Bonaventure

Italian theologian (1221–1274)

This article is about the Italian medieval theologian. For other uses, see Bonaventure (disambiguation).

Saint

Bonaventure

OFM

17th-century portrait of Bonaventure by French painter and friar Claude François

Friar
Cardinal Bishop of Albano
Doctor of the Church
Seraphic Doctor
Teacher of the Faith
Born| Giovanni di Fidanza
1221
Civita di Bagnoregio, Latium, Papal States
Died| 15 July 1274(1274-07-15) (aged 52–53)
Lyon, Lyonnais, Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles
Venerated in| Catholic Church
Church of England
Canonized| 14 April 1482, Rome by Pope Sixtus IV
Feast| 15 July
Attributes| Cardinal's hat on a bush; ciborium; Holy Communion; cardinal in Franciscan robes, usually reading or writing
Other names| Doctor Seraphicus ("Seraphic Doctor")
Education
Alma mater| University of Paris
Philosophical work
Era| Medieval philosophy
Region| Western philosophy
School| Scholasticism
Augustinianism
Neoplatonism[1][2]
Philosophical realism
Medieval realism (moderate realism)
Institutions| University of Paris
Main interests| Metaphysics
Notable ideas| Bonaventure's version of Anselm of Canterbury's ontological argument
Exemplarism
Illuminationism
Ecclesiastical career
Religion| Christianity
Church| Catholic Church

Offices held

| Cardinal-Bishop of Albano

Ordination history

| History

Episcopal consecration

Consecrated by| Pope Gregory X
Date| 11 November 1273
Place| Lyon, Archdiocese of Lyon, France

Cardinalate

Elevated by| Pope Gregory X
Date| 3 June 1273

Source(s):[5]
Part of a series on

Scholasticism

Schools

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Major works

* Summa Theologica
* Cur Deus Homo
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* Summa logicae
* Opus Oxoniense
* Libri Quattuor Sententiarum

Precursors

* Augustine of Hippo
* Boethius
* Pope Gregory I
* Alcuin of York
* John Scotus Eriugena

Philosophers

* Anselm of Canterbury ("Doctor Marianus")
* Peter Abelard ("Doctor Scholasticus")
* Peter Lombard ("The Master")
* Averroes ("The Commentator")
* Maimonides ("Rabbi Moses")
* Albertus Magnus ("Doctor Universalis")
* Thomas Aquinas ("Doctor Angelicus")
* Bonaventure ("Doctor Seraphicus")
* Duns Scotus ("Doctor Subtilis")
* William of Ockham ("Doctor Invincibilis")
* Francisco Suárez ("Doctor Eximius")

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Bonaventure OFM (/ˈbɒnəvɛntʃər, ˌbɒnəˈvɛntʃər/ BON-ə-ven-chər, -⁠VEN-; Italian: Bonaventura da Bagnoregio Italian pronunciation: [ˌbɔnavenˈtuːra da (b)baɲɲoˈrɛːdʒo]; Latin: Bonaventura de Balneoregio; born Giovanni di Fidanza; 1221 – 15 July 1274)[6] was an Italian Catholic Franciscan bishop, cardinal, scholastic theologian and philosopher.

The seventh Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor, he also served for a time as Bishop of Albano. He was canonised on 14 April 1482 by Pope Sixtus IV and declared a Doctor of the Church in 1588 by Pope Sixtus V, becoming known as the "Seraphic Doctor" (Latin: Doctor Seraphicus). His feast day is 15 July.

Many writings from the Middle Ages once attributed to him have been subsequently re-classified under the name "Pseudo-Bonaventure".

## Life

[edit]

He was born at Civita di Bagnoregio, not far from Viterbo, then part of the Papal States. Almost nothing is known of his childhood, other than the names of his parents, Giovanni di Fidanza and Maria di Ritella.[7][8] Bonaventure reports that in his youth he was saved from an untimely death by the prayers of Francis of Assisi, which is the primary motivation for Bonaventure's writing the vita.[9]

He entered the Franciscan Order in 1243 and studied at the University of Paris, possibly under Alexander of Hales, and certainly under Alexander's successor, John of Rochelle.[10] In 1253 he held the Franciscan chair at Paris. A dispute between seculars and mendicants delayed his reception as Master until 1257, where his degree was taken in friendship with Thomas Aquinas.[11] Bonaventure also met and was a friend of the cardinal Hugh of Saint-Cher,[12] from whom he was influenced.[13]

Three years earlier his fame had earned him the position of lecturer on The Four Books of Sentences—a book of theology written by Peter Lombard in the twelfth century—and in 1255 he received the degree of master, the medieval equivalent of doctor.[10]

After having successfully defended his order against the reproaches of the anti-mendicant party, he was elected Minister General of the Franciscan Order. On 24 November 1265, he was selected for the post of Archbishop of York; however, he was never consecrated and resigned the appointment in October 1266.[14]

During his tenure, the General Chapter of Narbonne, held in 1260, promulgated a decree prohibiting the publication of any work out of the order without permission from superiors. This prohibition has induced modern writers to pass severe judgment upon Roger Bacon's superiors, who were assumed to be envious of Bacon's abilities. However, the prohibition enjoined on Bacon was a general one, which extended to the whole order. Its promulgation was not directed against him, but rather against Gerard of Borgo San Donnino. In 1254 Gerard had published without permission a work, Introductorius in Evangelium æternum (An Introduction to the Eternal Gospel) that was judged heretical within a year. Thereupon the General Chapter of Narbonne promulgated their decree, identical with the "constitutio gravis in contrarium" Bacon speaks of. The prohibition was rescinded in Roger's favor unexpectedly in 1266.[15]

Bonaventure's coat of arms of Cardinal Bishop of Albano

Bonaventure was instrumental in procuring the election of Pope Gregory X, who rewarded him with the title of Cardinal Bishop of Albano, and insisted on his presence at the great Second Council of Lyon in 1274.[10] There, after his significant contributions led to a union of the Greek and Latin churches, Bonaventure died suddenly and under suspicious circumstances. The 1913 edition of the Catholic Encyclopedia has citations that suggest he was poisoned, but no mention is made of this in the 2003 second edition of the New Catholic Encyclopedia.

