British Medical Association

Registered trade union for doctors

British Medical Association

Abbreviation| BMA
Predecessor| Provincial Medical and Surgical Association
Founded| 9 July 1832
Founder| Charles Hastings
Headquarters| Tavistock Square, London, England

Region served

| United Kingdom
Members|  190,366 (2023)

Key people

* Tom Dolphin (Chair)
* Emma Runswick (Deputy Chair)

Publication

| The BMJ
Website| www.bma.org.uk

The British Medical Association (BMA) is a registered trade union[1][2][3] and professional body[4][5] for doctors in the United Kingdom. It does not regulate or certify doctors, a responsibility which lies with the General Medical Council. The BMA has a range of representative and scientific committees and is recognised by National Health Service (NHS) employers alongside the Hospital Consultants and Specialists Association as one of two[6] national contract negotiators for doctors.

The BMA's stated aim is "to promote the medical and allied sciences, and to maintain the honour and interests of the medical profession".[7]

## History

[edit]

### Provincial Medical and Surgical Association and Webster's Medical Association

[edit]

Main articles: Provincial Medical and Surgical Association and George Webster (medical practitioner)

The British Medical Association traces its origins to the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association (PMSA), founded by Sir Charles Hastings on 19 July 1832, and to the "British Medical Association" founded by George Webster in 1836. Ten years after its initial meeting the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association's membership had grown to 1,350 and it had begun to publish a weekly journal, The Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal. In 1853 the PMSA extended its membership to London doctors and 1856 transformed itself into the British Medical Association. From 1857 their journal was known as the British Medical Journal or BMJ.

Logo used for the BMA's Sixty-fifth Annual Meeting, Montreal, 1897

Although not initially formed with the aim of initiating medical reform, the BMA played a key role in the drafting and passing of the Medical Act 1858, which established the General Medical Council and set a standard for qualified and unqualified doctors and established a system of professional regulation. Prior to this anyone, qualified or not, could practice as a doctor. This also positioned the BMA to play a major role in future medical politics, campaigning on issues such as Poor Law Medicine, quackery, public health, alternative and military medicine, and contract practice. During this time one of the most active and influential of the association's bodies was the Parliamentary Bills Committee, formed in 1863 to take a leading role in influencing legislation on public health matters.[8]

### Early 20th century

[edit]

In May 1911 the Government introduced the National Health Insurance Bill which presented the BMA with new challenges. This bill introduced the idea that for a maximum contribution of four pence a week every employed person in the country could be insured against treatment costs for sickness. The BMA supported the principle but had a number of reservations about the scheme including the lack of doctor involvement in delivering the medical benefits, which were instead being delivered by friendly societies and trade unions. In response the BMA produced "Six Cardinal Points" which it felt should be included in any legislation.

At the BMA's general meeting in July 1912, incoming president Sir James Barr condemned the National Health Insurance Bill as "the most gigantic fraud which had ever been perpetrated on the public since the South Sea Bubble." Addressing "a large and distinguished audience," Barr "spoke eloquently and forcibly in favour of the improvement of the race by attention to eugenics, and pointed out the necessity of preventing disease as well of curing it. No serious attempt, he said, had yet been made to prevent the race from being carried on by its least worthy citizens." Barr explained that: "If such an attempt was to be successful we must begin with the unborn. The race must be renewed from the mentally and physically fit, and moral and physical degenerates should not be allowed to take any part in adding to it".[9]

Ultimately the final bill was passed in 1913 in which four of the six points had been included. This resulted in an income limit of £2 per week being set to join the scheme, there was to be free choice of doctor by patient, the payment to the doctor should be adequate, and finally there should be adequate medical representation among the various bodies working on the Act.

With the start of World War I, the BMA formed a Central Medical War Committee (CMWC), and was given responsibility by the government for managing the demand for doctors in the armed forces whilst maintaining a full medical service for civilians. The BMA repeated this role during World War II. During this time the BMA also campaigned on issues such as the production and marketing of "secret remedies", nutrition and physical fitness, the relationship of alcohol to road accidents, and the medical aspects of abortion. The BMA had a Committee on Nutrition, who in 1934 published a report on minimum nutritional requirements, referred to in an interview with Marjorie Soper, an employee of Eleanor Rathbone, talking about her work on children's nutrition.[10]

Early in the Second World War, the BMA became aware of the need for a change in the provision of medical care to the public after the end of the war and during peacetime, so shortly after the war, the BMA had produced its own plan for a "general medical service for the nation".[11][12]

