Brahmic scripts

For the earlier script from which all of the Brahmic scripts derived, see Brahmi script.

Family of abugida writing systems

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Writing systems

Abjad

Arabic

Hebrew

Abugida

Canadian syllabics

Ethiopic

North Indic

South Indic

Thaana

Alphabetical

Armenian

Cyrillic

Georgian

Greek

Latin

Mongolian

Neo-Tifinagh

Osage

Logographic

Hanzi

Syllabic

Cherokee

Hybrids

Japanese (Logographic and syllabic)

Hangul (Alphabetic and syllabic)

* v
* t
* e

Brahmic scripts

The Brahmi script and its descendants

Northern Brahmic

* Gupta
* Sharada
* Landa
* Gurmukhi
* Khojki
* Khudabadi
* Multani
* Mahajani
* Takri
* Dogri
* Kamarupi
* Siddham
* Nagari
* Devanagari
* Gujarati
* Modi
* Nandinagari
* Kaithi
* Sylheti Nagri
* Gaudi
* Bengali–Assamese
* Bengali
* Assamese
* Tirhuta
* Odia
* Nepalese
* Bhujimol
* Ranjana
* Soyombo
* Pracalit
* Tibetan
* Meitei
* Lepcha
* Limbu
* Khema
* Phagspa
* Zanabazar square
* Marchen
* Marchung
* Pungs-chen
* Pungs-chung
* Drusha
* Tamyig
* Kalinga
* Bhaiksuki
* Tocharian

Southern Brahmic

* Bhattiprolu
* Tamil-Brahmi
* Pallava
* Tamil
* Grantha
* Malayalam
* Tigalari
* Dhives Akuru
* Saurashtra
* Sinhala
* Khmer
* Khom Thai
* Proto-Tai script?
* Sukhothai
* Thai
* Fakkham
* Thai Noi
* Lao
* Tai Viet
* Dai Don
* Lai Tay
* Lai Pao
* Cham
* Kawi
* Balinese
* Batak
* Buda
* Javanese
* Old Sundanese
* Sundanese
* Lontara
* Makasar
* Ulu scripts
* Incung
* Lampung
* Lembak
* Ogan
* Pasemah
* Rejang
* Serawai
* Baybayin
* Buhid
* Hanunoo
* Tagbanwa
* Kulitan
* Mon–Burmese
* Burmese
* Chakma
* Western Pwo Karen
* S'gaw Karen
* Shan
* Tanchangya
* Lik-Tai scripts
* Ahom
* Khamti
* Tai Le
* Modern Mon
* Tai Tham
* New Tai Lue
* Pyu
* Vatteluttu
* Kolezhuthu
* Malayanma
* Kadamba
* Telugu-Kannada
* Kannada
* Goykanadi
* Telugu

* v
* t
* e

This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

History of the alphabet

* Egyptian hieroglyphs 32nd c. BCE
* Hieratic 32nd c. BCE
* Demotic 7th c. BCE
* Meroitic 3rd c. BCE
* Proto-Sinaitic 19th c. BCE
* Ugaritic 15th c. BCE
* Ancient South Arabian 9th c. BCE
* Geʽez c. 5th c. BCE
* Phoenician 12th c. BCE
* (see below)
* Hangul 1443
* Thaana c. 1601
* Adlam 1989

* * *

* Phoenician 12th c. BCE
* Paleo-Hebrew 10th c. BCE
* Samaritan 6th c. BCE
* Aramaic 8th c. BCE
* Unknown Kushan script 600–200 BCE
* Kharosthi 3rd c. BCE
* Brahmi 3rd c. BCE
* (Brahmic)
* Pallava 4th century
* Cham 4th century
* Dhives Akuru 6th century
* Khmer 611
* Tibetan 7th century
* ʼPhags-pa 1269
* Devanagari 10th century
* Canadian Aboriginal 1840
* Hebrew 3rd c. BCE
* Pahlavi 2nd c. BCE
* Avestan 4th century
* Palmyrene 1st c. BCE
* Nabataean 2nd c. BCE
* Arabic 4th century
* N'Ko 1949
* Syriac 1st century
* Sogdian 2nd century
* Old Turkic 8th century
* Old Hungarian c. 650
* Old Uyghur
* Mongolian 1204
* Mandaic 2nd century
* Greek 8th c. BCE
* Etruscan 8th c. BCE
* Latin 7th c. BCE
* Deseret 1854
* Great Lakes Algonquian 19th century
* Blackfoot 1888
* Fraser 1915
* Saanich 1978
* Osage 2006
* Runic 2nd century
* Ogham 4th century
* Lycian 5th c. BCE
* Coptic 3rd century
* Gothic 3rd century
* Armenian 405
* Caucasian Albanian c. 420
* Georgian c. 430
* Glagolitic 862
* Cyrillic c. 940
* Old Permic 1372
* Libyco-Berber 10th c. BCE
* Tifinagh 4th century
* Neo-Tifinagh 1970
* Paleohispanic 7th c. BCE

The Brahmic scripts, also known as Indic scripts, are a family of abugida writing systems. They are used throughout South Asia, Southeast Asia and parts of East Asia. They are descended from the Brahmi script of ancient India and are used by various languages in several language families in South, East and Southeast Asia: Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, Mongolic, Austroasiatic, Austronesian, and Tai. They were also the source of the dictionary order (gojūon) of Japanese kana.[1]

## History

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Brahmic scripts descended from the Brahmi script. Brahmi is clearly attested from the 3rd century BCE during the reign of Ashoka, who used the script for imperial edicts. Northern Brahmi gave rise to the Gupta script during the Gupta period, which in turn diversified into a number of cursives during the medieval period. Notable examples of such medieval scripts, developed by the 7th or 8th century, include Nagari, Siddham and Sharada.

The Siddhaṃ script was especially important in Buddhism, as many sutras were written in it. The art of Siddham calligraphy survives today in Japan. The tabular presentation and dictionary order of the modern kana system of Japanese writing is believed to be descended from the Indic scripts, most likely through the spread of Buddhism.[1]

Southern Brahmi evolved into the Kadamba, Pallava and Vatteluttu scripts, which in turn diversified into other scripts of South India and Southeast Asia. Brahmic scripts spread in a peaceful manner, Indianization, or the spread of Indian learning. The scripts spread naturally to Southeast Asia, at ports on trading routes.[2] At these trading posts, ancient inscriptions have been found in Sanskrit, using scripts that originated in India. At first, inscriptions were made in Indian languages, but later the scripts were used to write the local Southeast Asian languages. Hereafter, local varieties of the scripts were developed. By the 8th century, the scripts had diverged and separated into regional scripts.[3]

* A fragment of Ashoka's 6th pillar edict, in Brahmi, the ancestor of all Brahmic scripts

* Spread of Brahmic family of scripts (and Kharosthi) from the subcontinent.

## Characteristics

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Part of a series on

Calligraphy

By script

* Arabic
* Arabic
* Islamic
* Turkish
* Persian
* Brahmic
* Indian
* Tibetan
* Cyrillic
* Serbian
* Vyaz
* Georgian
* Hanzi-based
* Chinese
* Korean
* Japanese
* Vietnamese
* Latin
* Western
* Mongolian

Some characteristics, which are present in most but not all the scripts, are:

* Each consonant has an inherent vowel which is usually a short ‘ə’ (in Bengali, Assamese and Odia, the phoneme is /ɔ/ due to sound shifts). Other vowels are written by adding to the character. A mark, known in Sanskrit as a virama/halanta/hasanta, can be used to indicate the absence of an inherent vowel, although it is rarely used.
* Each vowel has two forms, an independent form when not attached to a consonant, and a dependent form, when attached to a consonant. Depending on the script, the dependent forms can be either placed to the left of, to the right of, above, below, or on both the left and the right sides of the base consonant.
* Consonants (up to 4 in Devanagari) can be combined in ligatures. Special marks are added to denote the combination of 'r' with another consonant.
* Nasalization and aspiration of a consonant's dependent vowel is also noted by separate signs.
* The alphabetical order is: vowels, velar consonants, palatal consonants, retroflex consonants, dental consonants, bilabial consonants, approximants, sibilants, and other consonants. Each consonant grouping had four stops (with all four possible values of voicing and aspiration), and a nasal consonant.

## Comparison

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Indic letters

Consonants
|  Ka|  Ca|  Ṭa|  Ta|  Pa|  Ya|  Śa

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Kha|  Cha|  Ṭha|  Tha|  Pha|  Ra|  Ṣa
Ga|  Ja|  Ḍa|  Da|  Ba|  La|  Sa
Gha|  Jha|  Ḍha|  Dha|  Bha|  Va|  Ha
Ṅa|  Ña|  Ṇa|  Na|  Ma| |
|  Ḷa|  Ḻa|  Ṟa| | |
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Vowels
|  A|  I|  U|  Ṛ|  Ḷ|  E|  O

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Ā|  Ī|  Ū|  Ṝ|  Ḹ|  Ai|  Au
Other marks

* Chandrabindu
* Anusvara
* Visarga
* Virama
* Nuqta
* Avagraha

Punctuation

* Daṇḍa

* v
* t
* e

Below are comparison charts of several of the major Indic scripts, organised on the principle that glyphs in the same column all derive from the same Brahmi glyph. Accordingly:

* The charts are not comprehensive. Glyphs may be unrepresented if they are later inventions not derived from any Brahmi character.
* The pronunciations of glyphs in the same column may not be identical. The pronunciation row is only representative; the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) pronunciation is given for Sanskrit where possible, or another language if necessary.

The transliteration is indicated in ISO 15919.

### Consonants

[edit]

ISO[a] | ka | kha | ga | gha | ṅa | ca | cha | ja | jha | ña | ṭa | ṭha | ḍa | ḍha | ṇa | ta | tha | da | dha | na | ṉa | pa | pha/fa | ba | bha | ma | ya | ẏa | ra | ṟa | la | ḷa | ḻa | va | śa | ṣa | sa | ha | kṣa | ṯa

