British Army officer rank insignia

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Listed in the table below are the rank insignia of the British Army. Badges for field officers were introduced in 1810 and the insignia was moved to the epaulettes in 1880. On ceremonial or parade uniforms these ranks continue to be worn on the epaulettes, either as cloth slides or as metal clips, although on the modern 'working dress' (daily uniform) they are usually worn as a cloth slide on the chest. Although these insignia apply across the British Army there is variation in the precise design and colours used and it can take some time to become familiar with them all.

Officers in the ranks of lieutenant and second lieutenant are often referred to as subalterns and these and captains are also referred to as company officers. Brigadiers, colonels, lieutenant colonels and majors are field officers. All above these are considered to be of general officer rank.

## Ranks

[edit]

NATO rank scale | OF-10  | OF-9  | OF-8  | OF-7  | OF-6  | OF-5  | OF-4  | OF-3  | OF-2  | OF-1  | N/A

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United Kingdom Epaulette rank insignia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rank:[1] | Field marshal[i] | General[ii] | Lieutenant-general[ii] | Major-general[ii] | Brigadier[iii] | Colonel[iii] | Lieutenant colonel[iii] | Major[iii] | Captain[iii] | Lieutenant[iii] | Second lieutenant[iii] | Officer cadet[iii]
Abbreviation:  | FM  | Gen  | Lt Gen  | Maj Gen  | Brig  | Col  | Lt Col  | Maj  | Capt  | Lt  | 2Lt  | OCdt

1. ^ The rank of Field Marshal has become an honorary rank; the last active officer to be promoted to the rank was in 1994.
2. ^ a b c The sword points to the general officer's front when worn on the shoulders and to the officer's right shoulder (to the viewer's left, as shown) when worn as a front rank slide.[2]
3. ^ a b c d e f g h The standard star design (colloquially known as a 'pip') is the Bath star, based on the star of a Knight Grand Cross Military Division of the Order of the Bath but with two of the star's three small crowns uppermost and without the motto of the Prince of Wales, Ich dien, underneath. Officers of the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment and the Royal Welsh wear a slightly different design known as the Eversleigh star which includes the motto. Officers of the Household Division and the Honourable Artillery Company wear stars based on those of the orders of the Garter, the Thistle and St Patrick.[2] Buttons shown for all except general officers vary by regiment.

### General rank information

[edit]

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Officer rank  | Typical command size[3] | Typical command appointment  | Typical time taken for a promotion

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Officer cadet | No command  | N/A
Second lieutenant | 35 soldiers  | Platoon/troop | After completing officer training
Lieutenant | Up to 2 years after reaching second lieutenant rank
Captain | Between 50 and 120 soldiers  | Company/battery/squadron | After 3 years of commissioned service
Major | Up to 120 soldiers and officers  | After being in the army for between 8 and 10 years
Lieutenant colonel | Up to 650 soldiers and officers  | Battalion/ regiment/battlegroup | N/A
Colonel | Field command in the Royal Army Medical Corps | Staff officers
Brigadier | Brigade or director of staff
Major general | Division
Lieutenant-general | Corps
General | Most senior rank
Field marshal | Currently an honorary rank

## History of rank insignia

[edit]

### General officers

[edit]

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Before 1767, there were no definite badges for Field Marshals and general officers. In 1767, the British Army issued an order to distinguish Field Marshals (once the rank was established in 1813) and different graded General officers by the combination of chevron-shaped ess pattern laces on the sleeve.

* Field Marshal: Evenly spaced six laces.
* General: Evenly spaced four laces.
* Lieutenant General: Six laces in threes.
* Major General: Four laces in twos.
* Brigadier General: Three laces. Upper twos were in pair.

During the Napoleonic wars, field marshals wore oak-leaf embroidered collar and cuff; and shoulder cord instead of previous pattern. It was continued until the end of 1830.

At the beginning of 1831, new rank distinction was ordered for field marshals and general officers.

* Field Marshal: Cross baton and wreath designed device was on epaulettes and buttons were evenly spaced .
* General: Cross baton and sword with crown designed device on the epaulettes and buttons were evenly spaced.
* Lieutenant General: Cross baton and sword with crown designed device on the epaulettes and buttons were in threes.
* Major General: Cross baton and sword with crown designed device on the epaulettes and buttons were in twos.
* Brigadier General: No device on the epaulettes and buttons were in two.

