British Americans

Americans of British birth or descent

Ethnic group

British Americans

Total population
Alone (one ancestry)
38,809,487 (2020 census)[1]
11.71% of the total US population
• English: 25,563,410
• Irish: 10,909,541
• Scottish: 1,471,817
• Scotch-Irish: 356,869
• Welsh: 276,199
• Manx: 1,761
• Cornish: 1,061
• Other: 229,890

Alone or in combination
58.6 million (2020 census)[2][3]
17.68% of the total US population
Regions with significant populations
Throughout the entire United States
Less common in the Midwest
Predominantly in the South, New England and Mountain West regions.
Languages
American English, Goidelic languages, Scots, Cornish, Welsh
Religion
Christian
Mainly Protestant (esp. Baptist, Congregationalist, Episcopalian, Methodist, Presbyterian and Quaker), to a lesser extent Catholic and Latter-day Saint (Although the Latter is significant in Utah) as well as non-religious, along with converts to Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, eastern religions, etc.
Related ethnic groups

* English Americans
* Scottish Americans
* Welsh Americans
* Ulster Scots Americans
* Manx Americans
* Cornish Americans
* Americans
* British Canadians
* Gaels
* Britons
* Orcadians
* Irish Americans
* White Americans
* European Americans
* Old Stock Americans

British Americans usually refers to Americans whose ancestral origin originates wholly or partly in the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland and also the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands, and Gibraltar). It is primarily a demographic or historical research category for people who have at least partial descent from peoples of Great Britain and the modern United Kingdom, i.e. English, Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Scotch-Irish, Orcadian, Manx, Cornish Americans and those from the Channel Islands and Gibraltar.

Based on 2020 American Community Survey estimates, 1,934,397 individuals identified as having British ancestry, while a further 25,213,619 identified as having English ancestry, 5,298,861 Scottish ancestry and 1,851,256 Welsh ancestry. The total of these groups, at 34,298,133, was 10.5% of the total population. A further 31,518,129 individuals identified as having Irish ancestry, but this is not differentiated between modern Northern Ireland (part of the United Kingdom) and the Republic of Ireland, which was part of the United Kingdom during the greatest phase of Irish immigration. Figures for Manx and Cornish ancestries are not separately reported, although Manx was reported prior to 1990, numbering 9,220 on the 1980 census, and some estimates put Cornish ancestry as high as 2 million. This figure also does not include people reporting ancestries in countries with majority or plurality British ancestries, such as Canadian, South African, New Zealander (21,575) or Australian (105,152).[4] There has been a significant drop overall, especially from the 1980 census where 49.59 million people reported English ancestry and larger numbers reported Scottish, Welsh and North Irish ancestry also.

Demographers regard current figures as a "serious under-count", as a large proportion of Americans of British descent have a tendency to simply identify as 'American' since 1980 where over 13.3 million or 5.9% of the total U.S. population self-identified as "American" or "United States", this was counted under "not specified".[5] This response is highly overrepresented in the Upland South, a region settled historically by the British.[6][7][8][9][10][11] Those of mixed European ancestry may identify with a more recent and differentiated ethnic group.[12] Of the top ten family names in the United States (2010), seven have English origins or having possible mixed British Isles heritage (such as Welsh, Scottish or Cornish), the other three being of Spanish origin.[13]

Not to be confused are cases when the term is also used in an entirely different (although possibly overlapping) sense to refer to people who are dual citizens of both the United Kingdom and the United States.[citation needed]

## Sense of heritage

[edit]

UK United States.

Americans of British heritage are often seen, and identify, as simply "American" due to the many historic, linguistic and cultural ties between Great Britain and the U.S. and their influence on the country's population. A leading specialist, Charlotte Erickson, found them to be ethnically "invisible".[14] This may be due to the early establishment of British settlements; as well as to non-English groups having emigrated in order to establish significant communities.[15]

## Number of British Americans

[edit]

Table below shows census results between 1980 (when data on ancestry was first collected) and the 2020 census. Response rates for the question on ancestry was 83.1% (1980) 90.4% (1990) and 80.1% (2000) for the total population of the United States.[16][17]

Year  | Ethnic origin  | Population  | %

|
|
|

British; total | 61,327,867 | 31.67
1980[18][19] | English | 49,598,035 | 26.34
Scottish | 10,048,816 | 4.44
Welsh | 1,664,598 | 0.88
Northern Irish | 16,418 | 0.01
Total | 46,816,175 | 18.8
1990[20] | English | 32,651,788 | 13.1
Scottish | 5,393,581 | 2.2
Scotch-Irish | 5,617,773 | 2.3
Welsh | 2,033,893 | 0.8
British | 1,119,140 | 0.4
Total | 36,564,465 | 12.9
2000[21] | English | 24,515,138 | 8.7
Scottish | 4,890,581 | 1.7
Scotch-Irish | 4,319,232 | 1.5
Welsh | 1,753,794 | 0.6
British | 1,085,720 | 0.4
Total | 37,619,881 | 14.4
2010[22] | English | 25,927,345 | 8.4
Scottish | 5,460,679 | 3.1
Scotch-Irish | 3,257,161 | 1.9
Welsh | 1,793,356 | 0.6
British | 1,181,340 | 0.4
Total | 58,649,411 | TBA
2020[23][24] | English | 46,550,968 | 14.0
Scottish | 8,422,613 | TBA
Scots-Irish | 794,478 | TBA
Welsh | 1,977,383 | TBA
British | 860,315 | TBA
British Islander | 43,654 | TBA

### Composition of Colonial America

[edit]

Ethnic distribution in 1700.[25]

English / Welsh (80.0%)

Dutch (4.0%)

Scottish (3.0%)

African American (11.0%)

Other Europeans (2.0%)

According to estimates by Thomas L. Purvis (1984), published in the European ancestry of the United States, gives the ethnic composition of the American colonies from 1700 to 1755. British ancestry in 1755 was estimated to be 63%, comprising 52% English and Welsh, 7.0% Scots-Irish, and 4% Scottish.[26]

### Studies on origins, 1790

[edit]

