British Antarctic Territory

British Overseas Territory

British Overseas Territory in United Kingdom

British Antarctic Territory

British Overseas Territory

Flag

Coat of arms

Motto:

"Research and Discovery"

Anthem: "God Save the King"

Location of the British Antarctic Territory in Antarctica

Sovereign state|  United Kingdom
Territory| 1908
Capital

and largest city

| Rothera
67°34′06″S 68°07′33″W﻿ / ﻿67.568417°S 68.125796°W﻿ / -67.568417; -68.125796
Official languages| English
Government| Dependency under a constitutional monarchy

• Monarch

| Charles III

• Commissioner

| Jane Rumble

• Administrator

| Natalie Allen[1]

• Attorney General

| James Wood[1]
Government of the United Kingdom

• Minister

| Stephen Doughty
Area

• Total

| 1,709,400 km2 (660,000 sq mi)
Highest elevation

| 3,239 m (10,627 ft)
Population

• Summer estimate

| 250[2]
Currency| Pound sterling (£) (GBP)
Time zone| UTC-03:00
UK postcode|

BIQQ 1ZZ

Internet TLD|

* .aq
* .uk

The British Antarctic Territory (BAT) is a sector of Antarctica claimed by the United Kingdom as one of its 14 British Overseas Territories, of which it is by far the largest by area. It comprises the region south of 60°S latitude and between longitudes 20°W and 80°W, forming a wedge shape that extends to the South Pole, overlapped by the Antarctic claims of Argentina (Argentine Antarctica) and Chile (Chilean Antarctic Territory). The claim to the region has been suspended since the Antarctic Treaty came into force in 1961.

The territory was formed on 3 March 1962, although the UK's claim to this portion of the Antarctic dates back to letters patent of 1908 and 1917. The area now covered by the Territory includes three regions which, before 1962, were administered by the British as separate dependencies of the Falkland Islands: Graham Land, the South Orkney Islands, and the South Shetland Islands. The United Kingdom's claim to the region has been suspended since the Antarctic Treaty came into force in 1961, Article 4 of which states "No acts or activities taking place while the present Treaty is in force shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica. No new claim, or enlargement of an existing claim, to territorial sovereignty, shall be asserted while the present Treaty is in force." Most countries do not recognise territorial claims in Antarctica.[3][failed verification] The United Kingdom has ratified the Antarctic treaty.

The territory is inhabited by the staff of research and support stations operated and maintained by the British Antarctic Survey and other organisations, and stations of Argentina, Chile and other countries. There are no native inhabitants. In 2012, the southern part of the territory was named Queen Elizabeth Land in honour of Queen Elizabeth II.

## History

[edit]

The United Kingdom has had a continuous presence in the far South Atlantic since 1833 when it reasserted sovereignty over the Falkland Islands. In 1908, the UK extended its territorial claim by declaring sovereignty over "South Georgia, the South Orkneys, the South Shetlands, the Sandwich Islands, and Graham's Land, situated in the South Atlantic Ocean and on the Antarctic continent to the south of the 50th parallel of south latitude, and lying between the 20th and the 80th degrees of west longitude".[4] All these territories were administered as Falkland Islands Dependencies from Stanley by the Governor of the Falkland Islands.

In 1917, the wording of the claim was modified, so as to, among other things, unambiguously include all the territory in the sector stretching to the South Pole (thus encompassing all of the present-day British Antarctic Territory). The new claim covered "all islands and territories whatsoever between the 20th degree of west longitude and the 50th degree of west longitude which are situated south of the 50th parallel of south latitude; and all islands and territories whatsoever between the 50th degree of west longitude and the 80th degree of west longitude which are situated south of the 58th parallel of south latitude".[4]