He steered the Franciscans on a moderate and intellectual course that made them the most prominent order in the Catholic Church until the coming of the Jesuits. His theology was marked by an attempt completely to integrate faith and reason. He thought of Christ as the "one true master" who offers humans knowledge that begins in faith, is developed through rational understanding, and is perfected by mystical union with God.[16]

### Relics

[edit]

In the year 1434, 160 years after his death, his body was moved to a new church that was considered more fitting. Upon doing so, the head was found to be entirely incorrupt. "The hair, lips, teeth, and tongue were perfectly preserved and retained their natural colour. The people of Lyon were profoundly affected by this miracle, and they chose Bonaventure for the patron of their city. The movement, already afoot, to obtain his canonization received thereby a new and powerful impetus." However, a century later in 1562, the city of Lyon was captured by Huguenots, who burned Bonaventure's body in the public square. In the 19th century, during the "dechristianization of France" during the French Revolution, the urn containing the incorrupt head was hidden, after which the church was razed to the ground. The urn has never been recovered.[17] The only extant relic of Bonaventure is the arm and hand with which he wrote his Commentary on the Sentences, which is now conserved at Bagnoregio, in the parish church of St. Nicholas.[18]

## Theology and works

[edit]

Legenda maior, 1477

### Writings

[edit]

Bonaventure was formally canonised in 1482 by the Franciscan Pope Sixtus IV, and ranked along with Thomas Aquinas as the greatest of the Doctors of the Church by another Franciscan, Pope Sixtus V, in 1587. Bonaventure was regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of the Middle Ages.[19] His works, as arranged in the most recent Critical Edition by the Quaracchi Fathers (Collegio S. Bonaventura), consist of a Commentary on the Sentences of Lombard, in four volumes, and eight other volumes, including a Commentary on the Gospel of St Luke and a number of smaller works; the most famous of which are The Mind's Road to God (Itinerarium mentis in Deum), an outline of his theology or Brief Reading (Breviloquium), Reduction of the Arts to Theology (De reductione artium ad theologiam), and Soliloquy on the Four Spiritual Exercises (Soliloquium de quatuor mentalibus exercitiis), The Tree of Life (Lignum vitae), and The Triple Way (De Triplici via), the latter three written for the spiritual direction of his fellow Franciscans.[citation needed]

The German philosopher Dieter Hattrup denies that Reduction of the Arts to Theology was written by Bonaventure, claiming that the style of thinking does not match Bonaventure's original style.[20] His position is no longer tenable given recent research: the text remains "indubitably authentic".[21][22]

A work that for many years was falsely attributed to Bonaventure, De septem itineribus aeternitatis, was actually written by Rudolf von Biberach (c. 1270 – 1329).[23]

For Isabelle of France, the sister of King Louis IX of France, and her monastery of Poor Clares at Longchamps, Bonaventure wrote the treatise Concerning the Perfection of Life.[6]

The Commentary on the Sentences, written at the command of his superiors when he was twenty-seven,[19] is Bonaventure's major work and most of his other theological and philosophical writings are in some way dependent on it. However, some of Bonaventure's later works, such as the Lectures on the Six Days of Creation, show substantial developments beyond the Sentences.[24][25]

### Philosophy

[edit]

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Bonaventure wrote on almost every subject treated by the Scholastics and his writings are substantial. A great number of them deal with faith in Christ, God and theology. No work of Bonaventure's is exclusively philosophical, a striking illustration of the mutual interpenetration of philosophy and theology that is a distinguishing mark of the Scholastic period.[19]

Much of Bonaventure's philosophical thought shows a considerable influence by Augustine of Hippo, so much so that De Wulf considers him the best medieval representative of Augustinianism. Bonaventure adds Aristotelian principles to the Augustinian doctrine, especially in connection with the illumination of the intellect and the composition of human beings and other living creatures in terms of matter and form.[26] Augustine, who had introduced into the west many of the doctrines that would define scholastic philosophy, was a critically important source of Bonaventure's Platonism. The mystic pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite was another notable influence.

In philosophy, Bonaventure presents a marked contrast to his contemporaries, Roger Bacon, Albert the Great, and Thomas Aquinas. While these may be taken as representing, respectively, physical science yet in its infancy, and Aristotelian scholasticism in its most perfect form, Bonaventure presents the mystical and Platonizing mode of speculation that had already, to some extent, found expression in Hugo and Richard of St. Victor, Alexander of Hales, and in Bernard of Clairvaux. To him, the purely intellectual element, though never absent, is of inferior interest when compared with the living power of the affections or the heart.[10]

Bonaventure receives the envoys of the Byzantine Emperor at the Second Council of Lyon.

Like Thomas Aquinas, with whom he shared numerous profound agreements in matters theological and philosophical, he combated the Aristotelian notion of the eternity of the world vigorously (though he disagreed with Aquinas about the abstract possibility of an eternal universe). Bonaventure accepts the general Christian Neoplatonic doctrine, found in Augustine and pseudo-Dionysius, that "forms" do not exist as subsistent entities, but as ideals, predefinitions, archetypes, or in Bonaventure's words: "exemplars", in the mind of God, according to which actual things were formed. This conception has no slight influence upon his philosophy. Physicist and philosopher Max Bernhard Weinstein described Bonaventure as a "half-mystic" and wrote that he showed "strong pandeistic inclinations".[27]

### Theology

[edit]

