Brigitte Bardot

French actress and singer (born 1934)

For the ship named after her, see MV Brigitte Bardot.

Brigitte Bardot

Bardot in a publicity photo for A Very Private Affair (1962)

Born|

Brigitte Anne-Marie Bardot

(1934-09-28) 28 September 1934 (age 90)

Paris, France

Occupations|

* Actress
* singer
* animal rights activist

Years active| 1952–1973 (entertainer)
1973–present (activist)
Works|

* Filmography
* discography

Political party| National Rally
Other political
affiliations| Union for the New Republic (1958–1967)
Spouses|

Roger Vadim

(m. 1952; div. 1957)​

Jacques Charrier

(m. 1959; div. 1962)​

Gunter Sachs

(m. 1966; div. 1969)​

Bernard d'Ormale

(m. 1992)​

Children| 1
Relatives| Mijanou Bardot (sister)
Signature

Brigitte Anne-Marie Bardot (/ˈbrɪdʒɪt bɑːrˈdoʊ/ ⓘ BRIH-jit bar-DOH; French: [bʁiʒit baʁdo] ⓘ; born 28 September 1934), often referred to by her initials B.B.,[1][2] is a French former actress, singer, and model as well as an animal rights activist. Famous for portraying characters with hedonistic lifestyles, she is one of the best known symbols of the sexual revolution. Although she withdrew from the entertainment industry in 1973, she remains a major pop culture icon.[3][4] She has acted in 47 films, performed in several musicals, and recorded more than 60 songs. She was awarded the Legion of Honour in 1985.

Born and raised in Paris, Bardot was an aspiring ballerina during her childhood. She started her acting career in 1952 and achieved international recognition in 1957 for her role in And God Created Woman (1956), catching the attention of many French intellectuals and earning her the nickname "sex kitten".[5] She was the subject of philosopher Simone de Beauvoir's 1959 essay The Lolita Syndrome, which described her as a "locomotive of women's history" and built upon existentialist themes to declare her the most liberated woman of France. She won a 1961 David di Donatello Best Foreign Actress Award for her work in The Truth (1960). Bardot later starred in Jean-Luc Godard's film Le Mépris (1963). For her role in Louis Malle's film Viva Maria! (1965), she was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress. French President Charles de Gaulle called Bardot "the French export as important as Renault cars".[6]

After retiring from acting in 1973, Bardot became an animal rights activist and created the Brigitte Bardot Foundation. She is known for her strong personality, outspokenness, and speeches on animal defense; she has been fined twice for public insults. She has also been a controversial political figure, as of November 2021 having been fined six times[7] for inciting racial hatred when she criticised immigration and Islam in France and called residents of Réunion "savages".[8] She is married to Bernard d'Ormale, a former adviser to Jean-Marie Le Pen, a far-right French politician. Bardot is a member of the Global 500 Roll of Honour of the United Nations Environment Programme and has received several awards and accolades from UNESCO and PETA. In 2011, Los Angeles Times Magazine ranked her second on the "50 Most Beautiful Women In Film".

## Early life

[edit]

Bardot was born on 28 September 1934 in the 15th arrondissement of Paris to Louis Bardot (1896–1975) and Anne-Marie Mucel (1912–1978).[9] Bardot's father, who originated from Ligny-en-Barrois, was an engineer and the proprietor of several industrial factories in Paris.[10][11] Her mother was the daughter of an insurance company director.[12] She grew up in a conservative Catholic family, as had her father.[13][14] She suffered from amblyopia as a child, which resulted in decreased vision of her left eye.[15] She has one younger sister, Mijanou Bardot.[16]

Bardot's childhood was prosperous; she lived in her family's seven-bedroom apartment in the luxurious 16th arrondissement.[14][17] However, she recalled feeling resentful in her early years.[18] Her father demanded that she follow strict behavioural standards, including good table manners, and wear appropriate clothes.[19] Her mother was highly selective in choosing companions for her, so Bardot had very few childhood friends.[20] Bardot cited a personal traumatic incident when she and her sister broke her parents' favourite vase while they were playing in the house; her father whipped the sisters 20 times and subsequently treated them like "strangers", demanding that they address their parents by the formal pronoun "vous", used in French when speaking to unfamiliar or higher-status persons outside the immediate family.[21] The incident led to Bardot decisively resenting her parents and to her future rebellious lifestyle.[22]

During World War II, when Paris was occupied by Nazi Germany, Bardot spent more time at home due to increasingly strict civilian surveillance.[17] She became engrossed in dancing to records, which her mother saw as a potential for a ballet career.[17] Bardot was admitted at the age of seven to the private school Cours Hattemer.[23] She went to school three days a week, which gave her ample time to take dance lessons at a local studio under her mother's arrangements.[20] In 1949, Bardot was accepted at the Conservatoire de Paris. She attended ballet classes held by Russian choreographer Boris Knyazev for three years.[24] She also studied at the Institut de la Tour, a private Catholic high school near her home.[25]

Hélène Gordon-Lazareff, the director of the magazines Elle and Le Jardin des Modes, hired Bardot in 1949 as a "junior" fashion model.[26] On 8 March 1950, 15-year-old Bardot appeared on the cover of Elle, which brought her an acting offer for the film Les Lauriers sont coupés from director Marc Allégret.[27] Her parents opposed her becoming an actress, but her grandfather was supportive, saying that "If this little girl is to become a whore, cinema will not be the cause."[A] At the audition, Bardot met Roger Vadim, who later notified her that she did not get the role.[29] They subsequently fell in love.[30] Her parents fiercely opposed their relationship; her father announced to her one evening that she would continue her education in England and that he had bought her a train ticket for the following day.[31] Bardot reacted by putting her head into an oven with open fire; her parents stopped her and ultimately accepted the relationship, on condition that she marry Vadim at the age of 18.[32]

## Career

[edit]

### Beginnings: 1952–1955

[edit]

Bardot appeared on the cover of Elle again in 1952, which landed her an offer for a small part in the comedy film Crazy for Love the same year, directed by Jean Boyer and starring Bourvil.[33] She was paid 200,000 francs (about 575 1952 US dollars[34]) for the small role portraying a cousin of the main character.[33] Bardot had her second film role in Manina, the Girl in the Bikini (1952), directed by Willy Rozier.[35] She also had roles in the 1953 films The Long Teeth and His Father's Portrait.

Bardot had a small role in a Hollywood-financed film being shot in Paris in 1953, Act of Love, starring Kirk Douglas. She received media attention when she attended the Cannes Film Festival in April 1953.[36]

Bardot in a scene of Concert of Intrigue in 1954

Bardot had a leading role in 1954 in an Italian melodrama, Concert of Intrigue and in a French adventure film, Caroline and the Rebels. She had a good part as a flirtatious student in the 1955 School for Love, opposite Jean Marais, for director Marc Allégret.

Bardot played her first sizeable English-language role in 1955 in Doctor at Sea, as the love interest for Dirk Bogarde. The film was the third-most-popular movie in Britain that year.[37]

Bardot had a small role in The Grand Maneuver (1955) for director René Clair, supporting Gérard Philipe and Michelle Morgan. The part was bigger in The Light Across the Street (1956) for director Georges Lacombe. She had another in the Hollywood film Helen of Troy, playing Helen's handmaiden.