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Ashoka Brahmi | 𑀓 | 𑀔 | 𑀕 | 𑀖 | 𑀗 | 𑀘 | 𑀙 | 𑀚 | 𑀛 | 𑀜 | 𑀝 | 𑀞 | 𑀟 | 𑀠 | 𑀡 | 𑀢 | 𑀣 | 𑀤 | 𑀥 | 𑀦 |  | 𑀧 | 𑀨 | 𑀩 | 𑀪 | 𑀫 | 𑀬 |  | 𑀭 |  | 𑀮 | 𑀴 |  | 𑀯 | 𑀰 | 𑀱 | 𑀲 | 𑀳 |  |
Devanagari | क | ख | ग | घ | ङ | च | छ | ज | झ | ञ | ट | ठ | ड | ढ | ण | त | थ | द | ध | न | ऩ | प | फ | ब | भ | म | य | य़ | र | ऱ | ल | ळ | ऴ | व | श | ष | स | ह | क्ष |
Bengali-
Assamese | ক | খ | গ | ঘ | ঙ | চ | ছ | জ | ঝ | ঞ | ট | ঠ | ড | ঢ | ণ | ত | থ | দ | ধ | ন |  | প | ফ | ব | ভ | ম | য | য় | র,ৰ |  | ল |  |  | ৱ | শ | ষ | স | হ | ক্ষ |
Sharada | 𑆑 | 𑆒 | 𑆓 | 𑆔 | 𑆕 | 𑆖 | 𑆗 | 𑆘 | 𑆙 | 𑆚 | 𑆛 | 𑆜 | 𑆝 | 𑆞 | 𑆟 | 𑆠 | 𑆡 | 𑆢 | 𑆣 | 𑆤 | 𑆤𑇊 | 𑆥 | 𑆦 | 𑆧 | 𑆨 | 𑆩 | 𑆪 | 𑆪𑇊 | 𑆫 | 𑆫𑇊 | 𑆬 | 𑆭 | 𑆭𑇊 | 𑆮 | 𑆯 | 𑆰 | 𑆱 | 𑆲 | 𑆑𑇀𑆰 |
Gurmukhi | ਕ | ਖ | ਗ | ਘ | ਙ | ਚ | ਛ | ਜ | ਝ | ਞ | ਟ | ਠ | ਡ | ਢ | ਣ | ਤ | ਥ | ਦ | ਧ | ਨ |  | ਪ | ਫ | ਬ | ਭ | ਮ | ਯ |  | ਰ |  | ਲ | ਲ਼ |  | ਵ | ਸ਼ |  | ਸ | ਹ |  |
Gujarati | ક | ખ | ગ | ઘ | ઙ | ચ | છ | જ | ઝ | ઞ | ટ | ઠ | ડ | ઢ | ણ | ત | થ | દ | ધ | ન |  | પ | ફ | બ | ભ | મ | ય |  | ર |  | લ | ળ |  | વ | શ | ષ | સ | હ | ક્ષ |
Odia | କ | ଖ | ଗ | ଘ | ଙ | ଚ | ଛ | ଜ | ଝ | ଞ | ଟ | ଠ | ଡ | ଢ | ଣ | ତ | ଥ | ଦ | ଧ | ନ |  | ପ | ଫ | ବ | ଭ | ମ | ଯ | ୟ | ର |  | ଲ | ଳ |  | ୱ | ଶ | ଷ | ସ | ହ | କ୍ଷ |
Grantha | 𑌕 | 𑌖 | 𑌗 | 𑌘 | 𑌙 | 𑌚 | 𑌛 | 𑌜 | 𑌝 | 𑌞 | 𑌟 | 𑌠 | 𑌡 | 𑌢 | 𑌣 | 𑌤 | 𑌥 | 𑌦 | 𑌧 | 𑌨 |  | 𑌪 | 𑌫 | 𑌬 | 𑌭 | 𑌮 | 𑌯 |  | 𑌰 |  | 𑌲 | 𑌳 |  | 𑌵 | 𑌶 | 𑌷 | 𑌸 | 𑌹 | 𑌕𑍍𑌷 |
Tamil | க |  |  |  | ங | ச |  | ஜ |  | ஞ | ட |  |  |  | ண | த |  |  |  | ந | ன | ப |  |  |  | ம | ய |  | ர | ற | ல | ள | ழ | வ | ஶ | ஷ | ஸ | ஹ | க்ஷ |
Telugu | క | ఖ | గ | ఘ | ఙ | చ | ఛ | జ | ఝ | ఞ | ట | ఠ | డ | ఢ | ణ | త | థ | ద | ధ | న | న఼ | ప | ఫ | బ | భ | మ | య | య఼ | ర | ఱ | ల | ళ | ఴ | వ | శ | ష | స | హ | క్ష |
Kannada | ಕ | ಖ | ಗ | ಘ | ಙ | ಚ | ಛ | ಜ | ಝ | ಞ | ಟ | ಠ | ಡ | ಢ | ಣ | ತ | ಥ | ದ | ಧ | ನ | ನ಼ | ಪ | ಫ | ಬ | ಭ | ಮ | ಯ | ಯ಼ | ರ | ಱ | ಲ | ಳ | ೞ | ವ | ಶ | ಷ | ಸ | ಹ | ಕ್ಷ |
Malayalam | ക | ഖ | ഗ | ഘ | ങ | ച | ഛ | ജ | ഝ | ഞ | ട | ഠ | ഡ | ഢ | ണ | ത | ഥ | ദ | ധ | ന | ഩ | പ | ഫ | ബ | ഭ | മ | യ |  | ര | റ | ല | ള | ഴ | വ | ശ | ഷ | സ | ഹ | ക്ഷ | ഺ
Sinhala | ක | ඛ | ග | ඝ | ඞ | ච | ඡ | ජ | ඣ | ඤ | ට | ඨ | ඩ | ඪ | ණ | ත | ථ | ද | ධ | න |  | ප | ඵ | බ | භ | ම | ය |  | ර |  | ල | ළ |  | ව | ශ | ෂ | ස | හ | ක්‍ෂ |
Tibetan | ཀ | ཁ | ག | གྷ | ང | ཅ | ཆ | ཇ | ཛྷ | ཉ | ཊ | ཋ | ཌ | ཌྷ | ཎ | ཏ | ཐ | ད | དྷ | ན |  | པ | ཕ | བ | བྷ | མ | ཡ |  | ར | ཬ[b] | ལ |  |  | ཝ | ཤ | ཥ | ས | ཧ |  |
ʼPhags-pa | ꡀ | ꡁ | ꡂ | ꡂꡜ | ꡃ | ꡄ | ꡅ | ꡆ | ꡆꡜ | ꡇ | ꡩ | ꡪ | ꡫ | ꡫꡜ | ꡬ | ꡈ | ꡉ | ꡊ | ꡊꡜ | ꡋ |  | ꡌ | ꡍ | ꡎ | ꡎꡜ | ꡏ | ꡗ |  | ꡘ |  | ꡙ |  |  | ꡓ | ꡚ |  | ꡛ | ꡜ |  |
Meitei Mayek[c] | ꯀ | ꯈ | ꯒ | ꯘ | ꯉ | ꯆ | ꫢ | ꯖ | ꯓ | ꫣ | ꫤ | ꫥ | ꫦ | ꫧ | ꫨ | ꯇ | ꯊ | ꯗ | ꯙ | ꯅ |  | ꯄ | ꯐ | ꯕ | ꯚ | ꯃ | ꯌ |  | ꯔ |  | ꯂ |  |  | ꯋ | ꫩ | ꫪ | ꯁ | ꯍ |  |
Lepcha | ᰀ | ᰂ | ᰃ |  | ᰅ | ᰆ | ᰇ | ᰈ |  | ᰉ | ᱍ | ᱎ | ᱏ |  |  | ᰊ | ᰋ | ᰌ |  | ᰍ |  | ᰎ | ᰐ | ᰓ |  | ᰕ | ᰚ |  | ᰛ |  | ᰜ |  |  | ᰟ | ᰡ | ᰡ᰷ | ᰠ | ᰝ |  |
Limbu | ᤁ | ᤂ | ᤃ | ᤄ | ᤅ | ᤆ | ᤇ | ᤈ | ᤉ | ᤊ |  |  |  |  |  | ᤋ | ᤌ | ᤍ | ᤎ | ᤏ |  | ᤐ | ᤑ | ᤒ | ᤓ | ᤔ | ᤕ |  | ᤖ |  | ᤗ |  |  | ᤘ | ᤙ | ᤚ | ᤛ | ᤜ |  |
Tirhuta | 𑒏 | 𑒐 | 𑒑 | 𑒒 | 𑒓 | 𑒔 | 𑒕 | 𑒖 | 𑒗 | 𑒘 | 𑒙 | 𑒚 | 𑒛 | 𑒜 | 𑒝 | 𑒞 | 𑒟 | 𑒠 | 𑒡 | 𑒢 |  | 𑒣 | 𑒤 | 𑒥 | 𑒦 | 𑒧 | 𑒨 |  | 𑒩 |  | 𑒪 |  |  |  | 𑒬 | 𑒭 | 𑒮 | 𑒯 |  |
Kaithi | 𑂍 | 𑂎 | 𑂏 | 𑂐 | 𑂑 | 𑂒 | 𑂓 | 𑂔 | 𑂕 | 𑂖 | 𑂗 | 𑂘 | 𑂙 | 𑂛 | 𑂝 | 𑂞 | 𑂟 | 𑂠 | 𑂡 | 𑂢 |  | 𑂣 | 𑂤 | 𑂥 | 𑂦 | 𑂧 | 𑂨 |  | 𑂩 |  | 𑂪 |  |  | 𑂫 | 𑂬 | 𑂭 | 𑂮 | 𑂯 |  |
Newa Prachalit | 𑐎 | 𑐏 | 𑐐 | 𑐑 | 𑐒 | 𑐔 | 𑐕 | 𑐖 | 𑐗 | 𑐘 | 𑐚 | 𑐛 | 𑐜 | 𑐝 | 𑐞 | 𑐟 | 𑐠 | 𑐡 | 𑐢 | 𑐣 | 𑐣𑑆 | 𑐥 | 𑐦 | 𑐧 | 𑐨 | 𑐩 | 𑐫 | 𑐫𑑆 | 𑐬 | 𑐬𑑆 | 𑐮 | 𑐮𑑆 | 𑐲𑑆 | 𑐰 | 𑐱 | 𑐲 | 𑐳 | 𑐴 | 𑐎𑑂𑐲 |
Sylheti Nagari | ꠇ | ꠈ | ꠉ | ꠊ |  | ꠌ | ꠍ | ꠎ | ꠏ |  | ꠐ | ꠑ | ꠒ | ꠓ |  | ꠔ | ꠕ | ꠖ | ꠗ | ꠘ |  | ꠙ | ꠚ | ꠛ | ꠜ | ꠝ |  |  | ꠞ |  | ꠟ |  |  |  |  |  | ꠡ | ꠢ |  |
Chakma[d] | 𑄇 | 𑄈 | 𑄉 | 𑄊 | 𑄋 | 𑄌 | 𑄍 | 𑄎 | 𑄏 | 𑄐 | 𑄑 | 𑄒 | 𑄓 | 𑄔 | 𑄕 | 𑄖 | 𑄗 | 𑄘 | 𑄙 | 𑄚 |  | 𑄛 | 𑄜 | 𑄝 | 𑄞 | 𑄟 | 𑄠 | 𑄡 | 𑄢 |  | 𑄣 | 𑅄 |  | 𑄤 |  |  | 𑄥 | 𑄦 |  |
Burmese | က | ခ | ဂ | ဃ | င | စ | ဆ | ဇ | ဈ | ဉ / ည | ဋ | ဌ | ဍ | ဎ | ဏ | တ | ထ | ဒ | ဓ | န |  | ပ | ဖ | ဗ | ဘ | မ | ယ |  | ရ |  | လ | ဠ |  | ဝ | ၐ | ၑ | သ | ဟ |  |
Tai Tham | ᨠ | ᨡ,ᨢ[e] | ᨣ,ᨤ[e] | ᨥ | ᨦ | ᨧ | ᨨ | ᨩ,ᨪ[e] | ᨫ | ᨬ | ᨭ | ᨮ | ᨯ | ᨰ | ᨱ | ᨲ | ᨳ | ᨴ | ᨵ | ᨶ |  | ᨷ,ᨸ[e] | ᨹ,ᨺ[e] | ᨻ,ᨼ[e] | ᨽ | ᨾ | ᨿ,ᩀ[e] |  | ᩁ |  | ᩃ | ᩊ |  | ᩅ | ᩆ | ᩇ | ᩈ | ᩉ,ᩌ[e] |  |
New Tai Lue | ᦂ | ᦃ | ᦅ,ᦆ[e] |  | ᦇ | ᦈ |  | ᦋ,ᦌ[e] |  |  |  |  | ᦡ,ᦤ[e] |  |  | ᦎ | ᦏ | ᦑ | ᦒ | ᦓ |  | ᦢ,ᦥ[e],ᦔ[e] | ᦕ,ᦚ[e] | ᦗ,ᦝ[e] | ᦘ | ᦙ | ᦍ,ᦊ[e] |  | ᦣ |  | ᦟ |  |  | ᦞ |  |  | ᦉ | ᦠ |  |
Khmer | ក | ខ | គ | ឃ | ង | ច | ឆ | ជ | ឈ | ញ | ដ | ឋ | ឌ | ឍ | ណ | ត | ថ | ទ | ធ | ន |  | ប | ផ | ព | ភ | ម | យ |  | រ |  | ល | ឡ |  | វ | ឝ | ឞ | ស | ហ |  |
Thai | ก | ข,(ฃ)[f] | ค,(ฅ)[f] | ฆ | ง | จ | ฉ | ช,(ซ)[f] | ฌ | ญ | ฎ,[f](ฏ) | ฐ | ฑ | ฒ | ณ | ด,[f](ต) | ถ | ท | ธ | น |  | ป,[f](บ) | ผ,(ฝ)[f] | พ,(ฟ)[f] | ภ | ม | ย |  | ร |  | ล | ฬ |  | ว | ศ | ษ | ส | ห,ฮ[f] |  |
Lao | ກ | ຂ | ຄ | ຆ[g] | ງ | ຈ | ຉ[g] | ຊ | ຌ[g] | ຎ[g] | ຏ[g] | ຐ[g] | ຑ[g] | ຒ[g] | ຓ[g] | ດ,ຕ | ຖ | ທ | ຘ[g] | ນ |  | ບ,ປ | ຜ,ຝ | ພ,ຟ | ຠ[g] | ມ | ຍ |  | ຣ |  | ລ | ຬ[g] |  | ວ | ຨ[g] | ຩ[g] | ສ | ຫ |  |
Cham | ꨆ | ꨇ | ꨈ | ꨉ | ꨋ | ꨌ | ꨍ | ꨎ | ꨏ | ꨑ |  |  |  |  |  | ꨓ | ꨔ | ꨕ | ꨖ | ꨘ |  | ꨚ | ꨜ | ꨝ | ꨞ | ꨠ | ꨢ |  | ꨣ |  | ꨤ |  |  | ꨥ |  | ꨦ | ꨧ | ꨨ |  |
Kawi | 𑼒 | 𑼓 | 𑼔 | 𑼕 | 𑼖 | 𑼗 | 𑼘 | 𑼙 | 𑼚 | 𑼛 | 𑼜 | 𑼝 | 𑼞 | 𑼟 | 𑼠 | 𑼡 | 𑼢 | 𑼣 | 𑼤 | 𑼥 | 𑼳 | 𑼦 | 𑼧 | 𑼨 | 𑼩 | 𑼪 | 𑼫 |  | 𑼬 |  | 𑼭 |  |  | 𑼮 | 𑼯 | 𑼰 | 𑼱 | 𑼲 |  |
Balinese | ᬓ | ᬔ | ᬕ | ᬖ | ᬗ | ᬘ | ᬙ | ᬚ | ᬛ | ᬜ | ᬝ | ᬞ | ᬟ | ᬠ | ᬡ | ᬢ | ᬣ | ᬤ | ᬥ | ᬦ | ᭌ | ᬧ | ᬨ | ᬩ | ᬪ | ᬫ | ᬬ |  | ᬭ |  | ᬮ |  |  | ᬯ | ᬰ | ᬱ | ᬲ | ᬳ |  |
Javanese[h] | ꦏ | ꦑ[h] | ꦒ | ꦓ[h] | ꦔ | ꦕ | ꦖ[h] | ꦗ | ꦙ[h] | ꦚ | ꦛ | ꦜ[h] | ꦝ | ꦞ[h] | ꦟ[h] | ꦠ | ꦡ[h] | ꦢ | ꦣ[h] | ꦤ | ꦘ | ꦥ | ꦦ[h] | ꦧ | ꦨ[h] | ꦩ | ꦪ |  | ꦫ |  | ꦭ |  |  | ꦮ | ꦯ[h] | ꦰ[h] | ꦱ | ꦲ |  |
Sundanese | ᮊ | ᮮ[i] | ᮌ |  | ᮍ | ᮎ |  | ᮏ |  | ᮑ |  |  |  |  |  | ᮒ |  | ᮓ |  | ᮔ |  | ᮕ |  | ᮘ | ᮽ[j] | ᮙ | ᮚ |  | ᮛ |  | ᮜ |  |  | ᮝ | ᮯ[k] |  | ᮞ | ᮠ |  |
Lontara | ᨀ |  | ᨁ |  | ᨂ | ᨌ |  | ᨍ |  | ᨎ |  |  |  |  |  | ᨈ |  | ᨉ |  | ᨊ |  | ᨄ |  | ᨅ |  | ᨆ | ᨐ |  | ᨑ |  | ᨒ |  |  | ᨓ |  |  | ᨔ | ᨕ |  |
Makasar | 𑻠 |  | 𑻡 |  | 𑻢 | 𑻩 |  | 𑻪 |  | 𑻫 |  |  |  |  |  | 𑻦 |  | 𑻧 |  | 𑻨 |  | 𑻣 |  | 𑻤 |  | 𑻥 | 𑻬 |  | 𑻭 |  | 𑻮 |  |  | 𑻯 |  |  | 𑻰 | 𑻱 |  |
Rejang | ꤰ |  | ꤱ |  | ꤲ | ꤹ |  | ꤺ |  | ꤻ |  |  |  |  |  | ꤳ |  | ꤴ |  | ꤵ |  | ꤶ |  | ꤷ |  | ꤸ | ꤿ |  | ꤽ |  | ꤾ |  |  | ꥀ |  |  | ꤼ | ꥁ |  |
Batak (Toba)  | ᯂ |  | ᯎ |  | ᯝ |  |  | ᯐ |  | ᯠ/ᯛ |  |  |  |  |  | ᯖ |  | ᯑ |  | ᯉ |  | ᯇ |  | ᯅ |  | ᯔ |  |  | ᯒ |  | ᯞ |  |  | ᯞ |  |  | ᯘ | ᯂ |  |
Baybayin | ᜃ |   | ᜄ |   | ᜅ |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | ᜆ |   | ᜇ |   | ᜈ |   | ᜉ |   | ᜊ |   | ᜋ | ᜌ |  | ᜇ / ᜍ |   | ᜎ |   |   | ᜏ |   |   | ᜐ | ᜑ |  |
Buhid | ᝃ |   | ᝄ |   | ᝅ |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | ᝆ |   | ᝇ |   | ᝈ |   | ᝉ |   | ᝊ |   | ᝋ | ᝌ |  | ᝍ |   | ᝎ |   |   | ᝏ |   |   | ᝐ | ᝑ |  |
Hanunuo | ᜣ |   | ᜤ |   | ᜥ |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | ᜦ |   | ᜧ |   | ᜨ |   | ᜩ |   | ᜪ |   | ᜫ | ᜬ |  | ᜭ |   | ᜮ |   |   | ᜯ |   |   | ᜰ | ᜱ |  |
Tagbanwa | ᝣ |   | ᝤ |   | ᝥ |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | ᝦ |   | ᝧ |   | ᝨ |   | ᝩ |   | ᝪ |   | ᝫ | ᝬ |  |   |   | ᝮ |   |   | ᝯ |   |   | ᝰ |   |   |
ISO | ka | kha | ga | gha | ṅa | ca | cha | ja | jha | ña | ṭa | ṭha | ḍa | ḍha | ṇa | ta | tha | da | dha | na | ṉa | pa | pha | ba | bha | ma | ya | ẏa | ra | ṟa | la | ḷa | ḻa | va | śa | ṣa | sa | ha | kṣa | ṯa