Emanationism, exemplarism, and consummation are explicitly listed by Bonaventure as the core principles of theology, all of which are heavily Platonic themes and carry equally Platonic subtopics and discussions but yet are all rooted in the second Person of the Trinity, the Son, incarnate as Jesus Christ, who is the 'principio' of divine exemplars, from which creation emanates and by which creation is made intelligible and which creation finds as its goal.[28] Creation is two-fold, expressing the divine truth, the divine exemplar in the Word of God; it "speaks" of that which it is the likeness and subsists in itself and in the Son.[29] Bonaventure's mature work, the Collationes in Hexaemeron, takes exemplarism, drawn out from his transformation of Platonic Realism, as the basis for vital points of Christian theological dogma: God's love of creation, God's foreknowledge, providence and divine governance, the unconstrained but perfect will of God, divine justice and the devil, the immortality of and uniqueness of human soul, and the goodness and beauty of creation. This also serves as his repudiation of Avicennan peripatetic necessitarianism and pure Aristotelian identified by the Greek Fathers, if left uncorrected by Plato and Revelation which teach the same thing under different modes.[30]

> Upon [rejection of exemplarism], there follows another [error], that is, that God has neither foreknowledge nor providence, since He does not have within Himself a rational justification of things by which He could know them. They also say that there are no truths concerning the future except that of necessary things. And from this it follows that all things come about either by chance or by necessity. And since it is impossible that things come about by chance, the Arabs conclude to absolute necessity, that is, that these substances that move the globe are the necessary causes of all things. From this it follows that truth is hidden, that is, the truth of government of worldly things in terms of pain and glory. If, indeed, these substances are inerrant movers, nothing is supposed concerning hell or the existence of the devil: neither did Aristotle ever suppose the existence of the devil, nor happiness after this life, as it appears. Here, then, there is a threefold error: a concealment of exemplarity, of divine providence and of world government.[31]

Like all the great scholastic doctors, Bonaventure starts with the discussion of the relations between reason and faith. All the sciences are but the handmaids of theology; reason can discover some of the moral truths that form the groundwork of the Christian system, but other truths can only be received and apprehended through divine illumination. To obtain this illumination, the soul must employ the proper means, which are prayer; the exercise of the virtues, whereby it is rendered fit to accept the divine light; and meditation that may rise even to ecstatic union with God. The supreme end of life is a union in contemplation or intellect or intense absorbing love; but it cannot be entirely reached in this life, and remains as a hope for the future.[10]

Like Aquinas and other notable thirteenth-century philosophers and theologians, Bonaventure believed that it is possible to logically prove the existence of God and the immortality of the soul. In fact, unlike Aquinas, Bonaventure holds that reason can demonstrate the beginning of the world.[32][33] He offers several arguments for the existence of God, including versions of Anselm of Canterbury's ontological argument and Augustine's argument from eternal truths. His main argument for the immortality of the soul appeals to humans' natural desire for perfect happiness, and is reflected in C. S. Lewis's argument from desire. Contrary to Aquinas, Bonaventure did not believe that philosophy was an autonomous discipline that could be pursued successfully independently of theology. Any philosopher is bound to fall into serious error, he believed, who lacks the light of faith.[34]

A master of the memorable phrase, Bonaventure held that philosophy opens the mind to at least three different routes humans can take on their journey to God. Non-intellectual material creatures he conceived as shadows and vestiges (literally, footprints) of God, understood as the ultimate cause of a world that philosophical reason can prove was created at a first moment in time. Intellectual creatures he conceived of as images and likenesses of God, the workings of the human mind and will leading us to God understood as illuminator of knowledge and donor of grace and virtue. The final route to God is the route of being, in which Bonaventure brought Anselm's argument together with Aristotelian and Neoplatonic metaphysics to view God as the absolutely perfect being whose essence entails its existence, an absolutely simple being that causes all other, composite beings to exist.[16]

Bonaventure's thoughts on our ability to see the Trinity in creation, lost or hampered in the Fall,[35] are recorded and praised by Pope Francis in his encyclical letter, Laudato si':

> Saint Bonaventure went so far as to say that human beings, before sin, were able to see how each creature "testifies that God is three". The reflection of the Trinity was there to be recognized in nature "when that book was open to man and our eyes had not yet become darkened". [Bonaventure] teaches us that each creature bears in itself a specifically Trinitarian structure, so real that it could be readily contemplated if only the human gaze were not so partial, dark and fragile. In this way, he points out to us the challenge of trying to read reality in a Trinitarian key.[36]

Bonaventure, however, is not only a meditative thinker, whose works may form good manuals of devotion; he is a dogmatic theologian of high rank, and on all the disputed questions of scholastic thought, such as universals, matter, seminal reasons, the principle of individuation, or the intellectus agens, he gives weighty and well-reasoned decisions. He agrees with Albert the Great in regarding theology as a practical science; its truths, according to his view, are peculiarly adapted to influence the affections. He discusses very carefully the nature and meaning of the divine attributes; considers universals to be the ideal forms pre-existing in the divine mind according to which things were shaped; holds matter to be pure potentiality that receives individual being and determinateness from the formative power of God, acting according to the ideas; and finally maintains that the agent intellect has no separate existence. On these and on many other points of scholastic philosophy the "Seraphic Doctor" exhibits a combination of subtlety and moderation, which makes his works particularly valuable.[10]

In form and intent the work of Bonaventure is always the work of a theologian; he writes as one for whom the only angle of vision and the proximate criterion of truth is the Christian faith. This fact affects his importance as a philosopher; when coupled with his style, it makes Bonaventure perhaps the least accessible of the major figures of the thirteenth century. This is true because philosophy interests him largely as a praeparatio evangelica, as something to be interpreted as a foreshadow of or deviation from what God has revealed.[37]

## Canonisation

[edit]

Bonaventure's feast day was included in the General Roman Calendar immediately upon his canonisation in 1482. It was at first celebrated on the second Sunday in July, but was moved in 1568 to 14 July, since 15 July, the anniversary of his death, was at that time taken up with the feast of Saint Henry. It remained on that date, with the rank of "double", until 1960, when it was reclassified as a feast of the third class. In 1969 it was classified as an obligatory memorial and assigned to the date of his death, 15 July.[38]

He is the patron saint of bowel disorders.[39][40]

Bonaventure is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 15 July.[41]

## Places, churches, and schools named in his honour

[edit]