For the Italian movie Mio figlio Nerone (1956) brunette Bardot was asked by the director to appear as a blonde. She dyed her hair rather than wear a wig; she was so pleased with the results that she decided to retain the color.[38]

### Rise to stardom: 1956–1962

[edit]

Bardot posing for a crowd of photographers during the 1958 Venice Film Festival Bardot featured on the cover of Screenland, March 1959

Bardot then appeared in four movies that made her a star. First up was a musical, Naughty Girl (1956), where Bardot played a troublesome school girl. Directed by Michel Boisrond, it was co-written by Roger Vadim and was a great success, going on to become the 12th most popular film of the year in France.[39] It was followed by a comedy, Plucking the Daisy (1956), also written by Vadim. This was succeeded by The Bride Is Much Too Beautiful (1956) with Louis Jourdan.

Finally, there was the melodrama And God Created Woman (1956). The movie was Vadim's debut as director, with Bardot starring opposite Jean-Louis Trintignant and Curt Jurgens. The film, about an immoral teenager in an otherwise respectable small-town setting, was an even larger success, not just in France but also around the world, listed among the ten most popular films in Great Britain in 1957.[40] In the United States the film was the highest-grossing foreign film ever released, earning $4 million, which author Peter Lev describes as "an astonishing amount for a foreign film at that time."[41] It turned Bardot into an international star.[36] From at least 1956,[42] she was hailed as the "sex kitten".[43][44][45] The film scandalized the United States and some theater managers were even arrested just for screening it.[46]

U.S newspaper clipping, 9 February 1958

Paul O'Neil of Life (June 1958) in describing Bardot's international popularity, writes:

> In gaining her present eminence, Brigitte Bardot has had certain advantages beyond those she was born with. Like the European sports car, she has arrived on the American scene at a time when the American public is ready, even hungry, for something racier and more realistic than the familiar domestic product.[47]

During her early career, professional photographer Sam Lévin's photos contributed to the image of Bardot's sensuality. British photographer Cornel Lucas made images of Bardot in the 1950s and 1960s that have become representative of her public persona.

Bardot followed And God Created Woman up with La Parisienne (1957), a comedy co-starring Charles Boyer for director Boisrond. She was reunited with Vadim in another melodrama The Night Heaven Fell (1958), and played a criminal who seduced Jean Gabin in In Case of Adversity (1958). The latter was the 13th most seen movie of the year in France.[48] In 1958, Bardot became the highest-paid actress in the country of France.[49]

Bardot in 1961

The Female (1959) for director Julien Duvivier was popular, but Babette Goes to War (1959), a comedy set in World War II, was a huge hit, the fourth biggest movie of the year in France.[50] Also widely seen was Come Dance with Me (1959) from Boisrond.

Bardot's next film was courtroom drama The Truth (1960), from Henri-Georges Clouzot. It was a highly publicised production, which resulted in Bardot having an affair and attempting suicide. The film was Bardot's biggest commercial success in France, the third biggest hit of the year, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Film.[51] Bardot was awarded a David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actress for her role in the film.[52]

She made a comedy with Vadim, Please, Not Now! (1961), and had a role in the all-star anthology, Famous Love Affairs (1962).

Bardot starred alongside Marcello Mastroianni in a film inspired by her life in A Very Private Affair (Vie privée, 1962), directed by Louis Malle. More popular than that was her role in Love on a Pillow (1962).

### International films and singing career: 1962–1968

[edit]

Bardot visiting Brazil in 1964

In the mid-1960s, Bardot made films that seemed to be more aimed at the international market. She starred in Jean-Luc Godard's film Le Mépris (1963), produced by Joseph E. Levine and starring Jack Palance. The following year she co-starred with Anthony Perkins in the comedy Une ravissante idiote (1964).

Dear Brigitte (1965), Bardot's first Hollywood film, was a comedy starring James Stewart as an academic whose son develops a crush on Bardot. Bardot's appearance was relatively brief in the film, and the movie was not a big success.

Brigitte Bardot and Michel Piccoli caught by paparazzi in Italy during the filming of Contempt in 1963

More successful was the Western buddy comedy Viva Maria! (1965) for director Louis Malle, appearing opposite Jeanne Moreau. It was a big hit in France and worldwide, although it did not break through in the United States as much as had been hoped.[53]

After a cameo in Godard's Masculin Féminin (1966), she had her first outright flop for some years, Two Weeks in September (1968), a French–English co-production. She had a small role in the all-star Spirits of the Dead (1968), acting opposite Alain Delon, then tried a Hollywood film again: Shalako (1968), a Western starring Sean Connery, which was another box-office disappointment.[54]

She participated in several musical shows and recorded many popular songs in the 1960s and 1970s, mostly in collaboration with Serge Gainsbourg, Bob Zagury and Sacha Distel, including "Harley Davidson"; "Je Me Donne À Qui Me Plaît"; "Bubble gum"; "Contact"; "Je Reviendrai Toujours Vers Toi"; "L'Appareil À Sous"; "La Madrague"; "On Déménage"; "Sidonie"; "Tu Veux, Ou Tu Veux Pas?"; "Le Soleil De Ma Vie" (a cover of Stevie Wonder's "You Are the Sunshine of My Life"); and "Je t'aime... moi non-plus". Bardot pleaded with Gainsbourg not to release this duet and he complied with her wish; the following year, he rerecorded a version with British-born model and actress Jane Birkin that became a massive hit all over Europe. The version with Bardot was issued in 1986 and became a download hit in 2006 when Universal Music made its back catalogue available to purchase online, with this version of the song ranking as the third most popular download.[55]

Bardot in 1968

### Final films: 1969–1973

[edit]

From 1969 to 1972, Bardot was the official face of Marianne, who had previously up until then been anonymous, to represent the liberty of France.[56][57]

Her next film, Les Femmes (1969), was a flop, although the screwball comedy The Bear and the Doll (1970) performed better. Her last few films were mostly comedies: Les Novices (1970), Boulevard du Rhum (1971) (with Lino Ventura). The Legend of Frenchie King (1971) was more popular, helped by Bardot co-starring with Claudia Cardinale.

Bardot in Rome in 1969

She made one more movie working with Vadim, Don Juan, or If Don Juan Were a Woman (1973), playing the title role. Vadim said the film marked "Underneath what people call 'the Bardot myth' was something interesting, even though she was never considered the most professional actress in the world. For years, since she has been growing older, and the Bardot myth has become just a souvenir... I was curious in her as a woman and I had to get to the end of something with her, to get out of her and express many things I felt were in her. Brigitte always gave the impression of sexual freedom – she is a completely open and free person, without any aggression. So I gave her the part of a man – that amused me".[58]

"If Don Juan is not my last movie it will be my next to last", said Bardot during filming.[59] She kept her word and made only one more film, The Edifying and Joyous Story of Colinot (1973).

