Bolzano

Capital city of the province of South Tyrol, Northern Italy

This article is about the city in Italy. For the mathematician, see Bernard Bolzano. For other uses, see Bolzano (disambiguation).

"Bozen" redirects here. For other uses, see Bozen (disambiguation).

Comune in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Italy

Bolzano

Bozen (German)

Comune

Città di Bolzano
Stadt Bozen

Clockwise from top: Panorama of Bolzano; Waltherplatz [de]; Via dei Portici [it], main road in the historic centre; Bolzano Cathedral; the Talvera Bridges and Museion; South Tyrol Archaeological Museum; Sigmundskron Castle; Bolzano Victory Monument

Flag

Coat of arms

Location of Bolzano

Bolzano

Location of Bolzano in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol

Show map of Italy

Bolzano

Bolzano (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol)

Show map of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol

Coordinates: 46°30′N 11°21′E﻿ / ﻿46.500°N 11.350°E﻿ / 46.500; 11.350
Country| Italy
Region| Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Province| Bolzano (BZ)
Government

• Mayor| Renzo Caramaschi (Independent)
Area

[1]

• Total| 52.3 km2 (20.2 sq mi)
Elevation

| 262 m (860 ft)
Population

(March 2018)[2]

• Total| 107,436
• Density| 2,100/km2 (5,300/sq mi)
Demonym(s)| Italian: bolzanini
German: Bozner/Boznerin or Bozener/Bozenerin
Ladin: bulsanins
Time zone| UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)| UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code|

39100

Dialing code| 0471
Website| Official website

Bolzano (Italian: [bolˈtsaːno] ⓘ or [bolˈdzaːno]; German: Bozen [ˈboːtsn̩] ⓘ; Ladin: Balsan or Bulsan) is the capital city of the province of South Tyrol, in Northern Italy. With a population of 108,245, Bolzano is also by far the largest city in South Tyrol and the third largest in historical Tyrol. The greater metro area has about 250,000 inhabitants and is one of the urban centers within the Alps.[3]

Bolzano is the seat of the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, where lectures and seminars are held in English, German, and Italian. The city is also home to the Italian Army's Alpini High Command (COMALP) and some of its combat and support units.[4] In the 2020 version of the annual ranking of quality of life in Italian cities, Bolzano was ranked joint first for quality of life alongside Bologna.[5]

Along with other Alpine towns in South Tyrol, Bolzano engages in the Alpine Town of the Year Association for the implementation of the Alpine Convention. The Convention aims to promote and achieve sustainable development in the Alpine Arc. Consequently, Bolzano was awarded the 2009 Alpine Town of the Year. Bolzano is considered a bridge between Northern Europe and Southern Europe due to the three spoken languages in South Tyrol (Italian, German, and Ladin) and the confluence of the Italian and German-Austrian cultures.

## Geography

[edit]

Aerial view of Bolzano Bolzano and the Alps

### Location

[edit]

The area of the city of Bolzano is 52.3 km2 (20.2 sq mi), of which 28 km2 (11 sq mi) is used as a settlement area. The city is located in the basin where the Sarntal, Eisacktal, and the Adige Valley with their rivers, Talfer, Eisack, and Adige, meet. In the Middle Ages, the two main Alpine crossings, the Via Claudia Augusta over Reschenpass and the Brenner route over Brenner Pass, met in Bolzano. Thus, the city was very important for trading. The highest point is 1,616 metres (5,302 feet) above sea level and the lowest point is 232 metres (761 feet) above sea level. The center is located at an altitude of 262 metres (860 feet) above sea level. The nearest big cities are 58 km (36 mi) (Trento) and 118 km (73 mi) (Innsbruck) away.

### City districts and neighbouring communities

[edit]

City districts (most district names were originally in German and italianized at a later stage):

* Centro-Piani-Rencio/Zentrum-Bozner Boden-Rentsch
* Don Bosco/Don Bosco-Neugries
* Europa-Novacella/Europa-Neustift
* Gries-San Quirino/Gries-Quirein
* Oltrisarco-Aslago/Oberau-Haslach

In 1911 Zwölfmalgreien and in late 1925 the Gries municipality were incorporated in the Bolzano civic district. Neighbouring communities are: Eppan, Karneid, Laives, Deutschnofen, Ritten, Jenesien, Terlan and Vadena.

### Climate

[edit]

Being located at multiple climate borders, Bolzano features a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with hot summers and very cold winters by Italian standards. According to the Trewartha classification, this climate could not be really considered a subtropical climate because fewer than 8 months are at least 10 °C (50 °F), and thus would be considered a semi-continental climate with hot summers. Some of its suburbs are designated an oceanic climate (Cfb) based on cooler summer temperatures, while mountains in the area may feature a continental climate (Dfb). The climate of Bolzano is influenced by its low altitude in a valley south of the main Alps. This causes very sheltered conditions from cool winds during daytime, ensuring much warmer temperatures year-round than in similar valley cities north of the range.