After the Labour Party won the 1945 general election and formed a government under Clement Attlee pledging national health insurance, the BMA spent three years negotiating with Health Minister Aneurin Bevan to allow the continuation of capitation fees, private practice, and paybeds under the new National Health Service.[13]

During the 7 July 2005 London bombings a London Buses route 30 double decker bus exploded near the BMA headquarters on Upper Woburn Place, damaging it. After the explosion, some medical professionals in the building were able to assist police and ambulance personnel.[14]

## Membership

[edit]

As of August 2024 the BMA had 195,000 members.[15]

It is officially recognised by the British government and by the Review Body on Doctors' and Dentists' Remuneration. The BMA has sole national bargaining rights for most groups of doctors although, for consultants, these are shared with the Hospital Consultants and Specialists Association (HCSA).

Members of the BMA have access to employment advice, covering subjects including contract checking, job planning, pay disputes and relationship issues.

Members also receive a subscription to The BMJ, and other associated resources.

## ARM, Council, and committees

[edit]

As part of the representative remit of the BMA, it has a number of representative committees[16] formed from members elected at the Annual Representatives Meeting (ARM) and via other election processes. The most senior of these is Council, which meets five times a year to implement policy as decided at the ARM and to take relevant decisions during the year. Council has 34 voting members, led by the Chair who is elected by council for an initial term of three years and to a maximum of five.

The Board of Professional Activities reports to Council and considers ethical, scientific, research, and educational matters whilst The Board of Representative and Political Activities considers reports from the following committees which represent doctors across the seven branches of practice, namely:

* Consultants Committee (CC) – representing senior hospital doctors
* General Practitioners Committee (GPC) – representing NHS General Practitioners (GPs) and GP trainees throughout their training[17]
* Junior Doctors Committee (JDC) – representing junior hospital doctors
* Medical Academic Staff Committee (MASC) – representing academic and research staff
* Medical Students Committee (MSC) – representing medical students
* Public Health Medicine Committee (PHMC) – representing public and community health doctors
* Staff and Associate Specialists Committee(SASC) – for doctors in the non consultant career grades.

Branch of Practice committees have a majority of BMA members but may also include non-members. All members are elected. These UK committees are mirrored across the devolved nations of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

### Medical Ethics Committee

[edit]

The BMA has a Medical Ethics Committee[18] provides guidance to the association on current and developing issues in medical ethics. The committee debates issues of principle including those touching on:

### Armed Forces Committee

[edit]

The BMA supports armed forces doctors through its Armed Forces Committee (AFC) which represents clinicians in all parts of the armed forces, whether they are deployed to war zones, acting as reservists or civilian doctors employed by the Ministry of Defence.[19] A large part of the AFC's work is the production of evidence to the Armed Forces Pay Review Body (AFPRB). The AFPRB advises on remuneration for members of the naval, military, and air forces. Further to this work, the AFC negotiates with the Ministry of Defence on the terms and conditions for civilian doctors.[20] The committee holds two conferences a year; an Armed Forces Committee conference usually in May and a Civilian Doctors' conference usually in October.

### Private Practice Committee

[edit]

The BMA supports doctors that undertake private practice outside the NHS through its Private Practice Committee. This body considers topics facing both private consultants and general practitioners.[21] The committee meets three times a year and holds conferences in relation to private practice. The main issues currently being dealt with by the committee include looking at the implementation of revalidation in the independent sector and addressing difficulties that doctors experience in relation to new ways of working by the private medical insurers.

### Special Chloroform Committee

[edit]

The Special Chloroform Committee of the British Medical Association (sometimes referred to as the "Third Chloroform Committee"[22]) was established in 1901 following the annual meeting of the British Medical Association and it produced its last final report 1910. The committee was instigated to investigate chloroform, which was a subject of great interest to the profession and the public at the time.[23]

The committee was started with a budget of £100[24] and the committee was chaired by Dr. A. D. Waller,[25] and consisted of Dr. Barr, Dr. Dudley Buxton, Sir Victor Horsley, Dr. Sherrington and Dr Walker (and later A. Vernon Hardcourt and Professor Dunstan) "to investigate methods of quantitatively determining the presence of chloroform in the air and the living body".[24]

In their final report, the committee stated that chloroform doses above 2% were unsafe as cardiac arrest occurred under inhibition of the vagus nerve.[22][26] They also selected a list of inhalers suitable for giving accurate measures of chloroform.[26]

### Other committees

[edit]

The BMA also has a number of committees which represent other specialities and interests which affect its members, including:

* Medical Ethics
* Board of Medical Education
* Equality and Diversity Committee
* Pensions
* Armed Forces
* Civil and Public Services Committee
* International Committee
* Medico-Legal
* Occupational Health
* GP Registrars Subcommittee[27]

## Headquarters

[edit]

BMA House, London

BMA House has been the headquarters of the BMA since 1925, the association being previously housed at 429 The Strand since its move to London. In addition to offices for its staff, the building is used for BMA conferences and events[28] and parts of the building are available on a private hire basis for events.[29] The building, Grade II listed since 1982,[30] was originally designed for the Theosophical Society by Sir Edwin Lutyens, with work commencing in September 1911. However the start of World War I interrupted construction and the Army Pay Office took over the uncompleted building. After the war the Theosophical Society could not afford to finish the building, and it was sold to the BMA for £50,000, with the association later purchasing the freehold of the site from the Bedford Estates in 1962.

After purchasing the building, the BMA commissioned Lutyens to complete the building to its specifications and it was officially opened by King George V and Queen Mary on 13 July 1925.[31] However, plans were soon commissioned from Cyril Wontner Smith to extend the building to overlook Tavistock Square, and this was completed in 1929. The association later commissioned Douglas Wood to design further extensions on either side of Wontner Smith's front entrance (built 1938–1949), to the south (1947–1950) and at the back of the building (1959–1960).[30]

A 1954 war memorial by James Woodford in the central courtyard – a bronze fountain in a stepped pool, with four stone statues – is Grade II* listed, and described by Historic England as a particularly good example of a Second World War memorial to a civilian profession.[32]

## Key people

[edit]

Chairs of the BMA include the following.

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (April 2014)

|

* 1884–? Professor James Cuming[33]
* 1943–1949 Sir Guy Dain[34]
* 1949–?: Robert Leech Newell
* ?–1966: John Raymond Nicholson-Lailey
* 1966–1971: Sir Ronald Gibson[35]
* ?–1976: Walpole Lewin
* 1976–1979: Sir James Cameron[36]
* 1984–1990: John Marks[37]
* 1990–1993: Jeremy Lee-Potter[38]
* 1993–1998: Sandy MacAra[39]
* 1998–2003: Ian Bogle[40][41]
* 2003–2007: James Johnson[42]
* 2007–2012 Hamish Meldrum[43]
* 2012–2017: Mark Porter[44]
* 2017–2022: Chaand Nagpaul[45]
* 2022–2025: Philip Banfield[46]
* 2025-present: Tom Dolphin[47]

## Controversy

[edit]

In 2019, the BMA faced criticism after two leading general practitioners blew the whistle on sexism and harassment in the organisation.[48] Following the independent Romney review which described the BMA as an "old boys club" that undervalued women, the BMA apologised to female doctors.[49]

In 2024, the BMA was criticised by key medical figures for disavowing the final report of The Independent Review of Gender Identity Services for Children and Young People (commonly, Cass Review), which was accepted by the last government and its Labour party successor. The situation led to a split within the organisation, and resignations by long time members.[50][51][52] Two months later, they announced that the organisation had adopted "a neutral position on the Cass Review" and its recommendations.[53]

## Fair and ethical trade

[edit]

See also: Sialkot § Industry

The BMA's Medical Fair and Ethical Trade Group (MFETG) was established in 2007 and works to "investigate, promote and facilitate fair end ethical trade" in relation to medical commodities. The group has worked with Swedish-based NGO Swedwatch to investigate and report on supply chain concerns, particularly looking at working conditions in the production of surgical instruments in Sialkot in Pakistan.[54]

## Grants

[edit]

The BMA makes grants to doctors for research and other reasons. Details of all the awards and grants offered by The BMA are available on their website.[55] However, the top three are listed here:

* Claire Wand Fund – a charitable fund, administered by The BMA, that makes grants to fund the further education of medical practitioners predominantly engaged in general practice.
* Humanitarian Fund – the BMA International Department runs the BMA Humanitarian Fund which offers grants of up to £3,000 for projects taking place in developing countries.[56]
* BMA Research Grants – the BMA awards ten grants totalling £500,000 annually. All grants are for research in progress or prospective research and cover a diversity of research areas.[57]

## Insignia

[edit]

The logo of the BMA includes a stylised version of the rod of Asclepius, associated with Asclepius, the Greek god of healing. It was designed by John Lloyd (graphic designer) and Martin Skeet of the British design consultancy, Lloyd Northover.