Notes

1. ^ This list tries to include characters of same origins, not same sounds. In Bengali র is pronounced as rô but it is originally va which is still used for wa sound in Mithilakshar and modern Assamese ৱ (wabbô) was derived from middle Assamese র (wô). Compare with জ (ja) য (ya) and য় (ẏ) which are pronounced as jô, jô and e̯ô in Bengali and zô, zô and yô in Assamese respectively. য is related to Devanagari य (ya) and it is still pronounced as "ya" in Mithilakshar. Since their sounds shifted, the dots were added to keep the original sounds.
2. ^ Letter used in Balti.
3. ^ includes supplementary consonants not in contemporary use
4. ^ inherent vowel is ā
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Modified forms of these letters are or were used for distinctions made in local language; these distinctions are not made for Sanskrit and Pali.
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Modified forms of these letters are or were used for distinctions made in Thai; these distinctions are not made for Sanskrit and Pali in the Thai script.
7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n These letters are obsolete, but were used mainly for Sanskrit and Pali in the Lao script.
8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Letters used in Old Javanese. They are now obsolete, but are used for honorifics in contemporary Javanese.
9. ^ Invented new character to represent the Arabic letter خ.
10. ^ Letter used in Old Sundanese. It is now obsolete.
11. ^ Invented new character. Actually to represent the Arabic letter ش, which has similar pronunciation with śa.

### Vowels

[edit]

Vowels are presented in their independent form on the left of each column, and in their corresponding dependent form (vowel sign) combined with the consonant k on the right. A glyph for ka is an independent consonant letter itself without any vowel sign, where the vowel a is inherent.

ISO | a | ā | ê | ô | i | ī | u | ū | e | ē | ai | o | ō | au | ə | r̥ | r̥̄[a] | l̥[a] | l̥̄[a] |  ṁ |  ḥ |