In 1973, Bardot announced she was retiring from acting as "a way to get out elegantly".[60]

## Animal rights activism

[edit]

Bardot met Paul Watson in 1977, the same year he founded the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, during an operation to condemn the massacre of seal pups and seal hunting on the Canadian ice floe.[61] In support of animal protection, Bardot went to the ice floe after being invited by Watson.[62] Bardot posed lying down next to the seal pups; the photos were seen worldwide. Bardot and Watson remained friends.[63]

After appearing in more than 40 motion pictures and recording several music albums, Bardot used her fame to promote animal rights. In 1986, she established the Brigitte Bardot Foundation for the Welfare and Protection of Animals.[64] She became a vegetarian[65] and raised three million francs (about 430,000 1986 US dollars[34]) to fund the foundation by auctioning off jewellery and personal belongings.[64]

Bardot has been a strong animal rights activist and a major opponent of the consumption of horse meat.[66][67]

In 1989, while looking after her neighbour, Jean-Pierre Manivet's donkey, the mare displayed excessive interest in Bardot's older donkey and she subsequently had the neighbour's donkey castrated due to concerns the mating would prove fatal for her mare. The neighbour then sued Bardot, and Bardot later won, with the court ordering Manivet to pay 20,000 francs for creating a "false scandal".[68][69]

Bardot urged French television viewers to boycott horse meat and was soon the target of death threats in January 1994. Not backing off from the threats, she sent a letter to the French Minister of Agriculture, Jean Puech, calling on him to ban the sale of horse meat.[70]

Bardot wrote a 1999 letter to Chinese President Jiang Zemin, published in French magazine VSD, in which she accused the Chinese of "torturing bears and killing the world's last tigers and rhinos to make aphrodisiacs".

Bardot in 2002

She donated more than US$140,000 over two years in 2001 for a mass sterilization and adoption program for Bucharest's stray dogs, estimated to number 300,000.[71]

In August 2010, Bardot addressed a letter to Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, appealing for the sovereign to halt the killing of dolphins in the Faroe Islands. In the letter, Bardot describes the activity as a "macabre spectacle" that "is a shame for Denmark and the Faroe Islands ... This is not a hunt but a mass slaughter ... an outmoded tradition that has no acceptable justification in today's world".[72]

On 22 April 2011, French culture minister Frédéric Mitterrand officially included bullfighting in the country's cultural heritage. Bardot wrote him a highly critical letter of protest.[73] On 25 May 2011, the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society renamed its fast interceptor vessel, MV Gojira, as MV Brigitte Bardot in appreciation of her support.[74]

From 2013, the Brigitte Bardot Foundation, in collaboration with Kagyupa International Monlam Trust of India, operated an annual veterinary care camp. Bardot committed to the cause of animal welfare in Bodhgaya over several years.[75]

On 23 July 2015, Bardot condemned Australian politician Greg Hunt's plan to eradicate 2 million cats to save endangered species such as the Warru and night parrot.[76]

At the age of 90, Bardot appealed to free Watson, who had been detained in Greenland since 21 July 2024, when Japan requested his extradition. Through a request expressed in mid-October 2024 by her lawyers and Sea Shepherd France, Bardot asked French President Emmanuel Macron to grant Watson political asylum. Bardot asked Macron to show "a little bit of courage". During that month, she initiated a demonstration in support of Watson in front of the Hôtel de Ville, Paris.[61] Bardot also wrote a letter to Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen, asking her to "not choose the camp of the oceans gravediggers".[77]

## Personal life

[edit]

### Marriages and relationships

[edit]

Bardot has been married four times, with her current marriage lasting far longer than the previous three combined. By her own count, she has had a total of 17 romantic relationships.[78] Bardot would characteristically leave for another relationship when "the present was getting lukewarm"; she said, "I have always looked for passion. That's why I was often unfaithful. And when the passion was coming to an end, I was packing my suitcase".[79]

On 20 December 1952, aged 18, Bardot married director Roger Vadim.[80] They separated in 1956 after she became involved with And God Created Woman co-star Jean-Louis Trintignant, divorcing the next year.[36] Trintignant at the time was married to actress Stéphane Audran. Bardot and Vadim had no children together, but remained in touch for the rest of his life and even collaborated on later projects. Bardot and Trintignant lived together for about two years, spanning the period before and after Bardot's divorce from Vadim, but they never married. Their relationship was complicated by Trintignant's frequent absence due to military service and Bardot's affair with musician Gilbert Bécaud.[81]

Bardot and Sami Frey in Saint-Tropez in 1963

After her separation from Vadim, Bardot acquired a historic property dating from the 16th century, called Le Castelet, in Cannes. The fourteen-bedroom villa, surrounded by lush gardens, olive trees, and vineyards, consisted of several buildings.[82]

In 1958, she bought a second property called La Madrague, located in Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer.[82] In early 1958, her breakup with Trintignant was followed in quick order by a reported nervous breakdown in Italy, according to newspaper reports. A suicide attempt with sleeping pills two days earlier was also noted but was denied by her public relations manager.[83] She recovered within weeks, began a relationship with actor Jacques Charrier, and became pregnant well before they married on 18 June 1959. Bardot's only child, son Nicolas-Jacques Charrier, was born on 11 January 1960.[81] Bardot had an affair with Glenn Ford in the early 1960s.[84] After she and Charrier divorced in 1962, Nicolas was raised in the Charrier family and had little contact with his biological mother until his adulthood.[81] Sami Frey was mentioned as the reason for her divorce from Charrier. Bardot was enamoured of Frey, but he quickly left her.[85]

From 1963 to 1965, she lived with musician Bob Zagury.[86]

Bardot with French singer Sacha Distel in 1958

Bardot's third marriage was to German millionaire playboy Gunter Sachs, lasting from 14 July 1966 to 7 October 1969, though they had separated the previous year.[81][36][87] While filming Shalako, she rejected Sean Connery's advances; she said, "It didn't last long because I wasn't a James Bond girl! I have never succumbed to his charm!"[88] In 1968, she began dating Patrick Gilles, who co-starred with her in The Bear and the Doll (1970); but she ended their relationship in spring 1971.[86]

Over the next few years, Bardot dated bartender/ski instructor Christian Kalt, nightclub owner Luigi "Gigi" Rizzi, singer-songwriter Serge Gainsbourg, writer John Gilmore, actor Warren Beatty, and Laurent Vergez, her co-star in Don Juan, or If Don Juan Were a Woman.[86][89]

In 1974, Bardot appeared in a nude photo shoot in Playboy magazine, which celebrated her 40th birthday. In 1975, she entered a relationship with artist Miroslav Brozek and posed for some of his sculptures. Brozek was also an occasional actor; his stage name is Jean Blaise [fr].[90] The couple lived together for four years, separating in December 1979.[91]

From 1980 to 1985, Bardot had a live-in relationship with French TV producer Allain Bougrain-Dubourg [fr].[91] On 27 September 1983, the eve of her 49th birthday, Bardot took an overdose of sleeping pills or tranquilizers with red wine, then wandered out to the beach, where she was later pulled from the surf.[91] She had to be rushed to the hospital, where her life was saved after a stomach pump was used to evacuate the pills from her body.[91] Bardot was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1984.[B] She refused to undergo chemotherapy treatment and decided only to do radiation therapy. She recovered in 1986.[94][95]

Bardot's fourth and current husband is Bernard d'Ormale; they have been married since 16 August 1992.[96] In 2018, in an interview accorded to Le Journal du Dimanche, she denied rumors of relationships with Johnny Hallyday, Jimi Hendrix, and Mick Jagger.[85]

### Politics and legal issues

[edit]

Bardot expressed support for President Charles de Gaulle in the 1960s.[81][97]

In her 1999 book Le Carré de Pluton (Pluto's Square), Bardot criticizes the procedure used in the ritual slaughter of sheep during the Muslim festival of Eid al-Adha. Additionally, in a section in the book entitled "Open Letter to My Lost France," she writes that "my country, France, my homeland, my land is again invaded by an overpopulation of foreigners, especially Muslims." For this comment, a French court fined her 30,000 francs (about 4,200 US dollars in 2000[34]) in June 2000. She had been fined in 1997 for the original publication of this open letter in Le Figaro and again in 1998 for making similar remarks.[98][99][100]