### Europe

[edit]

Italy

* St. Bonaventure's Church with convent of CC. Capuchin friars in Albano Laziale, founded 1619
* St. Bonaventure's Church in Bagnoregio, founded 1632
* Concathedral of SS Nicolaus, Donatus and Bonaventura in Bagnoregio
* St. Bonaventure's Church in Napoli
* St. Bonaventure's Church in Nulvi
* St. Bonaventure Hermit's Church with convent of Sisters Francescans in Padova
* St. Bonaventura al Palatino Church in Rome
* San Bonaventura da Bagnoregio Church in Rome
* Santa Croce e San Bonaventura alla Pilotta Church in Rome
* St. Bonaventure's Church in Venezia

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2025)

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other countries

* St. Bonaventure's Cathedral in Banja Luka, (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
* St. Bonaventure's Church with former school in Mladá Boleslav, (Czech Republic)
* Église Saint-Bonaventure in Lyon, (France)
* St. Bonaventure's Church in Mühlen, (Germany)
* St. Bonaventure's Church in Steinfeld, (Germany)
* Sankt Bonaventur und Hl. Kreuz Kirche in Solingen, (Germany)

United Kingdom

* St Bonaventure's Catholic School, in Forest Gate, London, England
* St Bonaventure's Catholic Church, and Primary School in Bishopston, Bristol.
* St Bonaventure's Catholic Church, in Welwyn Garden City, England
* St Bonaventure's Local Missionary Area (the Catholic Parishes of Wythenshawe) in Wythenshawe, England
* St. Bonaventure's Roman Catholic Church in Glasgow, (Scotland)

### schools

[edit]

* Pontifical University of St. Bonaventure in Rome in the Italy
* St. Bonaventura College is a Catholic high school in Leiden in the Netherlands.

### United States

[edit]

* St. Bonaventure University, a Franciscan university, in Allegany, New York
* Mission San Buenaventura and the City of Ventura, California, officially named San Buenaventura
* St. Bonaventure High School in Ventura, California, United States
* St. Bonaventure Catholic Church in Chicago, Illinois
* St. Bonaventure Monastery, a complex of religious buildings, built for the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, located in Detroit, Michigan. Solanus Casey served here as the monastery porter from 1924 to 1946, meeting visitors at the friary door. The site is a popular pilgrimage site for Metro Detroit Catholics.
* Bonaventure Hall, in Sacred Heart Parish Catholic School, in Patterson, California, United States
* Bonaventure Residence Hall, in Viterbo University, in La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States
* Buenaventura Boulevard in Redding, California
* St. Bonaventure Parish in Huntington Beach, California
* San Buenaventura de los Tres Arrollos, a lost settlement in the far NE of Custer County, Colorado
* San Buenaventura de Cochiti built in 1628 in [Pueblo de Cochiti, New Mexico] who remains the patron saint for Native American Village who celebrate on 14 July
* St. Bonaventure-St. Benedict the Moor (combined) parish, Jamaica, New York
* St. Bonaventure Church, in Paterson, New Jersey.
* San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, a fictional hospital that serves as a setting in American TV show The Good Doctor
* St. Bonaventure Catholic Church, Davie, Florida
* St. Bonaventure Catholic Church, elementary school, and cemetery, Columbus, Nebraska
* St. Bonaventure Church, in Allegany, New York
* St. Bonaventure Church, in Glenshaw, Pennsylvania
* St. Bonaventure Catholic Community and Church, in Bloomington, Minnesota
* St. Bonaventure Catholic Parish and School, in Huntington Beach, California
* St. Bonaventure Catholic Church in Concord, California
* St. Bonaventure Parish, in Plymouth, Massachusetts

### Canada

[edit]

* The town of Bonaventure, Quebec, Canada
* Bonaventure Highway in Quebec
* Place Bonaventure and the adjacent Bonaventure Metro Station in Montreal, Quebec
* Bonaventure Island and the Bonaventure River in the Gaspé Peninsula Region of Quebec
* St. Bonaventure's College, a private Roman Catholic school, in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
* St Bonaventure Catholic School, at Edwards Gardens, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
* St. Bonaventure School, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
* St. Bonaventure Parish, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
* Lake Bonaventure, in the community of Lake Bonavista, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
* St. Bonaventure Parish, Tracadie Cross, in Prince Edward Island, Canada

Bonaventure Drive/Bonaventure public school, in London, Ontario, Canada

* Bonaventure Place, Debert Nova Scotia

### Philippines

[edit]

* St. Bonaventure Parish, Mauban, Quezon is the oldest settlement in the Philippines to have been placed under the protection of El Serafico Padre Doctor San Buenaventura in 1599. In 1647, an image of St. Bonaventure was miraculously found on a branch of a Malauban tree. In this same year, the priest formally recognized San Buenaventura as Patron del Pueblo de Mauban. It is recorded in the writings of Fray Huertas that in 1759 an unknown man wearing the colors of San Buenaventura defended the town from a moro attack. The people of Mauban have since regarded this as a miracle of their Santo Patron. The largest bell in Mauban that was recast in 1843 is named after San Buenaventura and is rung during the Consecration, Angelus and Plegaria.
* St. Bonaventure chapel or Capilla de San Buenaventura in St. John the Baptist Parish, Liliw, Laguna, Philippines, erected in honor of the Seraphic Doctor, San Buenaventura because of the 1664 miracle were tears of blood were seen flowing from the eyes of the venerated image, which was witnessed by the Cura Parroco, Padre Juan Pastor and 120 witnesses; in recognition of this miracle, the first major bell in the church of Lilio was dedicated in honor of San Buenaventura
* Barangay San Buenaventura, a village in San Pablo City, Philippines. Three small chapels can be found within the village in honour of Saint Bonaventura. The oldest chapel and the original image of Saint Bonaventura is located in Purok-3 Chapel
* St. Bonaventure Parish, Balangkayan Eastern Samar, Philippines
* San Buenaventura, barangay in the Municipality of Buhi, Camarines Sur, Philippines. Has a chapel dedicated to the namesake saint.
* St. Bonaventure Chapel in Barangay San Buenaventura, Luisiana, Laguna.
* St. Bonaventure Chapel in Barangay San Bueno, Sampaloc, Quezon.
* St. Bonaventure Parish, Talavera, Toledo City, Cebu
* Bonaventure Colleges of Sorsogon in the town of Irosin, Sorsogon.

