham (1990–91)
* First black player to win the William M. Jennings: Grant Fuhr (1993–94)
* First black player to surpass 200 PIM in an NHL season: Donald Brashear (1995–96)
* First black player to earn 20 shutouts: Grant Fuhr (1996–97)
* First black player to surpass 1,000 PIM in the NHL: Donald Brashear (1997–98)
* First black head coach in the NHL: Dirk Graham (1998–99 Chicago Blackhawks)
* First black player to surpass 400 NHL Wins: Grant Fuhr (1999–00)
* First black player to surpass 50 goals in a single NHL season: Jarome Iginla (2001–02)
* First black player in the Hockey Hall of Fame: Grant Fuhr (2003)
* First black player to surpass 2,000 PIM in the NHL: Donald Brashear (2005–06)
* First black player to surpass 500 goals in the NHL: Jarome Iginla (2011–12)
* First black player to win the James Norris Memorial Trophy: P. K. Subban (2012–13)

### American born

[edit]

* First American born black player in an NHL game: Val James (1981–82)
* First American-born and exclusively American-trained black player in an NHL game: Mike Grier (1996–97)
* First American born black player to surpass 1,000 PIM in the NHL: Donald Brashear (1997–98)
* First American born black player to surpass 20 goals in a single NHL season: Mike Grier (1998–99)
* First American born black goaltender in the NHL: Gerald Coleman (2005–06)
* First American born black player to play 1,000 NHL Games: Donald Brashear (2009–10)
* First American born black player to win the Stanley Cup: Dustin Byfuglien (2009–10)

### Others

[edit]

* First black captain for Canadian national team: Angela James (1990)
* First black coach in professional ice hockey: John Paris Jr. of Windsor, Nova Scotia become the first black coach in professional ice hockey with the Atlanta Knights in 1994[47]
* First black player to win a gold medal at the Winter Olympics: Jarome Iginla (2002)
* First time two black players played in the NHL in the same game: Mike Marson and Bill Riley[when?]
* First black TV analyst in ice hockey: Kevin Weekes[48] Weekes provides color commentary for NHL games on the NHL Network and Hockey Night in Canada.[when?]
* In 2020, the only African American agents in the NHL Players' Association were Eustace King, Brett Peterson and Harkie Singh.[49]

## See also

[edit]

* Ice hockey portal
* United States portal

* Race and sports
* Race and ethnicity in the NHL
* Race and ethnicity in the NBA
* Baseball color line
* List of first black Major League Baseball players
* Negro league baseball
* List of Negro league baseball players
* Black players in professional American football
* Racial issues faced by black quarterbacks
* List of black quarterbacks
* List of African-American sports firsts