In her 2003 book, Un cri dans le silence (A Scream in the Silence), she contrasted her close gay friends with homosexuals who "jiggle their bottoms, put their little fingers in the air and with their little castrato voices moan about what those ghastly heteros put them through," and said some contemporary homosexuals behave like "fairground freaks."[101] In her own defence, Bardot wrote in a letter to a French gay magazine: "Apart from my husband—who maybe will cross over one day as well—I am entirely surrounded by homos. For years, they have been my support, my friends, my adopted children, my confidants."[102][103]

In her book, she criticised racial mixing, immigration, the role of women in politics and Islam. The book also contained a section attacking what she called the mixing of genes, and praised previous generations which, she said, had given their lives to push out invaders.[104] On 10 June 2004, Bardot was convicted for a fourth time by a French court for inciting racial hatred and fined €5,000.[105] Bardot denied the racial hatred charge and apologized in court, saying: "I never knowingly wanted to hurt anybody. It is not in my character."[106] In 2008, Bardot was convicted of inciting racial/religious hatred in regard to a letter she wrote, a copy of which she sent to Nicolas Sarkozy when he was Interior Minister of France. The letter stated her objections to Muslims in France ritually slaughtering sheep by slitting their throats without anesthetizing them first. She also said, in reference to Muslims, that she was "fed up with being under the thumb of this population which is destroying us, destroying our country and imposing its habits." The trial concluded on 3 June 2008, with a conviction and fine of €15,000.[107] The prosecutor stated she was weary of charging Bardot with offences related to racial hatred.[103]

During the 2008 United States presidential election, Bardot branded Republican Party vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin as "stupid" and a "disgrace to women." She criticized the former Alaskan governor for her stance on global warming and gun control. She was further offended by Palin's support for Arctic oil exploration and by her lack of consideration in protecting polar bears.[108]

On 13 August 2010, Bardot criticised American filmmaker Kyle Newman for his plan to produce a biographical film about her. She told him, "Wait until I'm dead before you make a movie about my life!" otherwise "sparks will fly."[109]

In 2014, Bardot wrote an open letter demanding the ban in France of Jewish ritual slaughter shechita. In response, the European Jewish Congress released a statement saying "Bardot has once again shown her clear insensitivity for minority groups with the substance and style of her letter...She may well be concerned for the welfare of animals but her longstanding support for the far-right and for discrimination against minorities in France shows a constant disdain for human rights instead."[110]

In 2015, Bardot threatened to sue a Saint-Tropez boutique for selling items featuring her face.[111] In 2018, she expressed support for the Yellow vests protests.[112]

On 19 March 2019, Bardot issued an open letter to Réunion prefect Amaury de Saint-Quentin [fr] in which she accused inhabitants of the Indian Ocean island of animal cruelty and referred to them as "autochthones who have kept the genes of savages". In her letter relating to animal abuse and sent through her foundation, she mentioned the "beheadings of goats and billy goats" during festivals, and associated these practices with "reminiscences of cannibalism from past centuries". The public prosecutor filed a lawsuit the following day.[113]

In June 2021, 86-year-old Bardot was fined €5,000 by the Arras court for public insults against hunters and their national president Willy Schraen [fr]. She had published a post at the end of 2019 on her foundation's website, calling hunters "sub-men" and "drunkards" and carriers of "genes of cruel barbarism inherited from our primitive ancestors", and insulting Schraen. At the time of the hearing, she had not removed the comments from the website.[114] Following her letter sent to the prefect of Réunion in 2019, she was convicted on 4 November 2021 by a French court for public insults and fined €20,000, the largest of her fines to date.[115]

Bardot's husband Bernard d'Ormale is a former adviser to Jean-Marie Le Pen, former leader of the far-right party National Front (which became National Rally), the main far-right party in France.[36][97] Bardot expressed support for Marine Le Pen, leader of the National Front (National Rally), calling her "the Joan of Arc of the 21st century".[116] She endorsed Le Pen in the 2012 and 2017 French presidential elections.[117][118]

Bardot has been convicted of inciting racial hatred multiple times, having received six separate fines for the offense as of November 2021.[7]

## Legacy

[edit]

> You know, the one thing that was so great in those days was that a woman named Brigitte Bardot came along with Et Dieu... créa la femme. Over here, we were fighting censorship in the 1950s and 1960s, when you couldn't even show you had a bust. We had to cover everything, and when Bardot's movie was released in an art house in Los Angeles, my God, people were lining up all the way down Wilshire Boulevard to see it. I also stood in line, and I thought, "Why can't I do that?"[119]
>  – Mamie Van Doren, 2000

The Guardian named Bardot "one of the most iconic faces, models, and actors of the 1950s and 1960s". She has been called a "style icon" and a "muse for Dior, Balmain, and Pierre Cardin".[120]

In fashion, the Bardot neckline (a wide-open neck that exposes both shoulders) is named after her. Bardot popularized this style, which is especially used for knitted sweaters or jumpers, although it is also used for other tops and dresses. Bardot popularized the bikini in her early films such as Manina (1952) (released in France as Manina, la fille sans voiles). The following year she was also photographed in a bikini on every beach in southern France during the Cannes Film Festival.[121] She gained additional attention when she filmed ...And God Created Woman (1956) with Jean-Louis Trintignant (released in France as Et Dieu Créa La Femme). In it Bardot portrays an immoral teenager cavorting in a bikini who seduces men in a respectable small-town setting. The film was an international success.[36] Bardot's image was linked to the shoemaker Repetto, who created a pair of ballerinas for her in 1956.[122] The bikini was in the 1950s relatively well accepted in France but was still considered risqué in the United States. As late as 1959, Anne Cole, one of the United States' largest swimsuit designers, said, "It's nothing more than a G-string. It's at the razor's edge of decency."[123]

Bardot in Spoleto, Italy (1961)

She also brought into fashion the choucroute (lit. 'sauerkraut') hairstyle (similar to the beehive hair style) and gingham clothes after wearing a checkered pink dress, designed by Jacques Esterel, at her wedding to Charrier.[124] French philosopher Simone de Beauvoir described Bardot as "a locomotive of women's history".[66]

Isabella Biedenharn of Elle wrote that Bardot "has inspired thousands (millions?) of women to tease their hair or try out winged eyeliner over the past few decades". A well-known evocative pose describes an iconic modelling portrait shot around 1960 where Bardot is dressed only in a pair of black pantyhose, cross-legged over her front and cross-armed over her breasts; known as the "Bardot Pose".[125] This pose has been emulated numerous times by models and celebrities such as Lindsay Lohan,[126] Elle Macpherson,[127] Gisele Bündchen,[128] and Rihanna.[129] In the late 1960s, Bardot's silhouette was used as a model for designing and modelling the statue's bust of Marianne, a symbol of the French Republic.[49]

In addition to popularizing the bikini swimming suit, Bardot has been credited with popularizing the city of St. Tropez and the town of Armação dos Búzios in Brazil, which she visited in 1964 with her boyfriend at the time, Brazilian musician Bob Zagury. The place where she stayed in Búzios is today a small hotel, Pousada do Sol, and also a French restaurant, Cigalon.[130] The town hosts a Bardot statue by Christina Motta.[131]

Bardot was idolized by the young John Lennon and Paul McCartney.[132][133] They made plans to shoot a film featuring The Beatles and Bardot, similar to A Hard Day's Night, but the plans were never fulfilled.[36] Lennon's first wife Cynthia Powell lightened her hair colour to more closely resemble Bardot, while George Harrison made comparisons between Bardot and his first wife Pattie Boyd, as Cynthia wrote later in A Twist of Lennon. Lennon and Bardot met in person once, in 1968 at the May Fair Hotel, introduced by Beatles press agent Derek Taylor; a nervous Lennon took LSD before arriving, and neither star impressed the other. Lennon recalled in a memoir: "I was on acid, and she was on her way out."[134] According to the liner notes of his first (self-titled) album, musician Bob Dylan dedicated the first song he ever wrote to Bardot. He also mentioned her by name in "I Shall Be Free", which appeared on his second album, The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan. The first-ever official exhibition spotlighting Bardot's influence and legacy opened in Boulogne-Billancourt on 29 September 2009 – a day after her 75th birthday.[135]

Bardot was the subject of eight Andy Warhol paintings in 1974.[136]

The Australian pop group Bardot was named after her.