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a | ka | ā | kā | ê | kê | ô | kô | i | ki | ī | kī | u | ku | ū | kū | e | ke | ē | kē | ai | kai | o | ko | ō | kō | au | kau  | ə | kə | r̥ | kr̥ | r̥̄ | kr̥̄ | l̥ | kl̥ | l̥̄ | kl̥̄ | aṁ | kaṁ | aḥ | kaḥ | k
Ashoka Brahmi  | 𑀅 | 𑀓 | 𑀆 | 𑀓𑀸 |   |   |   |   | 𑀇 | 𑀓𑀺 | 𑀈 | 𑀓𑀻 | 𑀉 | 𑀓𑀼 | 𑀊 | 𑀓𑀽 |   |   | 𑀏 | 𑀓𑁂 | 𑀐 | 𑀓𑁃 |   |   | 𑀑 | 𑀓𑁄 | 𑀒 | 𑀓𑁅  |   |   | 𑀋 | 𑀓𑀾 | 𑀌 | 𑀓𑀿 | 𑀍 | 𑀓𑁀 | 𑀎 | 𑀓𑁁 | 𑀅𑀁 | 𑀓𑀁 | 𑀅𑀂 | 𑀓𑀂 | 𑀓𑁆
Devanagari  | अ | क | आ | का | ॲ | कॅ | ऑ | कॉ | इ | कि | ई | की | उ | कु | ऊ | कू | ऎ | कॆ | ए | के | ऐ | कै | ऒ | कॊ | ओ | को | औ | कौ  |   |   | ऋ | कृ | ॠ | कॄ | ऌ | कॢ | ॡ | कॣ | अं | कं | अः | कः  | क्
Bengali-
Assamese  | অ | ক | আ | কা | অ্যা | ক্যা |   |   | ই | কি | ঈ | কী | উ | কু | ঊ | কূ |   |   | এ | কে | ঐ | কৈ |   |   | ও | কো | ঔ | কৌ  |   |   | ঋ | কৃ | ৠ | কৄ | ঌ | কৢ | ৡ | কৣ | অং | কং | অঃ | কঃ | ক্
Gujarati  | અ | ક | આ | કા | ઍ | કૅ | ઑ | કૉ | ઇ | કિ | ઈ | કી | ઉ | કુ | ઊ | કૂ |   |   | એ | કે | ઐ | કૈ |   |   | ઓ | કો | ઔ | કૌ  |   |   | ઋ | કૃ | ૠ | કૄ | ઌ | કૢ | ૡ | કૣ | અં | કં | અઃ | કઃ | ક્,ક્‍
Odia  | ଅ | କ | ଆ | କା |   |   |   |   | ଇ | କି | ଈ | କୀ | ଉ | କୁ | ଊ | କୂ |   |   | ଏ | କେ | ଐ | କୈ |   |   | ଓ | କୋ | ଔ | କୌ  |   |   | ଋ | କୃ | ୠ | କୄ | ଌ | କୢ | ୡ | କୣ | ଅଂ | କଂ | ଅଃ | କଃ | କ୍
Gurmukhi  | ਅ | ਕ | ਆ | ਕਾ |   |   |   |   | ਇ | ਕਿ | ਈ | ਕੀ | ਉ | ਕੁ | ਊ | ਕੂ |   |   | ਏ | ਕੇ | ਐ | ਕੈ |   |   | ਓ | ਕੋ | ਔ | ਕੌ  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | ਅਂ | ਕਂ | ਅਃ | ਕਃ | ਕ੍
Meitei Mayek[b] | ꯑ | ꯀ | ꯑꯥ | ꯀꯥ |   |   |   |   | ꯏ | ꯀꯤ | ꯑꫫ | ꯀꫫ | ꯎ | ꯀꯨ | ꯑꫬ | ꯀꫬ |   |   | ꯑꯦ | ꯀꯦ | ꯑꯩ | ꯀꯩ |   |   | ꯑꯣ | ꯀꯣ | ꯑꯧ | ꯀꯧ  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | ꯑꯪ | ꯀꯪ | ꯑꫵ | ꯀꫵ | ꯛ
Tibetan[c] | ཨ | ཀ | ཨཱ | ཀཱ |   |   |   |   | ཨི | ཀི | ཨཱི | ཀཱི | ཨུ | ཀུ | ཨཱུ | ཀཱུ |   |   | ཨེ | ཀེ | ཨཻ | ཀཻ |   |   | ཨོ | ཀོ | ཨཽ | ཀཽ  |   |   | རྀ | ཀྲྀ | རཱྀ | ཀཷ | ལྀ | ཀླྀ | ལཱྀ | ཀླཱྀ | ཨཾ | ཀཾ | ཨཿ | ཀཿ | ཀ྄
Lepcha[c] | ᰣ | ᰀ | ᰣᰦ | ᰀᰦ |   |   |   |   | ᰣᰧ | ᰀᰧ | ᰣᰧᰶ | ᰀᰧᰶ | ᰣᰪ | ᰀᰪ | ᰣᰫ | ᰀᰫ |   |   | ᰣᰬ | ᰀᰬ |   |   |   |   | ᰣᰨ | ᰀᰨ | ᰣᰩ | ᰀᰩ  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | ᰣᰴ | ᰀᰴ |   |   |
Limbu[c] | ᤀ | ᤁ | ᤀᤠ | ᤁᤠ |   |   |   |   | ᤀᤡ | ᤁᤡ | ᤀᤡ᤺ | ᤁᤡ᤺ | ᤀᤢ | ᤁᤢ | ᤀᤢ᤺ | ᤁᤢ᤺ | ᤀᤧ | ᤁᤧ | ᤀᤣ | ᤁᤣ | ᤀᤤ | ᤁᤤ | ᤀᤨ | ᤁᤨ | ᤀᤥ | ᤁᤥ | ᤀᤦ | ᤁᤦ  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | ᤀᤲ | ᤁᤲ |   |   | ᤁ᤻
Tirhuta  | 𑒁 | 𑒏 | 𑒂 | 𑒏𑒰 |   |   |   |   | 𑒃 | 𑒏𑒱 | 𑒄 | 𑒏𑒲 | 𑒅 | 𑒏𑒳 | 𑒆 | 𑒏𑒴 |   | 𑒏𑒺 | 𑒋 | 𑒏𑒹 | 𑒌 | 𑒏𑒻 |   | 𑒏𑒽 | 𑒍 | 𑒏𑒼 | 𑒎 | 𑒏𑒾  |   |   | 𑒇 | 𑒏𑒵 | 𑒈 | 𑒏𑒶 | 𑒉 | 𑒏𑒷 | 𑒊 | 𑒏𑒸 | 𑒁𑓀 | 𑒏𑓀 | 𑒁𑓁 | 𑒏𑓁 | 𑒏𑓂
Kaithi  | 𑂃 | 𑂍 | 𑂄 | 𑂍𑂰 |   |   |   |   | 𑂅 | 𑂍𑂱 | 𑂆 | 𑂍𑂲 | 𑂇 | 𑂍𑂳 | 𑂈 | 𑂍𑂴 |   |   | 𑂉 | 𑂍𑂵 | 𑂊 | 𑂍𑂶 |   |   | 𑂋 | 𑂍𑂷 | 𑂌 | 𑂍𑂸  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 𑂃𑂁 | 𑂍𑂁 | 𑂃𑂂 | 𑂍𑂂 | 𑂍𑂹
Newa Prachalit  | 𑐀 | 𑐎 | 𑐁 | 𑐎𑐵 |   |   |   |   | 𑐂 | 𑐎𑐶 | 𑐃 | 𑐎𑐷 | 𑐄 | 𑐎𑐸 | 𑐅 | 𑐎𑐹 |   |   | 𑐊 | 𑐎𑐾 | 𑐋 | 𑐎𑐿 |   |   | 𑐌 | 𑐎𑑀 | 𑐍 | 𑐎𑑁  |  |  | 𑐆 | 𑐎𑐺 | 𑐇 | 𑐎𑐻 | 𑐈 | 𑐎𑐼 | 𑐉 | 𑐎𑐽 | 𑐀𑑄 | 𑐎𑑄 | 𑐀𑑅 | 𑐎𑑅  | 𑐎𑑂
Sylheti Nagari  |   | ꠇ | ꠀ | ꠇꠣ |   |   |   |   | ꠁ | ꠇꠤ |   |   | ꠃ | ꠇꠥ |   |   |   |   | ꠄ | ꠇꠦ | ꠅꠂ | ꠇꠂ |   |   | ꠅ | ꠇꠧ |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | ꠀꠋ | ꠇꠋ |   |   | ꠇ꠆
Tamil  | அ | க | ஆ | கா |   |   |   |   | இ | கி | ஈ | கீ | உ | கு | ஊ | கூ | எ | கெ | ஏ | கே | ஐ | கை | ஒ | கொ | ஓ | கோ | ஔ | கௌ  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | அஂ | கஂ | அஃ | கஃ | க்
Kannada  | ಅ | ಕ | ಆ | ಕಾ |   |   |   |   | ಇ | ಕಿ | ಈ | ಕೀ | ಉ | ಕು | ಊ | ಕೂ | ಎ | ಕೆ | ಏ | ಕೇ | ಐ | ಕೈ | ಒ | ಕೊ | ಓ | ಕೋ | ಔ | ಕೌ  |   |   | ಋ | ಕೃ | ೠ | ಕೄ | ಌ | ಕೢ | ೡ | ಕೣ | అం | ಕಂ | అః | ಕಃ | ಕ್
Telugu  | అ | క | ఆ | కా |   |   |   |   | ఇ | కి | ఈ | కీ | ఉ | కు | ఊ | కూ | ఎ | కె | ఏ | కే | ఐ | కై | ఒ | కొ | ఓ | కో | ఔ | కౌ  |   |   | ఋ | కృ | ౠ | కౄ | ఌ | కౢ | ౡ | కౣ | అం | కం | అః | కః | క్
Sinhala  | අ | ක | ආ | කා | ඇ | කැ | ඈ | කෑ | ඉ | කි | ඊ | කී | උ | කු | ඌ | කූ | එ | කෙ | ඒ | කේ | ඓ | කෛ | ඔ | කො | ඕ | කෝ | ඖ | කෞ  |   |   | ඍ | කෘ | ඎ | කෲ | ඏ | කෟ | ඐ | කෳ | අං | කං | අඃ | කඃ | ක්
Malayalam  | അ | ക | ആ | കാ |   |   |   |   | ഇ | കി | ഈ | കീ | ഉ | കു | ഊ | കൂ | എ | കെ | ഏ | കേ | ഐ | കൈ | ഒ | കൊ | ഓ | കോ | ഔ | കൗ  |   |   | ഋ | കൃ | ൠ | കൄ | ഌ | കൢ | ൡ | കൣ | അം | കം | അഃ | കഃ | ക്,ക്‍