After the Crimean War (30 January 1855), the War Office ordered different rank badges for British general, staff officers and regimental officers. It was the first complete set of rank badges to be used by the British Army.

* Field Marshal: Two rows of one inch wide oak-leaf designed lace on the collar with crossed baton above the wreath in silver.
* General: Two rows of one inch wide oak-leaf designed lace on the collar with Crown and star in silver.
* Lieutenant General: Two rows of one inch wide oak-leaf designed lace on the collar with Crown in silver.
* Major General: Two rows of one inch wide oak-leaf designed lace on the collar with Star in silver.
* Brigadier-general: Two rows of half inch wide staff pattern lace on the collar with Crown and star in silver.

In 1868, brigadier-generals were ordered to wear the same collar as other General officers, but no device in the collar.

In 1880, the War Office ordered to move rank badges from collar to shoulder.

* Field Marshal: Crossed batons above the wreath of oak-leaf. On the top of the wreath a crown.
* General: Crossed baton and sword with Crown and star.
* Lieutenant General: Crossed baton and sword with Crown.
* Major General: Crossed baton and sword with Star.
* Brigadier General: Crossed baton and sword.

Due to the expansion of the Army during World War I, there were a very large number of general officers, whose numbers were very disproportionate to the other Allied Armies, and had the effect of reducing the status of all British Generals. There were talks and proposal to address the number of general officers without abolishing the rank, but it was found that this would produce a number of issues and was considered impracticable. In 1920 it was promulgated in Army Order 545 of 1920 to abolish the rank of Brigadier General and substitute in its place the ranks Colonel Commandant (commander of a brigade or training school) and Colonel-on-the-Staff (staff officer, usually appointed Directors, Deputy Director etc. at the War Officer and in India), effective from 1 January 1921.[4] The rank badges of Colonel Commandant and Colonel on the staff were identical to each other, consisting of a crown and three stars. After difficulties arose for those who previously held the rank of brigadier-general; Earl Curzon stated that: "…British Military Attaches at foreign capitals who at present hold the rank of Brigadier-General…will lose precedence and prestige and will have to yield in both respects to foreign officers…". The Secretary of State refused to make an exception for Military Attaches, on the advice of the Army Council. However, following this, difficulties arose in India, as in the minds of the Indian personnel commanders of brigades had lost prestige, as the term Colonel conveys the command of battalions. In 1926 Formal consent by the King to substitute Colonel Commandant with Brigadier was given, however after further issues were raised, the matter was reopened and on reconsideration it was decided to abolish the title of Colonel-on-the-Staff also. Accordingly, on 1 June 1928, the temporary rank of brigadier was reinstated, and the titles of Colonel Commandant and Colonel-on-the-Staff were abolished. The Army Order stated,

> "Officers holding the temporary rank of brigadier will have precedence of, and command over all other colonels. Among them- selves they will take precedence according to their permanent rank. They will wear the same dress (including rank badges) as at present prescribed for colonels commandant and colonels on the staff."[4]

Brigadiers have held the same rank insignia, of the Colonel Commandant and Colonels-on-the-Staff since 1928.

### Regimental officers

[edit]

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In 1953, the crown was changed from the Tudor Crown to the Crown of St Edward, when Queen Elizabeth II adopted a stylised image of the crown for use in coats of arms, badges, logos and various other insignia.[5] King Charles III reinstated the Tudor Crown in 2022.[6]

Initially company and field rank insignia did not appear on officers' uniforms.[7] In 1791 the War Office ordered officers to wear different graded epaulettes and wings to distinguish regimental officer ranks (Colonel to Ensign/ Cornet). This was ordered only for line infantry officers. According to the Army Order,

* Field officers (Colonel, Lieutenant-Colonel and Major) wore epaulettes on both shoulders.
* Company officers (Captain, Captain-Lieutenant, Lieutenant and Ensign / 2nd Lieutenant) of centre companies wore a single epaulette on right shoulder only.
* Grenadier and Light companies Captain and Subalterns wore wings on both shoulders.

In 1795, a special pattern of epaulettes was ordered for Fusiliers and Light Infantry officers. Field officers of those regiments wore epaulettes over wings. Company officers wore wings.