Brigitte Bardot statue in Búzios, Brazil

Kylie Minogue adopted the Bardot "sex kitten look" on the cover of her album Body Language, released in 2003.[137]

Women who emulated and were inspired by Bardot include Claudia Schiffer, Emmanuelle Béart, Elke Sommer, Kate Moss, Faith Hill, Isabelle Adjani, Diane Kruger, Lara Stone, Minogue, Amy Winehouse, Georgia May Jagger, Zahia Dehar, Scarlett Johansson, Louise Bourgoin, and Paris Hilton. Bardot said: "None have my personality." Laetitia Casta embodied Bardot in the 2010 French drama film Gainsbourg: A Heroic Life by Joann Sfar.[138]

In 2011, Los Angeles Times Magazine's list of "50 Most Beautiful Women in Film" ranked her number two.[139]

A portrait of Bardot by Warhol, commissioned by Sachs in 1974, was sold at Sotheby's in London on 22 and 23 May 2012. The painting, estimated at £4 million, was part of Sachs' art collection put on sale a year after his death.[140]

She inspired Nicole Kidman, who had "Bardot-esque" hair in the 2013 British brand Jimmy Choo campaign.[141]

In 2015, Bardot was ranked number six in "The Top Ten Most Beautiful Women of All Time", according to a survey carried out by Amway's beauty company in the UK involving 2,000 women.[142]

In 2020, Vogue named Bardot number one of "The most beautiful French actresses of all time".[143] In a retrospective retracing women throughout the history of cinema, she was listed among "the most accomplished, talented and beautiful actresses of all time" by Glamour.[144]

The French drama television series Bardot was broadcast on France 2 in 2023. It stars Julia de Nunez and is about Bardot's career from her first casting at age 15 and until the filming of La Vérité ten years later.[145] In 2023, she was mentioned in Olivia Rodrigo's song "Lacy" from her album Guts,[146] and Chappell Roan's "Red Wine Supernova" from her album The Rise and Fall of a Midwest Princess.[147]

## Filmography

[edit]

Main article: Brigitte Bardot filmography

## Discography

[edit]

### Studio albums

[edit]

Year  | Original title  | Translation  | Songwriters(s)  | Label  | Main tracks

|
|
|
|
|

1956  | Et dieu... créa la femme
(music from Roger Vadim's motion picture) | "And God Created Woman"  | Paul Misraki | Versailles  |
1963  | Brigitte Bardot Sings |  | Serge Gainsbourg
Claude Bolling
Jean-Max Rivière
Fernand Bonifay
Spencer Williams
Gérard Bourgeois  | Philips | "L'appareil à sous"
"Invitango"
"Les amis de la musique"
"La Madrague"
"El Cuchipe"
1964  | B.B. |  | André Popp
Jean-Michel Rivat
Jean-Max Rivière
Fernand Bonifay
Gérard Bourgeois  | "Moi je joue"
"Une histoire de plage"
"Maria Ninguém"
"Je danse donc je suis"
"Ciel de lit"
1968  | Bonnie and Clyde
(with Serge Gainsbourg) |  | Serge Gainsbourg
Alain Goraguer
Spencer Williams
Jean-Max Rivière  | Fontana | "Bonnie and Clyde"
"Bubble Gum"
"Comic Strip"
Show |  | Serge Gainsbourg
Francis Lai
Jean-Max Rivière  | AZ | "Harley Davidson"
"Ay Que Viva La Sangria"
"Contact"

### Other notable singles

[edit]

Year  | Original Title  | Translation  | Songwriters(s)  | Label

|
|
|
|

1962  | "Sidonie"
(music from Louis Malle's the motion picture Vie Privée) |  | Fiorenzo Capri
Charles Cros
Jean-Max Rivière  | Barclay
1965  | "Viva Maria!"
(music from Louis Malle's eponymous motion picture)
(with Jeanne Moreau) |  | Jean-Claude Carrière
Georges Delerue | Philips
1966  | "Le soleil"  | "The Sun"  | Jean-Max Rivière
Gérard Bourgeois  | AZ
1969  | "La fille de paille"  | "The Straw Girl"  | Franck Gérald
Gérard Lenorman | Philips
1970  | "Tu veux ou tu veux pas"
"(Nem Vem Que Nao Tem)" | "Do You Want or Not"  | Pierre Cour
Carlos Imperial | Barclay
"Nue au soleil"  | "Naked Under the Sun"  | Jean Fredenucci
Jean Schmidtt
1972  | "Tu es venu mon amour" / "Vous Ma Lady"
(with Laurent Vergez) | "You Came My Love" / "You My Lady"  | Hugues Aufray
Eddy Marnay
Eddie Barclay
"Boulevard du rhum"
(with Guy Marchand)
(music from Robert Enrico's motion picture) | "Boulevard of Rhum"  | François De Roubaix
Jean-Paul-Egide Martini
1973  | "Soleil de ma vie"
(with Sacha Distel) | "Sun of My Life"  | Stevie Wonder
Jean Broussolle | Pathé
1982  | "Toutes les bêtes sont à aimer"  | "All Animals Must Be Loved"  | Jean-Max Rivière  | Polydor
1986  | "Je t'aime... moi non plus"
(with Serge Gainsbourg)
(released and shelved in 1968) | "I Love You... Me Neither"  | Serge Gainsbourg | Philips

## Books

[edit]

Bardot has also written five books:

* Noonoah: Le petit phoque blanc (Grasset, 1978)
* Initiales B.B. (autobiography, Grasset & Fasquelle, 1996)
* Le Carré de Pluton (Grasset & Fasquelle, 1999)
* Un Cri Dans Le Silence (Editions Du Rocher, 2003)
* Pourquoi? (Editions Du Rocher, 2006)

## Accolades

[edit]

### Awards and nominations

[edit]

* 12th Victoires du cinéma français (French cinema victories) (1957): Best Actress, win, as Juliette Hardy in And God Created Woman.[148]
* 11th Bambi Awards (1958): Best Actress, nomination, as Juliette Hardy in And God Created Woman.[149]
* 14th Victoires du cinéma français (1959): Best Actress, win, as Yvette Maudet in In Case of Adversity.[150]
* Brussels European Awards (1960): Best Actress, win, as Dominique Marceau in The Truth.[151]
* 5th David di Donatello Awards (1961): Best Foreign Actress, win, as Dominique Marceau in The Truth.[52]
* 12th Étoiles de cristal (Crystal stars) by the French Cinema Academy (1966): Best Actress, win, as Marie Fitzgerald O'Malley in Viva Maria!.[152]
* 18th Bambi Awards (1967): Bambi Award of Popularity, win.[153]
* 20th BAFTA Awards (1967): BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress, nomination, as Marie Fitzgerald O'Malley in Viva Maria!.[154]