The United Kingdom also claimed Victoria Land in 1841 and Enderby Land in 1930. However, all territory between 160°E and 45°E was transferred to Australia (which itself was part of the British Empire and transferred because of this) in 1933. In 1943, at the height of World War II, the UK undertook a military operation known as Operation Tabarin to provide reconnaissance and meteorological information in the South Atlantic Ocean. This secret wartime project became the civilian Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey and later the British Antarctic Survey (BAS). BAS is responsible for most of the United Kingdom's scientific research in Antarctica. In the 1950s, the Antarctic Treaty was negotiated to demilitarise the region and retain Antarctica – defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude – for peaceful research purposes. The treaty was negotiated and signed in 1959, and came into effect in 1961.[5]

## Recognition

[edit]

See also: Territorial claims in Antarctica

The Antarctic Treaty, signed by all relevant regional claimants, does not in itself either recognise or dispute any territorial claims, leaving this matter to individual signatories.[3] Most of the world's countries do not recognise any national claims to Antarctica.[6] Australia, France, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom, all of whom have territorial claims on the continent, mutually recognise each other's claims.[7] Argentina and Chile dispute the British claim, and have their own claims that overlap both Britain's and each other's (see Argentine Antarctica and Chilean Antarctic Territory).

## Geography

[edit]

Panorama of Signy Research Station, South Orkney Islands Map of the British Antarctic Territory

### Topography

[edit]

The British Antarctic Territory includes the Antarctic Peninsula, the South Shetland Islands, South Orkney Islands and numerous other offshore islands, the Ronne Ice Shelf (Weddell Sea), and parts of Coats Land. A 437,000-square-kilometre (169,000 sq mi) triangle of central Antarctica converging on the South Pole was named Queen Elizabeth Land in December 2012, in honour of the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II.[8][9]

Over 99 per cent of the territory's land surface is covered by a permanent ice sheet, up to about 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) thick.[10] The highest peak in BAT was thought to be Mount Jackson, on the Antarctic Peninsula, at 3,184 metres (10,446 ft).[10] However, in 2017 Mount Hope was calculated to be taller at 3,239 metres (10,627 ft).[11]

### Vegetation

[edit]

There are very few plants in the British Antarctic Territories; most of them are mosses and lichens, but there are also two flowering plants: the Antarctic hairgrass and Antarctic pearlwort.[12]

### Wildlife

[edit]

Many bird species, including seven species of penguin breed in the British Antarctic Territories. The British Antarctic Territories are also home to six species of seals.[12]

### Oil and gas reserves

[edit]

In May 2024, it was reported that Russia had discovered extensive oil and gas reserves in the Antarctic, with a significant portion found in areas claimed by the United Kingdom. The estimated reserves, totaling 511 billion barrels of oil, raise concerns about potential drilling in a region protected by the Antarctic Treaty, which prohibits mineral and oil developments. While the UK's Foreign Office has expressed trust in Russia's assurance of conducting scientific research, critics argue that Russia's activities resemble oil and gas prospecting rather than genuine scientific endeavors and questioned The Foreign Office's management of the United Kingdom's Antarctic interests.[13]

### Administration

[edit]

King Charles III is the head of state of the British Antarctic Territory.

Politics of British Antarctic Territory

The Crown

* Monarch
* King Charles III

Government

* Commissioner
* Jane Rumble

Geography

* South Orkney Islands
* South Shetland Islands
* Graham Land
* Antarctic Peninsula
* Queen Elizabeth Land
* Territorial Claims

Research Stations

British Antarctic Survey

* * *

* Halley
* Rothera (Capital)
* Signy (Seasonal)
* Fossil Bluff (Seasonal)
* Sky Blu (Seasonal)

United Kingdom Antarctic Heritage Trust

* * *

* Port Lockroy (Museum)

Other

* Flag
* Stamps and Postal History
* Antarctic Treaty System
* Graham Land
* South Shetland Islands
* South Orkney Islands

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

The British Antarctic Territory is administered by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO). A Commissioner is appointed and is always the Director of the FCO's Overseas Territories Directorate.

The Territory has a full suite of laws and legal and postal administrations. Given the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty System, the Territory does not enforce its laws on foreign nations who maintain scientific bases within the Territory. It is self-financing, with income from the sale of postage stamps and income tax.