Climate data for Bolzano (1971–2000, extremes 1946–present)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 21.8
(71.2)  | 23.1
(73.6)  | 28.4
(83.1)  | 32.0
(89.6)  | 35.0
(95.0)  | 40.0
(104.0)  | 39.1
(102.4)  | 39.1
(102.4)  | 33.3
(91.9)  | 28.2
(82.8)  | 21.6
(70.9)  | 18.0
(64.4)  | 40.0
(104.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 6.3
(43.3)  | 9.5
(49.1)  | 15.0
(59.0)  | 18.5
(65.3)  | 23.2
(73.8)  | 26.5
(79.7)  | 29.0
(84.2)  | 28.5
(83.3)  | 24.3
(75.7)  | 17.9
(64.2)  | 11.0
(51.8)  | 6.6
(43.9)  | 18.0
(64.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 0.9
(33.6)  | 3.7
(38.7)  | 8.5
(47.3)  | 12.0
(53.6)  | 16.5
(61.7)  | 19.8
(67.6)  | 22.3
(72.1)  | 21.8
(71.2)  | 17.9
(64.2)  | 12.1
(53.8)  | 5.4
(41.7)  | 1.4
(34.5)  | 11.9
(53.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | −4.5
(23.9)  | −2.1
(28.2)  | 2.1
(35.8)  | 5.4
(41.7)  | 9.8
(49.6)  | 13.2
(55.8)  | 15.5
(59.9)  | 15.1
(59.2)  | 11.6
(52.9)  | 6.2
(43.2)  | −0.1
(31.8)  | −3.7
(25.3)  | 5.7
(42.3)
Record low °C (°F)  | −18.5
(−1.3)  | −15.6
(3.9)  | −10.7
(12.7)  | −4.4
(24.1)  | −2.6
(27.3)  | 0.4
(32.7)  | 5.2
(41.4)  | 4.2
(39.6)  | −0.5
(31.1)  | −4.6
(23.7)  | −10.7
(12.7)  | −16.5
(2.3)  | −18.5
(−1.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 23.5
(0.93)  | 22.8
(0.90)  | 36.9
(1.45)  | 50.2
(1.98)  | 75.2
(2.96)  | 84.6
(3.33)  | 92.3
(3.63)  | 86.2
(3.39)  | 70.9
(2.79)  | 84.4
(3.32)  | 49.9
(1.96)  | 34.6
(1.36)  | 711.5
(28.01)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 3.6  | 3.1  | 5.1  | 6.6  | 9.3  | 8.5  | 8.9  | 8.2  | 6.8  | 6.8  | 4.9  | 4.3  | 76.1
Average relative humidity (%)  | 72  | 69  | 62  | 66  | 69  | 66  | 66  | 68  | 71  | 75  | 74  | 73  | 69
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 102.3  | 121.5  | 148.8  | 159.0  | 176.7  | 201.0  | 232.5  | 213.9  | 180.0  | 151.9  | 102.0  | 96.1  | 1,885.7
Source: Servizio Meteorologico (humidity and sun 1961–1990)[6][7][8]

## Demographics

[edit]

Largest groups of foreign residents

Nationality | Population (2022) [9]
Albania | 2.550
Morocco | 1.382
Pakistan | 1.195
Romania | 1.136
Ukraine | 773
China | 715

### Linguistic distribution

[edit]

According to the 2011 census, 73.80% of the city's inhabitants spoke Italian, 25.52% German and 0.68% Ladin as their first language.[10]

Historical populationYear| Pop.| ±%

|
|

1921| 32,679| —
1931| 37,351| +14.3%
1936| 45,505| +21.8%
1951| 70,898| +55.8%
1961| 88,799| +25.2%
1971| 105,757| +19.1%
1981| 105,180| −0.5%
1991| 98,158| −6.7%
2001| 94,989| −3.2%
2011| 102,575| +8.0%
2021| 106,601| +3.9%
Source: ISTAT
Language  | 2001[11] | 2011[10]

|
|

Italian  | 73.00%  | 74.20%
German  | 26.29%  | 25.12%
Ladin  | 0.71%  | 0.68%

Through fascism and the Italianization policy under Benito Mussolini in the inter-war period, the Italian language group became the majority in Bolzano. Prior to the annexation of South Tyrol to Italy (Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 1919) a small Italophone community of up to 10% of the population already lived in Bolzano.[12]

## History

[edit]

See also: Timeline of Bolzano

Bolzano in 1898

### Prehistory and Roman settlement

[edit]

The modern-day Bolzano was in ancient times a marshy region inhabited by the Raetian Isarci people, traditionally believed to be descendants of Etruscan refugees fleeing Italy from the invading Gauls.[13] The Romans built a settlement after the area had been conquered in 15 BC by general Nero Claudius Drusus. The military settlement, Pons Drusi (Drusus Bridge), was named after this Roman general. During this time the area became part of the region Venetia et Histria (Regio X) of ancient Italy.

In 1948, excavations of the current Cathedral led to the discovery of an ancient Christian basilica from the fourth century. Also discovered was a Roman cemetery, including the tomb of "Secundus Regontius" with Latin inscriptions dating to the third century, making him the oldest known inhabitant of Bolzano.[14]

### Bavarian settlement

[edit]

During the gradual decline of the Lombard influence in the seventh century, Bavarian immigration took place and the first mention of a Bavarian ruler in Bolzano dates from 679.[15] At that time, the Bavarians named the nearby villages around Bolzano Bauzanum or Bauzana.[16] In 769 Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria issued in Bolzano the foundation charter of the Innichen Abbey.[17] German populations have been present in the region of Tyrol from that period onwards. At around the year 1000, the settlement is called "in Pauzana valle, quae lingua Teutisca Pozana nuncupatur".[18]

### Bishopric of Trent

[edit]

Lauben

In 1027 the area of Bolzano and the rest of the Diocese was conferred upon the bishops of Trent by the emperor Conrad II from the Salian dynasty. In the late-12th century, the bishop founded a market town, along the Lauben thoroughfare. The town therefore became an important trading post on the Transalpine Augsburg-Venice route over the Brenner Pass, elevation 1,371 metres (4,498 ft) above sea level, within the Holy Roman Empire.[19]

### County of Tyrol

[edit]