The White Population of the United States in 1920, apportioned according to the National Origins Formula prescribed by §11(c) of the Immigration Act of 1924. About 43.5% of White Americans were deemed to be of colonial stock descended from the population enumerated in 1790, more than 3/4 of whom from Great Britain.[27]

European Americans in 1790, by nationality, according to the preliminary Century of Population Growth estimate in 1909 (top half) and revised American Council of Learned Societies study estimates accepted by the Census Bureau in 1929 (bottom half).[28][29]

The ancestry of the 3,929,214 population in 1790 has been estimated by various sources by sampling last names in the very first United States official census and assigning them a country of origin.[15] There is debate over the accuracy between the studies with individual scholars and the Federal Government using different techniques and conclusion for the ethnic composition.[30][15] A study published in 1909 titled A Century of Population Growth by the Census Bureau estimated the British origin combined were around 90% of the white population.[31][32][33]

Another source by Thomas L. Purvis in 1984[34] estimated that people of British ancestry made up about 62% of the total population or 74% of the white or European American population.[34] Some 81% of the total United States population was of European heritage.[35] Around 757,208 were of African descent with 697,624 being slaves.[36]

#### A Century of Population Growth (1909)

[edit]

Estimated British American population in the Continental United States as of the 1790 Census.[28]

State or Territory

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |  British Isles
Total
Great Britain |  British
Total |  Ireland
English [a] |  Scotch |  Irish
#  | %  | #  | %  | #  | %  | #  | %  | #  | %
Connecticut | 223,437 | 96.21%  | 6,425 | 2.77%  | 229,862 | 98.98%  | 1,589 | 0.68%  | 231,451 | 99.66%
Delaware | 39,966 | 86.30%  | 3,473 | 7.50%  | 43,439 | 93.80%  | 1,806 | 3.90%  | 45,245 | 97.70%
Georgia | 43,948 | 83.10%  | 5,923 | 11.20%  | 49,871 | 94.30%  | 1,216 | 2.30%  | 51,087 | 96.60%
Kentucky | 50,802 | 83.10%  | 6,847 | 11.20%  | 57,649 | 94.30%  | 1,406 | 2.30%  | 59,055 | 96.60%
Maine | 89,515 | 93.14%  | 4,154 | 4.32%  | 93,669 | 97.46%  | 1,334 | 1.39%  | 95,003 | 98.85%
Maryland | 175,265 | 84.00%  | 13,562 | 6.50%  | 188,827 | 90.50%  | 5,008 | 2.40%  | 193,835 | 92.90%
Massachusetts | 354,528 | 95.00%  | 13,435 | 3.60%  | 367,963 | 98.60%  | 3,732 | 1.00%  | 371,695 | 99.60%
New Hampshire | 132,726 | 94.06%  | 6,648 | 4.71%  | 139,374 | 98.77%  | 1,346 | 0.95%  | 140,720 | 99.72%
New Jersey | 98,620 | 58.03%  | 13,156 | 7.74%  | 111,776 | 65.77%  | 12,099 | 7.12%  | 123,875 | 72.89%
New York | 245,901 | 78.22%  | 10,034 | 3.19%  | 255,935 | 81.41%  | 2,525 | 0.80%  | 258,460 | 82.21%
North Carolina | 240,309 | 83.10%  | 32,388 | 11.20%  | 272,697 | 94.30%  | 6,651 | 2.30%  | 279,348 | 96.60%
Pennsylvania | 249,656 | 58.97%  | 49,567 | 11.71%  | 299,223 | 70.68%  | 8,614 | 2.03%  | 307,837 | 72.71%
Rhode Island | 62,079 | 95.99%  | 1,976 | 3.06%  | 64,055 | 99.05%  | 459 | 0.71%  | 64,514 | 99.76%
South Carolina | 115,480 | 82.38%  | 16,447 | 11.73%  | 131,927 | 94.11%  | 3,576 | 2.55%  | 135,503 | 96.66%
Tennessee | 26,519 | 83.10%  | 3,574 | 11.20%  | 30,093 | 94.30%  | 734 | 2.30%  | 30,827 | 96.60%
Vermont | 81,149 | 95.39%  | 2,562 | 3.01%  | 83,711 | 98.40%  | 597 | 0.70%  | 84,308 | 99.10%
Virginia | 375,799 | 85.00%  | 31,391 | 7.10%  | 407,190 | 92.10%  | 8,842 | 2.00%  | 416,032 | 94.10%
United States | 2,605,699 | 82.14% | 221,562 | 6.98% | 2,827,261 | 89.12% | 61,534 | 1.94% | 2,888,795 | 91.06%

1. ^ and Welsh

#### American Council of Learned Societies (1929)

[edit]

The 1909 Century of Population Growth report came under intense scrutiny in the 1920s; its methodology was subject to criticism over fundamental flaws that cast doubt on the accuracy of its conclusions. The catalyst for controversy had been passage of the Immigration Act of 1924, which imposed numerical quotas on each country of Europe limiting the number of immigrants to be admitted out of a finite total annual pool. The size of each national quota was determined by the National Origins Formula, in part computed by estimating the origins of the colonial stock population descended from White Americans enumerated in the 1790 Census. The undercount of other colonial stocks like German Americans and Irish Americans would thus have contemporary policy consequences. When CPG was produced in 1909, the concept of independent Ireland did not even exist. CPG made no attempt to further classify its estimated 1.9% Irish population to distinguish Celtic Irish Catholics of Gaelic Ireland, who in 1922 formed the independent Irish Free State, from the Scotch-Irish descendants of Ulster Scots and Anglo-Irish of the Plantation of Ulster, which became Northern Ireland and remained part of the United Kingdom. In 1927, proposed immigration quotas based on CPG figures were rejected by the President's Committee chaired by the Secretaries of State, Commerce, and Labor, with the President reporting to Congress "the statistical and historical information available raises grave doubts as to the whole value of these computations as the basis for the purposes intended."[29] Among the criticisms of A Century of Population Growth:

* CPG failed to account for Anglicization of names, assuming any surname that could be English was actually English
* CPG failed to consider first names even when obviously foreign, assuming anyone with a surname that could be English was actually English
* CPG failed to consider regional variation in ethnic settlement e.g. surname Root could be assumed English in Vermont (less than 1% German), but more commonly a variant of German Roth in states with large German American populations like populous Pennsylvania (home to more Germans than the entire population of Vermont)
* CPG started by classifying all names as Scotch, Irish, Dutch, French, German, Hebrew, or other. All remaining names which could not be classed with one of the 6 other listed nationalities, nor identified by the Census clerk as too exotic to be English, were assumed to be English
* CPG classification was an unscientific process by Census clerks with no training in history, genealogy, or linguistics, nor were scholars in those fields consulted
* CPG estimates were produced by a linear process with no checks on potential errors nor opportunity for peer review or scholarly revision once an individual clerk had assigned a name to a nationality

Concluding that CPG "had not been accepted by scholars as better than a first approximation of the truth", the Census Bureau commissioned a study to produce new scientific estimates of the colonial American population, in collaboration with the American Council of Learned Societies, in time to be adopted as basis for legal immigration quotas in 1929, and later published in the journal of the American Historical Association, reproduced in the table below. Note: as in the original CPG report, the "English" category encompassed England and Wales, grouping together all names classified as either "Anglican" (from England) or "Cambrian" (from Wales).[29]

Estimated British American population in the Continental United States as of the 1790 Census [29]

State or Territory

United Kingdom |  British Isles
Total
Great Britain |  British
Total |  Ulster
English [a] |  Scotch | Scotch-Irish
#  | %  | #  | %  | #  | %  | #  | %  | #  | %
Connecticut | 155,598 | 67.00%  | 5,109 | 2.20%  | 160,707 | 69.20%  | 4,180 | 1.80%  | 164,887 | 71.00%
Delaware | 27,786 | 60.00%  | 3,705 | 8.00%  | 31,491 | 68.00%  | 2,918 | 6.30%  | 34,409 | 74.30%
Georgia | 30,357 | 57.40%  | 8,197 | 15.50%  | 38,554 | 72.90%  | 6,082 | 11.50%  | 44,636 | 84.40%
Kentucky & Tenn. | 53,874 | 57.90%  | 9,305 | 10.00%  | 63,179 | 67.90%  | 6,513 | 7.00%  | 69,692 | 74.90%
Maine | 57,664 | 60.00%  | 4,325 | 4.50%  | 61,989 | 64.50%  | 7,689 | 8.00%  | 69,678 | 72.50%
Maryland | 134,579 | 64.50%  | 15,857 | 7.60%  | 150,436 | 72.10%  | 12,102 | 5.80%  | 162,538 | 77.90%
Massachusetts | 306,013 | 82.00%  | 16,420 | 4.40%  | 322,433 | 86.40%  | 9,703 | 2.60%  | 332,136 | 89.00%
New Hampshire | 86,078 | 61.00%  | 8,749 | 6.20%  | 94,827 | 67.20%  | 6,491 | 4.60%  | 101,318 | 71.80%
New Jersey | 79,878 | 47.00%  | 13,087 | 7.70%  | 92,965 | 54.70%  | 10,707 | 6.30%  | 103,672 | 61.00%
New York | 163,470 | 52.00%  | 22,006 | 7.00%  | 185,476 | 59.00%  | 16,033 | 5.10%  | 201,509 | 64.10%
North Carolina | 190,860 | 66.00%  | 42,799 | 14.80%  | 233,659 | 80.80%  | 16,483 | 5.70%  | 250,142 | 86.50%
Pennsylvania | 149,451 | 35.30%  | 36,410 | 8.60%  | 185,861 | 43.90%  | 46,571 | 11.00%  | 232,432 | 54.90%
Rhode Island | 45,916 | 71.00%  | 3,751 | 5.80%  | 49,667 | 76.80%  | 1,293 | 2.00%  | 50,960 | 78.80%
South Carolina | 84,387 | 60.20%  | 21,167 | 15.10%  | 105,554 | 75.30%  | 13,177 | 9.40%  | 118,731 | 84.70%
Vermont | 64,655 | 76.00%  | 4,339 | 5.10%  | 68,994 | 81.10%  | 2,722 | 3.20%  | 71,716 | 84.30%
Virginia | 302,850 | 68.50%  | 45,096 | 10.20%  | 347,946 | 78.70%  | 27,411 | 6.20%  | 375,357 | 84.90%
1790 Census Area | 1,933,416 | 60.94% | 260,322 | 8.21% | 2,193,738 | 69.15% | 190,075 | 5.99% | 2,383,813 | 75.14%
Northwest Territory | 3,130 | 29.81% | 428 | 4.08% | 3,558 | 33.89% | 307 | 2.92% | 3,865 | 36.81%
French America | 2,240 | 11.20% | 305 | 1.53% | 2,545 | 12.73% | 220 | 1.10% | 2,765 | 13.83%
Spanish America | 610 | 2.54% | 83 | 0.35% | 693 | 2.89% | 60 | 0.25% | 753 | 3.14%
United States | 1,939,396 | 60.10% | 261,138 | 8.09% | 2,200,534 | 68.19% | 190,662 | 5.91% | 2,391,196 | 74.10%

1. ^ and Welsh

### 1980

[edit]

The 1980 census was the first that asked people's ancestry.[37] The 1980 United States Census reported 61,327,867 individuals or 31.67% of the total U.S. population self-identified as having British descent. In 1980, 16,418 Americans reported "Northern Islander". No Scots-Irish (descendants of Ulster-Scots) ancestry was recorded, although over ten million people identified as Scottish.[38] This figure fell to over 5 million each in the following census when the Scotch-Irish were first counted.[39]

### 1990

[edit]

Over 90.4% of the United States population reported at least one ancestry, 9.6% (23,921,371) individuals as "not stated" with a total of 11.0% being "not specified".[40] Additional responses were Cornish (3,991), Northern Irish 4,009 and Manx 6,317.[41]

### 2000

[edit]

Most of the population who stated their ancestry as "American" (20,625,093 or 7.3%) are said to be of old colonial British ancestry.[42]