A specific system of rank insignia for field officers probably existed beginning from the 1790s. This is suggested by a General Order of the HEIC dated 21 July 1796: It was ordered that lieutenant colonels had to wear one six-pointed star in the centre of the strap of both epaulettes, while colonels had two stars on the epaulettes' strap (majors had no insiagnia).[8] Presumably the HEIC followed one of the uniform regulations of the British Army, which it usually adopted very quickly after its publication.

In February 1810, an order was issued by the War Office to distinguish Field officer ranks. The following devices were introduced in the epaulettes:

* Colonel: Crown and Garter star
* Lieutenant Colonel: Crown
* Major: Garter star

These badges were issued for all infantry regiments except the Foot Guards. In 1815, badges for Foot Guards were ordered. In Foot Guards regiments, all Field Officers were equivalent to the Colonels of line infantry regiments. Captains were equivalent to Lieutenant Colonels, Lieutenants were equivalent to Majors and Ensigns were equivalent to Captains of Battalion companies.

* Field Officers: Crown and star (Grenadier Guards and Coldstream Guards used the Garter star, and Scots Fusilier Guards used the Thistle star).
* Captain: Crown
* Lieutenant: Star
* Ensign: No device. (Ensigns of the Grenadier Guards wore epaulettes on both shoulders, but the Ensigns of the other two regiments wore a single epaulette on the right shoulder.)

In 1829, epaulettes and wings were standardised by maintaining the badges of rank issued in 1810 and 1815. According to the order, epaulettes of all regular infantry regiments and foot guards regiments would be in gold and other regiments were in silver. All officers including field and company officers wore epaulettes and wings on both shoulders. The epaulettes over wings system was abolished. Different graded officer wore different sized bullion to distinguish themselves from other.

* Colonel: Epaulette bullions were three and half inches in length. Insignia was a Crown and a Bath star.
* Lieutenant Colonel: Epaulette bullions were three and half inches in length. Insignia was a Crown.
* Major: Epaulette bullions were three inches in length. Insignia was a Bath star.
* Captain of Battalion company: Epaulette bullion were two and half inches in length. No insignia device.
* Subaltern of Battalion company: Epaulette bullion were two inches in length. No insignia device.
* Captain of Flank companies: Wings bullions were one and quarter inches in length and half inches in wide.
* Subalterns of Flank companies: Wings bullions were one and quarter inches in length and quarter inches in wide.

In January 1855, at the end of the Crimean War, the War Office abolished all epaulette and wing rank badges. New rank badges were introduced in the collar. It was first time that a complete set of rank badges was used by the British Army.

* Colonel: Two rows of half inch laces in collar with Crown and Bath star.
* Lieutenant Colonel: Two rows of half inch laces in collar with Crown.
* Major: Two rows of half inch laces in collar with Bath star.
* Captain: One row of half inch lace on the top of collar with Crown and Bath star.
* Lieutenant: One row of half inch lace on the top of collar with Crown.
* Ensign/Sub Lieutenant: One row of half inch lace on the top of collar with Bath star.

In April 1880, rank badges were moved from collar to shoulder and officers of all regiments wore the following rank badges.

* Colonel: Crown and two Bath stars.
* Lieutenant Colonel: Crown and one Bath star.
* Major: Crown.
* Captain: Two Bath stars.
* Lieutenant: One Bath star.
* Second Lieutenant: No device.

The rank insignia for officers are also differentiated by what specific stars are used.
Left to right: Grenadier, Coldstream, and Welsh Guards (Garter); Scots Guards (Thistle); Irish Guards (Shamrock); other army officers (Bath).

In May 1902, rank badges were moved to sleeve's cuff and company-grade officer badges were slightly modified:[9]

* Captain: Three Bath stars.
* Lieutenant: Two Bath stars.
* Second Lieutenant: One Bath star.

In 1919, a new order was issued by the Horse Guards office—all Guards officers would wear special star badges.

* Grenadier Guards: Garter star.
* Coldstream Guards: Garter star.
* Scots Guards: Thistle star.
* Irish Guards: Shamrock star
* Welsh Guards: Garter star.