In 1277 Bolzano was conquered by Meinhard II, the Count of Tyrol, leading to a struggle between the counts of Tyrol and the bishops of Trent. In 1363, the County of Tyrol passed to the Austrian House of Habsburg. In 1381, Duke Leopold granted the citizens of Bolzano the privilege of a town council. This gradually eliminated the influence and power previously held by the bishops of Trent over the next few decades. In 1462, the bishops eventually resigned all their rights of jurisdiction over the town.[20]

Mercantile Building The town's coat of arms as depicted in 1471 by the mayor Konrad Lerhueber

From the 14th and 15th centuries onwards, a large market fair was organised four times per year to greet tradesmen and merchants en-route the Brenner Pass. The Mercantile Magistrate was therefore founded in 1635 by the Austrian duchess Claudia de' Medici. During every market season, two Italian and two Germanic officers, who were appointed among the local tradesmen, worked in this magistrate office. The establishment of an official trade organisation strengthened Bolzano as a cultural crossroad in the Alps.[21]

After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Bolzano became briefly part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy and was incorporated into the Department of Alto Adige.[22] After the Congress of Vienna (1814-15) Bolzano returned to the County of Tyrol, within the Austrian Empire and subsequently the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary in 1867. The County covered both modern-day South Tyrol, Trentino and the federal state of Tyrol (including East Tyrol) in Austria.

Bolzano in 1914, at the outbreak of World War I

In 1915, the Triple Entente powers promised Italy territorial gains if she would enter the First World War on the side of the Entente instead of siding with the German Empire and Austria-Hungary. When Italy abandoned the Triple Alliance (1882), the Entente offered her territorial promises in Tyrol and Istria. This secret arrangement was confirmed in the Treaty of London (1915).

After Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary on May 24, 1915, heavy fighting took place all along Tyrol's southern border for the entire duration of the conflict. For the next 3+1⁄2 years Tyrol's southern border became the front line between Austro-Hungarian and Italian troops. Tyrol's south frontier was - and still is - dotted with tens of defensive fortresses that had been built in view of a possible Italian attack.[citation needed] Losses on both sides amount to several thousands. During World War I, tens of thousands of civilians living along Tyrol's southern border were evacuated to either of the two countries, the majority to Bohemian and inner Austrian areas, and some to Italian internment camps, away from the front line.

### Annexation by Italy

[edit]

On November 3, 1918, the armistice of Villa Giusti, near Padova ended military operations between Italy and Austria-Hungary. Subsequently, Italian troops entered Tyrol and occupied the Austrian areas south of the Brenner Pass. Italian control of South Tyrol was internationally recognized in 1919. At the time of Bolzano's annexation by the Kingdom of Italy the town was settled primarily by a German-speaking population. As of 1910, 29,000 inhabitants identified themselves as German speakers and only 1,300 as Italian speakers, these latter ones mainly from the Italian speaking areas of Tyrol, namely Welschtirol, currently known as Trentino.[23]

Victory Monument

Along with the rest of South Tyrol, Bolzano was subjected to an intensive Italianisation programme enforced by Fascist leader Benito Mussolini from the 1920s onwards to September 8, 1943, when Italy left the military alliance with Nazi Germany and South Tyrol fell under direct German control. The goal of such programme was to outnumber the local German-speaking population by tripling Bolzano's population through Italian immigration from other regions of Italy.[23] In 1927 Bolzano became the capital of the province of Bolzano. Any reference to and use of the words Tyrol and Tyrolean were banned by law and were punishable offences. In 1933, Adolf Hitler came to power in the Weimar Republic. Mussolini and the Fascists worried that Hitler, in pursuing his ideology of all ethnic Germans under one Reich, would claim South Tyrol from Italy. To avoid such a prospect, in 1939 Mussolini and Hitler signed the Option Agreement, by which Germany would renounce territorial claims over South Tyrol as Germany's Lebensraum (living space). Furthermore, ethnic South-Tyroleans who had opted to stay in South Tyrol and refused resettlement to the Third Reich were subjected to full-scale Italianisation, including loss of their German names and national identity, prohibition of schooling in German and use of German for their daily transactions.[24]

### Second World War

[edit]

During the Second World War, Bolzano was the site of the Nazis' Bolzano Transit Camp, a concentration camp for persecuted Jews and political prisoners. Members of the Jewish population of Bolzano were deported to the death camps in Nazi Germany and murdered there.[25] When Italy surrendered in September 1943, the whole of South Tyrol as well as Belluno were de facto administered by the Nazis as Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills. After 1943, heavy fighting between Nazi Germany and the Allied Powers took place in the Dolomites.[26]

### Capital of an autonomous province

[edit]

After the War, the Gruber-De Gasperi Agreement of September 1946 was signed by the Italian and Austrian Foreign Ministers in Paris, guaranteeing "complete equality of rights" (including education and use of German as an official language) as well as "autonomous legislative and executive regional power" to the German-speaking population in South Tyrol and Trentino.[27]

Because the implementation of the post-war agreement was not seen as satisfactory by the Austrian government (the autonomous province of 1947 included Trentino and therefore had an Italian-speaking majority), it became a cause of significant friction with Italy and was brought to the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1960, which called for a resolution of the issue.[28] A fresh round of negotiations took place in 1961 but proved unsuccessful, partly because of the campaign of terrorism by South Tyrolean Liberation Committee – a secessionist movement – against Italian police and electric power structures (one notable incident being the Night of Fire on 12 June 1961).