2000 Census[43]

Ancestry  | Number  | % of total
German | 42,885,162 | 15.2
African | 36,419,434 | 12.9
Irish | 30,594,130 | 10.9
English | 24,515,138 | 8.7
Mexican | 20,640,711 | 7.3
Italian | 15,723,555 | 5.6
French | 10,846,018 | 3.9
Hispanic | 10,017,244 | 3.6
Polish | 8,977,444 | 3.2
Scottish | 4,890,581 | 1.7
Dutch | 4,542,494 | 1.6
Norwegian | 4,477,725 | 1.6
Scotch-Irish | 4,319,232 | 1.5
United States | 281,421,906 | 100

### Geographical distribution

[edit]

English

Scottish

Scots-Irish

Welsh

Following are the top 10 highest percentage of people of English, Scottish and Welsh ancestry, in U.S. communities with 500 or more total inhabitants (for the total list of the 101 communities, see references)[44][45][46]

#### English

[edit]

1. Hildale, UT 66.9%
2. Colorado City, AZ 52.7%
3. Milbridge, ME 41.1%
4. Panguitch, UT 40.0%
5. Beaver, UT 39.8%
6. Enterprise, UT 39.4%
7. East Machias, ME 39.1%
8. Marriott-Slaterville, UT 38.2%
9. Wellsville, UT 37.9%
10. Morgan, UT 37.2%

#### Scottish

[edit]

1. Lonaconing, MD town 16.1%
2. Jordan, IL township 12.6%
3. Scioto, OH township 12.1%
4. Randolph, IN township 10.2%
5. Franconia, NH town 10.1%
6. Topsham, VT town 10.0%
7. Ryegate, VT town 9.9%
8. Plainfield, VT town 9.8%
9. Saratoga Springs, UT town 9.7%
10. Barnet, VT town 9.5%

#### Welsh

[edit]

1. Malad City, ID city 21.1%
2. Remsen, NY town 14.6%
3. Oak Hill, OH village 13.6%
4. Madison, OH township 12.7%
5. Steuben, NY town 10.9%
6. Franklin, OH township 10.5%
7. Plymouth, PA borough 10.3%
8. Jackson, OH city 10.0%
9. Lake, PA township 9.9%
10. Radnor, OH township 9.8%

### 2020 state totals

[edit]

As of 2020, the distribution of British Americans (combined English, Welsh, Scottish, Scotch-Irish, and British ancestry self-identification) across the 50 states and DC is as presented in the following table:

Estimated British American population by state[47][48] State | Number | Percentage

|
|

Alabama | 593,684 | 12.13%
Alaska | 95,555 | 12.97%
Arizona | 880,800 | 12.28%
Arkansas | 362,319 | 12.03%
California | 3,194,332 | 8.12%
Colorado | 891,059 | 15.67%
Connecticut | 410,316 | 11.49%
Delaware | 125,678 | 12.99%
District of Columbia | 62,960 | 8.97%
Florida | 2,182,375 | 10.29%
Georgia | 1,229,670 | 11.69%
Hawaii | 85,508 | 6.02%
Idaho | 413,867 | 23.59%
Illinois | 1,039,812 | 8.18%
Indiana | 827,256 | 12.35%
Iowa | 363,077 | 11.53%
Kansas | 424,001 | 14.56%
Kentucky | 689,667 | 15.46%
Louisiana | 362,382 | 7.77%
Maine | 359,023 | 26.78%
Maryland | 643,269 | 10.65%
Massachusetts | 886,192 | 12.89%
Michigan | 1,259,125 | 12.62%
Minnesota | 455,104 | 8.13%
Mississippi | 326,418 | 10.95%
Missouri | 800,254 | 13.07%
Montana | 187,084 | 17.62%
Nebraska | 214,299 | 11.14%
Nevada | 317,810 | 10.49%
New Hampshire | 321,821 | 23.75%
New Jersey | 606,095 | 6.82%
New Mexico | 206,995 | 9.87%
New York | 1,399,358 | 7.17%
North Carolina | 1,618,439 | 15.58%
North Dakota | 50,522 | 6.64%
Ohio | 1,508,197 | 12.92%
Oklahoma | 473,455 | 11.99%
Oregon | 731,409 | 17.51%
Pennsylvania | 1,465,777 | 11.46%
Rhode Island | 142,889 | 13.51%
South Carolina | 748,602 | 14.70%
South Dakota | 77,081 | 8.77%
Tennessee | 1,004,100 | 14.83%
Texas | 2,667,892 | 9.32%
Utah | 1,044,688 | 33.15%
Vermont | 152,659 | 24.45%
Virginia | 1,254,899 | 14.75%
Washington | 1,201,638 | 16.00%
West Virginia | 293,448 | 16.24%
Wisconsin | 471,045 | 8.11%
Wyoming | 111,384 | 19.16%
United States | 37,235,289 | 11.40%

## History

[edit]

### Overview

[edit]

The British diaspora consists of the scattering of British people and their descendants who emigrated from the United Kingdom. The diaspora is concentrated in countries that had mass migration such as the United States and that are part of the English-speaking world. A 2006 publication from the Institute for Public Policy Research estimated 5.6 million British-born people lived outside of the United Kingdom.[49][50]

After the Age of Discovery, the British were one of the earliest and largest communities to emigrate out of Europe, and the British Empire's expansion during the latter half of the 18th century and first half of the 19th century saw an "extraordinary dispersion of the British people", with particular concentrations "in Australasia and North America".[51]

The British Empire was "built on waves of migration overseas by British people",[52] who left the United Kingdom and "reached across the globe and permanently affected population structures in three continents".[51] As a result of the British colonization of the Americas, what became the United States was "easily the greatest single destination of emigrant British".[51]

Historically in the 1790 United States census estimate and presently in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand "people of British origin came to constitute the majority of the population" contributing to these states becoming integral to the Anglosphere.[52] There is also a significant population of people with British ancestry in South Africa.[citation needed]

### Colonial period

[edit]

Main article: British colonization of the Americas

An English presence in North America began with the Roanoke Colony and Colony of Virginia in the late-16th century, but the first successful English settlement was established in 1607, on the James River at Jamestown. By the 1610s, an estimated 1,300 English people had traveled to North America, the "first of many millions from the British Isles".[53] In 1620, the Pilgrims established the English imperial venture of Plymouth Colony, beginning "a remarkable acceleration of permanent emigration from England" with over 60% of trans-Atlantic English migrants settling in the New England Colonies.[53] During the 17th century, an estimated 350,000 English and Welsh migrants arrived in North America, which in the century after the Acts of Union 1707 was surpassed in rate and number by Scottish and Irish migrants.[54]

John Trumbull's famous painting, Declaration of Independence. Most of the Founding Fathers had British ancestors.