During World War I, some officers took to wearing tunics with the rank badges on the shoulder, as the cuff badges made them too conspicuous to snipers. This practice was frowned on outside the trenches but was given official sanction in 1917 as an optional alternative, being made permanent in 1920, when the cuff badges were abolished.[10]

### Historical insignia

[edit]

Rank group  | General officers  | Field officers  | Junior officers  |

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(~1767–1810)  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Field marshal | General | Lieutenant-general | Major-general | Brigadier-general |  | Colonel | Lieutenant-colonel | Major | Adjutant | Captain | Lieutenant | Ensign | Officer cadet
(~1810–1855)  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Field marshal | General | Lieutenant-general | Major-general | Brigadier-general | Colonel on the staff | Colonel | Lieutenant-colonel | Major | Adjutant | Captain | Lieutenant | Ensign | Officer cadet
(1855–1864)  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(1864–1867)  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(1867–1880)  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Field marshal | General | Lieutenant-general | Major-general | Brigadier-general |  | Colonel | Lieutenant-colonel | Major |  | Captain | Lieutenant | Second lieutenant | Officer cadet
(1880–1902)  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Field marshal | General | Lieutenant-general | Major-general | Brigadier-general |  | Colonel | Lieutenant-colonel | Major |  | Captain | Lieutenant | Second lieutenant | Officer cadet
(1902–1920)  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Field marshal | General | Lieutenant-general | Major-general | Brigadier-general |  | Colonel | Lieutenant-colonel | Major |  | Captain | Lieutenant | Second lieutenant | Officer cadet
(1920–1921)  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Field marshal | General | Lieutenant-general | Major-general | Brigadier-general |  | Colonel | Lieutenant-colonel | Major |  | Captain | Lieutenant | Second lieutenant | Officer cadet
(1921–1928)  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Field marshal | General | Lieutenant-general | Major-general |  | Colonel commandant/
Colonel on the staff | Colonel | Lieutenant-colonel | Major |  | Captain | Lieutenant | Second lieutenant | Officer cadet
(1928–1953)  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Field marshal | General | Lieutenant-general | Major-general |  | Brigadier | Colonel | Lieutenant-colonel | Major |  | Captain | Lieutenant | Second lieutenant | Officer cadet
(1953–2022)  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Field marshal | General | Lieutenant-general | Major-general |  | Brigadier | Colonel | Lieutenant-colonel | Major |  | Captain | Lieutenant | Second lieutenant | Officer cadet
(2022–present)  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Field marshal | General | Lieutenant-general | Major-general |  | Brigadier | Colonel | Lieutenant-colonel | Major |  | Captain | Lieutenant | Second lieutenant | Officer cadet
NATO Code  | OF-10  | OF-9  | OF-8  | OF-7  | OF-6  | OF-5  | OF-4  | OF-3  | OF-2  | OF-1  | N/A

## Historical ranks

[edit]

* Captain-general (c. 17th century): a full general.
* Sergeant-major-general (c. 17th century): shortened to major general.
* (Lieutenant-)Colonel Commandant (c. 19th century): most senior commanding rank in artillery bataillons and regiments, but sometimes also in cavalry (especially when the latter was stationed in India). Around the year 1850, the lieutenant-colonel commandant's rank insignia consisted of two silver stars (while a major had one star, a lieutenant-colonel one crown and a colonel crown and star).[11]
* Captain-lieutenant (c. 17th & 18th century): the lieutenant of the first company in a regiment, whose captaincy was held by the regimental colonel. On promotion to full captain, the period in this rank was treated as having been a full captain for pay and pension purposes, since he effectively commanded the company.
* Ensign: lowest subaltern rank in infantry regiments; replaced in 1871 by second lieutenant, but still used to refer to second lieutenants in some Guards regiments.
* Cornet: cavalry equivalent of ensign replaced in 1871 by second lieutenant, but still used to refer to second lieutenants in some cavalry regiments, including the Blues and Royals and The Queen's Royal Hussars.

## See also

[edit]

* British Army other ranks rank insignia
* Uniforms of the British Army
* List of comparative military ranks
* Comparative officer ranks of World War I
* Comparative officer ranks of World War II
* Ranks and insignia of NATO
* Comparison of United Kingdom and United States military ranks
* Royal Navy officer rank insignia
* RAF officer ranks
* Ranks of the cadet forces of the United Kingdom