### Latin America

[edit]

* The Municipality of Buenaventura on the Pacific Coast of Colombia
* The cities of San Buenaventura in Chihuahua, San Buenaventura in Coahuila, and San Buenaventura in the state of Mexico, all in Mexico

### Southern Asia

[edit]

* St. Bonaventure's Church, a 16th-century Portuguese church is situated on the beach in Erangal near Mumbai. The annual Erangal Feast held on second Sunday of January, celebrating the Feast day of St. Bonaventure, attracts thousands of people of all faiths to this scenic spot. The Feast day of St. Bonaventure is celebrated on 15 July every year.
* St Bonaventure's High School, a school in Hyderabad, Pakistan

## Works

[edit]

* Bonaventure Texts in Translation Series, St. Bonaventure, NY, Franciscan Institute Publications (15 volumes):
* On the Reduction of the Arts to Theology, Translation, Introduction and Commentary by Zachary Hayes, OFM, vol. 1, 1996.
* Journey of the Soul into God - Itinerarium Mentis in Deum translation and Introduction by Zachary Hayes, OFM, and Philotheus Boehner, OFM, vol. 2, 2002. ISBN 978-1-57659-044-7
* Disputed Questions on the Mystery of the Trinity, translated by Zachary Hayes, vol. 3, 1979. ISBN 978-1-57659-045-4.
* Disputed Questions on the Knowledge of Christ, translated by Zachary Hayes, vol. 4, 1992.
* Writings Concerning the Franciscan Order, translated by Dominic V. Monti, OFM, vol. 5, 1994.
* Collations on the Ten Commandments, translated by Paul Spaeth, vol. 6, 1995.
* Commentary on Ecclesiastes, translated by Campion Murray and Robert J. Karris, vol. 7, 2005.
* Commentary on the Gospel of Luke, translated by Robert J. Karris (3 vols), vol. 8, 2001–4.
* Breviloquium, translated by Dominic V. Monti, OFM, vol. 9, 2005.
* Writings on the Spiritual Life, [includes translations of The Threefold Way, On the Perfection of Life, On Governing the Soul, and The Soliloquium: A Dialogue on the Four Spiritual Exercises, the prologue to the Commentary on Book II of the Sentences of Peter Lombard and three short sermons: On the Way of Life, On Holy Saturday, and On the Monday after Palm Sunday, vol. 10, 2006.]
* Commentary on the Gospel of John, translated by Robert J. Karris, vol. 11, 2007.
* The Sunday sermons of St. Bonaventure, edited and translated by Timothy J. Johnson, vol. 12, 2008.
* Disputed questions on evangelical perfection, edited and translated by Thomas Reist and Robert J. Karris, vol. 13, 2008.
* Collations on the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit, introduced and translated by Zachary Hayes, vol. 14, 2008.
* Defense of the mendicants, translated by Jose de Vinck and Robert J. Karris, vol. 15, 2010.
* The Life of Christ translated and edited by William Henry Hutchings, 1881.
* The Journey of the Mind into God [Itinerarium mentis in Deum]. Indianapolis: Hackett. 1993. ISBN 978-0-8722-0200-9.
* On the Reduction of the Arts to Theology (De Reductione Artium ad Theologiam), translated by Zachary Hayes, Saint Bonaventure, NY: Franciscan Institute, 1996. ISBN 978-1-57659-043-0
* Bringing forth Christ: five feasts of the child Jesus, translated by Eric Doyle, Oxford: SLG Press, 1984.
* The soul's journey into God; The tree of life; The life of St. Francis. Translated by Cousins, Ewert (The Classics of Western Spirituality ed.). Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press. 1978. ISBN 0-8091-2121-2.
* The Mystical Vine: a Treatise on the Passion of Our Lord, translated by a friar of SSF, London: Mowbray, 1955.
* Life of St Francis of Assisi, TAN Books, 2010. ISBN 978-0-89555-151-1