The British policy of salutary neglect for its North American colonies intended to minimize trade restrictions as a way of ensuring they stayed loyal to British interests.[55] This permitted the development of the American Dream, a cultural spirit distinct from that of its European founders.[55] The Thirteen Colonies of British America began an armed rebellion against British rule in 1775 when they rejected the right of the Parliament of Great Britain to govern them without representation; they proclaimed their independence in 1776, and subsequently constituted the first thirteen states of the United States of America, which became a sovereign state in 1781 with the ratification of the Articles of Confederation. The 1783 Treaty of Paris represented Great Britain's formal acknowledgment of the United States' sovereignty at the end of the American Revolutionary War.[56]

In the original Thirteen Colonies, most laws contained elements found in the English common law system.[citation needed]

The vast majority of the Founding Fathers of the United States were of mixed British extraction. Most of them were of English descent, with smaller numbers of those of Scottish, Irish or Scots-Irish, and Welsh ancestry. A minority were of high social status and can be classified as White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP). Many of the prewar WASP elite were Loyalists who left the new nation.[57]

Uncle Sam embracing John Bull, while Britannia and Columbia hold hands and sit together in the background (1898).

#### Immigration after 1776

[edit]

British immigration to the U.S. 1820–2000

Period  | Arrivals  | Period  | Arrivals  | Period  | Arrivals
1820–1830 | 27,489 | 1901–1910 | 525,950 | 1981–1990 | 159,173
1831–1840 | 75,810 | 1911–1920 | 341,408 | 1991–2000 | 151,866
1841–1850 | 267,044 | 1921–1930 | 339,570 |  |
1851–1860 | 423,974 | 1931–1940 | 31,572 |  |
1861–1870 | 606,896 | 1941–1950 | 139,306 |  |
1871–1880 | 548,043 | 1951–1960 | 202,824 |  |
1881–1890 | 807,357 | 1961–1970 | 213,822 |  |
1891–1900 | 271,538 | 1971–1980 | 137,374 |  |
Total arrivals: 5,271,016[58][59][60][61]

Nevertheless, longstanding cultural and historical ties have, in more modern times, resulted in the Special Relationship, the exceptionally close political, diplomatic and military co-operation of United Kingdom – United States relations.[62] Linda Colley, a professor of history at Princeton University and specialist in Britishness, suggested that because of their colonial influence on the United States, the British find Americans a "mysterious and paradoxical people, physically distant but culturally close, engagingly similar yet irritatingly different".[63]

For over two centuries (1789–2009) of early U.S. history, all Presidents with the exception of two (Van Buren and Kennedy) were descended from the varied colonial British stock, from the Pilgrims and Puritans to the Scotch-Irish and English who settled the Appalachia.[64]

## Cultural contributions

[edit]

Much of American culture shows influences from nation states of British culture. Colonial ties to Great Britain spread the English language, legal system and other cultural attributes.[65] Historian David Hackett Fischer has posited that four major streams of immigration from the British Isles in the colonial era contributed to the formation of a new American culture, summarized as follows:

* East Anglia to New England – The Exodus of the English Puritans (Pilgrims and Puritans influenced the Northeastern United States' corporate and educational culture)[66]
* The South of England to the lowland South – The Cavaliers and Indentured Servants (Gentry influenced the Southern United States' plantation culture)[67]
* Northern England to the Delaware Valley – The Friends' Migration (Quakers influenced the Middle Atlantic and Midwestern United States' industrial culture)[68]
* The Scottish Lowlands to the Backcountry – The Flight from North Britain (Scotch-Irish, of lowland Scottish and border English descent, influenced the Western United States' ranch culture and the Southern United States' common agrarian culture)[69]

Fischer's theory acknowledges the presence of other groups of immigrants during the colonial period, both from the British Isles (the Welsh and the Highland Scots) and not (Germans, Dutch, and French Huguenots), but believes that these did not culturally contribute as substantially to the United States as his main four.

### Historical influence

[edit]

Apple pie – New England was the first region to experience large-scale English colonization in the early 17th century, beginning in 1620, and it was dominated by East Anglian Calvinists, better known as the Puritans. Baking was a particular favorite of the New Englanders and was the origin of dishes seen today as quintessentially "American", such as apple pie and the oven-roasted Thanksgiving turkey.[70] "As American as apple pie" is a well-known phrase used to suggest that something is all-American.

### Automakers

[edit]

Buick – David Dunbar Buick was a Scottish-born American, a Detroit-based inventor, best known for founding the Buick Motor Company.[citation needed]

### Motorcycle manufacturer

[edit]

Founders of Harley-Davidson, from left: William A. Davidson, Walter Davidson Sr., Arthur Davidson and William S. Harley.

Harley-Davidson – The Davidson brothers were of Scottish descent (William. A., Walter and Arthur Davidson) and William S. Harley of English descent. Along with Indian Motorcycle Manufacturing Company was the largest and most recognizable American motorcycle manufacturer.[71]

### Sports

[edit]

Main article: Origins of baseball

Baseball – The earliest recorded game of base-ball for which the original source survives, involved the family of George II of Great Britain, played indoors in London in November 1748. The Prince is reported as playing "Bass-Ball" again in September 1749 in Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, against Lord Middlesex.[72] The English lawyer William Bray wrote in his diary that he had played a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, also in Surrey.[73][74] English lawyer William Bray recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, Surrey; Bray's diary was verified as authentic in September 2008.[75][76] This early form of the game was apparently brought to North America by British immigrants. The first appearance of the term that exists in print was in "A Little Pretty Pocket-Book" in 1744, where it is called Base-Ball. Today, rounders, which has been played in England since Tudor times, holds a similarity to baseball. Although, literary references to early forms of "base-ball" in the United Kingdom pre-date use of the term "rounders".[77]

In addition to baseball, American football is a sport that developed from soccer and Rugby, which are both sports that originated in the British Isles.[78]

Bowling or ten-pin bowling derived from Nine-Pins (nine-pin bowling) brought over by early British settlers.