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b "China Clipper" Larry Kwong broke the NHL's color barrier a decade earlier than Willie O'Ree, on March 13, 1948, playing with the New York Rangers against the Montreal Canadiens at the Montreal Forum.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Fosty, George Robert; Fosty, Darril (2008). George & Darril Fosty's Black Ice: The Lost History of the Colored Hockey League of the Maritimes, 1895-1925. Nimbus Pub. ISBN 978-1-55109-695-7. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
2. ^ "African Nova Scotia Hockey History". birthplaceofhockey.com. Archived from the original on February 11, 2011. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
3. ^ "African-Canadian Hockey History". blackhistorysociety.ca. January 25, 2010. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
4. ^ "Herb Carnegie". greatesthockeylegends.com. January 21, 2007. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
5. ^ Carnegie, Herb; Carnegie, Bernice (2019). A Fly in a Pail of Milk: The Herb Carnegie Story. ECW Press. ISBN 9781770414952.
6. ^ Humber, William (2004). A Sporting Chance: Achievements of African-Canadian Athletes. Toronto : Natural Heritage Books. pp. 107–108\. ISBN 1896219993.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
7. ^ a b "Rink Rookie Makes Hockey History". Ebony: 64–68\. April 1973.
8. ^ "Tony McKegney". July 19, 2012. Archived from the original on July 19, 2012.
9. ^ a b c d e f g "Racism lingers for NHL players 60 years after O'Ree landmark". USA Today. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
10. ^ "How Many African-American Players Are in the NHL?". Reference. August 4, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
11. ^ "Active NHL Players Totals by Nationality - Career Stats". QuantHockey. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
12. ^ Farber, Michael (October 4, 1999). "Soul on Ice". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
13. ^ a b "With The Help Of First Black Player, NHL Rolls Mobile Black History Museum To D.C." WAMU. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
14. ^ Kaplan, Emily (February 27, 2019). "Black women's love of hockey evolves into a fan club". Andscape. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
15. ^ Brunhuber, Kim (November 30, 2019). "'We are gathered. We are here.' Welcome to Black Girl Hockey Club". CBC News. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
16. ^ Violi, Meredith (March 8, 2019). "Celebrating the Black Girl Hockey Club this Women's History Month". NBC Sports Washington. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
17. ^ Russo, Eric (January 17, 2018). "O'Ree A Vital Part of Hockey History". nhl.com/bruins. National Hockey League. Retrieved January 19, 2018. "Willie O'Ree first met Jackie Robinson when he was just 14 years old...The New Brunswick native was in New York for a trip honoring his youth baseball team and managed to carve out a few minutes to chat with the legend by the dugout during a visit to Ebbets Field. O'Ree made sure to inform Robinson that in addition to his baseball accomplishments, he was also a hockey player...Robinson was a bit surprised, not realizing that any Black kids played hockey. It was an interaction that proved to be a memorable one...Some 13 years later during an NAACP luncheon in Los Angeles, the two once again crossed paths. Following an introduction, Robinson - the first Black player in Major League Baseball history - quickly realized that it was not their first encounter..."'Willie O'Ree - aren't you the young fella I met in Brooklyn?" Robinson asked...It was a moment that O'Ree cherishes to this day - and one he felt important to share during a celebration marking the 60th Anniversary of his breaking the NHL's color barrier."
18. ^ "Willie O'Ree 50th Anniversary Section | NHL.com - NHL Community". NHL.com. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
19. ^ "Humble Beginnings". NHL.com. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
20. ^ Kelley, Jim (November 3, 2003). "First black inductee pleased to be role model". ESPN.com. Retrieved September 10, 2008.
21. ^ a b Allen, Kevin (January 14, 2008). "Willie O'Ree still blazing way in NHL 50 years later". USA Today. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
22. ^ Zernike, Kate (February 25, 2002). "OLYMPICS: THE PIONEER; A Humble Iginla Raises His Profile". The New York Times. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
23. ^ Douglas, William (February 9, 2020). "Color of Hockey: Koelzer set to be first black coach in NCAA". NHL. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
24. ^ NWHL Media (March 25, 2021). "KELSEY KOELZER APPOINTED ADVISOR TO THE COMMISSIONER ON DIVERSITY, EQUITY AND INCLUSION". National Women's Hockey League. Archived from the original on March 25, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
25. ^ Douglas, William (July 27, 2020). "Color of Hockey: Wright was NCAA pioneer at Buffalo". NHL. Archived from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2021. "Wright, a former Boston University player, became the first Black coach of an NCAA hockey team. He guided Buffalo for 12 seasons in two stints from 1970-81 and 1986-87... But Wright is largely unsung in the greater hockey world today. Several college hockey officials and experts cited Kelsey Koelzer as the NCAA's first Black hockey coach"
26. ^ Dubow, Josh (July 5, 2022). "Sharks hire Mike Grier as NHL's first Black GM". ABC News. ABC News Internet Ventures. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
27. ^ Stephens, Mike (July 5, 2022). "Sharks Hire Mike Grier as GM". The Hockey News. Roustan Media Ltd. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
28. ^ "Sharrers is first black referee". CBC.ca. April 4, 2001. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
29. ^ a b Wickens, Barbara (1998). "Trailblazer on Ice". Maclean's. 111: 64 - via EBSCOhost.
30. ^ a b Kwak, Sarah (2008). "Willie O'Ree". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
31. ^ a b c James, Valmore (January 10, 2017). Black ice : the Val James story. ECW Press. ISBN 9781770413634. OCLC 960097075.
32. ^ "Sutori". www.sutori.com. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
33. ^ "Hockey Is For Everyone month begins". NHL.com. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
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35. ^ IIHF Top 100 Hockey Stories of All Time, p.145, Szymon Szenberg and Andrew Podnieks, 2008, Fenn Publishing Company Ltd, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, ISBN 978-1-55168-358-4
36. ^ @jonmorosi (August 6, 2022). "Honored to share the inspiring story of Kaidan Mbereko, the third African-American goaltender to make a @usahockey World Junior roster, joining Doug Bonner (1995) and @ijsaville31 (2020). @kaidanmbereko30 @CCTigerHKY @TheNCHC @USAHockeyNTDP @LincolnStars" (Tweet) - via Twitter.
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African Americans