The issue was resolved in 1971, when a new statute of autonomy for the smaller, majority German-speaking province Bozen – Südtirol/Bolzano – Alto Adige, which was supported by the German-speaking population of South Tyrol, was granted by Italy. It resulted in a considerable level of self-government,[29] also due to the large financial resources of South Tyrol, which retains almost 90% of all levied taxes.[30] The agreement was implemented and proved broadly satisfactory to the parties involved and the separatist tensions soon eased. In 1992, Austria and Italy officially ended their dispute over the autonomy issue on the basis of the statute of 1972.[31]

## Economy

[edit]

The city thrives on a mix of old and new high-quality intensive agriculture (including wine, fruit, and dairy products), tourism, traditional handicraft (wood, ceramics), and advanced services. Heavy industry (machinery, automotive, and steel) installed during the 1930s has now been mostly dismantled. [citation needed] The local economy is very dependent on the public sector and especially the provincial government.[citation needed]

Bolzano is the biggest city in South Tyrol, which is an autonomous province in Northern Italy with a special statute. This statute preserves the rights of the German-speaking minority in Italy. This unique system was admired by the Dalai Lama, who visited the city on several occasions to study a possible application in Tibet.[32] It has also been presented as role model for the successful and fair resolution of inter-ethnic conflict to other regions of the world.[33]

### Exhibition Bolzano

[edit]

Exhibition Centre

The tradeshows and conferences of Exhibition Bolzano are concentrated on topics relating to the economies of Alpine countries. There is thus a great focus on trade show subjects in the economic competence of South Tyrol and Trentino. The main focuses of dining and leisure time, sports, agriculture and specific Alpine industries attract an annual total of over 3,000 exhibitors and over 230,000 visitors from all over Europe.[34]

### Italian German Business Forum Bozen-Bolzano

[edit]

Since 2011, the city hosts the Italo-Germanic Business Forum, which brings together the leaders of the Italian and German economies – Confindustria and the Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie – in the Mercantile Palace to address issues related to the international crisis.

### Companies

[edit]

Oberalp Headquarters

Large companies in Bolzano are:

* THUN S.p.A. SB (AG)
* FERCAM S.p.A. (AG)
* Spar (retailer) Italia S.p.A.
* Acciaierie Valbruna S.p.A.
* Iveco S.p.A.
* Oberalp AG
* Alperia S.p.A. (AG)

### Research centers

[edit]

#### NOI Techpark

[edit]

NOI Techpark

NOI Techpark is on a 12-hectare (30-acre) site in the south of Bolzano, on premises formerly home to aluminium works. The "Nature of Innovation" concept contains innovation imitating nature. The concept that NOI Techpark is based on has research institutes, companies and start-ups from South Tyrol and all over the globe working together to prepare the ground for a sustainable development.

Working with representatives from South Tyrol's business and research communities, BLS and TIS innovation park have developed the park's "Nature of Innovation" positioning title, the initials of which give the park its name: NOI. The name reflects two meanings in South Tyrol: depending on how you want to pronounce it, NOI can either sound like the Italian word for "we" or the South Tyrolean dialect word for "new". A special focus lies on those fields:

* Alpine Technology
* Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency
* Food Technology
* ICT & Automation

#### Free University of Bolzano-Bozen

[edit]

The Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, founded in October 1997, is actively involved in basic and applied research projects through its five faculties, of which four are located in Bolzano. The university is engaged in a multitude of scientific and technological areas, in addition to different disciplines belonging to Humanities.[35]

#### Eurac Research

[edit]

The Eurac Research is a private research centre headquartered in Bolzano. The research facility was founded in 1992 and initially had 12 employees. Meanwhile, the Center for Applied Research has more than 300 employees. The topics of this institution include, for example, "Liveable Regions", "Diversity as Added Value" and "Healthy Society". The research has focused more on the Alpine region. Since 2002, the site has been located on Drusus Street, in the former fascist "GIL" building, which was then extensively renovated and integrated with modern buildings.[36] In 2018, the research facility will lead the terraXcube in the NOI Techpark Bolzano. The terraXcube is a research infrastructure that can simulate the most extreme climatic conditions on earth. Air pressure, humidity and solar radiation can be simulated and changed simultaneously in one room. The aim is to investigate how humans react to extreme climatic conditions. Even machines can be tested in this simulator.[37]

#### Fraunhofer Italia

[edit]

Fraunhofer Italia is a subsidiary of Fraunhofer Gesellschaft and is headquartered in Bolzano. The company was founded in 2009 and since then specializes in areas such as "Automation and Mechatronic Engineering" and "Process Engineering in Construction". The Organization for Applied Research seeks to help small and medium-sized enterprises in the region through charitable research. Since 2017, the research facility has been based in the Technology Park in Bolzano South.[38]

## Politics

[edit]

### City Council

[edit]

Bolzano town hall

The last municipal elections were held in the year 2020. Of the 45 seats, 9 different parties were elected to the city council. The Partito Democratico (PD), the Südtiroler Volkspartei (SVP) and the Lega Nord (LN) won 7 seats each.

### Mayors

[edit]

See also: List of mayors of Bolzano

This table shows the mayors of the city of Bolzano after 1945. All mayors within this list belong to the Italian language group. So far, the last mayor of the German language group in Bolzano was Julius Perathoner from 1895 to 1922 and was replaced by the march on Bolzano by the fascists.

### Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino

[edit]

In 1996, the European Union approved further cultural and economic integration between the Austrian province of Tyrol and the Italian autonomous provinces of South Tyrol and Trentino by recognizing the creation of the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino.

## Main sights

[edit]

* Franciscan Friary, Bolzano

* Sparkassenstraße

* Kornplatz

* Obstplatz

* Muri-Gries Abbey

* Statue of Walther von der Vogelweide

Bolzano Cathedral Castle Maretsch The former Casa del Fascio, now bearing a quotation from Hannah Arendt St. Magdalena with the Rosengarten group

Its medieval city center, Gothic and Romanesque churches and bilingual signage give it the flavor of a city at the crossroads of Italian and Austrian cultures. This and its natural and cultural attractions make it a popular tourist destination.