### Honours

[edit]

* 1980: Medal of the City of Trieste.[155]
* 1985: Legion of Honour.[C][157] Medal of the City of Lille.[155]
* 1989: Peace Prize in humanitarian merit.[155]
* 1992: Induction into the United Nations Environment Programme's Global 500 Roll of Honour.[158] Creation in Hollywood of the Brigitte Bardot International Award as part of the Genesis Awards.[159]
* 1994: Medal of the City of Paris.[160]
* 1995: Medal of the City of Saint-Tropez.[161]
* 1996: Medal of the City of La Baule.[155]
* 1997: Greece's UNESCO Ecology Award. Medal of the City of Athens.[155]
* 1999: Asteroid 17062 Bardot was named after her.[162]
* 2001: PETA Humanitarian Award.[122]
* 2008: Spanish Altarriba foundation Award.[163]
* 2017: A statue of 700 kilograms (1,500 lb) and 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) high was erected in her honour in central Saint-Tropez.[164]
* 2019: GAIA Lifetime Achievement Award from the Belgian association for the defence of animal rights.[165]

* 2021: Her effigy in Saint-Tropez was dressed in 1400 gold leaves of 23.75 carats each.[166]

## See also

[edit]

* Brigitte Bardot
* List of animal rights advocates

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Original quote: "Si cette petite doit devenir putain ou pas, ce ne sera pas le cinéma qui en sera la cause."[28]
2. ^ Bardot admits to two abortions in her memoir and is the first openly postabortive celebrity to go public with a breast cancer diagnosis, followed by Gloria Steinem and Sondra Locke.[92] Scientific research studies have not found a causal relationship.[93]
3. ^ Although it was awarded to her, Bardot refused to attend, as did Catherine Deneuve and Claudia Cardinale.[156]

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[edit]

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144. ^ Smith, Josh (4 August 2020). "From Marilyn to Margot: the most accomplished, talented and beautiful actresses of all time". Glamour. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021.
145. ^ "Bardot : découvrez la première photo de Julia de Nunez en Brigitte Bardot et le casting cinq étoiles de la série de France 2". AlloCiné. 13 June 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
146. ^ Sheffield, Rob (14 September 2023). "Every Olivia Rodrigo Song, Ranked". Rolling Stone Australia. Archived from the original on 10 November 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
147. ^ Cills, Hazel (25 July 2024). "What is it about Chappell Roan?". NPR. Archived from the original on 6 August 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
148. ^ Choulant 2019, p. 65.
149. ^ Lee, Sophie (28 September 2020). "The 10 Chicest Moments in Brigitte Bardot's Career". L'Officiel. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
150. ^ Choulant 2019, p. 93.
151. ^ Choulant 2019, p. 103.
152. ^ Choulant 2019, p. 156.
153. ^ "Bambi Awards 1967" (PDF). Elke Sommer Online (in German). 21 January 1967. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2021.
154. ^ "BAFTA: Film in 1967". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021.
155. ^ a b c d e "Media and Art Advisory Board". Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. n.d. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
156. ^ "Légion d'Honneur: quelles célébrités l'ont refusée?" [Legion of Honor: which celebrities have refused it?]. La Dépêche du Midi (in French). 10 April 2012. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021.
157. ^ C. Trott, William (11 April 1985). "Brigitte Bardot accepts the French Legion of Honor medal". United Press International.
158. ^ Töpfer, Klaus (n.d.). "1992 Global 500 Laureates". UNEP − The Global 500 Roll of Honour for Environmental Achievement. Yumpu. p. 63.
159. ^ Robinson, Jeffrey (2014). Bardot, deux vies (in French). Translated by Jean-paul Mourlon. New York: L'Archipel. p. 252\. ISBN 978-2-809-81562-7.
160. ^ Bigot 2014, p. 303.
161. ^ Bigot 2014, p. 255.
162. ^ "Discovered at Anderson Mesa on 1999-04-10 by Loneos. (17062) Bardot − 1999 GR8". Minor Planet Center. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021. Site frequently updated with position information of the Mian Belt object.
163. ^ "La Fundación Altarriba ..." 20 minutos (in Spanish). 3 May 2008. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
164. ^ "Saint-Tropez ..." [Saint-Tropez: A statue of Brigitte Bardot installed in front of the gendarmerie]. 20 minutes (in French). AFP. 29 September 2017. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. [The bronze is inspired by a watercolor by the Italian master of erotic cartoon comic, Milo Manara.]
165. ^ "Brigitte..." [Brigitte Bardot awarded by GAIA]. DPG Media (in French). 14 October 2019. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021.
166. ^ Peté, Rodolphe (27 June 2021). "Désormais ..." [Now covered with thousands of gold leaves, the statue of Brigitte Bardot unveiled in Saint-Tropez]. Nice-Matin (in French). Archived from the original on 5 December 2021.

Other sources

* Bardot, Brigitte (1996). Initiales B.B. : Mémoires (in French). Éditions Grasset. ISBN 978-2-246526018.
* Bigot, Yves (2014). Brigitte Bardot. La femme la plus belle et la plus scandaleuse au monde (in French). Don Quichotte. ISBN 978-2-359490145.
* Caron, Leslie (2009). Thank Heaven. Viking Press. ISBN 978-0670021345.
* Cherry, Elizabeth (2016). Culture and Activism: Animal Rights in France and the United States. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317156154.
* Choulant, Dominique (2019). Brigitte Bardot pour toujours [Brigitte Bardot forever] (in French). Paris: Éditions Lanore. ISBN 978-2-8515-7903-4.
* Lelièvre, Marie-Dominique (2012). Brigitte Bardot – Plein la vue (in French). Groupe Flammarion. ISBN 978-2-08-124624-9.
* Probst, Ernst (2012). Das Sexsymbol der 1950-er Jahre (in German). GRIN Publishing. ISBN 978-3-656186212.
* Singer, Barnett (2006). Brigitte Bardot : A Biography. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0786425150.
* Vincendeau, Ginette (March 1992). "The old and the new: Brigitte Bardot in 1950s France". Paragraph. 15 (1). Edinburgh University Press: 73–96\. doi:10.3366/para.1992.0004. JSTOR 43151735.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Brigitte Tast, Hans-Jürgen Tast (Hrsg.) Brigitte Bardot. Filme 1953–1961. Anfänge des Mythos B.B. (Hildesheim 1982) ISBN 3-88842-109-8.
* Servat, Henry-Jean (2016). Brigitte Bardot – My Life in Fashion (Hardback). Paris: Flammation S.A. ISBN 978-2--08-0202697.