The Royal Navy deploys the ice patrol ship, HMS Protector, in South Atlantic and Antarctic waters during the regional summer. The ship fulfills a variety of roles, including support for the British Antarctic Survey.[14] The British Antarctic Survey also operates the RRS Sir David Attenborough in the region during the Antarctic summer, a ship owned by the Natural Environment Research Council.[15]

## Nationality law

[edit]

The territory is fully a part of the British Overseas Territories for nationality purposes. It is possible to hold British Overseas Territories citizenship (BOTC) by virtue of a connection with the territory. Additionally, since the relevant provisions of the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 came into force on 21 May 2002, a BOTC connected with the territory would also hold British citizenship.

Although this territory's immigration laws would not allow for naturalisation, a person born in the territory before 1983 would hold BOTC (and British citizenship) on that basis. British citizenship and BOTC would also extend to the first generation born overseas. Since Emilio Palma was born in the Antarctic territories claimed by the UK prior to 1983, he automatically had British nationality at birth. Since his parents were both Argentine citizens and he was born at an Argentine base, he was automatically granted Argentine citizenship by the Argentine government.

Changes to British nationality law from 1 January 1983 mean that a child born in the territory can only gain BOTC and/or British citizenship if his/her father or mother holds BOTC and/or British citizenship or if his/her father or mother is "ordinarily resident" in the territory in compliance with the relevant immigration legislation.[16] This effectively prevents any more children born in Argentine or Chilean bases within the area of the British claim being able to claim BOTC or British citizenship by virtue of being born within the territory.

## Research stations

[edit]

Rothera Research Station

The British Antarctic Survey has two permanently staffed facilities in the Territory: Halley Research Station and Rothera Research Station.[17][18]

Signy Research Station was operated from 1947 until 1996 and now is only staffed in the summer.[19] There are also two summer-only forward operating stations at Fossil Bluff and Sky Blu. Faraday was maintained until 1996, when it was sold to Ukraine and renamed Akademik Vernadsky Station.[20]

Since 1996, the historic base at Port Lockroy on Goudier Island has been staffed by the UK Antarctic Heritage Trust during the Antarctic summer. Receiving about 10,000 visitors a year, it is one of the most visited sites on the continent. Visitors can tour the museum, buy souvenirs, post mail, and view the large gentoo penguin colony.[21] Argentine presence in the territory dates to the foundation of the Orcadas Base, South Orkney Islands, in 1903. A number of other nations maintain bases in the territory, many in the South Shetland Islands.[10]

## Postage stamps and coins

[edit]

Main article: Postage stamps and postal history of the British Antarctic Territory

Further information: British currency in the South Atlantic and the Antarctic

Despite the lack of permanent inhabitants, the British Antarctic Territory issues its own postage stamps. While some are actually used by visiting tourists and resident scientists, the bulk are sold overseas to collectors. The first issue came in 1963, an engraved set with 15 values ranging from ½d to one pound, featuring a portrait of Queen Elizabeth overlooking various scenes of human activity in Antarctica. Several additional issues in the 1960s were followed by a decimalisation issue in 1971 produced by overprinting the 1963 stamps.

In 2008-2009, as part of the celebrations of the centenary of the 1908 British territorial claim, the British Antarctic Territory issued its first ever legal-tender coin.[22]

## Queen Elizabeth Land

[edit]

Main article: Queen Elizabeth Land

On 18 December 2012, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office announced that the southern part of British Antarctic Territory has been named Queen Elizabeth Land in honour of Queen Elizabeth II in her Diamond Jubilee year. The area, the southern third of the territory, has an area of about 437,000 square kilometres (169,000 sq mi) - almost twice the size of the United Kingdom - and is roughly triangular in shape, with the South Pole at one apex and with the 20°W and 80°W lines of longitude forming the eastern and western boundaries. The northern boundary is formed by the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf on the west and by Coats Land on the east.