Coat of arms of British Medical Association  |

Notes
Granted 25 May 1955[58]
Crest
On a wreath of the colours in front of two torches in saltire Azure enflamed Proper a rod of Aesculapius Or.
Escutcheon
Per pale Or and Azure a maunch counterchanged on a chief of the first a lion passant also Azure.
Supporters
On the dexter side a figure representing Hippocrates holding in his exterior hand a pomegranate Proper and on the sinister side a figure representing William Harvey physician also Proper holding in his exterior hand an annulet per fesse Gules and Azure.
Motto
With Head And Heart And Hand

|

## Awards

[edit]

* The BMA Medical Book awards are announced annually. There are awards in 20 subject categories (from "Anaesthesia" to "Surgical Specialities"); special category awards including "Illustrated book", "Student textbook", "Young author"; and an overall "Medical Book of the Year".[59][60]
* The Association Medal is awarded to members for "outstanding and sustained services" to the BMA at national level
* Fellowship of the Association is awarded for "distinguished and notable" services to the BMA and the profession
* The Gold Medal is awarded to those who have "conspicuously raised the character of the medical profession".[61] The medal was instituted in 1877 at the association's annual meeting in Manchester.[62]

## See also

[edit]

* World Medical Association
* The Doctors' Association UK
* British International Doctors Association