## External links

[edit]

Brigitte Bardot at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Data from Wikidata

* Official website (in English)
* Fondation Brigitte Bardot (in French)
* Brigitte Bardot at the American Film Institute Catalog
* Brigitte Bardot at IMDb
* Brigitte Bardot at the TCM Movie Database

* v
* t
* e

Brigitte Bardot

* Filmography

Studio albums|

* Brigitte Bardot Sings (1963)
* B.B. (1964)
* Bonnie and Clyde (1968)

Singles|

* "La Madrague"
* "Bonnie and Clyde"
* "Je t'aime... moi non plus"

In culture|

* Paparazzi (1963 short film)
* Le Parti des choses (1964 short film)
* Dear Brigitte (1965 film)
* "Initials B.B." (1968 song)
* Être Dieu (1985 opera)
* Gainsbourg: A Heroic Life (2010 film)
* Bardot (2023 TV series)

Related articles|

* Behind Brigitte Bardot
* Fondation Brigitte Bardot

* v
* t
* e

David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actress

* Ingrid Bergman (1957)
* Deborah Kerr (1959)
* Audrey Hepburn (1960)
* Brigitte Bardot (1961)
* Audrey Hepburn (1962)
* Geraldine Page (1963)
* Shirley MacLaine (1964)
* Audrey Hepburn (1965)
* Julie Andrews (1966)
* Julie Christie / Elizabeth Taylor (1967)
* Faye Dunaway / Katharine Hepburn (1968)
* Mia Farrow / Barbra Streisand (1969)
* Liza Minnelli (1970)
* Ali MacGraw (1971)
* Elizabeth Taylor (1972)
* Liza Minnelli (1973)
* Barbra Streisand / Tatum O'Neal (1974)
* Liv Ullmann (1975)
* Isabelle Adjani / Glenda Jackson (1976)
* Faye Dunaway / Annie Girardot (1977)
* Jane Fonda / Simone Signoret (1978)
* Ingrid Bergman / Liv Ullmann (1979)
* Isabelle Huppert (1980)
* Catherine Deneuve (1981)
* Diane Keaton (1982)
* Julie Andrews (1983)
* Shirley MacLaine (1984)
* Meryl Streep (1985)
* Meryl Streep (1986)
* Norma Aleandro (1987)
* Cher (1988)
* Jodie Foster (1989)
* Jessica Tandy (1990)
* Anne Parillaud (1991)
* Geena Davis / Susan Sarandon (1992)
* Emmanuelle Béart / Tilda Swinton / Emma Thompson (1993)
* Emma Thompson (1994)
* Jodie Foster (1995)
* Susan Sarandon (1996)

* v
* t
* e

Animal rights

Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)

| Overviews|

* Animal rights movement
* Animal rights by country or territory
* Anarchism and animal rights
* Animal rights and punk subculture
* Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies
* Animal rights in Indian religions
* Christianity and animal rights
* History of animal rights
* List of international animal welfare conventions
* Moral status of animals in the ancient world
* Timeline of animal welfare and rights
* Total liberation
* Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare

|

Concepts|

* Abolitionism
* Ahimsa
* Animal cognition
* Animal consciousness
* Animal ethics
* Animal–industrial complex
* Animal law
* Animal protectionism
* Animal welfare
* Animal-free agriculture
* Anthrozoology
* Argument from marginal cases
* Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness
* Carnism
* Equal consideration of interests
* Emotion in animals
* Ethics of eating meat
* Ethics of uncertain sentience
* Ethology
* Insects in ethics
* Intrinsic value
* Meat paradox
* Moral circle expansion
* Nonviolence
* Nonkilling
* Open rescue
* Opposition to hunting
* Personism
* Replaceability argument
* Sentientism
* Speciesism
* Veganism
* Vegaphobia
* Vegetarianism

Issues|

| Animal agriculture|

* Animal product
* Battery cage
* Bile bear
* Chick culling
* Crocodile farm
* Concentrated animal feeding operation
* Fish farming
* Fur farming
* Fur trade
* Insect farming
* Intensive animal farming
* Intensive pig farming
* Livestock
* Poultry farming
* Slaughterhouse
* Wildlife farming
* Working animal
* Feedback (pork industry)
* Foam depopulation
* Ventilation shutdown

|

Animal testing|

* Alternatives to animal testing
* Animal testing on non-human primates
* Animal testing regulations
* Great ape research ban
* Green Scare
* Huntingdon Life Sciences
* Model organism
* Nafovanny
* Operation Backfire
* Vivisection

Animal welfare|

* Animal euthanasia
* Cruelty to animals
* Pain in animals
* Pain in amphibians
* Pain in cephalopods
* Pain in crustaceans
* Pain in fish
* Pain in invertebrates
* Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
* Welfare of farmed insects

Fishing|

* Commercial fishing
* Fishing bait
* Recreational fishing

Wild animals|

* Culling wildlife
* Hare coursing
* Hunting
* International primate trade
* Ivory trade
* Predation problem
* Seal hunting
* Wild animal suffering
* Wildlife management

Other|

* Abandoned pets
* Animal sacrifice
* Animal slaughter
* Animal trial
* Animals in sport
* Blood sport
* Live food
* Live export

Cases|

* Brown Dog affair
* Cambridge University primates
* McLibel case
* Monkey selfie copyright dispute
* Pit of despair
* SHAC
* Silver Spring monkeys
* University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid
* Unnecessary Fuss
* War of the currents

Methodologies|

* Direct Action Everywhere
* Hunt sabotage

Observances|

* World Animal Day
* World Day for the End of Speciesism
* World Day for Laboratory Animals
* World Day for the End of Fishing
* World Vegan Day
* World Vegetarian Day

Advocates (academics, writers, activists)

| Academics
and writers|

| Contemporary|

* Carol J. Adams
* Aysha Akhtar
* Kristin Andrews
* Marc Bekoff
* Steven Best
* Paola Cavalieri
* Stephen R. L. Clark
* Alasdair Cochrane
* J. M. Coetzee
* Alice Crary
* David DeGrazia
* Daniel Dombrowski
* Sue Donaldson
* Josephine Donovan
* Joan Dunayer
* Mylan Engel
* Catia Faria
* Lawrence Finsen
* Michael W. Fox
* Gary L. Francione
* Robert Garner
* Valéry Giroux
* Lori Gruen
* John Hadley
* Oscar Horta
* Dale Jamieson
* Kyle Johannsen
* Melanie Joy
* Hilda Kean
* Will Kymlicka
* Renan Larue
* Thomas Lepeltier
* Andrew Linzey
* Clair Linzey
* Dan Lyons
* David Nibert
* Martha Nussbaum
* Clare Palmer
* Charles Patterson
* David Pearce
* Jessica Pierce
* Evelyn Pluhar
* Mark Rowlands
* Richard D. Ryder
* Steve F. Sapontzis
* Jeff Sebo
* Jérôme Segal
* Peter Singer
* Gary Steiner
* Cass Sunstein
* David Sztybel
* Michael Tye
* Tatjana Višak
* Paul Waldau
* Corey Lee Wrenn

|

Historical|

* Tom Beauchamp
* Jeremy Bentham
* David Renaud Boullier
* Stephen St. C. Bostock
* Brigid Brophy
* Peter Buchan
* Mona Caird
* Priscilla Cohn
* Henry Crowe
* Herman Daggett
* Richard Dean
* Wilhelm Dietler
* William Hamilton Drummond
* Edward Payson Evans
* T. Forster
* John Galsworthy
* Thomas G. Gentry
* Arthur Helps
* John Hildrop
* John Zephaniah Holwell
* Soame Jenyns
* Karl Christian Friedrich Krause
* John Lawrence
* Charles R. Magel
* Jean Meslier
* Mary Midgley
* J. Howard Moore
* José Ferrater Mora
* Leonard Nelson
* Edward Nicholson
* Siobhan O'Sullivan
* Rod Preece
* Humphrey Primatt
* James Rachels
* Tom Regan
* Nathaniel Peabody Rogers
* Bernard Rollin
* Henry Stephens Salt
* Arthur Schopenhauer
* Laurids Smith
* John Styles
* Thomas Tryon
* Gary Varner
* Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann
* Mary Anne Warren
* Adam Gottlieb Weigen
* Johann Heinrich Winckler
* Steven M. Wise
* Jon Wynne-Tyson
* Voltaire
* Thomas Young