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Bonaventure on the Neoplatonic Hierarchy of Virtues - Medieval Philosophy". Wilmington For Christ. 17 December 2020.
2. ^ "Bonaventure (c.1217–74) - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy". www.rep.routledge.com.
3. ^ "Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109)", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2006, retrieved 10 November 2017
4. ^ "Bonaventure - On the Necessity of Being - Introduction". bartholomew.stanford.edu.
5. ^ "St. Bonaventura (Giovanni) Cardinal [Catholic-Hierarchy]".
6. ^ a b M. Walsh, ed. (1991). Butler's Lives of the Saints. New York: HarperCollins. p. 216. ISBN 9780060692995.
7. ^ Robinson, Paschal (1907). "St. Bonaventure". In Catholic Encyclopedia. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
8. ^ Hammond, Jay M. (2003). "Bonaventure, St.". In Marthaler, Bernard L. (ed.). New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2 (2nd. ed.). Detroit: Thomson/Gale in association with the Catholic University of America. p. 479\. ISBN 0-7876-4006-9.
9. ^ Bonaventure (1904). The Life of Saint Francis. London: J. M. Dent and Co. p. prol. 3.
10. ^ a b c d e f Adamson, Robert (1911). "Bonaventura, Saint". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 4. (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 197-198.
11. ^ Knowles, David (1988). The Evolution of Medieval Thought (2nd ed.). Edinburgh Gate: Longman Group. ISBN 978-0-394-70246-9.
12. ^ Taddeo di Bartolo, Thomas exposes the Corpus Christi liturgy to Urban IV, 1403, MusArt Philadelphia. Inspired by the panel by Ugolino di Prete Ilario in Corporal Chapel of the Cathedral of Orvieto (1357), which was derived from the tile in the reliquary of Ugolino di Vieri (1338). Cf. Manglaviti, Silvio. SAN TOMMASO D'AQUINO AD ORVIETO COLONNA TEOLOGICA DI PAPA URBANO IV NELL'ISTITUZIONE DEL CORPUS DOMINI. p. 1. Retrieved 1 April 2025. `{{cite book}}`: `|website=` ignored (help). In 1250 Bonaventura pronounced the Sermo de Santissimo Corpore Christi in Germany, which Pope Urban IV also made him preach at the Consistory of Orvieto (1264).
13. ^ On the Commentary on the Gospel of St. Luke, Bonaventure has only four scripture citations in common with Hugh of St. Cher: Isaiah 58:7; John 14:2;. Proverbs 9:1; Matthew 21:13. Twenty distinctiones (of a total of thirty-six) were adapted from Hugh of St. Cher's commentary. Cf. Robert J. Karris (2002). "St. Bonaventure use of distinctiones: his independence of and dependence on Hugh of St. Cher". Franciscan Studies. 60. St. Bonaventure University - Franciscan Institute Publications: 209–250\. doi:10.1353/frc.2002.0013. JSTOR 41975302. OCLC 5183714551.
14. ^ Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 282\. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
15. ^ Witzel, Theophilus (1912). "Roger Bacon". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13\. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
16. ^ a b Noone, Tim; Houser, R. E. (2010). "Saint Bonaventure". plato.stanford.edu.
17. ^ Costelloe, Laurence. "Saint Bonaventure". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
18. ^ Laurence Costelloe (1911). Saint Bonaventure: The Seraphic Doctor, Minister-general of the Franciscan Order, Cardinal Bishop of Albano. Longmans, Green & Company. p. 54.
19. ^ a b c Robinson, Paschal (1907). "St. Bonaventure". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2\. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
20. ^ Hattrup, Dieter (1993). Ekstatik der Geschichte. Die Entwicklung der christologischen Erkenntnistheorie Bonaventuras (in German). Paderborn: Schöningh. ISBN 3-506-76273-7.
21. ^ Schlosser, Marianne (2013). "Bonaventure: Life and Works". In Hammond, Jay M.; Hellmann, J. A. Wayne; Goff, Jared (eds.). A Companion to Bonaventure. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Boston: Brill. p. 12\. n.7. ISBN 978-90-04-26072-6. "This treatise has always been recognized as indubitably authentic. A few years ago, Dieter Hattrup voiced his doubts: 'Bonaventura zwischen Mystik und Mystifikation. Wer ist der Autor von De reductione?' Theologie und Glaube 87 (1997): 541–562. However, the recent research of Joshua Benson indicates the text's authenticity: 'Identifying the Literary Genre of the De reductione artium ad theologiam: Bonaventure's Inaugural Lecture at Paris', Franciscan Studies 67 (2009): 149–178."
22. ^ Benson, Joshua C. (2009). "Identifying the Literary Genre of the "De reductione artium ad theologiam": Bonaventure's Inaugural Lecture at Paris". Franciscan Studies. 67 (1). Franciscan Institute Publications: 149–178\. doi:10.1353/frc.0.0031. JSTOR i40092600. S2CID 191451067.
23. ^ Hindsley, Leonard P. (March 1990). "Reviewed Work: De septem itinerabus aeternitatis. Mystik in Geschichte und Gegenwart, Abteilung I, Christliche Mystik Band 1 & 2 by Rudolf von Biberach, edited and translated by Margot Schmidt". Mystics Quarterly. 16 (1). Penn State University Press: 48–50\. JSTOR 20716971.
24. ^ Ratzinger, J. (1971) Theology of History in St. Bonaventure, trans. Zachary Hayes, Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press
25. ^ White, J. (2011). "St. Bonaventure and the problem of doctrinal development". American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly. 85 (1): 177–202\. doi:10.5840/acpq201185110.
26. ^ "Brother John Raymond, "The Theory of Illumination in St. Bonaventure"". Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
27. ^ Max Bernhard Weinsten, Welt- und Lebensanschauungen, Hervorgegangen aus Religion, Philosophie und Naturerkenntnis (World and Life Views, Emerging from Religion, Philosophy and Perception of Nature) (1910), page 303: "Andere Ganz- oder Halbmystiker, wie den Alanus (gegen 1200), seinerzeit ein großes Kirchenlicht und für die unseligen Waldenser von verhängnisvoller Bedeutung, den Bonaventura (1221 im Kirchenstaate geboren), der eine Reise des Geistes zu Gott geschrieben hat und stark pandeistische Neigungen zeigt, den Franzosen Johann Gersan (zu Gersan bei Rheims 1363 geboren) usf., übergehen wir, es kommt Neues nicht zum Vorschein."
28. ^ Cullen, Christopher M. (2006). "4. Natural Philosophy". Bonaventure. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 60\. ISBN 0-19-514925-4.
29. ^ (St. Bonaventure, In I Sent., d. 39 a. I q. I ad 3)
30. ^ St. Bonaventure - Collationes in Hexaemeron, Collatio VI. De Visione Prima, Tractatio Tertia, 1-8
31. ^ St. Bonaventure - Collationes in Hexaemeron, Collatio VI. De Visione Prima, Tractatio Tertia, 2
32. ^ "Cosmological Argument". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2022.
33. ^ Davis, Richard (August 1996). "Bonaventure and the Arguments for the Impossibility of an Infinite Temporal Regression". American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly. 70 (3): 361–380\. doi:10.5840/acpq199670335.
34. ^ Frederick Copleston, A History of Philosophy, vol. 2 (Westminster, MD: Newman Press, 1950), p. 248.
35. ^ Bonaventure, Disputed Questions on the Mystery of the Trinity, 1, 2 concl.
36. ^ Pope Francis, Laudato si', paragraph 239, published 24 May 2015, accessed 27 May 2024
37. ^ http://maritain.nd.edu/jmc/etext/hwp219.htm McInerny, Ralph, A History of Western Philosophy, Vol.II, Chapter 5, "St. Bonaventure: the Man and His Work", Jacques Maritain Center, Notre Dame University.
38. ^ Calendarium Romanum. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 1969. pp. 97, 130.
39. ^ Online, Catholic. "Patron Saints A-Z - Saints & Angels". Catholic Online. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
40. ^ Craughwell, T.J. (2016). Heaven Help Us: 300 Patron Saints to Call Upon for Every Occasion. Book Sales. p. 72\. ISBN 978-0-7858-3465-6. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
41. ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Wolter, Allan B. (1967). "Bonaventure, St. (C. 1217–1274)". In Paul Edwards (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Vol. I. New York: MacMillan. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
* Fr. Laurence Costelloe, O.F.M: Saint Bonaventure: The Seraphic Doctor Minister-General of the Franciscan Order at Project Gutenberg
* Hammond, Jay M. (2003). "Bonaventure, St.". In Marthaler, Bernard L. (ed.). New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2 (2nd. ed.). Detroit: Thomson/Gale in association with the Catholic University of America. pp. 479–493\. ISBN 0-7876-4006-9.
* Hammond, Jay M.; Hellmann, J.A. Wayne; Goff, Jared, eds. (2013). A Companion to Bonaventure. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-26072-6.
* LaNave, Gregory F. "Bonaventure", in Paul L. Gavrilyuk and Sarah Coakley (eds.), The Spiritual Senses: Perceiving God in Western Christianity, Cambridge: Cambridge, University of Cambridge, 2011, 159–173.
* Quinn, John Francis (1973). The Historical Constitution of St. Bonaventure's Philosophy. Toronto: Pontificial Institute of Mediaeval Studies.
* Tavard, George Henry. From Bonaventure to the Reformers, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2005 (Marquette Studies in Theology). ISBN 0-87462-695-1 ISBN 9780874626957.
* Tim Noone and R. E. Houser, "Saint Bonaventure." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* Dales, D. J. (2017). Divine Remaking: St Bonaventure & the Gospel of Luke. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. ISBN 978-0227176535.
* Dales, D. J. (2019). Way back to God: the Spiritual Theology of St Bonaventure. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. ISBN 978-0227176931.
* [in Italian] General index of the academic journal Doctor Seraphicus from 1954 to 2019

