Bricha

Underground organized migration 1944-48

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Aliyah
Concepts

* Promised Land
* Gathering of Israel
* Diaspora
* Negation
* Jews who remained in the Land of Israel
* Homeland for the Jewish people
* Zionism
* Jewish question
* Law of Return

Pre-Modern Aliyah

* Return to Zion
* Old Yishuv
* Perushim

Aliyah in modern times

* First
* Second
* during World War I
* Third
* Fourth
* Fifth
* Aliyah Bet
* Bricha
* from Muslim countries
* Yemen
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* from the Soviet Union
* post-Soviet
* from Poland
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Absorption

* Revival of the Hebrew language
* Hebraization of surnames
* Hebraization of place names
* Ulpan
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* Immigrant camps
* Ma'abarot
* Development town
* Austerity

Organizations

* World Zionist Organization
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* Youth Aliyah
* Mossad LeAliyah Bet
* El Al
* Ministry of Aliyah and Integration
* Nefesh B'Nefesh
* Am Yisrael Foundation

Related topics

* Yishuv
* Sabra
* Yerida
* Jewish refugees
* History of the Jews in the Land of Israel
* Demographic history of Palestine (region)
* Historical Jewish population
* Yom HaAliyah

* v
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Bricha (Hebrew: בריחה, romanized: briḥa, lit. 'escape, flight'), also called the Bericha Movement,[1] was the underground organized effort that helped Jewish Holocaust survivors escape Europe post-World War II to the British Mandate for Palestine in violation of the White Paper of 1939. It ended when Israel declared independence and annulled the White Paper.

July 15, 1945. Buchenwald survivors arrive in Haifa to be arrested by the British.

After American, British and Soviet armed forces liberated the camps, survivors suffered from disease, severe malnutrition and depression. Many were displaced persons who were unable to return to their homes from before the war. In some areas, the survivors continued to face antisemitic violence; during the 1946 Kielce pogrom in Poland 42 survivors were killed when their communal home was attacked by a mob. For many of the survivors, Europe had become "a vast cemetery of the Jewish people" and "they wanted to start life over and build a new national Jewish homeland in Eretz Yisrael".[1][2]

The movement of Jewish refugees from the Displaced Persons camp in which they were held (one million persons classified as "not repatriable" remained in Germany and Austria) to Palestine was illegal on both sides, as Jews were not officially allowed to leave the countries of Central and Eastern Europe by the Soviet Union and its allies, nor were they permitted to settle in Palestine by the British.

In late 1944 and early 1945, Jewish members of the Polish resistance met up with Warsaw ghetto fighters in Lubin to form Bricha as a way of escaping the antisemitism of Europe, where they were convinced that another Holocaust would occur. After the liberation of Rivne, Eliezer and Abraham Lidovsky, and Pasha (Isaac) Rajchmann, concluded that there was no future for Jews in Poland. They formed an artisan guild to cover their covert activities, and they sent a group to Cernăuţi, Romania to seek out escape routes. It was only after Abba Kovner, and his group from Vilna joined, along with Yitzhak Zuckerman, who had headed the Jewish Combat Organization of the Polish uprising of August 1944, in January 1945, that the organization took shape. They soon joined up with a similar effort led by the Jewish Brigade and eventually the Haganah (the Jewish clandestine army in Palestine).

Officers of the Jewish Brigade of the British army assumed control of the operation, along with operatives from the Haganah who hoped to smuggle as many displaced persons as possible into Palestine through Italy. The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee funded the operation.

Almost immediately, the explicitly Zionist Berihah became the main conduit for Jews coming to Palestine, especially from the displaced person camps, and it initially had to turn people away due to too much demand.

After the Kielce pogrom of 1946, the flight of Jews accelerated, with 100,000 Jews leaving Eastern Europe in three months. Operating in Poland, Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia through 1948, Berihah transferred approximately 250,000 survivors into Austria, Germany, and Italy through elaborate smuggling networks. Using ships supplied at great cost [citation needed] by the Mossad Le'aliyah Bet, then the immigration arm of the Yishuv, these refugees were then smuggled through the British cordon around Palestine. Bricha was part of the larger operation known as Aliyah Bet, and ended with the establishment of Israel, after which immigration to the Jewish state was legal, although emigration was still sometimes prohibited, as happened in both the Eastern Bloc and Arab countries (see for example refusenik).