History|

* Timeline
* Abolitionism
* African American founding fathers
* Afrocentrism
* American Civil War
* Atlantic slave trade
* Black Codes
* Black cowboys
* Black genocide
* Black Lives Matter
* Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
* Children of the plantation
* Civil Rights Acts
* 1964
* Voting Rights Act of 1965
* 1968
* Civil rights movement 1865–1896
* Civil right movement 1896–1954
* Civil rights movement 1954–1968
* Montgomery bus boycott
* Browder v. Gayle (1956)
* Sit-in movement
* Freedom Riders
* Birmingham movement
* March on Washington
* Freedom Summer
* Selma to Montgomery marches
* Chicago Freedom Movement
* Post–civil rights era
* Cornerstone Speech
* COVID-19 impact
* Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
* Free Negro
* Free people of color
* George Floyd protests
* Great Migration
* Second
* New
* Exodusters
* Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 / Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
* Jim Crow laws
* Lynching
* Military history
* Million Man March
* Nadir of American race relations
* The Negro Motorist Green Book
* Partus sequitur ventrem
* Plantations
* Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
* Reconstruction Amendments
* Reconstruction era
* Redlining
* Separate but equal
* Silent Parade
* Slavery
* Treatment of slaves
* Tulsa race massacre
* Underground Railroad
* Women's suffrage movement

Culture|

* Afrofuturism
* Art
* Black mecca
* Businesses
* Dance
* Family structure
* Film
* Folktales
* Hair
* Harlem Renaissance
* New Negro
* Hoodoo
* Juneteenth
* Kwanzaa
* LGBTQ community
* Literature
* Music
* Musical theater
* Names
* Negro National Anthem
* Neighborhoods
* Newspapers
* Soul food
* Stereotypes
* Middle class
* Upper class

Notable people|

* Ralph Abernathy
* Maya Angelou
* Crispus Attucks
* James Baldwin
* James Bevel
* Julian Bond
* Amelia Boynton
* James Bradley
* Carol Moseley Braun
* Edward Brooke
* Blanche Bruce
* Ralph Bunche
* George Washington Carver
* Shirley Chisholm
* Claudette Colvin
* Frederick Douglass
* W. E. B. Du Bois
* Medgar Evers
* James Farmer
* Henry Highland Garnet
* Marcus Garvey
* Fred Gray
* Prathia Hall
* Fannie Lou Hamer
* Kamala Harris
* Jimi Hendrix
* Jesse Jackson
* Ketanji Brown Jackson
* Michael Jackson
* Harriet Jacobs
* Barbara Jordan
* Coretta Scott King
* Martin Luther King Jr.
* Bernard Lafayette
* James Lawson
* Huddie Ledbetter
* John Lewis
* Joseph Lowery
* Malcolm X
* Thurgood Marshall
* Toni Morrison
* Bob Moses
* Diane Nash
* Barack Obama
* Michelle Obama
* Rosa Parks
* Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
* Colin Powell
* Gabriel Prosser
* Joseph Rainey
* A. Philip Randolph
* Hiram Revels
* Paul Robeson
* Al Sharpton
* Fred Shuttlesworth
* Clarence Thomas
* Emmett Till
* Sojourner Truth
* Harriet Tubman
* Nat Turner
* Denmark Vesey
* C. T. Vivian
* David Walker
* Booker T. Washington
* Ida B. Wells
* Roy Wilkins
* Oprah Winfrey
* Andrew Young
* Whitney Young