Chakma  | 𑄃𑄧 | 𑄇𑄧 | 𑄃 | 𑄇 | 𑄃𑄬𑄬 | 𑄇𑄬𑄬 | 𑄃𑅅 | 𑄇𑅅 | 𑄄, 𑄃𑄨 | 𑄇𑄨 | 𑄃𑄩 | 𑄇𑄩 | 𑄅, 𑄃𑄪 | 𑄇𑄪 | 𑄃𑄫 | 𑄇𑄫 |   |   | 𑄆, 𑄃𑄬 | 𑄇𑄬 | 𑄃𑄰 | 𑄇𑄰 |   |   | 𑄃𑄮 | 𑄇𑄮 | 𑄃𑄯 | 𑄇𑄯  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 𑄃𑄧𑄁 | 𑄇𑄧𑄁 | 𑄃𑄧𑄂 | 𑄇𑄧𑄂 | 𑄇𑄴
Burmese  | အ | က | အာ | ကာ |   |   |   |   | ဣ | ကိ | ဤ | ကီ | ဥ | ကု | ဦ | ကူ |   |   | ဧ | ကေ | အဲ | ကဲ | ဩ | ကော |   |   | အောင် | ကောင် |   |   | ၒ | ကၖ | ၓ | ကၗ | ၔ | ကၘ | ၕ | ကၙ | အံ | ကံ | အး | ကး | က်
Tai Tham  | ᩋ | ᨠ | ᩋᩣ | ᨠᩣ/ᨠᩤ | ᩋᩯ | ᨠᩯ | (ᩋᩬᩴ,ᩋᩳ) | (ᨠᩬᩴ,ᨠᩳ) | ᩍ | ᨠᩥ | ᩎ | ᨠᩦ | ᩏ | ᨠᩩ | ᩐ | ᨠᩪ | (ᩋᩮᩡ) | (ᨠᩮᩡ) | ᩑ | ᨠᩮ | ᩋᩱ | ᨠᩱ | (ᩋᩰᩡ) | (ᨠᩰᩡ) | ᩒ,ᩋᩰ | ᨠᩰ,ᨠᩮᩣ | ᩋᩮᩢᩣ,ᩋᩯᩣ,ᩐᩣ | ᨠᩮᩢᩣ,ᨠᩮᩫᩣ,ᨠᩯᩣ  |   |   | ᩁᩂ | ᨠᩂ |   |   |   |   |   |   | ᩋᩴ | ᨠᩴ | ᩋᩡ | ᨠᩡ | ᨠ᩺,ᨠ᩼
New Tai Lue[c] | ᦀ | ᦂ | ᦀᦱ | ᦂᦱ | ᦶᦀ | ᦶᦂ | (ᦀᦸ) | (ᦂᦸ) | ᦀᦲᦰ | ᦂᦲᦰ | ᦀᦲ | ᦂᦲ | ᦀᦳ | ᦂᦳ | ᦀᦴ | ᦂᦴ | (ᦵᦀᦰ) | (ᦵᦂᦰ) | ᦵᦀ | ᦵᦂ | ᦺᦀ | ᦺᦂ | (ᦷᦀᦰ) | (ᦷᦂᦰ) | ᦷᦀ | ᦷᦂ | ᦀᧁ | ᦂᧁ  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | ᦀᦰ | ᦂᦰ | ᧅ
Khmer[d] | អ | ក | អា | កា |   |   |   |   | ឥ | កិ | ឦ | កី | ឧ | កុ | ឩ | កូ |   |   | ឯ | កេ | ឰ | កៃ |   |   | ឱ | កោ | ឳ | កៅ  |   |   | ឫ | ក្ឫ | ឬ | ក្ឬ | ឭ | ក្ឭ | ឮ | ក្ឮ | អំ | កំ | អះ | កះ | ក៑
Thai[c] | อ (อะ) | ก (กะ) | อา | กา | แอ | แก | (ออ) | (กอ) | อิ | กิ | อี | กี | อุ | กุ | อู | กู | (เอะ) | (เกะ) | เอ | เก | ไอ,ใอ | ไก,ใก | (โอะ) | (โกะ) | โอ | โก | เอา | เกา  |   |   | ฤ | กฺฤ | ฤๅ | กฺฤๅ | ฦ | กฺฦ | ฦๅ | กฺฦๅ | อํ | กํ | อะ (อะฮฺ) | กะ (กะฮฺ) | กฺ (ก/ก์)
Lao[c] | ອະ | ກະ | ອາ | ກາ | ແອ | ແກ | (ອອ) | (ກອ) | ອິ | ກິ | ອີ | ກີ | ອຸ | ກຸ | ອູ | ກູ | (ແອະ) | (ແກະ) | ເອ | ເກ | ໄອ,ໃອ | ໄກ,ໃກ | (ໂອະ) | (ໂກະ) | ໂອ | ໂກ | ເອົາ,ອາວ | ເກົາ,ກາວ  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | ອํ | ກํ | ອະ | ກະ | ກ
Cham  | ꨀ | ꨆ | ꨀꨩ | ꨆꨩ |   |   |   |   | ꨁ | ꨆꨪ | ꨁꨩ | ꨆꨫ | ꨂ | ꨆꨭ | ꨂꨩ | ꨆꨭꨩ |   |   | ꨃ | ꨆꨯꨮ | ꨄ | ꨆꨰ |   |   | ꨅ | ꨆꨯ | ꨀꨯꨱ | ꨆꨯꨱ  |   |   | ꨣꨮ | ꨆꨴꨮ | ꨣꨮꨩ | ꨆꨴꨮꨩ | ꨤꨮ | ꨆꨵꨮ | ꨤꨮꨩ | ꨆꨵꨮꨩ | ꨀꩌ | ꨆꩌ | ꨀꩍ | ꨆꩍ | ꩀ
Kawi  | 𑼄 | 𑼒 | 𑼅 | 𑼒𑼴 |  |  |  |  | 𑼆 | 𑼒𑼶 | 𑼇 | 𑼒𑼷 | 𑼈 | 𑼒𑼸 | 𑼉 | 𑼒𑼹 | 𑼎 | 𑼒𑼾 |  |  | 𑼏 | 𑼒𑼿 | 𑼐 | 𑼒𑼾𑼴 |  |  | 𑼐𑼴 | 𑼒𑼿𑼴 | 𑼄𑽀 | 𑼒𑽀 | 𑼊 | 𑼒𑼺 | 𑼊𑼴 | 𑼒𑼺𑼴 | 𑼌 | 𑼒𑽂𑼌 | 𑼍 | 𑼒𑽂𑼭𑽀𑼴 | 𑼄𑼁 | 𑼒𑼁 | 𑼄𑼃 | 𑼒𑼃 | 𑼒𑽁
Balinese  | ᬅ | ᬓ | ᬆ | ᬓᬵ |   |   |   |   | ᬇ | ᬓᬶ | ᬈ | ᬓᬷ | ᬉ | ᬓᬸ | ᬊ | ᬓᬹ | ᬏ | ᬓᬾ |   |   | ᬐ | ᬓᬿ | ᬑ | ᬓᭀ |   |   | ᬒ | ᬓᭁ | ᬅᭂ | ᬓᭂ | ᬋ | ᬓᬺ | ᬌ | ᬓᬻ | ᬍ | ᬓᬼ | ᬎ | ᬓᬽ | ᬅᬂ | ᬓᬂ | ᬅᬄ | ᬓᬄ | ᬓ᭄
Javanese  | ꦄ | ꦏ | ꦄꦴ | ꦏꦴ |   |   |   |   | ꦆ | ꦏꦶ | ꦇ | ꦏꦷ | ꦈ | ꦏꦸ | ꦈꦴ | ꦏꦹ | ꦌ | ꦏꦺ |   |   | ꦍ | ꦏꦻ | ꦎ | ꦏꦺꦴ |   |   | ꦎꦴ | ꦏꦻꦴ | ꦄꦼ | ꦏꦼ | ꦉ | ꦏꦽ | ꦉꦴ | ꦏꦽꦴ | ꦊ | ꦏ꧀ꦊ | ꦋ | ꦏ꧀ꦋ | ꦄꦁ | ꦏꦁ | ꦄꦃ | ꦏꦃ | ꦏ꧀
Sundanese  | ᮃ | ᮊ |   |   |   |   |   |   | ᮄ | ᮊᮤ |   |   | ᮅ | ᮊᮥ |   |   | ᮆ | ᮊᮦ |   |   |   |   | ᮇ | ᮊᮧ |   |   |   |   | ᮈ | ᮊᮨ | ᮻ[e] | ᮊ᮪ᮻ[e] |   |   | ᮼ[e] | ᮊ᮪ᮼ[e] |   |   | ᮃᮀ | ᮊᮀ | ᮃᮂ | ᮊᮂ | ᮊ᮪
Lontara  | ᨕ | ᨀ |   |   |   |   |   |   | ᨕᨗ | ᨀᨗ |   |   | ᨕᨘ | ᨀᨘ |   |   | ᨕᨙ | ᨀᨙ |   |   |   |   | ᨕᨚ | ᨀᨚ |   |   |   |   | ᨕᨛ | ᨀᨛ |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
Makasar  | 𑻱 | 𑻠 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 𑻱𑻳 | 𑻠𑻳 |  |  | 𑻱𑻴 | 𑻠𑻴 |  |  | 𑻱𑻵 | 𑻠𑻵 |  |  |  |  | 𑻱𑻶 | 𑻠𑻶 |  |  |  |  |   |   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rejang  | ꥆ | ꤰ |   |   | ꥆꥎ | ꤰꥎ | ꥆꥍ | ꤰꥍ | ꥆꥇ | ꤰꥇ |   |   | ꥆꥈ | ꤰꥈ |   |   | ꥆꥉ | ꤰꥉ |   |   | ꥆꥊ | ꤰꥊ | ꥆꥋ | ꤰꥋ |   |   | ꥆꥌ | ꤰꥌ |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | ꥆꥏ | ꤰꥏ | ꥆꥒ | ꤰꥒ | ꤰ꥓
Batak (Toba)  | ᯀ | ᯂ |   |   |   |   |   |   | ᯤ | ᯂᯪ |   |   | ᯥ | ᯂᯮ |   |   |   | ᯂᯩ |   |   |   |   |   | ᯂᯬ |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | ᯀᯰ | ᯂᯰ | ᯀᯱ | ᯂᯱ | ᯂ᯲
Baybayin  | ᜀ | ᜃ |   |   |   |   |   |   | ᜁ | ᜃᜒ |   |   | ᜂ | ᜃᜓ |   |   | ᜁ | ᜃᜒ |   |   |   |   | ᜂ | ᜃᜓ |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | ᜃ᜔
Buhid  | ᝀ | ᝃ |   |   |   |   |   |   | ᝁ | ᝃᝒ |   |   | ᝂ | ᝃᝓ |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
Hanunuo  | ᜠ | ᜣ |   |   |   |   |   |   | ᜡ | ᜣᜲ |   |   | ᜢ | ᜣᜳ |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | ᜣ᜴
Tagbanwa  | ᝠ | ᝣ |   |   |   |   |   |   | ᝡ | ᝣᝲ |   |   | ᝢ | ᝣᝳ |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
ISO | a | ka | ā | kā | ê | kê | ô | kô | i | ki | ī | kī | u | ku | ū | kū | e | ke | ē | kē | ai | kai | o | ko | ō | kō | au | kau  | ə | kə | r̥ | kr̥ | r̥̄ | kr̥̄ | l̥ | kl̥ | l̥̄ | kl̥̄ | aṁ | kaṁ | aḥ | kaḥ | k
a | ā | ê | ô | i | ī | u | ū | e | ē | ai | o | ō | au  | ə | r̥ | r̥̄ | l̥ | l̥̄ | ṁ | ḥ |