The name "Queen Elizabeth Land" will be used in future on all British maps, but due to the unique status of Antarctica, it will be up to other countries to recognise the name if they see fit.[23] Argentina, which lays claim to part of the area, criticised the naming.[24]

## See also

[edit]

* Geography portal
* United Kingdom portal

* Australian Antarctic Territory
* British Arctic Territories - 16th century to 1880 and now Canadian Arctic Archipelago
* Hope Bay incident
* Marie Byrd Land
* Princess Elizabeth Land
* Ross Dependency
* Territorial claims in Antarctica
* Tierra del Fuego

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "Who We Are". British Antarctic Territory. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
2. ^ Hendry, Ian; Dickson, Susan (2011). British Overseas Territories Law. Oxford: Hart Publishing. p. 299. ISBN 9781849460194.
3. ^ a b "The Antarctic Treaty". National Science Foundation, Office of Polar Programs. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019.
4. ^ a b Casarini, Maria Pia (1996). "Activities in Antarctica Before the Conclusion of the Antarctic Treaty". In Francioni, Francesco; Scovazzi, Tullio (eds.). International Law for Antarctica (Second ed.). Kluwer Law International. p. 652\. ISBN 90-411-0364-3. LCCN 96054217.
5. ^ "Antarctic Treaty". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. United Nations. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
6. ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". Retrieved 19 March 2017.
7. ^ Headland, Robert K. (1989). Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-30903-4. LCCN 88037622. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
8. ^ "UK to rename part of Antarctica Queen Elizabeth Land". BBC News. 18 December 2012. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
9. ^ Rayner, Gordon (18 December 2012). "Part of Antarctica named 'Queen Elizabeth Land' as gift for Diamond Jubilee". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
10. ^ a b c British Antarctic Territory, Country Facts Archived 12 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Foreign & Commonwealth Office
11. ^ New satellite imagery reveals new highest Antarctic Peninsula Mountain British Antarctic Survey, 11 December 2017
12. ^ a b Commonwealth Secretariat Website Archived 5 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
13. ^ Leake, Jonathan (11 May 2024). "Russia finds vast oil and gas reserves in British Antarctic territory". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
14. ^ "HMS Protector (A173) | Royal Navy".
15. ^ "RRS Sir David Attenborough". British Antarctic Survey. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
16. ^ British Nationality Act 1981, s.1, s.15 & s.50
17. ^ "Research Stations in Antarctica". British Antarctic Survey. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
18. ^ Extreme Engineering: the challenges of working in AntarcticaArchived 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Ingenia, September 2005.
19. ^ "Signy Research Station". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
20. ^ "Faraday Station - History". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
21. ^ "Port Lockroy". UK Antarctic Heritage Trust. Archived from the original on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
22. ^ "The British Antarctic Territory Currency". United Kingdom Antarctic Heritage Trust. Archived from the original on 19 April 2010.
23. ^ "The Foreign Secretary has announced that the southern part of British Antarctic Territory has been named Queen Elizabeth Land". Foreign & Commonwealth Office. 18 December 2012. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
24. ^ "Argentina angry after Antarctic territory named after Queen". BBC News. 22 December 2012. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2012.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to British Antarctic Territory.

* British Antarctic Territory at UK Foreign Office
* British Antarctic Survey

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Territorial claims in Antarctica

Claims|

* Adélie Land (Fr.)
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Countries
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Crown Dependencies|

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Overseas territories|

* Akrotiri and Dhekelia1
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Former colonies|

* List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom

1 Sovereign Base Areas. 2 Partial suspension of sovereignty due to the Antarctic Treaty.

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Former British Empire and current British Overseas Territories

Legend
Former territory
Current territory
*Current Commonwealth realm
†Current member of the Commonwealth of Nations

Europe

* Akrotiri and Dhekelia since 1960 (before as part of Cyprus)
* Corsica 1794–1796
* †Cyprus 1878–1960
* Gibraltar since 1713
* Heligoland 1807–1890
* Ionian Islands 1809–1864
* Lordship of Ireland 1177–1542
* Kingdom of Ireland 1542–1800 (integrated into the UK)
* Free State 1921–1931
* †Malta
* Protectorate 1800–1813
* Colony 1813–1964
* Minorca 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802