Activists|

| Contemporary|

* James Aspey
* Greg Avery
* Matt Ball
* Martin Balluch
* Carole Baskin
* Barbi Twins
* Brigitte Bardot
* Gene Baur
* Yves Bonnardel
* Joey Carbstrong
* Aymeric Caron
* Jake Conroy
* Rod Coronado
* Karen Dawn
* Chris DeRose
* John Feldmann
* Bruce Friedrich
* Juliet Gellatley
* Tal Gilboa
* Antoine Goetschel
* Mark Gold
* Brigitte Gothière
* Alex Hershaft
* Wayne Hsiung
* Charlotte Laws
* Ronnie Lee
* Howard Lyman
* Evanna Lynch
* Bill Maher
* Keith Mann
* Jim Mason
* Dan Mathews
* Joaquin Phoenix
* Jo-Anne McArthur
* Luísa Mell
* Virginia McKenna
* Morrissey
* Ingrid Newkirk
* Heather Nicholson
* Jack Norris
* Ric O'Barry
* David Olivier
* Alex Pacheco
* Craig Rosebraugh
* Jasmin Singer
* Kim Stallwood
* Lynda Stoner
* Marianne Thieme
* Darren Thurston
* Christine Townend
* Wendy Turner-Webster
* Jerry Vlasak
* Louise Wallis
* Ed Winters
* Gary Yourofsky
* That Vegan Teacher

|

Historical|

* Cleveland Amory
* Henry B. Amos
* Bob Barker
* Ernest Bell
* William Brown
* Edith Carrington
* Frances Power Cobbe
* Joan Court
* Karen Davis
* Royal Dixon
* Muriel Dowding
* Elizabeth Farians
* Emarel Freshel
* André Géraud
* Lewis Gompertz
* James Granger
* Barry Horne
* Marie Huot
* Lizzy Lind af Hageby
* Jessie Mackay
* Alfred Mansfield Mitchell
* J. Isaac Pengelly
* Norm Phelps
* Jill Phipps
* Maud Ingersoll Probasco
* Hans Ruesch
* Magnus Schwantje
* Nell Shipman
* Henry Spira
* Joseph Stratton
* Andrew Tyler
* Gretchen Wyler

Movement (groups, parties)

| Groups|

| Contemporary|

* American Anti-Vivisection Society
* Animal Aid
* Animal Ethics
* Animal Justice
* Animal Justice Project
* Animal Legal Defense Fund
* Animal Liberation
* Animal Liberation Front
* Animal Rising
* AnimaNaturalis
* Anti-Vivisection Coalition
* Anonymous for the Voiceless
* Beauty Without Cruelty
* Born Free Foundation
* Centre for Animals and Social Justice
* Chinese Animal Protection Network
* Cruelty Free International
* Direct Action Everywhere
* Doctors Against Animal Experiments
* Equanimal
* Every Animal
* Farm Animal Rights Movement
* Faunalytics
* Great Ape Project
* Hunt Saboteurs Association
* In Defense of Animals
* Korea Animal Rights Advocates
* L214
* Last Chance for Animals
* Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition
* Mercy for Animals
* Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics
* People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
* Rise for Animals
* Sentience Politics
* Uncaged Campaigns
* United Activists for Animal Rights
* United Poultry Concerns
* UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics
* Viva!
* Voice for Animals Humane Society
* Voiceless

|

Historical|

* Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society
* Humanitarian League (1891–1919)
* Millennium Guild
* Order of the Golden Age
* Oxford Group

Parties|

* Animal Justice Party (Australia)
* Animal Politics EU (Europe)
* Animal Protection Party of Canada (Canada)
* Animal Justice Party of Finland (Finland)
* Animals' Party (Sweden)
* Animalist Movement (Italy)
* Animalist Party with the Environment (Spain)
* DierAnimal (Belgium)
* Human Environment Animal Protection Party (Germany)
* Italian Animalist Party (Italy)
* Party for the Animals (Netherlands)
* People Animals Nature (Portugal)
* V-Partei³ (Germany)

Activism|

* Animal Rights National Conference

Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)

| Books|

* On Abstinence from Eating Animals (3rd century)
* An Essay on Humanity to Animals (1798)
* Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824)
* The Rights of Animals (1838)
* The Ethics of Diet (1883)
* Animals' Rights (1892)
* Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology (1897)
* Better-World Philosophy (1899)
* The Universal Kinship (1906)
* The New Ethics (1907)
* Animals, Men and Morals (1971)
* Animal Liberation (1975)
* The Case for Animal Rights (1983)
* Morals, Reason, and Animals (1987)
* Zoos and Animal Rights (1993)
* Animals, Property, and the Law (1995)
* The Lives of Animals (1999)
* Eternal Treblinka (2001)
* Do Animals Have Rights? (2005)
* Striking at the Roots (2008)
* An American Trilogy (2009)
* An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory (2010)
* Animal Rights Without Liberation (2012)
* Political Animals and Animal Politics (2014)
* Animal (De)liberation (2016)
* Sentientist Politics (2018)
* Wild Animal Ethics (2020)
* Animal Ethics in the Wild (2022)
* Making a Stand for Animals (2022)
* Animal Rights Law (2023)
* The Moral Circle (2025)

|

Films|

* The Animals Film (1981)
* A Cow at My Table (1998)
* Shores of Silence (2000)
* The Witness (2000)
* Meet Your Meat (2002)
* Legally Blonde 2 (2003)
* The Meatrix (2003)
* Peaceable Kingdom (2004)
* Earthlings (2005)
* Behind the Mask (2006)
* Your Mommy Kills Animals (2007)
* Food, Inc. (2009)
* The Cove (2009)
* Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home (2009)
* Forks Over Knives (2011)
* Vegucated (2011)
* An Apology to Elephants (2013)
* Speciesism: The Movie (2013)
* The Ghosts in Our Machine (2013)
* Unlocking the Cage (2016)
* Land of Hope and Glory (2017)
* Carnage (2017)
* Okja (2017)
* Dominion (2018)
* Seaspiracy (2021)

Periodicals|

| Journals|

* Animal Sentience
* Between the Species
* Cahiers antispécistes
* Etica & Animali
* Journal of Animal Ethics
* Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
* The Animals' Defender

|

Magazines|

* Arkangel
* Bite Back
* Muutoksen kevät
* No Compromise
* Satya

Albums|

* Animal Liberation (1987)
* Tame Yourself (1991)
* Manifesto (2008)
* Salvation of Innocents (2014)
* Onward to Freedom (2014)

Fairs and exhibitions|

* Holocaust on your Plate (2003)

* Category ( 136 )

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Latvia
* Croatia
* Chile
* Greece
* Korea
* Sweden
* Poland
* Israel
* Catalonia
* Belgium

Academics|

* CiNii

Artists|

* MusicBrainz
* FID

People|

* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie
* Deutsche Synchronkartei
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC

*[m.]: married
*[div.]: divorced
*[lit.]: literal translation
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template