Notes

1. ^ a b c Letters for r̥̄, l̥, l̥̄ and a few others are obsolete or very rarely used.
2. ^ includes supplementary vowels not in contemporary use
3. ^ a b c d e f Tibetan, Lepcha, Limbu, New Tai Lue, Thai and Lao scripts do not have independent vowel forms. For syllables starting with a vowel sound, a "zero" consonant (ཨ, อ or ອ respectively) is used to represent the glottal stop /ʔ/.
4. ^ When used to write their own languages, Khmer can have either an a or an o as the inherent vowel, following the rules of its orthography.
5. ^ a b c d Letters used in Old Sundanese. They are now obsolete.

### Numerals

[edit]

Hindu-Arabic | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9

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Brahmi numbers  |  | 𑁒 | 𑁓 | 𑁔 | 𑁕 | 𑁖 | 𑁗 | 𑁘 | 𑁙 | 𑁚
Brahmi digits  | 𑁦 | 𑁧 | 𑁨 | 𑁩 | 𑁪 | 𑁫 | 𑁬 | 𑁭 | 𑁮 | 𑁯
Bengali- Assamese  | ০ | ১ | ২ | ৩ | ৪ | ৫ | ৬ | ৭ | ৮ | ৯
Tirhuta  | 𑓐 | 𑓑 | 𑓒 | 𑓓 | 𑓔 | 𑓕 | 𑓖 | 𑓗 | 𑓘 | 𑓙
Odia  | ୦ | ୧ | ୨ | ୩ | ୪ | ୫ | ୬ | ୭ | ୮ | ୯
Devanagari  | ० | १ | २ | ३ | ४ | ५ | ६ | ७ | ८ | ९
Gujarati  | ૦ | ૧ | ૨ | ૩ | ૪ | ૫ | ૬ | ૭ | ૮ | ૯
Modi  | 𑙐‎ | 𑙑‎ | 𑙒 | 𑙓‎ | 𑙔‎ | 𑙕 | 𑙖‎ | 𑙗 | 𑙘‎ | 𑙙
Sharada  | 𑇐 | 𑇑 | 𑇒 | 𑇓 | 𑇔 | 𑇕 | 𑇖 | 𑇗 | 𑇘 | 𑇙
Takri  | 𑛀 | 𑛁 | 𑛂 | 𑛃 | 𑛄 | 𑛅 | 𑛆 | 𑛇 | 𑛈 | 𑛉
Gurmukhi  | ੦ | ੧ | ੨ | ੩ | ੪ | ੫ | ੬ | ੭ | ੮ | ੯
Khudabadi  | 𑋰 | 𑋱 | 𑋲 | 𑋳 | 𑋴 | 𑋵 | 𑋶 | 𑋷 | 𑋸 | 𑋹
Meitei (Manipuri)  | ꯰ | ꯱ | ꯲ | ꯳ | ꯴ | ꯵ | ꯶ | ꯷ | ꯸ | ꯹
Pracalit  | 𑑐‎ | 𑑑‎ | 𑑒‎ | 𑑓‎ | 𑑔‎ | 𑑕‎ | 𑑖‎ | 𑑗‎ | 𑑘‎ | 𑑙
Tibetan  | ༠ | ༡ | ༢ | ༣ | ༤ | ༥ | ༦ | ༧ | ༨ | ༩
Mongolian[a] | ᠐ | ᠑ | ᠒ | ᠓ | ᠔ | ᠕ | ᠖ | ᠗ | ᠘ | ᠙
Lepcha  | ᱀ | ᱁ | ᱂ | ᱃ | ᱄ | ᱅ | ᱆ | ᱇ | ᱈ | ᱉
Limbu  | ᥆ | ᥇ | ᥈ | ᥉ | ᥊ | ᥋ | ᥌ | ᥍ | ᥎ | ᥏
Sinhala astrological numbers  | ෦ | ෧ | ෨ | ෩ | ෪ | ෫ | ෬ | ෭ | ෮ | ෯
Sinhala archaic numbers  |  | 𑇡 | 𑇢 | 𑇣 | 𑇤 | 𑇥 | 𑇦 | 𑇧 | 𑇨 | 𑇩
Tamil  | ೦ | ௧ | ௨ | ௩ | ௪ | ௫ | ௬ | ௭ | ௮ | ௯
Telugu  | ౦ | ౧ | ౨ | ౩ | ౪ | ౫ | ౬ | ౭ | ౮ | ౯
Kannada  | ೦ | ೧ | ೨ | ೩ | ೪ | ೫ | ೬ | ೭ | ೮ | ೯
Malayalam  | ൦ | ൧ | ൨ | ൩ | ൪ | ൫ | ൬ | ൭ | ൮ | ൯
Saurashtra  | ꣐ | ꣑ | ꣒ | ꣓ | ꣔ | ꣕ | ꣖ | ꣗ | ꣘ | ꣙
Ahom  | 𑜰 | 𑜱 | 𑜲 | 𑜳 | 𑜴 | 𑜵 | 𑜶 | 𑜷 | 𑜸 | 𑜹
Chakma  | 𑄶 | 𑄷 | 𑄸 | 𑄹 | 𑄺 | 𑄻 | 𑄼 | 𑄽 | 𑄾 | 𑄿
Burmese  | ၀ | ၁ | ၂ | ၃ | ၄ | ၅ | ၆ | ၇ | ၈ | ၉
Tai Tham Astrological Numbers[b] | ᪀ | ᪁ | ᪂ | ᪃ | ᪄ | ᪅ | ᪆ | ᪇ | ᪈ | ᪉
New Tai Lue  | ᧐ | ᧑ | ᧒ | ᧓ | ᧔ | ᧕ | ᧖ | ᧗ | ᧘ | ᧙
Shan  | ႐ | ႑ | ႒ | ႓ | ႔ | ႕ | ႖ | ႗ | ႘ | ႙
Khmer  | ០ | ១ | ២ | ៣ | ៤ | ៥ | ៦ | ៧ | ៨ | ៩
Thai  | ๐ | ๑ | ๒ | ๓ | ๔ | ๕ | ๖ | ๗ | ๘ | ๙
Lao  | ໐ | ໑ | ໒ | ໓ | ໔ | ໕ | ໖ | ໗ | ໘ | ໙
Tai Tham[c] | ᪐ | ᪑ | ᪒ | ᪓ | ᪔ | ᪕ | ᪖ | ᪗ | ᪘ | ᪙
Cham  | ꩐ | ꩑ | ꩒ | ꩓ | ꩔ | ꩕ | ꩖ | ꩗ | ꩘ | ꩙
Balinese  | ᭐ | ᭑ | ᭒ | ᭓ | ᭔ | ᭕ | ᭖ | ᭗ | ᭘ | ᭙
Javanese  | ꧐ | ꧑ | ꧒ | ꧓ | ꧔ | ꧕ | ꧖ | ꧗ | ꧘ | ꧙
Sundanese  | ᮰ | ᮱ | ᮲ | ᮳ | ᮴ | ᮵ | ᮶ | ᮷ | ᮸ | ᮹
Hindu-Arabic | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9

Notes

1. ^ Mongolian numerals are derived from Tibetan numerals and used in conjunction with the Mongolian and Clear script
2. ^ for everyday use
3. ^ for liturgical use

## List of Brahmic scripts

[edit]

### Historical

[edit]

The Brahmi script was already divided into regional variants at the time of the earliest surviving epigraphy around the 3rd century BC. Cursives of the Brahmi script began to diversify further from around the 5th century AD and continued to give rise to new scripts throughout the Middle Ages. The main division in antiquity was between northern and southern Brahmi. In the northern group, the Gupta script was very influential, and in the southern group the Vatteluttu and Kadamba/Pallava scripts with the spread of Buddhism sent Brahmic scripts throughout Southeast Asia.[citation needed]

Early Brahmic scripts

IAST | Ashoka | Girnar | Chandra­gupta | Gujarat | Prayagraj | Narbada | Kistna
a |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ā |  |  |  |  |  |  |
i |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ī |  |  |  |  |  |  |
u |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ū |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ṛ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
e |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ai |  |  |  |  |  |  |
o |  |  |  |  |  |  |
au |  |  |  |  |  |  |
k |  |  |  |  |  |  |
kh |  |  |  |  |  |  |
g |  |  |  |  |  |  |
gh |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ṅ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
c |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ch |  |  |  |  |  |  |
j |  |  |  |  |  |  |
jh |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ñ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ṭ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ṭh |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ḍ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ḍh |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ṇ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
t |  |  |  |  |  |  |
th |  |  |  |  |  |  |
d |  |  |  |  |  |  |
dh |  |  |  |  |  |  |
n |  |  |  |  |  |  |
p |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ph |  |  |  |  |  |  |
b |  |  |  |  |  |  |
bh |  |  |  |  |  |  |
m |  |  |  |  |  |  |
y |  |  |  |  |  |  |
r |  |  |  |  |  |  |
l |  |  |  |  |  |  |
v |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ś |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ṣ |  |  |  |  |  |  |
s |  |  |  |  |  |  |
h |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Further information: Malabar script

### Northern Brahmic

[edit]

A map of Indo-Aryan languages using their respective Brahmic family scripts (except dark blue colored Khowar, Pashai, Kohistani, and Urdu, not marked here, which use Arabic-derived scripts).

* Gupta, 4th century
* Sharada
* Landa
* Gurmukhi
* Khojki
* Khudabadi
* Mahajani
* Multani
* Takri
* Chamba
* Dogri
* Sirmauri
* Siddhaṃ
* Nagari
* Devanagari
* Modi
* Gujarati
* Nandinagari
* Kaithi
* Sylheti Nagari
* Kamarupi
* Assamese[4]
* Gaudi
* Bengali–Assamese (Eastern Nagari)
* Assamese[4]
* Bengali
* Tirhuta (Mithilakshar)
* Odia
* Nepalese
* Bhujimol
* Ranjana
* Soyombo
* Pracalit
* Tibetan
* Meetei Mayek
* Lepcha
* Limbu
* Khema
* ʼPhags-pa
* Zanabazar square
* Marchen
* Marchung
* Pungs-chen
* Pungs-chung
* Drusha
* Kalinga
* Bhaiksuki
* Tocharian (Slanting Brahmi)

### Southern Brahmic

[edit]

A map of Dravidian languages using their respective Brahmic family scripts (except Brahui, which uses an Arabic-derived script).

* Tamil-Brahmi, 2nd century BC
* Pallava
* Tamil
* Grantha
* Malayalam
* Tigalari/Tulu
* Saurashtra
* Khmer
* Khom Thai
* Proto-Tai script?
* Sukhothai
* Thai
* Fakkham
* Thai Noi
* Lao
* Tai Viet
* Dai Don
* Lai Tay
* Lai Pao
* Cham
* Kawi
* Balinese
* Batak
* Buda
* Javanese
* Old Sundanese
* Sundanese
* Lontara
* Makasar
* Ulu scripts
* Incung
* Lampung
* Lembak
* Ogan
* Pasemah
* Rejang
* Serawai
* Baybayin
* Buhid
* Hanunó'o
* Tagbanwa
* Kulitan
* Basahan
* Mon–Burmese
* Modern Mon
* Burmese
* Chakma
* S'gaw Karen
* Shan
* Tanchangya
* Lik-Tai scripts
* Ahom
* Khamti
* Tai Le
* Tai Tham
* New Tai Lue
* Pyu
* Vatteluttu
* Kolezhuthu
* Malayanma
* Sinhala
* Dhives Akuru
* Bhattiprolu script
* Kadamba
* Telugu-Kannada
* Telugu
* Kannada
* Goykanadi

## Unicode of Brahmic scripts

[edit]

As of Unicode version 16.0, the following Brahmic scripts have been encoded:

script  | derivation  | Period of derivation  | usage notes  | ISO 15924 | Unicode range(s)  | sample

|
|
|
|
|
|

Ahom | Burmese[5] | 13th century  | Extinct Ahom language | Ahom  | U+11700–U+1174F  | 𑜒𑜠𑜑𑜨𑜉
Balinese | Kawi | 11th century  | Balinese language | Bali  | U+1B00–U+1B7F  | ᬅᬓ᭄ᬲᬭᬩᬮᬶ
Batak | Pallava | 14th century  | Batak languages | Batk  | U+1BC0–U+1BFF  | ᯘᯮᯒᯖ᯲ ᯅᯖᯂ᯲
Baybayin | Kawi | 14th century  | Tagalog, other Philippine languages | Tglg  | U+1700–U+171F  | ᜊᜌ᜔ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜔
Bengali-Assamese (Eastern Nagari)  | Siddhaṃ | 11th century  | Assamese language (Assamese script variant), Bengali language (Bengali script variant), Bishnupriya, Maithili, Meitei language (constitutionally termed as "Manipuri")[6] | Beng  | U+0980–U+09FF  |