Africa

* Basutoland (†Lesotho) 1868–1966
* Bechuanaland (†Botswana) 1884–1966
* Cameroons13 1919–1961
* Cape Colony 1795–1803
* Cape of Good Hope 1806–1910
* Central Africa 1891–1907
* East Africa 1895–1920
* Egypt 1882–1922
* †The Gambia 1816–1965
* Gold Coast (†Ghana) 1874–1957
* †Kenya 1920–1963
* Lagos 1862–1906
* Madeira 1807–1808
* †Mauritius 1810–1968
* Natal 1856–1910
* Niger Coast 1884–1900
* †Nigeria 1914–1960
* Northern Nigeria 1900–1914
* Northern Rhodesia15 1924–1964
* Nyasaland 1891–1964
* Orange River 1900–1910
* †Seychelles 1903–1976
* †Sierra Leone 1792–1961
* Somaliland 1884–1960
* †South Africa 1910–1931
* South-West Africa12 1915–1931
* Southern Rhodesia14 1923–1965 and 1979–1980
* Southern Nigeria 1900–1914
* †Swaziland 1893–1968
* Sudan 1899–1956
* Tanganyika13 1922–1961
* Transvaal 1900–1910
* †Uganda 1890–1962
* Zanzibar 1890–1963
* Zululand 1887–1897

* 12Now †Namibia
* 13League of Nations mandate. British Cameroons is now part of †Cameroon and Nigeria, while Tanganyika is part of †Tanzania.
* 14Self-governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 (as Rhodesia) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
* 15Now †Zambia

Asia

* Aden Colony 1839–1967
* Afghanistan 1839–1842
* Protectorate 1879–1919
* Bencoolen 1685–1824
* Banka and Billiton 1812–1824
* Bengal 1757–1947
* Bhutan (protectorate) 1907–1949
* Borneo 1874–1963
* British Indian Ocean Territory since 1965 (before as part of Mauritius and Seychelles)26
* Burma 1824–1948
* †Brunei 1888–1984
* †Ceylon 1795–1948
* †Cyprus 1878–1960
* Hong Kong 1841–1997
* †India18 1858–1947
* Java 1811–1816
* Kuwait 1918–1961
* Labuan 1848–1946
* Malaya 1819–1826
* Federated States 1895–1946
* Unfederated States 1885–1946
* Union 1946–1948
* Federation 1948–1957
* Malacca 1824–1946
* Crown Colony 1946–1957
* †Maldives 1796–1965
* Manila and Cavite 1762–1764
* Mesopotamia19 1920–1932
* Muscat and Oman 1891–1971
* North Borneo 1882–1963
* Crown Colony 1946–1963
* Padang 1781–1784 and 1795–1819
* Palestine19 1923–1948
* Penang 1786–1946
* Crown Colony 1946–1957
* Pulo Condore 1702–1705
* Sarawak 1841–1946
* Crown Colony 1946–1963
* †Singapore 1946–1963
* South Vietnam 1945–1946
* Straits Settlements 1826–1946
* Transjordan 1921–1946
* Trucial States 1892–1971
* Weihai 1898–1930

* 18Now †India, †Pakistan and †Bangladesh
* 19League of Nations mandate. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
* 26Legitimacy of territorial establishment disputed