## See also

[edit]

* Aliyah Bet
* Mossad LeAliyah Bet
* Tilhas Tizig Gesheften

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "The Bericha - Education & E-Learning - Yad Vashem". Archived from the original on 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
2. ^ Steinlauf, Michael C. (1997). Bondage to the Dead: Poland and the Memory of the Holocaust. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-2729-6.

* Bauer, Yehuda (1970). Flight and Rescue: Brichah. New York: Random House. ISBN 9780394417776. OCLC 80809. Snippet view only.
* Mankowitz, Zeev W. (2002). Life between Memory and Hope: The Survivors of the Holocaust in Occupied Germany. Studies in the Social and Cultural History of Modern Warfare no. 12. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521037565. OCLC 124025531.

## External links

[edit]

* Brihah United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Brihah
* Bricha, Emigration
* History of the Jewish People provides information on Brichah (Lublin, Poland), Brichah (Romania) and Brichah (Rovno, Ukraine)
* Displaced Jews in Europe Archived 2007-12-12 at the Wayback Machine Matt Rosenberg traces the Migration Following World War II in Europe - 1945-1951
* The background to Bricha Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine
* A film review about a documentary film about the Bricha
* The film "The Escape Home", is about The exodus of Holocaust survivors thru Europe to the promised land, YouTube

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The Holocaust

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Camps and ghettos

| Concentration|

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Extermination|

* Auschwitz II-Birkenau
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Transit|

* be
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Methods|

* Einsatzgruppen
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Nazi units|

* SS-Totenkopfverbände
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Ghettos (list)|

| Poland|

* Białystok
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|

Elsewhere|

* Budapest
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* Minsk
* Riga
* Theresienstadt
* Vilna

Judenrat|

* Jewish Ghetto Police
* Reich Association of Jews in Germany
* Ústredňa Židov

Victims

| Jews|

| Roundups|

* Izieu
* Marseille
* Vel' d'Hiv

|

Pogroms|

* Kristallnacht
* Bucharest
* Dorohoi
* Iași
* 1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
* Jedwabne
* Lviv
* in Lithuania
* Kaunas

"Final Solution"|

* Wannsee Conference
* Operation Reinhard
* Holocaust trains

Mass executions|

* Einsatzgruppen
* Babi Yar
* Harvest Festival
* Kamianets-Podilskyi
* Maly Trostenets
* Ninth Fort
* Odesa
* Piaśnica
* Ponary
* Rumbula

Resistance|

* Jewish partisans
* Bielski partisans
* Ghetto uprisings
* Warsaw
* Białystok
* Częstochowa

Rescue|

* Aid and Rescue Committee
* Attack on the twentieth convoy
* Kastner train
* Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
* Danish underground
* Working Group
* Żegota

Others|

* Soviet POWs
* Soviet urban residents
* Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
* People with disabilities
* Romani people
* Polish leaders and intellectuals
* Homosexuals
* Jehovah's Witnesses

Responsibility

* List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust

| Organizations|

* Nazi Party
* Schutzstaffel (SS)
* Reich Security Main Office (RSHA)
* Referat IV B4
* Sicherheitsdienst (SD)
* Ordnungspolizei (Orpo)
* Waffen-SS
* Wehrmacht

|

Units|

* Einsatzgruppen
* Police Regiments
* Order Police battalions

Collaborators|

* Arajs Kommando
* Lithuanian Security Police
* Nederlandsche SS
* Rollkommando Hamann
* Special Brigades
* Topf and Sons
* Trawnikis
* Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
* Ypatingasis būrys

* Early elements
* Aftermath
* Remembrance

| Early elements|

* Nazi racial policy
* Nazi eugenics
* Nuremberg Laws
* Haavara Agreement
* Hitler's prophecy
* Jewish war conspiracy theory
* Jewish emigration
* Kindertransport
* Madagascar Plan
* Nisko Plan
* Forced euthanasia (Action T4)

|

Aftermath|

* Depopulated shtetls
* Holocaust survivors
* Sh'erit ha-Pletah
* Bricha
* List
* Postwar violence
* Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
* Nuremberg trials
* Eichmann trial
* Holocaust restitution
* Reparations Agreement
* Holocaust denial
* trivialization

History and memory|

* Academia
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* Days of remembrance
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* Memorials and museums
* Uniqueness
* Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
* Humor
* Righteous Among the Nations
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* "Never again"

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