### Continental Colors, 1775–1777

[edit]

The "Grand Union Flag" which served as the U.S. national flag from 1776 to 1777; the thirteen stripes represent the original Thirteen Colonies.

The Grand Union Flag is considered to be the first national flag of the United States.[79] The design consisted of 13 stripes, red and white, representing the original Thirteen Colonies, the canton on the upper left-hand corner bearing the British Union Flag, the red cross of St. George of England with the white cross of St. Andrew of Scotland. The flag was first flown on December 2, 1775, by John Paul Jones (then a Continental Navy lieutenant) on the ship Alfred in Philadelphia).[79]

## Place names

[edit]

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

### Alabama

[edit]

* Birmingham after Birmingham, England
* Oxford after Oxford, England
* Montgomery after Montgomery, Powys, Wales

### California

[edit]

* Westminster after Westminster in London, England
* Exeter after Exeter, England
* Windsor after Windsor, Berkshire, in England

### Colorado

[edit]

* Aberdeen Ghost town named after Aberdeen in Scotland
* Derby after Derby, England
* Rugby after Rugby in England

### Connecticut

[edit]

* Essex, Connecticut after Essex, England
* Greenwich, Connecticut after Greenwich, England
* Manchester, Connecticut after Manchester, England
* New London, Connecticut after London, England
* Norfolk, Connecticut after Norfolk, England

### Delaware

[edit]

* Dover after Dover, England
* Kent County, Delaware after Kent, England
* Wilmington named by Proprietor Thomas Penn after his friend Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington, who was prime minister in the reign of George II of Great Britain.

### Florida

[edit]

* Windermere, named for Windermere, Westmorland,[80] the largest lake of the Lake District and England

### Maine

[edit]

* Leeds after Leeds, England

### Maryland

[edit]

* Aberdeen, Maryland after Aberdeenshire, Scotland
* Chester, Maryland after Chester, England
* Chestertown, Maryland after Chester, England
* Essex, Maryland after Essex, England
* Glencoe, Maryland after Glencoe, Scotland
* Hereford, Maryland after Hereford, England
* Kensington, Maryland after Kensington, England
* Manchester, Maryland after Manchester, England
* Olney, Maryland after Olney, England
* Westminster, Maryland after Westminster, England
* Salisbury, Maryland after Salisbury, England

### Massachusetts

[edit]

* Attleboro, Massachusetts after Attleborough, England
* Bedford, Massachusetts after Bedford, England
* Boston after Boston, England[81]
* Cambridge after the City of Cambridge, England[82]
* Charlton, Massachusetts after Charlton, London, England
* Chelsea, Massachusetts after Chelsea, England
* Falmouth, Massachusetts after Falmouth, England
* Gloucester after Gloucester and Gloucestershire, England
* Hampshire County, Massachusetts after Hampshire, England
* Mansfield, Massachusetts after Mansfield, England
* Middlesex County, Massachusetts after Middlesex, England
* Plymouth, Massachusetts after Plymouth, England
* Somerset, Massachusetts after Somerset, England
* Southampton after Southampton, England[83]
* Suffolk County, Massachusetts after Suffolk, England
* Swansea, Massachusetts after Swansea, Wales
* Taunton, Massachusetts after Taunton, England
* Weymouth, Massachusetts after Weymouth, Dorset, England
* Worcester, Massachusetts after Worcester, England

### Michigan

[edit]

* Birmingham after Birmingham, England
* Plymouth after Plymouth, England

### New Hampshire

[edit]

* New Hampshire state (after Hampshire[84])
* Derry, New Hampshire after Derry, Northern Ireland
* Durham, New Hampshire after Durham, England
* Exeter, New Hampshire after Exeter, England
* Londonderry, New Hampshire after Londonderry, Northern Ireland
* Manchester after Manchester, England[85]
* New London, New Hampshire after London, England
* Nottingham, New Hampshire after Nottinghamshire
* Plymouth, New Hampshire after Plymouth, England
* Portsmouth, New Hampshire after Portsmouth, England

### New Jersey

[edit]

* New Jersey and Jersey City after Jersey

### New York

[edit]

* New York and New York City after York, England
* Albany after the Duke of Albany

### North Carolina

[edit]

* Durham, North Carolina and Durham County, North Carolina after Durham, England
* Halifax, North Carolina and Halifax County, North Carolina after Halifax, England
* Brunswick County, North Carolina after House of Brunswick
* New Hanover County, North Carolina after House of Hanover
* Northampton County, North Carolina after Northampton, England
* Richmond County, North Carolina after Richmond, London

### Ohio

[edit]

* Kendal, Ohio after Kendal, Westmorland.[86]
* Liverpool, Medina County Ohio and East Liverpool, Ohio, after Liverpool, England.[citation needed]

### Pennsylvania

[edit]

* Bucks County after Buckinghamshire, England
* Chester County and Chester after Chester, England
* Carlisle, Pennsylvania after Carlisle, England
* Darby derived from Derby (pronounced "Darby"), the county town of Derbyshire (pronounced "Darbyshire")[87]
* Lancaster County and Lancaster after the city of Lancaster in the county of Lancashire in England, the native home of John Wright, one of the early settlers.[88]
* Reading, Berks County after Reading, Berkshire, England
* Warminster after a small town in the county of Wiltshire, at the western extremity of Salisbury Plain, England.[89]
* York, Pennsylvania after York, England

### Texas

[edit]

* Bronte, named for English novelist Charlotte Brontë (1816–1855).[90]
* Cheapside, after Cheapside, a London street.[90]
* Derby, after Derby, England.[90]
* Liverpool, after Liverpool, a port city traditionally in Lancashire, England.[90]
* Newcastle, after Newcastle upon Tyne, northeast England.[90]

### Utah

[edit]

* Leeds after Leeds, England

### Virginia

[edit]