## Notes

[edit]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Who we are: Rank Structure". Retrieved 7 July 2020.
2. ^ a b "Army Dress Regulations (All Ranks)" (PDF). Ministry of Defence. January 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
3. ^ "Officer Careers: Promotion and career progression is clearly defined in the Army". Retrieved 7 July 2020.
4. ^ a b Neave-Hill, W. B. R. (1969). "The Rank Titles of Brigadier and Brigadier-General". Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 47 (190): 96–116\. ISSN 0037-9700. JSTOR 44229206.
5. ^ "Victorian Coat of Arms". Victoria State Government. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
6. ^ "Royal Cypher". College of Arms. 27 September 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
7. ^ "Untangling British Army Ranks". All Things Liberty. May 2016.
8. ^ Carman, William Y. (1969). Indian Army Uniforms under the British from the 18th Century to 1947: Artillery, Engineers and Infantry. London: Morgan-Grampian. p. §$.
9. ^ "Army Order No. 107" (PDF). May 1902.
10. ^ "Ranks and Insignia for Infantry Officers through out the Victorian Era". Victorian Strollers. 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
11. ^ Carman, W.(William) Y. (1961). Indian Army Uniforms under the British from the 18th Century to 1947: Cavalry. London: Leonard Hill. p. 243.

## External links

[edit]

* British Army rank structure and insignia (British Army website)
* SaBRE
* Victorian Infantry Officer Ranks
* Napoleonic Era British Military ranks at ArmchairGeneral.com

* v
* t
* e

Commissioned officer ranks of the British Armed Forces

| NATO rank code /
Service branch | N/A  | OF-1  | OF-2  | OF-3  | OF-4  | OF-5  | OF-6
★ | OF-7
★★ | OF-8
★★★ | OF-9
★★★★ | OF-10
★★★★★

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Royal Navy | OC | Mid | Sub Lt | Lt | Lt Cdr | Cdr | Capt | Cdre | RAdm | VAdm | Adm | ADMF
Royal Marines | OCdt | 2Lt | Lt | Capt | Maj | Lt Col | Col | Brig | Maj Gen | Lt Gen | Gen | N/A
British Army | OCdt | 2Lt | Lt | Capt | Maj | Lt Col | Col | Brig | Maj Gen | Lt Gen | Gen | FM
Royal Air Force | Off Cdt | APO / Plt Off | Fg Off | Flt Lt | Sqn Ldr | Wg Cdr | Gp Capt | Air Cdre | AVM | AM | ACM | MRAF
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* Mengjiang
* Mongolian People's Republic
* Vietnam
* State
* South
* South Yemen
* Tibet
* Tuva

Comparative|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted

Europe|

* Albania
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* Home Guard
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Army
* Navy
* Gendarmerie
* Air and Space Force
* Foresters
* Germany
* Georgia
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Land Forces
* Coast Guard
* Ireland
* Italy
* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* Carabinieri
* Finance Guard
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* North Macedonia
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* Cossacks
* Between 1994 and 2010
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Officers:
* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* Other:
* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* Vatican

States with
limited recognition|

* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* Transnistria

Former|

* Albania
* Kingdom
* People's Socialist Republic
* Austria–Hungary
* Army
* Navy
* Bulgaria
* Kingdom
* People's Republic
* Independent State of Croatia
* Czechoslovakia
* German Empire
* Weimar Republic
* Nazi Germany
* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* East Germany
* Kingdom of Greece
* Army
* Navy
* Air Force
* France
* Napoleonic Grand Army
* Hungary
* Kingdom
* People's Republic
* Italy
* Kingdom
* Social Republic
* Ottoman Empire
* Polish People's Republic
* Republika Srpska
* Romania
* Kingdom
* Socialist Republic
* Russian Empire
* White Movement
* Slovakia (First Republic)
* Soviet Union
* 1918–35
* 1935–40
* 1940–43
* 1943–55
* 1955–91
* Spain
* 2nd Republic
* State
* Yugoslavia
* Kingdom
* Socialist Federal Republic
* Federal Republic

Comparative|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* New Zealand
* Papua New Guinea
* Tonga
* Vanuatu

Comparative|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted

Language|

| Anglophone|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted

|

Arabophone|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted

Francophone|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Gendarmerie
* Officers
* Enlisted

Hispanophone|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted

Lusophone|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Military police
* Officers
* Enlisted

Post-Soviet states|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted

Commonwealth of Nations|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted

European Union|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air force
* Officers
* Enlisted

NATO|

* Army
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Navy
* Officers
* Enlisted
* Air Force
* Officers
* Enlisted

Comparative ranks of

* Star ranking
* WWI
* Officers
* WWII
* Officers
* Women's services
* Marine forces
* Space forces
* Gendarmeries
* UK and US

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