Among the major monuments and sights are:

* the Walther Square, with a statue of Walther von der Vogelweide,[39] a German minstrel (minnesinger)
* the Laubengasse or Via dei Portici, a street 300 metres (980 ft) long, in the city center with medieval arcades along its entire course, now housing countless high-street shops
* the Gothic Cathedral, started in 1184, expanded in the 1300s by architects Martin and Peter Schiche and completed in the early 16th century by Hans Lutz von Schussenried
* the Waaghaus at the central Kornplatz (piazza del Grano), the former site of the public weighbridge
* the Old Parish Church of Gries, with an altarpiece by Michael Pacher
* the benedictine monastery of Muri-Gries, with baroque paintings by Martin Knoller
* the Chiesa dei Domenicani/Dominikanerkirche (13th century), with a series of 14th-century Gothic paintings
* various castles, including Castle Maretsch, Runkelstein Castle and Firmian/Sigmundskron Castle
* Victory Monument triumphal arch built under Mussolini (1928); now put in context as part of an exhibition on the two dictatorships of Italian Fascism and German Nazism[40]
* the former Casa del Fascio, another fascist-era monument preserved but recontextualized in 2017[41]

For more historical and geographical information see South Tyrol.

## Culture

[edit]

### Museums

[edit]

South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology Runkelstein Castle Museion

* South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology, is the exhibition location of the Ötzi mummy. The museum also exhibits other archaeological finds from the South Tyrolean region. Due to the Ötzi, it is one of the leading archaeological museums in Italy.
* Runkelstein Castle, was built in 1237 by the brothers Friedrich and Beral von Wangen. The castle became known for its extensive and profane fresco cycle from the Middle Ages.
* Bolzano City Museum; The collections of the museum include works of art as paintings, sculptures, altars and folklore objects of daily life from all over South Tyrol. The access to the museum is limited and only a part of the valuable collection is visible. The museum, built in 1905, is in the planning stage for an extension that would be fully accessible.
* Nature Museum South Tyrol, is dedicated to areas such as geology, flora and fauna. The exhibition shows the emergence of South Tyrolean landscapes, for example the Dolomites, and natural science collections from the South Tyrolean region.
* Museion, is a museum of Modern and Contemporary Art. The museum was founded in 1985 and today, since 2008, has its headquarters on "Talferwiesen". The modern cube, including bridges, was planned by the architects' office "Krüger, Schubert, Vandreike (KSV)".
* Mercantile Museum of Bolzano, tells about the economic history of Bolzano and its importance in Central Europe as a bridge between North and South. The museum used to be the seat of the former Mercantile Magistrate. It also documents the trade fairs and their significance for the trading city.
* Bolzano School Museum, reports about the development of the school in South Tyrol since the introduction of the compulsory education of Empress Maria Theresia in the year 1774. Special features of this museum are, among other things, the presentation of the catacomb schools and the documentation about the Jewish school home near Merano.
* Bolzano Cathedral Treasury, was founded in 2007 and has its seat near the Cathedral of Bolzano. The museum shows sacred art such as church treasures, 18th-century paintings and goldsmithing.
* MMM Firmian, is one of six locations of the museum project of mountaineer Reinhold Messner. The MMM Firmian is located at Sigmundskron Castle and is also the headquarters of the project. Themes of this museum are the history of mountaineering and the art of mountaineering. It shows the connection between the people and the mountains. Additionally, Reinhold Messner's experiences, collections and memories of the expeditions will be exhibited.
* Semi-rural House, was one of many houses built in the Semi-rural zone during the 1930s for industrial workers. It documents the development of this district at that time until the 1980s.
* Documentation Center "BZ '18–'45: one monument, one city, two dictatorships", Victory Monument. The museum is located below the Victory Monument and documents the time of the population of Bolzano and South Tyrol during the Italian fascism and after 1943 the German National Socialism. It is the first museum in Italy to work on the fascism under Benito Mussolini. In 2016, the Museum received considerable recognition from the jury of the European Museum of the Year Award for exhibiting this sensitive topic.[42][43]
* Pons Drusi Museum, located in the retirement home "Grieserhof" and showing archaeological remains such as frescoes and vases from Roman antiquity. The remaining walls indicate a former temple complex and a building with a pillared hall. Several objects from the first century AD were found, showing the life of the Romans in Gries-Bolzano at that time.[44]

### Libraries and archives

[edit]

* Tessmann Library
* University Library of Bozen-Bolzano
* South Tyrolean Provincial Archives
* Civic Archives in Bozen-Bolzano

### Cinema and theater

[edit]

New theater Bolzano

* Bolzano Civic Theater - Stadttheater Bozen; the new city theater was opened in 1999 according to the plans of the architect Marco Zanuso. For a long time, the city had no city theater because the old one was destroyed in World War II. It is the seat of the United Stages Bolzano (VBB) and has 2 halls. The theater features performances in Italian and German.
* Concert Hall Bolzano, was also opened in 1999 and is the seat of the Haydn Orchestra of Bolzano and Trento. Every two years the famous Ferruccio Busoni International Piano Competition is held in the auditorium.
* Haus der Kultur Walther von der Vogelweide (Culture house Walther von der Vogelweide), is a theater that presents a majority of performances in German. It is located in the center of the city and can accommodate about 500 people.
* Teatro Cristallo, is located outside the center in Dalmatienstreet. Most of the performances are presented in Italian.
* Stadttheater Gries (City theater Gries), located in the district of Gries-Quirein and can accommodate 371 people. Performances are presented in German and Italian.
* Theater im Hof (Theatre in the courtyard), is located on Obstplatz and dedicated to the children and youth theater. An additional focus of the small theater is the topic of "women in and at the theater".
* Carambolage; in this venue improvisational theater and other forms of cabaret are offered. It is located in the center of the city.
* Batzen Sudwerk; below the 600-year-old brewery in the basement is a cultural workshop. Performances are often in the form of cabaret.
* Teatro Cinema Rainerum; at the Rainerum Institute in the Don Bosco district there is a theater for about 400 people.
* Filmclub Bolzano (Movie club Bolzano), is a cinema with 3 rooms that also shows several films of regional directors and actors. The Filmclub is also the venue of the Bolzano Filmfestival. The cinema is located in the old town of Bolzano.
* Cineplexx, was opened in 2009 and it offers a majority of films in German. In addition to films in German and Italian, other films are also available in English. The cinema has 7 rooms.
* UCI Cinema, opened in 2015 and located in the shopping center "Twenty". Most of the 6 halls offer films in Italian. In this cinema are occasionally shown films in English and German.