## External links

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English Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Bonaventure

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bonaventure.

Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Scriptor:Bonaventura

Wikiquote has quotations related to Bonaventure.

* Manselli, Raoul (1969). "BONAVENTURA da Bagnoregio, santo". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 11: Boccadibue–Bonetti (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-88-12-00032-6.
* John Francis Quinn, Bonaventure at the Encyclopædia Britannica
* Bonaventure, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
* MS 2/3 Meditationes super Genesim; Novella materia super septem peccatis capitalibus at OPenn
* Noone, Tim; Houser, R. E. "Saint Bonaventure". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* Adamson, Robert (1911). "Bonaventura, Saint" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 197–198.
* St Bonaventure from the Franciscan Archive.
* S Bonaventura: Opera Omnia Peltiero Edente (Latin original texts).
* Colonnade Statue St Peter's Square
* Works by Bonaventure at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
* Works of Boaventura (Saint) at the National Library of Portugal

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* Michael in the Catholic Church
* Raphael

Confessors|

* Anatolius
* Anthony of Kiev
* Athanasius the Confessor
* Chariton the Confessor
* Dominic
* Edward the Confessor
* Francis of Assisi
* Francis Borgia
* Homobonus
* John Henry Newman
* Lazarus Zographos
* Louis Bertrand
* Martin de Porres
* Martin of Tours
* Maximus the Confessor
* Michael of Synnada
* Paphnutius the Confessor
* Paul I of Constantinople
* Peter Claver
* Salonius
* Sergius of Radonezh
* Theophanes the Confessor
* Pio of Pietrelcina

Disciples|

* Apollos
* Mary of Bethany
* Mary Magdalene
* Priscilla and Aquila
* Silvanus
* Stephen
* Timothy
* Titus
* Seventy disciples

Doctors of the Church|

* Gregory the Great
* Ambrose
* Augustine of Hippo
* Jerome
* John Chrysostom
* Basil of Caesarea
* Gregory of Nazianzus
* Athanasius of Alexandria
* Cyril of Alexandria
* Cyril of Jerusalem
* John of Damascus
* Bede the Venerable
* Ephrem the Syrian
* Thomas Aquinas
* Bonaventure
* Anselm of Canterbury
* Isidore of Seville
* Peter Chrysologus
* Leo the Great
* Peter Damian
* Bernard of Clairvaux
* Hilary of Poitiers
* Alphonsus Liguori
* Francis de Sales
* Peter Canisius
* John of the Cross
* Robert Bellarmine
* Albertus Magnus
* Anthony of Padua
* Lawrence of Brindisi
* Teresa of Ávila
* Catherine of Siena
* Thérèse of Lisieux
* John of Ávila
* Hildegard of Bingen
* Gregory of Narek
* Irenaeus
* John Henry Newman

Evangelists|

* Matthew
* Mark
* Luke
* John

Church
Fathers|

* Alexander of Alexandria
* Alexander of Jerusalem
* Ambrose of Milan
* Anatolius
* Athanasius of Alexandria
* Augustine of Hippo
* Caesarius of Arles
* Caius
* Cappadocian Fathers
* Clement of Alexandria
* Clement of Rome
* Cyprian of Carthage
* Cyril of Alexandria
* Cyril of Jerusalem
* Damasus I
* Desert Fathers
* Desert Mothers
* Dionysius of Alexandria
* Dionysius of Corinth
* Dionysius
* Ephrem the Syrian
* Epiphanius of Salamis
* Fulgentius of Ruspe
* Gregory the Great
* Gregory of Nazianzus
* Gregory of Nyssa
* Hilary of Poitiers
* Hippolytus of Rome
* Ignatius of Antioch
* Irenaeus of Lyons
* Isidore of Seville
* Jerome of Stridonium
* John Chrysostom
* John of Damascus
* Maximus the Confessor
* Melito of Sardis
* Quadratus of Athens
* Papias of Hierapolis
* Peter Chrysologus
* Polycarp of Smyrna
* Theophilus of Antioch
* Victorinus of Pettau
* Vincent of Lérins
* Zephyrinus