* Crewe, Virginia after Crewe, England
* Dumfries, Virginia after Dumfries, Scotland
* Edinburg, Virginia after Edinburgh, Scotland
* Falmouth, Virginia after Falmouth, England
* Isle of Wight County, Virginia after Isle of Wight, England
* Kilmarnock, Virginia after Kilmarnock, Scotland
* Glasgow, Virginia after Glasgow, Scotland
* Gloucester, Virginia after Gloucester, England
* Richmond, Virginia and Richmond County, Virginia after Richmond, London
* Lancaster County, Virginia after Lancashire, England
* Hampton, Virginia after Hampton, London, England
* Midlothian, Virginia after Midlothian, Scotland
* New Kent County, Virginia after Kent County, England
* Norfolk, Virginia after Norfolk, England
* Northampton County, Virginia after Northampton, England
* Northumberland County, Virginia after Northumberland, England
* Portsmouth, Virginia after Portsmouth, England
* Stafford, Virginia after Stafford, England
* Suffolk, Virginia after Suffolk, England
* Westmoreland County, Virginia after Westmoreland (now part of Cumbria, England)
* Winchester, Virginia after Winchester, England

### Wisconsin

[edit]

* Chilton, Wisconsin, from Chillington Hall, Staffordshire, the British ancestral home of an early settler.[citation needed]
* Ripon, Wisconsin, after Ripon, North Yorkshire, the British ancestral home city of one of its earliest settlers, John S. Horner.[91]

In addition, some places were named after the kings and queens of the former kingdoms of England and Ireland. The name Virginia was first applied by Queen Elizabeth I (the "Virgin Queen") and Sir Walter Raleigh in 1584.,[92] the Carolinas were named after King Charles I and Maryland named so for his wife, Queen Henrietta Maria (Queen Mary). The Borough of Queens in New York was named after Catherine of Braganza (Queen Catherine), the wife of the King Charles II.[93]

## See also

[edit]

* United States portal
* United Kingdom portal

* Americans in the United Kingdom
* Anglo-Americans
* Anglo-Celtic Australians
* Britons in Mexico
* English Americans
* List of English Americans
* English diaspora
* Hyphenated American
* Irish Americans
* List of Irish Americans
* Scotch-Irish Americans
* List of Scots-Irish Americans
* Scottish Americans
* List of Scottish Americans
* Welsh Americans
* List of Welsh Americans
* White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, called WASPs
* United Kingdom–United States relations

## References

[edit]

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92. ^ In 1584 Sir Walter Raleigh sent Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe to lead an exploration of what is now the North Carolina coast, and they returned with word of a regional "king" named "Wingina." This was modified later that year by Raleigh and the Queen to "Virginia", perhaps in part noting her status as the "Virgin Queen." Stewart, George (1945). Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States. New York: Random House. p. 22.
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## Scholarly sources

[edit]

* Berthoff, Rowland Tappan (1953). British Immigrants in Industrial America, 1790–1950.
* Bridenbaugh, Carl. Vexed and Troubled Englishmen, 1590–1642 (1976).
* Colley, Linda (1992), Britons: Forging the Nation, 1701–1837, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-05737-9
* Ember, Carol R.; et al. (2004). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Springer. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9.
* Erickson, Charlotte. Invisible Immigrants: The Adaptation of English and Scottish Immigrants in Nineteenth-Century America (1972_.
* Fischer, David Hackett (1989). Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways In America.
* Furer, Howard B., ed. The British in America: 1578–1970 (1972).
* Handlin, Oscar (1980). Orlov, Ann; Thernstrom, Stephan (eds.). Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. the standard reference source for all ethnic groups.
* McGill, David W., and John K. Pearce. "American families with English ancestors from the colonial era: Anglo Americans." in Ethnicity and family therapy (1996): 451–466; reviews modern social psychology of family types.
* Marshall, Peter James (2001). The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00254-7.
* Shepperson, Wilbur S. British emigration to North America: projects and opinions in the early Victorian period (1957), examines opinion in Britain. online
* Tennenhouse, Leonard. The Importance of Feeling English: American Literature and the British Diaspora, 1750–1850 (2007).
* Van Vugt, William E. "British (English, Scottish, Scots Irish, and Welsh) and British Americans, 1870–1940’." in Elliott Barkan, ed., Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration (2013): 4:237+.
* Van Vugt, William E. British Buckeyes: The English, Scots, and Welsh in Ohio, 1700–1900 (2006).

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to British American.

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* White Anglo-Saxon Protestants

South America|

* Argentina
* English
* Scottish
* Welsh
* Brazil
* English
* Scottish
* Caribbean
* Chile
* English
* Scottish
* Welsh
* Paraguay
* English
* Peru
* Uruguay

Oceania|

* Australia
* Cornish
* English
* Scottish
* Welsh
* New Zealand
* English
* Scottish
* Welsh

* v
* t
* e

United States articles

History|

| By period|

* 1776–1789
* 1789–1815
* 1815–1849
* 1849–1865
* 1865–1917
* 1917–1945
* 1945–1964
* 1964–1980
* 1980–1991
* 1991–2008
* 2008–present

|

By event|

* Pre-colonial era
* Colonial era
* Stamp Act Congress
* Thirteen Colonies
* Continental Congress
* Continental Association
* United Colonies
* military history
* Founding Fathers
* Halifax Resolves
* Lee Resolution
* Declaration of Independence
* American Revolution
* War
* Treaty of Paris
* Articles of Confederation
* Perpetual Union
* Confederation period
* American frontier
* Constitution
* drafting and ratification
* Bill of Rights
* Federalist Era
* War of 1812
* Territorial evolution
* Mexican–American War
* Civil War
* Reconstruction era
* Indian Wars
* Native genocide
* Gilded Age
* Progressive Era
* Women's suffrage
* Civil rights movement
* 1865–1896
* 1896–1954
* 1954–1968
* Spanish–American War
* Imperialism
* World War I
* Roaring Twenties
* Great Depression
* World War II
* home front
* American Century
* Cold War
* Korean War
* Space Race
* Feminist Movement
* LGBT Movement
* Vietnam War
* Post-Cold War (1991–2008)
* September 11 attacks
* War on Terror
* War in Afghanistan
* Iraq War
* Great Recession
* COVID-19 pandemic