### Cultural events

[edit]

Bolzano organizes the following events every year:

* Südtirol JazzFestival, is a festival that not only takes place in Bolzano but is also performed all over South Tyrol. The jazz festival lasts up to 10 days and performs 90 concerts in 50 different locations with over 150 jazz musicians. International jazz musicians such as Don Cherry, Randy Brecker, Carla Bley, Chick Corea, Pat Metheny, and Collin Walcott participated in this event.
* Ferruccio Busoni International Piano Competition, is an international piano competition that is held every 2 years. This competition was initiated by the director of the Conservatory of Music "Claudio Monteverdi" in memory of the 25th anniversary of the death of Ferruccio Busoni. The artist influenced Italian and German music art and was therefore a symbol of the South Tyrolean culture.
* Bolzano Filmfestival Bozen; The first Bolzano film festival was held in 1987 under the name "Bozner Filmtage". It serves as a platform for the local film scene and creates contact between filmmakers and audiences. Films in Italian and German are shown. Artists like Tobias Moretti, Fred Zinnemann, Herbert Achternbusch, Michele Placido, and Jiri Menzel participated in this event.
* Bolzano Festival Bozen, is a festival that takes place every summer and offers classical music. The European Union Youth Orchestra, the Gustav Mahler Jugendorchester and the participants of the Ferruccio Busoni Competition are performing regularly.
* Tanz Bozen - Bolzano Danza, is an international contemporary dance festival and is held every summer. It is a festival that shows different dance performances in different places of the city. It is organized by the Haydn Foundation of Bolzano and Trento.
* Christmas market Bozen; The Bolzano Christmas Market was founded in 1990 as Italy's first Christmas market. The stands are located in different places of the old town. With over 1.2 million visitors (2005), the Bolzano Christmas Market is the most visited in Italy.
* Bolzano ShortFilmFestival, also collaborates with the Bolzano Filmfestival and awards prizes for the best short films without words ("No Words"). Independently of the Bolzano Filmfestival it also awards prizes for the best Italian short film. The festival was held in 1968 for the first time.

## Education

[edit]

### Free University of Bozen-Bolzano

[edit]

Logo of the university

The Free University of Bozen-Bolzano was founded in 1997 and has its headquarters in the city of Bolzano. It offers trilingual courses in German, Italian and English. The unibz was the first trilingual university in Europe. Other university locations are in Brixen and Bruneck. Through the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino, the university also works closely together with the universities of Innsbruck and Trento. The University of Bolzano has the following five faculties:

* Economics
* Computer science
* Design and arts
* Science and technology
* Education

### State College of Health Professions "Claudiana"

[edit]

The State College of Health Professions "Claudiana" was founded in 1993 and has since 2006 its headquarters next to the regional hospital of Bolzano outside the center. The college was named after the Regent of the Austrian County of Tyrol, Claudia de Medici. The college serves to train health professionals, such as nurses, midwives, technical medicine and rehabilitation specialists. Teaching is in Italian and German.

### Conservatory "Claudio Monteverdi"

[edit]

The conservatory "Claudio Monteverdi" is a college of music in Bolzano. The conservatory was founded in 1927 and has since been named after the former Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi. The rooms of the conservatory are located in the Dominican monastery. The Academy of Music gained international recognition through the biennial Ferruccio Busoni International Piano Competition.

## Transport

[edit]

Bolzano railway station

Bolzano is connected to the motorway network A22-E45[45] to Trento and Verona and to Innsbruck (Austria) and Munich (Germany). In Bolzano South there is a transport hub that connects the dual carriageway MeBo with the A22 motorway. The dual carriageway MeBo (Merano \- Bolzano) was completed in 1997 to quickly connect the two metropolitan areas of South Tyrol, Merano and Bolzano, and to relieve the surrounding communities in the district of Burggrafenamt and the old former two-lane State street SS38 (Strada statale 38).

The city is also connected to the Italian railway system. Bolzano railway station, opened in 1859, forms part of the Brenner railway (Verona–Innsbruck), which is part of the main railway route between Italy and Germany. The station is also a junction of two branch lines, to Merano and Mals. The station of Bolzano is served by Frecciarossa and Frecciargento trains of Trenitalia, Italo EVO of Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori (from August 2018) and EuroCity trains of ÖBB.

A two-line light rail network is planned to serve Bolzano, at a length of 7.2 km (4+1⁄2 miles) with 17 stops, with a projected cost of €192 million.[46]

There is a 50-kilometre (30 mi) network of cycle paths, and about 30% of journeys in Bolzano are made by bicycle.[47]

Until summer 2015 there was a regular connection between Bolzano Airport (IATA: BZO) and Rome. In summer charter flights are offered to Cagliari, Olbia, Lamezia Terme and Catania.