Martyrs|

* Abda and Abdisho
* Boris and Gleb
* Charles de Foucauld
* Canadian Martyrs
* Carthusian Martyrs
* Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala
* Christina of Persia
* Dominguito del Val
* Devasahayam Pillai
* Dismas the Good Thief
* Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
* Four Crowned Martyrs
* Gerard of Csanád
* Great Martyr
* The Holy Innocents
* Irish Martyrs
* John Fisher
* Korean Martyrs
* Lorenzo Ruiz
* Martyrs of Lübeck
* Luigi Versiglia
* Martyrology
* Martyrs of Albania
* Martyrs of Algeria
* Martyrs of Cajonos
* Martyrs of Compiègne
* Martyrs of Drina
* Martyrs of China
* Martyrs of Gorkum
* Martyrs of Japan
* 21 Martyrs of Libya
* Martyrs of La Rioja
* Martyrs of Damascus
* Martyrs of Laos
* Martyrs of Natal
* Martyrs of Otranto
* Martyrs of Prague
* Martyrs of Sandomierz
* Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
* Martyrs of Zenta
* Maximilian Kolbe
* Óscar Romero
* Pedro Calungsod
* Perpetua and Felicity
* Peter Chanel
* Pietro Parenzo
* Philomena
* Saints of the Cristero War
* Stephen
* Teresa Benedicta of the Cross
* Titus Brandsma
* 17 Thomasian Martyrs
* Thomas Becket
* Thomas More
* Three Martyrs of Chimbote
* Ulma Family
* Uganda Martyrs
* Vietnamese Martyrs
* Valentine of Rome
* Victor and Corona
* Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia

Missionaries|

* Ansgar
* Augustine of Canterbury
* Boniface
* Cyril and Methodius
* Damien of Molokai
* Evermode of Ratzeburg
* Francis Xavier
* François de Laval
* Gregory the Illuminator
* Junípero Serra
* Nino of Georgia
* Patrick of Ireland
* Remigius
* Sava of Serbia

Patriarchs|

* Adam
* Abel
* Abraham
* Isaac
* Jacob
* Joseph
* Joseph (father of Jesus)
* David
* Noah
* Solomon
* Matriarchs

Popes|

* Adeodatus I
* Adeodatus II
* Adrian III
* Agapetus I
* Agatho
* Alexander I
* Anacletus
* Anastasius I
* Anicetus
* Anterus
* Benedict II
* Boniface I
* Boniface IV
* Caius
* Callixtus I
* Celestine I
* Celestine V
* Clement I
* Cornelius
* Damasus I
* Dionysius
* Eleuterus
* Eugene I
* Eusebius
* Eutychian
* Evaristus
* Fabian
* Felix I
* Felix III
* Felix IV
* Gelasius I
* Gregory I
* Gregory II
* Gregory III
* Gregory VII
* Hilarius
* Hormisdas
* Hyginus
* Innocent I
* John I
* John XXIII
* John Paul II
* Julius I
* Leo I
* Leo II
* Leo III
* Leo IV
* Leo IX
* Linus
* Lucius I
* Marcellinus
* Marcellus I
* Mark
* Martin I
* Miltiades
* Nicholas I
* Paschal I
* Paul I
* Paul VI
* Peter
* Pius I
* Pius V
* Pius X
* Pontian
* Sergius I
* Silverius
* Simplicius
* Siricius
* Sixtus I
* Sixtus II
* Sixtus III
* Soter
* Stephen I
* Stephen IV
* Sylvester I
* Symmachus
* Telesphorus
* Urban I
* Victor I
* Vitalian
* Zachary
* Zephyrinus
* Zosimus

Prophets|

* Agabus
* Amos
* Anna
* Baruch ben Neriah
* David
* Elijah
* Ezekiel
* Habakkuk
* Haggai
* Hosea
* Isaiah
* Jeremiah
* Job
* Joel
* John the Baptist
* Jonah
* Judas Barsabbas
* Malachi
* Melchizedek
* Micah
* Moses
* Nahum
* Obadiah
* Samuel
* Seven Maccabees and their mother
* Simeon
* Zechariah (prophet)
* Zechariah (NT)
* Zephaniah

Virgins|

* Agatha of Sicily
* Agnes of Rome
* Angela of the Cross
* Æthelthryth
* Bernadette Soubirous
* Catherine of Bologna
* Brigid of Kildare
* Catherine Labouré
* Catherine of Siena
* Cecilia
* Clare of Assisi
* Eulalia of Mérida
* Euphemia
* Faustina Kowalska
* Faustina and Liberata of Como
* Genevieve
* Hiltrude of Liessies
* Joan of Arc
* Josephine Bakhita
* Kateri Tekakwitha
* Lucy of Syracuse
* Maria Goretti
* María de las Maravillas de Jesús
* Narcisa de Jesús
* Patricia of Naples
* Rosalia
* Rose of Lima
* Teresa of the Andes
* Teresa of Calcutta
* Trasilla and Emiliana
* Ubaldesca Taccini

See also|

* Calendar of saints
* Four Holy Marshals
* Fourteen Holy Helpers
* Martyr of charity
* Military saints
* Athleta Christi
* Miles Christianus
* Church Militant
* Seven Champions
* Venerated couples
* Virtuous pagan

* Catholic Church portal
* Saints portal

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* 2
* BnF data
* 2
* Japan
* Italy
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Portugal
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Croatia
* Chile
* Greece
* Korea
* Sweden
* Poland
* Vatican
* Israel
* Finland
* Catalonia

Academics|

* CiNii

People|

* Trove
* Italian People
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC
* RISM
* Yale LUX

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