Education, science
and technology|

* Black studies
* Black schools
* Historically black colleges and universities
* Inventors and scientists
* Museums
* Women
* in computer science
* in medicine
* in STEM fields

Religion|

* African-American Jews
* Islam
* American Society of Muslims
* Nation of Islam
* Black church
* Azusa Street Revival
* Black Hebrew Israelites
* Black theology
* Doctrine of Father Divine

Political movements|

* Anarchism
* Back-to-Africa movement
* Black power
* Movement
* Capitalism
* Conservatism
* Leftism
* Pan-Africanism
* Populism
* Raised fist
* Self-determination
* Nationalism
* Socialism

Civic and economic
groups

* Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
* Black Panther Party
* Committee to Eliminate Media Offensive to African People (CEMOTAP)
* Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
* National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
* Nashville Student Movement
* National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
* National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
* National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
* National Urban League (NUL)
* Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
* Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
* Thurgood Marshall College Fund
* United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
* Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

Sports|

* Negro league baseball
* Baseball color line
* Black players in professional American football
* Black NFL quarterbacks
* Black players in ice hockey
* Muhammad Ali
* Arthur Ashe
* Jack Johnson
* Joe Louis
* Jesse Owens
* Jackie Robinson
* Serena Williams

Athletic associations
and conferences

* Central (CIAA)
* Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
* Southern (SIAC)
* Southwestern (SWAC)

Ethnic subdivisions|

* By African descent
* Fula
* Gullah
* Igbo
* Yoruba
* Alabama Creole
* Black Indians
* Black Seminoles
* Cherokee Freedmen
* Choctaw Freedmen
* Creek Freedmen
* Black Southerners
* Blaxicans
* Great Dismal Swamp maroons
* Louisiana Creole
* of color
* Melungeon

Demographics|

* Neighborhoods
* list
* U.S. cities with large populations
* 2000 majorities
* 2010 majorities
* Metropolitan areas
* States and territories

Languages|

* Afro-Seminole Creole
* American Sign
* Black American Sign
* English
* American English
* African-American English
* African-American Vernacular English
* social context
* Gullah
* Louisiana Creole

By state/city|

* Alabama
* Arkansas
* California
* Los Angeles
* San Francisco
* Florida
* Jacksonville
* Tallahassee
* Georgia
* Atlanta
* Hawaii
* Illinois
* Chicago
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Davenport
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Lexington
* Louisiana
* Maryland
* Baltimore
* Massachusetts
* Boston
* Michigan
* Detroit
* Mississippi
* Nebraska
* Omaha
* New Jersey
* New York
* New York City
* North Carolina
* Ohio
* Cleveland
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Philadelphia
* Puerto Rico
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Austin
* Dallas–Fort Worth
* Houston
* San Antonio
* Utah
* Virginia
* West Virginia

Diaspora|

* Africa
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Liberia
* Sierra Leone
* America
* Canada
* Dominican Republic
* Haiti
* Mexico
* Trinidad and Tobago
* Israel
* Europe
* France

Lists|

* African Americans
* Activists
* Actors
* Astronauts
* Billionaires
* Journalists
* Jurists
* Mathematicians
* Republicans
* Singers
* Sportspeople
* Spingarn Medal winners
* US cabinet members
* US representatives
* US senators
* Visual artists
* Writers
* African-American firsts
* Mayors
* Sports firsts
* US state firsts
* Historic places
* Index of related articles
* Landmark African-American legislation
* Lynching victims
* Monuments
* Neighborhoods
* Topics related to the African diaspora

* Category
* United States portal

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