* অসমীয়া লিপি
* বাংলা লিপি

Bhaiksuki | Gupta | 11th century  | Was used around the turn of the first millennium for writing Sanskrit | Bhks  | U+11C00–U+11C6F  | 𑰥𑰹𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰲𑰎𑰱
Buhid | Kawi | 14th century  | Buhid language | Buhd  | U+1740–U+175F  | ᝊᝓᝑᝒᝇ
Mon-Burmese | Pallava | 11th century  | Burmese language, Mon language, numerous modifications for other languages including Chakma, Eastern and Western Pwo Karen, Geba Karen, Kayah, Rumai Palaung, S'gaw Karen, Shan | Mymr  | U+1000–U+109F, U+A9E0–U+A9FF, U+AA60–U+AA7F, U+116D0–U116FF  | မြန်မာအက္ခရာ
Chakma | Burmese | 8th century  | Chakma language | Cakm  | U+11100–U+1114F  | 𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦
Cham | Pallava | 8th century  | Cham language | Cham  | U+AA00–U+AA5F  | ꨌꩌ
Devanagari | Nagari | 13th century  | Several Indo-Aryan languages (Konkani, Marathi, Hindi, Sanskrit, Nepali, Bhili, Sindhi, Gujarati etc), Sino-Tibetan languages (Bodo, Nepal Bhasa, Sherpa etc.), Mundari (Austroasiatic language) and others.  | Deva  | U+0900–U+097F, U+A8E0–U+A8FF, U+11B00–U+11B5F  | देवनागरी
Dhives Akuru | Gupta | Before 6th-8th century  | Was used to write the Maldivian language up until the 20th century.[7] | Diak  | U+11900–U+1195F  | 𑤞𑥂𑤧𑤭𑥂
Dogra | Takri |  | Was used to write Dogri. Dogra script is closely related to Takri.[8] | Dogr  | U+11800–U+1184F  | 𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠬
Grantha | Pallava | 6th century  | Restricted use in traditional Vedic schools to write Sanskrit. Was widely used by Tamil speakers for Sanskrit and the classical language Manipravalam.  | Gran  | U+11300–U+1137F  | 𑌗𑍍𑌰𑌨𑍍𑌥
Gujarati | Nagari | 17th century  | Gujarati language, Kutchi language | Gujr  | U+0A80–U+0AFF  | ગુજરાતી લિપિ
Gunjala Gondi | uncertain | 16th century  | Used for writing the Adilabad dialect of the Gondi language.[9] | Gong  | U+11D60–U+11DAF  | 𑵶𑶍𑶕𑶀𑵵𑶊 𑵶𑶓𑶕𑶂𑶋‎
Gurmukhi | Sharada | 16th century  | Punjabi language | Guru  | U+0A00–U+0A7F  |  ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ
Hanunó'o | Kawi | 14th century  | Hanuno'o language | Hano  | U+1720–U+173F  | ᜱᜨᜳᜨᜳᜢ
Javanese | Kawi | 16th century  | Javanese language, Sundanese language, Madurese language | Java  | U+A980–U+A9DF  | ꦄꦏ꧀ꦱꦫꦗꦮ
Kaithi | Nagari | 16th century  | Historically used for writing legal, administrative, and private records.  | Kthi  | U+11080–U+110CF  | 𑂍𑂶𑂟𑂲
Kannada | Telugu-Kannada | Around 4th-6th century  | Sanskrit, Kannada, Konkani, Tulu, Badaga, Kodava, Beary, others  | Knda  | U+0C80–U+0CFF  | ಕನ್ನಡ ಅಕ್ಷರಮಾಲೆ
Kawi | Pallava | 8th century  | Kawi was found primarily in Java and used across much of Maritime Southeast Asia between the 8th century and the 16th century.[10] | Kawi  | U+11F00–U+11F5F  | 𑼒𑼮𑼶
Khmer | Pallava | 11th century  | Khmer language | Khmr  | U+1780–U+17FF, U+19E0–U+19FF  | អក្សរខ្មែរ
Khojki | Landa | 16th century  | Some use by Ismaili communities. Was used by the Khoja community for Muslim religious literature.  | Khoj  | U+11200–U+1124F  | 𑈉𑈲𑈐𑈈𑈮
Khudawadi | Landa | 16th century  | Was used by Sindhi communities for correspondence and business records.  | Sind  | U+112B0–U+112FF  | 𑊻𑋩𑋣𑋏𑋠𑋔𑋠𑋏𑋢
Lao | Khmer | 14th century  | Lao language, others  | Laoo  | U+0E80–U+0EFF  | ອັກສອນລາວ
Lepcha | Tibetan | 8th century  | Lepcha language | Lepc  | U+1C00–U+1C4F  | ᰛᰩᰴ‎
Limbu | Lepcha | 9th century  | Limbu language | Limb  | U+1900–U+194F  | ᤛᤡᤖᤡᤈᤨᤅ
Lontara | Kawi | 17th century  | Buginese language, others  | Bugi  | U+1A00–U+1A1F  | ᨒᨚᨈᨑ
Mahajani | Landa | 16th century  | Historically used in northern India for writing accounts and financial records.  | Mahj  | U+11150–U+1117F  | 𑅬𑅱𑅛𑅧𑅑‎
Makasar | Kawi | 17th century  | Was used in South Sulawesi, Indonesia for writing the Makassarese language.[11] Makasar script is also known as "Old Makassarese" or "Makassarese bird script" in English-language scholarly works.[12] | Maka  | U+11EE0–U+11EFF  | 𑻪𑻢𑻪𑻢
Malayalam | Grantha | 12th century  | Malayalam | Mlym  | U+0D00–U+0D7F  | മലയാളലിപി
Marchen | Tibetan | 7th century  | Was used in the Tibetan Bön tradition to write the extinct Zhang-Zhung language | Marc  | U+11C70–U+11CBF  | 𑱳𑲁𑱽𑱾𑲌𑱵𑲋𑲱𑱴𑱶𑲱𑲅𑲊𑱱‎
Meetei Mayek | Tibetan[13] | 6th century[14] | officially used for Meitei language (constitutionally termed as "Manipuri") in accordance to "The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021"[6] | Mtei  | U+AAE0–U+AAFF, U+ABC0–U+ABFF  | ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ
Modi | Nāgarī | 17th century  | Was used to write the Marathi language | Modi  | U+11600–U+1165F  | 𑘦𑘻𑘚𑘲‎
Multani | Landa |  | Was used to write the Multani language | Mult  | U+11280–U+112AF  | 𑊠𑊣𑊖𑊚‎
Nandinagari | Nāgarī | 7th century  | Historically used to write Sanskrit in southern India  | Nand  | U+119A0–U+119FF  | 𑧁𑧞𑦿𑧒𑧁𑧑𑦰𑧈𑧓
New Tai Lue | Tai Tham | 1950s  | Tai Lü language | Talu  | U+1980–U+19DF  | ᦟᦲᧅᦷᦎᦺᦑ
Odia | Siddhaṃ | 13th century  | Odia language | Orya  | U+0B00–U+0B7F  | ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅକ୍ଷର
ʼPhags-pa | Tibetan | 13th century  | Historically used during the Mongol Yuan dynasty.  | Phag  | U+A840–U+A87F  | ꡖꡍꡂꡛ ꡌ
Prachalit (Newa)  | Nepal |  | Has been used for writing the Sanskrit, Nepali, Hindi, Bengali, and Maithili languages  | Newa  | U+11400–U+1147F  | 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐔𑐮𑐶𑐟‎
Rejang | Kawi | 18th century  | Rejang language, mostly obsolete  | Rjng  | U+A930–U+A95F  | ꥆꤰ꥓ꤼꤽ ꤽꥍꤺꥏ
Saurashtra | Grantha | 20th century  | Saurashtra language, mostly obsolete  | Saur  | U+A880–U+A8DF  | ꢱꣃꢬꢵꢰ꣄ꢜ꣄ꢬꢵ‎
Sharada | Gupta | 8th century  | Was used for writing Sanskrit and Kashmiri | Shrd  | U+11180–U+111DF  | 𑆯𑆳𑆫𑆢𑆳
Siddham | Gupta | 7th century  | Was used for writing Sanskrit | Sidd  | U+11580–U+115FF  | 𑖭𑖰𑖟𑖿𑖠𑖽
Sinhala | Brahmi[15] | 4th century[16] | Sinhala language | Sinh  | U+0D80–U+0DFF, U+111E0–U+111FF  | ශුද්ධ සිංහල
Sundanese | Kawi | 14th century  | Sundanese language | Sund  | U+1B80–U+1BBF, U+1CC0–U+1CCF  | ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ
Sylheti Nagari | Nagari | 16th century  | Historically used for writing the Sylheti language | Sylo  | U+A800–U+A82F  | ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ
Tagbanwa | Kawi | 14th century  | Various languages of Palawan, nearly extinct  | Tagb  | U+1760–U+177F  | ᝦᝪᝨᝯ
Tai Le | Mon | 13th century  | Tai Nüa language | Tale  | U+1950–U+197F  | ᥖᥭᥰᥖᥬᥳᥑᥨᥒᥰ
Tai Tham | Mon | 13th century  | Northern Thai language, Tai Lü language, Khün language | Lana  | U+1A20–U+1AAF  | ᨲᩫ᩠ᩅᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ
Tai Viet | Thai | 16th century  | Tai Dam language | Tavt  | U+AA80–U+AADF  | ꪼꪕꪒꪾ
Takri | Sharada | 16th century  | Was used for writing Chambeali, and other languages  | Takr  | U+11680–U+116CF  | 𑚔𑚭𑚊𑚤𑚯
Tamil | Pallava | 2nd century  | Tamil language | Taml  | U+0B80–U+0BFF, U+11FC0–U+11FFF  | தமிழ் அரிச்சுவடி
Telugu | Telugu-Kannada | 5th century  | Telugu language | Telu  | U+0C00–U+0C7F  | తెలుగు లిపి
Thai | Old Khmer | 13th century  | Thai language | Thai  | U+0E00–U+0E7F  | อักษรไทย
Tibetan | Gupta | 8th century  | Classical Tibetan, Dzongkha, Ladakhi language | Tibt  | U+0F00–U+0FFF  | བོད་ཡིག་
Tigalari/Tulu | Grantha | 9th century  | Tulu, Kannada, and Sanskrit | Tutg  | U+11380–U113FF  | 𑎡𑎻𑎳𑎻𑎭𑎹𑎦𑎹
Tirhuta | Siddham | 13th century  | Historically used for the Maithili language | Tirh  | U+11480–U+114DF  | 𑒞𑒱𑒩𑒯𑒳𑒞𑒰‎

## See also

[edit]

* Devanagari transliteration
* International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration
* National Library at Kolkata romanisation
* Bharati Braille, the unified braille assignments of Indian languages
* Indus script – symbols produced by the Indus Valley Civilisation
* Indian Script Code for Information Interchange (ISCII) – the coding scheme specifically designed to represent Indic scripts

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010). A History of the Japanese Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–178\. ISBN 978-0-521-65320-6.
2. ^ Court, C. (1996). Introduction. In P. T. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.) The World's Writing Systems (pp. 443). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3. ^ Court, C. (1996). The spread of Brahmi Script into Southeast Asia. In P. T. Daniels & W. Bright (Eds.) The World's Writing Systems (pp. 445–449). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4. ^ a b Sproat, Richard (20 July 2006). "Brahmi-derived scripts, script layout, and segmental awareness". Written Language and Literacy. 9 (1): 45–66\. doi:10.1075/wll.9.1.05spr. ISSN 1387-6732.
5. ^ Terwiel; Khamdaengyodtai (2003). Shan Manuscripts, Part 1. p. 13.
6. ^ a b "GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021". manipurgovtpress.nic.in.
7. ^ Pandey, Anshuman (23 January 2018). "L2/18-016R: Proposal to encode Dives Akuru in Unicode" (PDF).
8. ^ Pandey, Anshuman (4 November 2015). "L2/15-234R: Proposal to encode the Dogra script" (PDF).
9. ^ "Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0. Mountain View, California: Unicode, Inc. June 2018. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1.
10. ^ Aditya Bayu Perdana and Ilham Nurwansah 2020. Proposal to encode Kawi
11. ^ "Chapter 17: Indonesia and Oceania" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0. Mountain View, California: Unicode, Inc. June 2018. ISBN 978-1-936213-19-1.
12. ^ Pandey, Anshuman (2 November 2015). "L2/15-233: Proposal to encode the Makasar script in Unicode" (PDF).
13. ^ Chelliah, Shobhana Lakshmi (1997). A Grammar of Meithei. De Gruyter. p. 355\. ISBN 3-11-014321-6. "In the classification of scripts provided by K. S. Singh and Manoharan ..., Meithei Mayek is part of the Tibetan group of scripts, which originated from the Gupta Brahmi script"
14. ^ Datta, Amaresh (1987). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 142\. ISBN 978-81-260-1803-1. "The coins of Urakonthauba (568-653) and Ayangba (821-910) in the Mutua Museum, Imphal bear evidence of early existence of old Manipuri alphabet."
15. ^ Salomon, Richard G. (1996). "Brahmi and Kharoshthi". In Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (eds.). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. p. 379\. ISBN 0-19-507993-0.
16. ^ Diringer, David (1948). Alphabet a key to the history of mankind. p. 389.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brahmic scripts.