Since 1966 a cable car connects the centre of Bolzano with Oberbozen-Soprabolzano and the community of Ritten. In 2009 the Italian manufacturer Leitner replaced the old cable car with a new modern 3S system. Although the so-called "Rittner Seilbahn" primarily serves the tourist market, it also provides an important transit link for the residents of Renon.[48] The cable car system, which can carry up to 726 persons per hour, is the first tricable gondola lift in Italy.[49]

* Cable car Ritten

* Bolzano railway station

* Bolzano Airport

## Sport

[edit]

The town is host to an annual road running competition – the BOclassic – which features an elite men's 10K and women's 5K races. The event, first held in 1975, takes place on New Year's Eve and is broadcast live on television by Rai Sport Più.[50][51]

Bolzano is also the host city to the Giro delle Dolomiti annual road bike event.

### Local teams

[edit]

Football

* F.C. Südtirol
* A.C. Virtus Bolzano
* Bozner F.C.
* F.C. Neugries
* F.C. Bolzano 1996
* Virtus Don Bosco

Handball

* Loacker Bozen Handball A-Elite Liga

Ice hockey

The Sparkasse Arena

* EV Bozen 96 plays in Serie A2
* HC Bolzano Bozen Foxes plays in Serie A1 and the EBEL League, winning the EBEL title in 2014, their debut year

Rugby

* Sudtirolo Rugby Cavaliers play in the Italian Serie C

American football

* Giants Bolzano play in the IFL (Italian Football League), the first league of the FIDAF

Softball and baseball

* Adler
* Pool 77
* Softball Club Dolomiti

Fistball

* SSV Bozen plays in the FBL (Austrian Fistball League), the first Austrian league.

## People

[edit]

Rainer Joseph of Austria Annette of Menz Alois Riehl Dorian Gray in 1956

Notable people born in or associated with Bolzano include:

14th century

* Blessed Henry of Treviso (died 1315), a lay pilgrim and holy man, a German from Bolzano

18th century

* Joseph Tiefenthaler (1710–1785), a Jesuit missionary who wrote about India
* Johann Nepomuk von Tschiderer zu Gleifheim (1777–1860), Prince-Bishop of Trent
* Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria (1783–1853), Viceroy of Lombardy-Venetia
* Jacob Anton Zallinger zum Thurn (1735–1813), philosopher and canonist
* Annette of Menz (1796–1869), in 1811 she was the richest heiress in Bolzano[52]

19th century

* Daniel Harrwitz (1821 – 1884), German chess master
* Heinrich Anton of Austria (1828-1891), Archduke of Austria
* Anton Ausserer (1843–1889), naturalist and arachnologist
* Alois Riehl (1844–1924), neo-Kantian philosopher
* Julius Perathoner (1849–1926), last mayor of Bolzano of German ethnicity, 1895-1922
* Alois Delug (1859–1930), painter and a professor at the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna; rejected Adolf Hitler's application to join the academy.
* Ludwig Thuille (1861–1907), composer, teacher and music theorist
* Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1870–1949), member of the Spanish Royal family
* Karl Theodor Hoeniger (1881–1970), author and cultural historian[53]
* Ressel Orla (1889–1931), actress, appeared in some of Fritz Lang's earliest films[54]
* Max Valier (1895–1930), rocketry pioneer, astronomer and writer
* Christian Hess (1895–1944), painter and sculptor[55]
* Walther Oberhaidacher (1896–1945), Austrian Nazi Party politician

20th century

* Josef Mayr-Nusser (1910–1945), South Tyrolean leader of the resistance against Nazi rule
* Maria Luise Thurmair (1912–2005), a Catholic theologian, hymnodist and writer
* Carlo Maria Giulini (1914–2005), conductor
* Silvius Magnago (1914-2010), lawyer and politician
* Maria Gardena (1920–2008) film actress and later architect[56]
* Alcide Berloffa (1922-2011), politician [57]
* Valentin Braitenberg (1926-2011), brain researcher, cyberneticist and writer
* Dorian Gray (1928-2011), actress [58]
* Herbert Rosendorfer (1934–2012), German jurist and writer
* Giuseppe Anfossi (born 1935), bishop emeritus of the Diocese of Aosta 1994 to 2011
* Adolf Dallapozza (born 1940), tenor in opera, operetta and musical theatre at the Vienna Volksoper[59]
* Ottavia Piccolo (born 1949), theatre and film actress [60]
* Matteo Thun (born 1952), an architect and designer
* Andrea Bonatta (born 1952), pianist and conductor
* Franz Fischnaller (born 1954), new media artist and transdisciplinary researcher
* Cuno Tarfusser (born 1954), former judge of the International Criminal Court
* Lilli Gruber (born 1957), journalist, former politician and TV talk show host
* Marco Bergamo (1966-2017) the Monster of Bolzano, an Italian serial killer
* Sergio Azzolini (born 1967) bassoonist and music conductor
* Anna Unterberger (born 1985) actress [61]

Sport
Tania Cagnotto, 2009

* Paula Wiesinger (1907-2001), mountaineer, ski racer and restaurateur
* Erika Lechner (born 1947), luger, medallist at the 1968 Winter Olympics
* Hans Kammerlander (born 1956), mountaineer
* Antonella Bellutti (born 1968), racing cyclist and two-time Olympic champion in track cycling
* Gerda Weissensteiner (born 1969), luger and bobsleigh pilot, competed in six Winter Olympics, gold medallist in the women's singles luge at the 1994 Winter Olympics and bronze medallist in the two-woman bobsleigh at the 2006 Winter Olympics
* Ylenia Scapin (born 1975), judoka, won two Olympic medals in different weight classes in 1996 and 2000.
* Isolde Kostner (born 1975), Alpine skier, two bronze medals at the 1994 Winter Olympics and a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics
* Karen Putzer (born 1978), former alpine skier, bronze medallist at the 2002 Winter Olympics
* Andreas Seppi (born 1984), tennis player, has reached a career-high singles ranking of World Nr. 18.
* Manuela Gostner (born 1984), racing driver
* Tania Cagnotto (born 1985), world and European champion in diving, Olympic bronze and silver medallist
* Carolina Kostner (born 1987), figure skater, World Champion and Olympic bronze medalist
* Raphael Andergassen (born 1993), ice hockey player
* Alex Trivellato (born 1993), ice hockey player
* Peter Hochkofler (born 1994), ice hockey player
* Simone Giannelli (born 1996) , volleyball player