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "HCSA union wins collective bargaining rights for NHS doctors". nationalhealthexecutive.com. 4 January 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2020.[dead link]
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3. ^ "Trade unions: the current list and schedule". gov.uk. 14 July 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
4. ^ "British Medical Association". Oxford University Press.
5. ^ "British Medical Association". Government of Jersey.
6. ^ "HCSA secures national negotiating rights". hcsa.com. 4 January 2017. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
7. ^ Bartrip, Peter (2007). "A long way from Worcester". British Medical Journal. 335 (7610): 72–73\. doi:10.1136/bmj.39269.717454.59. PMC 1914517. PMID 17626958.
8. ^ Roberts, M J D (17 May 2012). "The Politics of Professionalization: MPs, Medical Men, and the 1858 Medical Act". Medical History. 53 (1): 37–56\. doi:10.1017/s0025727300003306. PMC 2629176. PMID 19190748.
9. ^ Doctors' Ultimatum to Ministers, The Times, 24 July 1912:7
10. ^ London School of Economics and Political Science. "The Suffrage Interviews". London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 4 March 2025.
11. ^ "Extract from Supplement to the British Medical Journal". National Archives. 1 August 1936. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
12. ^ "A General Medical Service for the Nation, by Ralph M. F. Picken, B.Sc., M.B., D.P.H., Medical Officer of Health, Cardiff. (Fellow.)". Journal of the Royal Sanitary Institute. 54 (2): 64–71\. 7 September 2016. doi:10.1177/146642403305400204. S2CID 221051652.
13. ^ Thorpe, Andrew (1997). A History of the British Labour Party. London: Macmillan Education UK. pp. 122–123\. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0. ISBN 978-0-333-56081-5. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
14. ^ "'In a day of awfulness, we were lucky to do some good'". BBC News. 7 July 2015. Archived from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
15. ^ "BMA membership hits record high, highlighting doctors' support for industrial action". British Medical Association. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
16. ^ "Tell me about the BMA". Bma.org.uk. 21 August 2015. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
17. ^ "GP trainees subcommittee". Bma.org.uk. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013.
18. ^ "Medical Ethics Committee". Bma.org.uk. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
19. ^ "Armed Forces Committee". Bma.org.uk. BMA. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
20. ^ "Comment on new pay deal for Civilian GPs employed by the MOD". Web2.bma.org.uk. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
21. ^ "BMA – Private practice committee (PPC)". Bma.org.uk. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
22. ^ a b Shearer, WM. M. (1960). "The Evolution of Premedication". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 32 (11): 554–562\. doi:10.1093/bja/32.11.554.
23. ^ Enquirer (29 November 1862). "The Chloroform Committee". The British Medical Journal. 2 (100): 573. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.100.573. JSTOR 25199328.
24. ^ a b "Association Intelligence". The British Medical Journal. 2 (2167): 107, 116–118\. 12 July 1902. JSTOR 20272744.
25. ^ Buxton, Dudley W. (19 July 1902). "Special Chloroform Committee". The British Medical Journal. 2 (2168): 226. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.3214.226. JSTOR 20273050.
26. ^ a b "Final Report Of Special Chloroform Committee". The British Medical Journal. 2 (2584): 47–72\. 9 July 1910. JSTOR 25291374.
27. ^ "BMA - GP trainees committee". www.bma.org.uk. Archived from the original on 17 August 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
28. ^ "BMA – Events". www.bma.org.uk. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
29. ^ "BMA House Venue Hire – Unique Event Spaces London | eve". By Eve. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
30. ^ a b Historic England. "British Medical Association House including Screen and Gates (1378968)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
31. ^ "British Medical Association. The King opens new headquarters". The Glasgow Herald. 14 July 1925. p. 8\. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
32. ^ Historic England. "War Memorial at British Medical Association House (1378969)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
33. ^ "Professor James Cuming". 2009. doi:10.3318/dib.002291.v1. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
34. ^ "Sir Guy Dain, F.R.C.S., Hon. M.D., Hon. L.L.D. (1870–1966)". Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 38 (6): 391–392\. 1966. PMC 2312112. PMID 5329162.
35. ^ "Obituary: Sir Ronald Gibson". British Medical Journal. 298: 1574. 1989. doi:10.1136/bmj.298.6687.1574. S2CID 220167732.
36. ^ "Sir James Cameron". The Herald. 25 October 1991. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
37. ^ "Birthday's today". The Daily Telegraph. 30 May 2013. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2014. "Dr John Marks, Chairman, British Medical Association, 1984–90, is 88"
38. ^ Beecham, Linda (28 January 1995). "Former BMA chairman leaves NHS". BMJ. 310 (264): 264. doi:10.1136/bmj.310.6974.264. S2CID 71198800.
39. ^ Obituary (28 June 2012). "Sir Sandy Macara". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
40. ^ "A new chairman for the BMA". BMJ. 317 (7152): 166. 18 July 1998. doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7152.166. S2CID 220205207.
41. ^ Gould, Mark (10 July 2003). "Moving to the moral high ground". BMJ. 327 (7406): 72. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7406.72. PMC 1126449. PMID 12858476.
42. ^ "BMA ex-chief failed in post-op care of some patients". BBC. 19 November 2010. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
43. ^ Soteriou, Marina (11 June 2012). "GP stands against consultants to become next BMA chairman". GPonline. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
44. ^ Campbell, Denis (28 June 2012). "Dr Mark Porter, NHS champion, voted new head of British Medical Association". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
45. ^ "BMA – Dr Chaand Nagpaul confirmed as new BMA council chair". Bma.org.uk. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
46. ^ "BMA elects new Chair of Council – BMA media centre". Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
47. ^ "Dr Tom Dolphin elected as new BMA council chair". Retrieved 23 July 2025.
48. ^ Smyth, Chris (3 April 2019). "GPs quit union amid anger at 70s-style sexism". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
49. ^ Rimmer, Abi (17 October 2019). "'Old boys club' culture at BMA undermined female members and staff, sexism report finds". BMJ. 367: l6089. doi:10.1136/bmj.l6089. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 31624101. S2CID 204773706.
50. ^ Campbell, Denis; editor, Denis Campbell Health policy (29 August 2024). "'Witch-hunt': BMA tries to identify who leaked planned opposition to Cass review". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 5 September 2024. `{{cite news}}`: `|last2=` has generic name (help)
51. ^ "Doctors resign from BMA over union's opposition to Cass review". The Telegraph. 26 August 2024. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
52. ^ Hayward, Eleanor (26 August 2024). "BMA members resign in revolt over transgender children stance". The Times. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
53. ^ "BMA takes 'neutral position' on gender review". BBC News. 27 September 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
54. ^ BMA, Healthier Procurement Archived 16 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine, published jointly with Swedwatch, 19 March 2015, accessed 1 January 2021
55. ^ "BMA Awards and Grants". Bma.org.uk. Archived from the original on 19 December 2011.
56. ^ Santhakumar, Arthy (6 April 2017). "BMA Humanitarian Fund 2017". Bma.org.uk. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
57. ^ "BMA Research grants". Bma.org.uk. 2016. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016.
58. ^ "British Medical Association". Heraldry of the World. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
59. ^ "Medical Book Awards". BMA. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
60. ^ "Medical book awards winners". BMA. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
61. ^ "BMA Awards and honours". www.bma.org.uk. BMA. 25 November 2019. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
62. ^ "The Gold Medal of the British Medical Association". British Medical Journal. 2 (3213): 171–173\. 29 July 1922. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.3213.171. PMC 2416513. PMID 20770820. S2CID 41757269. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Jones, P. R. "An economic analysis of collective behaviour: The case of the British Medical Association" (PhD Dissertation.University of Leicester ; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 1976. U418520).

## External links

[edit]

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