By topic|

* Outline of U.S. history
* Demographic
* Discoveries
* Economic
* Inventions
* Military
* Postal
* Technological and industrial

Geography|

* Territory
* Contiguous United States
* counties
* federal district
* federal enclaves
* Indian reservations
* insular zones
* minor outlying islands
* populated places
* states
* Earthquakes
* Extreme points
* Islands
* Mountains
* peaks
* ranges
* Appalachian
* Rocky
* Sierra Nevada
* National Park Service
* National Parks
* Regions
* East Coast
* West Coast
* Great Plains
* Gulf
* Mid-Atlantic
* Midwestern
* New England
* Pacific
* Central
* Eastern
* Northern
* Northeastern
* Northwestern
* Southern
* Southeastern
* Southwestern
* Western
* Longest rivers
* Arkansas
* Colorado
* Columbia
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Red (South)
* Rio Grande
* Yukon
* Time
* Water supply and sanitation
* World Heritage Sites

Politics|

| Federal|

| Executive|

* President of the United States
* powers
* Executive Office
* Vice President
* Cabinet
* Executive departments
* Independent agencies
* Intelligence Community
* Director of National Intelligence
* Central Intelligence Agency
* National Security Agency
* National Reconnaissance Office
* Law enforcement
* ATF
* CBP
* Diplomatic Security
* DEA
* FBI
* ICE
* Marshals
* Secret Service
* TSA
* Inspector generals
* Civil service
* Public policy

|

Legislative|

* House of Representatives
* current members
* Speaker
* Senate
* current members
* President pro tempore
* President
* Capitol Police
* Library of Congress
* Congressional Budget Office
* Government Accountability Office
* Government Publishing Office

Judicial|

* Supreme Court
* Chief Justice
* Associate Justices
* list
* Courts of appeals
* list of judges
* District courts/Territorial courts
* list of courts
* list of judges
* Other tribunals
* U.S. attorney

Law|

* Bill of Rights
* civil liberties
* Code of Federal Regulations
* Constitution
* federalism
* preemption
* separation of powers
* civil rights
* United States Code

Uniformed|

* Armed Forces
* Army
* Marine Corps
* Navy
* Air Force
* Space Force
* Coast Guard
* National Guard
* NOAA Corps
* Public Health Service Corps

State,
Federal District,
and Territorial|

| Executive|

* Governor
* list
* Lieutenant governor
* list
* Secretary of state
* Attorney general
* Treasurer
* Auditor/Comptroller
* Agriculture commissioner
* Insurance commissioner
* Public utilities commission
* State police
* list

|

Legislative|

* List of legislatures
* List of legislators

Judicial|

* Supreme courts
* Chief justices
* District attorney
* list

Law|

* State constitutions
* Statutory codes
* Uniform act
* Comparison of governments

Tribal|

* Tribal sovereignty
* Native American recognition in the United States
* Federally recognized tribes
* Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
* State-recognized tribes
* Indian reservation
* list
* Hawaiian home land

Local|

| County|

* List of counties and county equivalents
* County executive
* Sheriff
* Clerk

|

Cities|

* Consolidated city-county
* Independent city
* Coterminous municipality
* Charter
* Mayor–council government
* Council–manager government
* City commission government
* Mayor
* City manager
* City council

Minor divisions|

* Township
* Town meeting

Special district|

* School district
* list

* Corruption
* Elections
* Electoral College
* Red states and blue states
* Foreign relations
* foreign policy
* Imperial presidency
* Ideologies
* Anti-Americanism
* exceptionalism
* nationalism
* Parties
* Democratic
* Republican
* Third parties
* Scandals

Economy|

* By sector
* Agriculture
* Banking
* Communications
* Companies
* Energy
* Insurance
* Manufacturing
* Mining
* Science and technology
* Tourism
* Trade
* by state
* Currency
* Exports
* Federal budget
* Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
* Federal Reserve System
* Financial position
* Labor unions
* Public debt
* Social welfare programs
* Taxation
* Unemployment
* Wall Street

Transport|

* Aviation
* Driving
* Public transportation
* Rail transportation
* Transportation policy
* Transportation safety
* Trucking industry

Society|

| Culture|

* Americana
* Architecture
* Cinema
* Crime
* Cuisine
* Dance
* Demographics
* Economic issues
* affluence
* eviction
* homeownership
* household income
* income inequality
* middle class
* personal income
* poverty
* standard of living
* wealth
* working class
* Education
* attainment
* literacy
* Family
* Fashion
* Flag
* list
* Folklore
* Holidays
* Federal holidays
* Homelessness
* Housing
* Human rights
* Languages
* American English
* Indigenous languages
* ASL
* Literature
* Media
* journalism
* internet
* newspapers
* radio
* television
* Music
* Names
* National anthem
* National symbols
* Columbia
* Mount Rushmore
* Statue of Liberty
* Uncle Sam
* People
* Philosophy
* Political ideologies
* Race
* Religion
* Sexuality
* Social class
* Society
* Sports
* Theater
* Transportation
* Video games
* Visual art

|

Social class|

* Affluence
* American Dream
* Educational attainment
* Homelessness
* Homeownership
* Household income
* Income inequality
* Middle class
* Personal income
* Poverty
* Standard of living

Health|

* Aging
* Healthcare
* Abortion
* Birth control
* Prenatal care
* Hospice care
* Immigrant health care
* Rationing
* Health care finance
* Health insurance costs
* Health care prices
* Prescription drug prices
* Disability
* Health insurance
* Food safety
* Physician shortage
* Poverty and health
* Race and health
* Obesity
* Medical deserts
* Women's reproductive health
* Life expectancy

Issues|

* Capital punishment
* Crime
* incarceration
* Criticism of government
* Discrimination
* affirmative action
* antisemitism
* intersex rights
* Islamophobia
* LGBT rights
* racism
* Native American
* African American
* Energy policy
* Environmental issues
* Environmental movement
* Climate change
* Gun politics
* Mass shootings
* Hunger
* Smoking
* Human rights
* Immigration
* illegal
* National security
* Terrorism
* Opioid epidemic
* Separation of church and state
* Xenophobia

* Outline
* Index

* Category
* Portal

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