## International relations

[edit]

### Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy

Bolzano is twinned with:

* Erlangen, Germany[62]
* Koziatyn, Ukraine
* Maratea, Italy
* Sopron, Hungary

## See also

[edit]

* Italy portal
* European Union portal
* Cities portal

* History of South Tyrol
* Italianization of South Tyrol
* Jacob Anton Zallinger zum Thurn
* Radio Tandem
* Tyrol
* Bozner Blutsonntag

## References

[edit]

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13. ^ Pliny the Elder III.20
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15. ^ As reported by Paulus Diaconus in his Historia Langobardorum, V 36, ed. Georg Waitz, MGH Scriptores rerum Langobardicarum, Hannover 1878, p. 35: comes Baioariorum quem illi gravionem dicunt.
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20. ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Coolidge, William (1911). "Botzen". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 311.
21. ^ Ferdinand Troyer (1648). Bozner Chronik (Cronica der statt Botzen). Bozen.
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23. ^ a b "City of Bolzano publication" (PDF).
24. ^ Claudio Corradetti (2013). "Transitional Justice and the Idea of 'Autonomy Patriotism' in South Tyrol." "Un mondo senza stati è un mondo senza guerre". Politisch motivierte Gewalt im regionalen Kontext, ed. by Georg Grote, Hannes Obermair and Günther Rautz (EURAC book 60), Bozen–Bolzano, ISBN 978-88-88906-82-9, pp. 17–32, esp. p. 21.
25. ^ Mayr, Sabine; Obermair, Hannes (2014). "Sprechen über den Holocaust. Die jüdischen Opfer in Bozen — eine vorläufige Bilanz". Der Schlern. Der Schlern, 88,3, pp. 4–36. ISSN 0036-6145.
26. ^ Juliane Wetzel (1994). "Das Polizeidurchgangslager Bozen". Die vergessenen Lager, ed. by Wolfgang Benz and Barbara Distel (Dachauer Hefte, 5), Munich.
27. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946, Paris Peace Conference: Documents, Volume IV". Office of the Historian, US State Department. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
28. ^ "The UN's South Tyrol Resolution". House of Austrian History. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
29. ^ Danspeckgruber, Wolfgang F. (2002). The Self-Determination of Peoples: Community, Nation, and State in an Interdependent World. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 193\. ISBN 1555877931.
30. ^ Anthony Alcock. "The South Tyrol Autonomy. A Short Introduction" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2007.
31. ^ Matscher, Franz (2017). "Der Weg zur Streitbeilegungserklärung zwischen Österreich und Italien von 1992". Europäisches Journal für Minderheitenfragen. 10 (3–4): 322–327. doi:10.35998/ejm-2017-0017. S2CID 257062867. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
32. ^ "Dalai Lama erhielt Südtiroler Minderheitenpreis". STOL. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2014. (in German)
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34. ^ "Competence". Messe Bozen. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
35. ^ "Research". www.unibz.it.
36. ^ "Über uns". Eurac Research. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
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38. ^ "Fraunhofer Italia". Fraunhofer Italia. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
39. ^ Phillips, Walter Alison Phillips (1911). "Walther von der Vogelweide" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 299–300.
40. ^ "Home | Permanent Exhibition Monument To Victory". www.monumenttovictory.com.
41. ^ Obermair, Hannes (2017), "Monuments and the City—an almost inextricable entanglement", in Matthias Fink; et al. (eds.), 'Multiple Identitäten in einer "glokalen Welt"—Identità multiple in un "mondo glocale"—Multiple identities in a "glocal world", Bozen-Bolzano: Eurac Research, pp. 88–99, ISBN 978-88-98857-35-7
42. ^ "Siegesdenkmal: eine Dokumentations-Ausstellung". Gemeinde Bozen. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
43. ^ Obermair 2017.
44. ^ "Römerzeitliche Fundstelle im Grieserhof als Museum zugänglich". suedtirolnews.it. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
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48. ^ "Funivia del Renon / Rittner Seilbahn". 27 October 2011.
49. ^ "TD35 Ritten / Renon" (in Italian).
50. ^ Sampaolo, Diego (2010-01-01). Three-peat for Soi in Bolzano. IAAF. Retrieved on 20 May 2010.
51. ^ Sampaolo, Diego (2008-12-31). Soi and Kibet at the double? Boclassic preview. IAAF. Retrieved on 20 May 2010.
52. ^ German Wiki, Annette von Menz
53. ^ German Wiki, Karl Theodor Hoeniger
54. ^ IMDb Database retrieved 22 June 2019
55. ^ German Wiki, Christian Hess
56. ^ IMDb Database retrieved 22 June 2019
57. ^ Italian Wiki, Alcide Berloffa
58. ^ IMDb Database retrieved 22 June 2019
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62. ^ "Bozen wird neue Partnerstadt von Erlangen". nordbayern.de. Retrieved 28 June 2018.

## Bibliography

[edit]

See also: Bibliography of the history of Bolzano

## External links

[edit]

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* Bolzano Tourist Board Official website

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