North America

* Anguilla since 1650
* *Antigua 1632–1860
* *Antigua and Barbuda 1860–1981
* †*Bahamas 1670–1973
* †Barbados 1624–1966
* Bay Islands 1643–1860
* †*Belize 1871–1981
* Bermuda since 1619
* British Arctic Territories 16th c.–1880
* British Columbia 1858–1866
* 1866–1871
* Cape Breton Island 1754–1820
* †Dominica 1763–1978
* East Florida 1763–1783
* †*Grenada 1762–1974
* †*Canada
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* Province 1841–1867
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* Carolina 1663–1712
* Cayman Islands since 1670
* Columbia District/Oregon Country 1818–1846
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* Paulet affair 1843
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* Quebec 1763–1791* Queen Charlotte Islands 1853–1863
* Rhode Island 1636–1776
* Rupert's Land 1670–1870
* Saint Croix 1625–1650
* Saint Kitts 1623–1983
* †*Saint Kitts and Nevis 1882–1983
* †*Saint Lucia 1605–1979
* †*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1627–1979
* Saybrook 1635–1644
* South Carolina 1712–1776
* Stickeen 1862–1863
* †Trinidad and Tobago 1889–1962
* Turks and Caicos Islands since 1799
* Vancouver Island 1849–1866
* Virgin Islands since 1666
* Virginia 1607–1776
* West Florida 1763–1783
* West Indies Federation 1958–1962
* Associated States 1967–1983
* West Jersey 1674–1702
* Windward Islands 1833–1960

South America

* Providence Island 1631–1641
* Willoughbyland 1651–1667
* Saint Andrew and Providence Islands4 1670–1688
* †Guiana 1831–1966

* 4Now a department of Colombia

Oceania

* New South Wales 1788–1901
* Van Diemen's Land/Tasmania 1803–1901
* Auckland Islands20 1807–1863
* New Hebrides21 1824–1980
* Queensland 1824–1901
* Swan River/Western Australia 1829–1901
* South Australia 1836–1901
* Pitcairn Islands since 1838
* New Zealand 1841–1907
* North Australia 1846–1847
* Victoria 1851–1901
* †Fiji 1874–1970
* Western Pacific Territories 1877–1976
* Papua 1884–1902
* Rarotonga/Cook Islands20 1888–1901
* Union Islands20 1889–1948
* Gilbert and Ellice Islands22 1892–1979
* †*Solomon Islands 1893–1978
* †Tonga 1900–1970
* Niue20 1900–1974
* †*Australia 1901–1942
* †*New Zealand 1907–1947
* †Samoa 1914–1962
* †Nauru 1919–1942 and 1945–1968

* 20Now part of the †Realm of New Zealand
* 21Now †Vanuatu
* 22Now †Kiribati and †*Tuvalu

Antarctica and the South Atlantic

* Saint Helena23 since 1658
* Ascension Island23 since 1815
* Tristan da Cunha23 since 1816
* Falkland Islands5 since 1833
* †Australian Antarctic Territory (transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia) 1841–1933
* †Ross Dependency (transferred to the Realm of New Zealand) 1841–1947
* British Antarctic Territory24 since 1908
* South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands25 since 1908

* 5Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April–June 1982.
* 23Since 2009 part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
* 24Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the Antarctic Treaty.
* 25Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985

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Outlying territories of European countries

Territories under European sovereignty but closer to or on continents other than Europe (see inclusion criteria for further information).

Denmark|

* Greenland
* Faroe Islands

France|

* Clipperton Island
* French Guiana
* French Polynesia
* French Southern and Antarctic Lands
* Adélie Land
* Crozet Islands
* Kerguelen Islands
* Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands
* Amsterdam Island
* Saint Paul Island
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Netherlands|

* Aruba
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Norway|

* Bouvet Island
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* Queen Maud Land

Portugal|

* Azores
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Spain|

* Canary Islands
* Ceuta
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* Alboran Island
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* Chafarinas Islands
* Velez Islands

United Kingdom|

* Anguilla
* Bermuda
* British Antarctic Territory
* British Virgin Islands
* Cayman Islands
* Falkland Islands
* Montserrat
* Pitcairn Islands
* Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
* Ascension Island
* Saint Helena
* Tristan da Cunha
* South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
* Turks and Caicos Islands

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Israel

People|

* UK Parliament

Other|

* Yale LUX

75°00′S 50°00′W﻿ / ﻿75.000°S 50.000°W﻿ / -75.000; -50.000
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