Body shaming

Discrimination based on appearance

Bullying of an overweight woman depicted in a 1942 advertisement for a dietary supplement

Body shaming is the action or inaction of subjecting someone to humiliation and criticism for their bodily features. The scope of body shaming is wide, and includes, although is not limited to fat-shaming, shaming for thinness, height-shaming, shaming of hairiness (or lack thereof), of hair color, body shape, one's muscularity (or lack thereof), shaming of penis size or breast size, shaming of looks (facial features), shaming of skin color, and in its broadest sense may even include shaming of tattoos and piercings, or diseases that leave a physical, mark such as psoriasis.[1]

In a study of children's film and books regarding messages about the importance of appearance, media targeted toward children were heavily saturated with messages emphasizing attractiveness as an important part of relationships and interpersonal interaction.[2] Among the movies used in the study, two Disney movies contained the highest number of messages about personal beauty. This study also found 64% of the videos studied portrayed obese characters as unattractive, evil, cruel, and unfriendly, and more than half of the portrayals involved the consideration or consumption of food.[3]

Some forms of body shaming have ancient origins in popular superstition, such as discrimination against people with red hair and stereotypes of people with blonde hair.[4] Forms of discrimination may also differ significantly depending on age group. For example, tall preadolescents are sometimes depicted as awkward and can face derogatory pejorative terms such as "lanky", despite height being a typically valued characteristic among adults.[1]

Sometimes body shaming can extend to a perception that one does not sufficiently display masculinity or femininity. For example, men with wide hips, prominent breasts, or lack of facial hair are sometimes shamed for appearing feminine.[5] Similarly, women can be body shamed for appearing to have a man-bulge,[6] or for having broad shoulders, physical traits that are typically associated with men.[5] Extensive levels of body shaming can have negative emotional effects, including lowered self-esteem and the development of issues such as eating disorders, anxiety, body image disturbance,[7] body dysmorphic disorder and depression.[8] These depressive effects can worsen especially when people feel their body can not meet social criteria.[9]

## References

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1. ^ a b Chen, Hong, and Todd Jackson. "Are cognitive biases associated with body image concerns similar between cultures?." Body Image 2.2 (2005): 177-186.
2. ^ Herbozo, S.; Tantleff-Dunn, S.; Gokee-Larose, J.; J.K. (2004). "Beauty and thinness messages in children's media: A content analysis". Eating Disorders. 12 (1): 21–34. doi:10.1080/10640260490267742. PMID 16864302. S2CID 12491583.
3. ^ Greenberg, B.; Eastin, M.; Hofschire, L.; Lachlan, K.; Brownell, K. (2003). "Portrayals of Overweight and Obese Individuals on Commercial Television". American Journal of Public Health. 93 (8): 1342–1348. doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.8.1342. PMC 1447967. PMID 12893625.
4. ^ Dettmar, Esther Katherine. Revising identification: fairy tales that transform tradition from within. Diss. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2016.
5. ^ a b Namaste, Ki. "Genderbashing: Sexuality, gender, and the regulation of public space." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 14.2 (1996): 221-240.
6. ^ "'Is that your d***': Bella Thorne body shamed for posing in see-through bra top and boxer". 2 August 2017.
7. ^ Artoni, P.; Chierici, M. L.; Arnone, F.; Cigarini, C.; De Bernardis, E.; Galeazzi, G. M.; Minneci, D. G.; Scita, F.; Turrini, G.; De Bernardis, M.; Pingani, L. (2021-03-01). "Body perception treatment, a possible way to treat body image disturbance in eating disorders: a case–control efficacy study". Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 26 (2): 499–514. doi:10.1007/s40519-020-00875-x. ISSN 1590-1262. PMID 32124409. S2CID 211728899.
8. ^ Matheson, Mikayla. "Women's Body Image in the Media: An Analytical Study of Recent Body Image Movements across Media Platforms." (2017).
9. ^ Sick, Kelsey; Pila, Eva; Nesbitt, Amy; Sabiston, Catherine M. (September 2020). "Does self-compassion buffer the detrimental effect of body shame on depressive symptoms?". Body Image. 34: 175–183. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.05.012. PMID 32604022. S2CID 220282154.