* Online Tool which supports Conversion between various Brahmic Scripts
* Windows Indic Script Support
* An Introduction to Indic Scripts
* South Asian Writing Systems
* Enhanced Indic Transliterator Archived 8 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine Transliterate from romanised script to Indian Languages.
* Indian Transliterator A means to transliterate from romanised to Unicode Indian scripts.
* Imperial Brahmi Font and Text-Editor Archived 26 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
* Brahmi Script
* Xlit: Tool for Transliteration between English and Indian Languages
* Padma: Transformer for Indic Scripts Archived 1 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine – a Firefox add-on

* v
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* e

Writing systems

Index of language articles

Overview|

* Language
* History of writing
* History of the alphabet
* Graphemes
* Scripts in Unicode

Lists|

* Writing systems
* Languages by writing system / by first written account
* Ancient languages corpuses by size
* Undeciphered writing systems
* Creators of writing systems

Types|

* Abjads
* Abugidas
* Alphabets
* Featural
* Ideogrammic
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* Numeral
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* Shorthand
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Current examples|

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Related topics|

* In Africa
* In Southeast Asia

* v
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Kawi family

Scripts|

| Indonesia|

* Balinese
* Batak
* Buda
* Javanese
* Komering
* Lontara (Bilang-bilang)
* Makasar
* Sasak
* Ulu scripts
* Incung
* Lampung
* Lembak
* Ogan
* Pasemah
* Rejang
* Serawai
* Sundanese (Old Sundanese)

|

Philippines|

* Baybayin
* Buhid
* Hanunó'o
* Kulitan
* Tagbanwa

Origin/mother scripts|

* Brahmic scripts
* Pallava

* v
* t
* e

Types of writing systems

| Overview|

* History of writing
* Grapheme

|

Lists|

* Writing systems
* undeciphered
* inventors
* constructed
* Languages by writing system / by first written accounts

Types

Abjads

* Numerals

* Aramaic
* Hatran
* Arabic
* Elifba
* Egyptian hieroglyphs
* Elymaic
* Hebrew
* Ashuri
* Cursive
* Rashi
* Solitreo
* Tifinagh
* Mandaic
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* Nabataean
* Ancient North Arabian
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* Book
* Inscriptional
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* Psalter
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* Paleo-Hebrew
* Pitman shorthand
* Proto-Sinaitic
* Punic
* Samaritan
* South Arabian
* Zabur
* Musnad
* Sogdian
* Syriac
* ʾEsṭrangēlā
* Serṭā
* Maḏnḥāyā
* Teeline Shorthand
* Ugaritic

Abugidas

| Brahmic|

| Northern|

* Bengali–Assamese
* Bhaiksuki
* Brahmi script
* Devanagari
* Dogri
* Gujarati
* Gupta
* Gurmukhi
* Kaithi
* Kalinga
* Khema
* Khojki
* Khudabadi
* Laṇḍā
* Lepcha
* Mahajani
* Marchen
* Meitei
* Modi
* Multani
* Nagari
* Nandinagari
* Nepalese scripts
* Bhujimol
* Golmol
* Himmol
* Kummol
* Kvemmol
* Pachumol
* Pracalit
* Ranjana
* Tamyig
* Tirhuta
* Limbu
* Litumol
* Odia
* Karani
* ʼPhags-pa
* Sharada
* Siddhaṃ
* Soyombo
* Sylheti Nagri
* Takri
* Tibetan
* Uchen
* Umê
* Tocharian
* Zanabazar square

|

Southern|

* Ahom
* Balinese
* Batak
* Baybayin
* Bhattiprolu
* Buda
* Buhid
* Chakma
* Cham
* Fakkham
* Grantha
* Goykanadi
* Hanunoo
* Javanese
* Kadamba
* Kannada
* Karen
* Kawi
* Khmer
* Khom Thai
* Kulitan
* Lanna
* Langdi
* Lao
* Leke
* Lontara
* Bilang-bilang
* Makasar
* Malayalam
* Old Maldivian
* Dhives Akuru
* Eveyla Akuru
* Mon–Burmese
* Pallava
* Pyu
* Saurashtra
* Shan
* Sinhala
* Sukhothai
* Sundanese
* Old Sundanese
* Tagbanwa
* Tai Le
* New Tai Lue
* Tai Noi
* Tai Tham
* Tai Viet
* Lai Tay
* Tamil
* Tamil-Brahmi
* Tanchangya
* Telugu
* Thai
* Tigalari
* Ulu scripts
* Incung
* Lampung
* Lembak
* Ogan
* Pasemah
* Rejang
* Serawai
* Vatteluttu
* Kolezhuthu
* Malayanma

Others|

* Bharati
* Boyd's syllabic shorthand
* Canadian syllabics
* Blackfoot
* Déné syllabics
* Dham
* Fox I
* Geʽez
* Gunjala Gondi
* Japanese Braille
* Sarati
* Jenticha
* Kharosthi
* Mandombe
* Masaram Gondi
* Meroitic
* Miao
* Mwangwego
* Pahawh Hmong
* Sorang Sompeng
* Tengwar
* Thaana
* Thomas Natural Shorthand
* Warang Citi
* Mwangwego
* Rma

Alphabets

| Linear|

* Adlam
* Ariyaka
* Armenian
* Avestan
* Pazend
* Avoiuli
* Bassa Vah
* Carian
* Caucasian Albanian
* Cirth
* Coelbren
* Coorgi–Cox alphabet
* Coptic
* Cyrillic
* Serbian
* Early
* Deseret
* Duployan shorthand
* Chinook
* Eclectic shorthand
* Elbasan
* Enochian
* Etruscan
* Formosan
* Fox II
* Fraser
* Gabelsberger shorthand
* Gadabuursi
* Garay alphabet
* Georgian
* Asomtavruli
* Nuskhuri
* Mkhedruli
* Veso Bey
* Glagolitic
* Gothic
* Gregg shorthand
* Greek (Archaic)
* Greco-Iberian alphabet
* Hangul
* Hanifi
* Jenticha
* Kaddare
* Kayah Li
* Klingon
* Latin
* Beneventan
* Blackletter
* Carolingian minuscule
* Fraktur
* Gaelic
* Insular
* IPA
* Kurrent
* Merovingian
* Sigla
* Sütterlin
* Tironian notes
* Visigothic
* Luo
* Lycian
* Lydian
* Manchu
* Medefaidrin
* Molodtsov
* Mru
* Mundari Bani
* N'Ko
* Ogham
* Ol Chiki
* Old Hungarian
* Old Italic
* Old Permic
* Orkhon
* Old Uyghur
* Mongolian
* Evenki
* Galik alphabet
* Manchu
* Oirat
* Vagindra
* Ol Onal
* Osage
* Osmanya
* Pau Cin Hau
* Phrygian
* Pisidian
* Runic
* Anglo-Saxon
* Cipher
* Dalecarlian
* Elder Futhark
* Younger Futhark
* Gothic
* Marcomannic
* Medieval
* Staveless
* Shavian
* Sidetic
* Sorang Sompeng
* Sunuwar
* Tifinagh
* Todhri
* Tolong Siki
* Vellara
* Visible Speech
* Vithkuqi
* Wancho
* Warang Citi
* Yezidi
* Zaghawa

|

Non-linear|

* Braille
* Maritime flags
* Telegraph code
* New York Point
* Flag semaphore
* Moon type

Ideograms

* Adinkra
* Aztec
* Blissymbols
* Dongba
* Ersu Shaba
* Emoji
* Isotype
* Kaidā
* Miꞌkmaw
* Mixtec
* New Epoch Notation Painting
* Nsibidi
* Anishinaabewibii'iganan
* Olmec
* Siglas poveiras
* Testerian
* Yerkish
* Zapotec

Logograms

| Chinese family of scripts|

| Chinese characters|

* Simplified
* Traditional
* Oracle bone script
* Bronze scripts
* Seal script
* large
* small
* bird-worm
* Hanja
* Kanji
* Chữ Nôm
* Sawndip
* Bowen

|

Chinese-influenced|

* Jurchen
* Khitan large script
* Sui
* Tangut

Cuneiform|

* Akkadian
* Assyrian
* Elamite
* Hittite
* Luwian
* Sumerian

Other logosyllabic|

* Anatolian
* Bagam
* Cretan
* Isthmian
* Maya
* Proto-Elamite
* Tenevil
* Yi (Classical)

Logoconsonantal|

* Demotic
* Hieratic
* Hieroglyphs

Numerals|

* Hindu-Arabic
* Abjad
* Attic (Greek)
* Muisca
* Roman

Other|

* Sitelen Pona

Semi-syllabaries

| Full|

* Linear Elamite
* Celtiberian
* Iberian
* Northeastern
* Southeastern
* Khom
* Dunging

|

Redundant|

* Espanca script
* Pahawh Hmong
* Khitan small script
* Southwest Paleohispanic
* Bopomofo
* Quốc Âm Tân Tự

Sign languages

* ASLwrite
* SignWriting
* si5s
* Stokoe notation

Syllabaries

* Afaka
* Bamum
* Bété
* Byblos
* Canadian Aboriginal
* Cherokee
* Cypriot
* Cypro-Minoan
* Ditema tsa Dinoko
* Eskayan
* Geba
* Great Lakes Algonquian
* Iban
* Idu
* Kana
* Hiragana
* Katakana
* Man'yōgana
* Hentaigana
* Sōgana
* Jindai moji
* Kikakui
* Kpelle
* Linear B
* Linear Elamite
* Lisu
* Loma
* Nüshu
* Nwagu Aneke script
* Old Persian cuneiform
* Sumerian
* Vai
* Woleai
* Yi
* Yugtun

* v
* t
* e

Braille ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑

Braille cell|

* 1829 braille
* International uniformity
* ASCII braille
* Unicode braille patterns

Braille scripts|

| French-ordered|

* Albanian
* Azerbaijani
* Cantonese
* Catalan
* Chinese (mainland Mandarin) (largely reassigned)
* Czech
* Dutch
* English (Unified English)
* Esperanto
* French
* German
* Ghanaian
* Guarani
* Hawaiian
* Hungarian
* Iñupiaq
* IPA
* Irish
* Italian
* Latvian
* Lithuanian
* Luxembourgish (extended to 8-dot)
* Maltese
* Māori
* Navajo
* Nigerian
* Philippine
* Polish
* Portuguese
* Romanian
* Samoan
* Slovak
* South African
* Spanish
* Taiwanese Mandarin (largely reassigned)
* Turkish
* Vietnamese
* Welsh
* Yugoslav
* Zambian

| Nordic family|

* Estonian
* Faroese
* Icelandic
* Scandinavian
* Danish
* Finnish
* Greenlandic
* Northern Sámi
* Norwegian
* Swedish

|

Russian lineage family
i.e. Cyrillic-mediated scripts|

* Belarusian
* Bulgarian
* Kazakh
* Kyrgyz
* Mongolian
* Russian
* Tatar
* Ukrainian

Egyptian lineage family
i.e. Arabic-mediated scripts|

* Arabic
* Persian
* Urdu (Pakistan)

Indian lineage family
i.e. Bharati Braille|

* Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
* Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
* Gujarati
* Kannada
* Malayalam
* Odia
* Punjabi
* Sinhala
* Tamil
* Telugu
* Urdu (India)

Other scripts|

* Amharic
* Armenian
* Burmese
* Dzongkha (Bhutanese)
* Georgian
* Greek
* Hebrew
* Inuktitut (reassigned vowels)
* Khmer
* Thai and Lao (Japanese vowels)
* Tibetan

Reordered|

* Algerian Braille (obsolete)

Frequency-based|

* American Braille (obsolete)

Independent|

* Chinese semi-syllabaries
* Cantonese
* Mainland Chinese Mandarin
* Taiwanese Mandarin
* Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
* Japanese
* Korean

Eight-dot|

* Luxembourgish
* Kanji
* Gardner–Salinas braille codes (GS8)

Symbols in braille|

* Braille music
* Canadian currency marks
* Computer Braille Code
* Gardner–Salinas braille codes (science; GS8/GS6)
* International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
* Nemeth braille code

Braille technology|

* Braille e-book
* Braille embosser
* Braille translator
* Braille watch
* Mountbatten Brailler
* Optical braille recognition
* Perforation
* Perkins Brailler
* Refreshable braille display
* Slate and stylus
* Braigo

People|

* Louis Braille
* Charles Barbier
* Róża Czacka
* Valentin Haüy
* Harris Mowbray
* Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
* Sabriye Tenberken
* William Bell Wait

Organisations|

* Braille Institute of America
* Braille Without Borders
* Japan Braille Library
* National Braille Association
* Blindness organizations
* Schools for the blind
* American Printing House for the Blind

Other tactile alphabets|

* Decapoint
* Moon type
* New York Point
* Night writing
* Vibratese

Related topics|

* Accessible publishing
* Braille literacy
* RoboBraille

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