British Pakistanis

Citizens of the United Kingdom whose ancestral roots lie in Pakistan

This article is about British people of Pakistani descent. For other uses, see British Pakistanis (disambiguation).

Ethnic group

British Pakistanis

بَرِطانِیہ میں مُقِیم پاکِسْتانِی

Distribution by local authority in the 2011 census.

Total population
United Kingdom: 1,662,286 – 2.5% (2021)
England: 1,570,285 – 2.8% (2021)[1]
Scotland: 72,871 – 1.3% (2022)[2]
Wales: 17,534 – 0.6% (2021)[1]
Northern Ireland: 1,596 – 0.08% (2021)[3]
Regions with significant populations

* London
* Birmingham
* Bradford
* Manchester
* Kirklees
* Luton
* Slough
* Oldham

Languages
English (British and Pakistani) * Urdu * Punjabi[a] * Pashto * Sindhi * Balochi * Brahui * Kashmiri * Khowar * Shina * Balti * others
Religion
Predominantly Islam (92.6%);
minority follows other faiths (1.0%)[b] or are irreligious (1.2%)
2021 census, NI, England and Wales only[4][5]

Related ethnic groups

* British Indians
* British Asians
* Pakistanis
* Pakistani diaspora
* Mirpuri diaspora
* Punjabi diaspora
* Sindhi diaspora
* Pashtun diaspora

This article contains Urdu text. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters running left to right or other symbols instead of Urdu script.

Part of a series on

British people
United Kingdom

* Cornish
* English
* Gaelic
* Manx
* Northern Irish
* Orcadian
* Scottish
* Welsh

Eastern European

* Albanian
* Belarusian
* Bulgarian
* Czech
* Hungarian
* Kosovan
* Latvian
* Lithuanian
* Macedonian
* Polish
* Romanian
* Russian
* Serbian
* Ukrainian

Northern European

* Swedish

Southern European

* Cypriot
* Gibraltarian
* Greek
* Italian
* Maltese
* Portuguese
* Spanish

Western European

* Austrian
* Dutch
* Flemish
* French
* German
* Irish
* Swiss

Central Asian

* Kazakh
* Kyrgyz
* Tajik
* Turkmen
* Uzbek

East Asian

* Chinese
* Hongkonger
* Japanese
* Korean
* Mongolian

South Asian

* Afghan
* Bangladeshi
* Bhutanese
* Indian
* Nepalese
* Pakistani
* Sri Lankan

Southeast Asian

* Burmese
* Filipino
* Indonesian
* Malaysian
* Singaporean
* Thai
* Vietnamese

West Asian

* Armenian
* Azerbaijani
* Iranian
* Iraqi
* Kurdish
* Syrian
* Turkish
* Yemeni
* Israeli

African and Afro-Caribbean

* Barbadian
* Egyptian
* Eritrean
* Ghanaian
* Guyanese
* Jamaican
* Nigerian
* Somali
* Trinidadian
* Sudanese
* Zimbabwean

Northern American

* American
* Canadian
* Mexican

South American

* Bolivian
* Brazilian
* Colombian
* Ecuadorian
* Peruvian
* Chilean

Oceanian

* Australian
* New Zealander
* Fijian

* v
* t
* e

British Pakistanis (Urdu: بَرِطانِیہ میں مُقِیم پاکِسْتانِی; also known as Pakistani British people or Pakistani Britons) are Britons or residents of the United Kingdom whose ancestral roots lie in Pakistan. This includes people born in the UK who are of Pakistani descent, Pakistani-born people who have migrated to the UK and those of Pakistani origin from overseas who migrated to the UK.

The UK is home to the largest Pakistani community in Europe, with the population of British Pakistanis exceeding 1.6 million based on the 2021 Census. British Pakistanis are the second-largest ethnic minority population in the United Kingdom and also make up the second-largest sub-group of British Asians. In addition, they are one of the largest Overseas Pakistani communities, similar in number to the Pakistani diaspora in the UAE.[6][7]

Due to the historical relations between the two countries, immigration to the UK from the region, which is now Pakistan, began in small numbers in the mid-nineteenth century when parts of what is now Pakistan came under the British India. People from those regions served as soldiers in the British Indian Army and some were deployed to other parts of the British Empire. However, it was following the Second World War and the break-up of the British Empire and the independence of Pakistan that Pakistani immigration to the United Kingdom increased, especially during the 1950s and 1960s. This was made easier as Pakistan was a member of the Commonwealth.[8] Pakistani immigrants helped to solve labour shortages in the British steel, textile and engineering industries. The National Health Service (NHS) recruited doctors from Pakistan in the 1960s.[9]

The British Pakistani population has grown from about 10,000 in 1951 to over 1.6 million in 2021.[10][11] The vast majority of them live in England, with a sizable number in Scotland and smaller numbers in Wales and Northern Ireland. According to the 2021 Census, Pakistanis in England and Wales numbered 1,587,819 or 2.7% of the population.[12][13] In Northern Ireland, the equivalent figure was 1,596, representing less than 0.1% of the population.[3] The census in Scotland was delayed for a year and took place in 2022, the equivalent figure was 72,871, representing 1.3% of the population.[2] The majority of British Pakistanis are Muslim; around 93% of those living in England and Wales at the time of the 2021 Census stated their religion was Islam.[14]

Since their settlement, British Pakistanis have had diverse contributions and influences on British society, politics, culture, economy and sport. Whilst social issues include high relative poverty rates among the community according to the 2001 census,[15] progress has been made in other metrics in recent years, with the 2021 Census showing British Pakistanis as having amongst the highest levels of homeownership in England and Wales.[16][17]

## History

[edit]

Part of a series on

British Pakistanis

History

* Category

Demographics

* Bradford
* Pakistani community of London

Languages

* Potohari-Pahari
* Urdu
* others

Culture

* Balti (food)
* Balti Triangle
* British Punjabi writers
* Discrimination

Religion

* Islam in England

Notables

* List of British Pakistanis
* English people of Pakistani descent
* Scottish people of Pakistani descent
* Welsh people of Pakistani descent
* Northern Irish people of Pakistani descent

Related topics

* Pakistan – United Kingdom relations
* Britons in Pakistan
* British Asian
* 2001 Oldham race riots
* 2001 Bradford riots
* British Empire

* v
* t
* e

### Pre-Independence

[edit]

The earliest period of Asian migration to Britain has not been ascertained. It is known that Romani (Gypsy) groups such as the Romanichal and Kale arrived in the region during the Middle Ages, having originated from what is now North India and Pakistan and traveled westward to Europe via Southwest Asia around 1000 CE, intermingling with local populations over several centuries.[18][19][20]

Immigration from what is now Pakistan to the United Kingdom began long before Pakistan's independence in 1947. Muslim immigrants from Kashmir, Punjab, Sindh, the North-West Frontier and Balochistan and other parts of South Asia, arrived in the British Isles as early as the mid-seventeenth century as employees of the East India Company, typically as lashkars and sailors in British port cities.[21][22] These immigrants were often the first Asians to be seen in British port cities and were initially perceived as indolent due to their reliance on Christian charities.[23] Despite this, some of the early Pakistani immigrants married local white British women because there were few South Asian women in Britain.[24]

During the colonial era, Asians continued coming to Britain as seamen, traders, students, domestic workers, cricketers, political officials and visitors and some of them settled in the region.[25] South Asian seamen sometimes settled after ill- treatment or being abandoned by ship masters.[26][27]

Many early Pakistanis came to the UK as scholars and studied at major British institutions, before later returning to British India. An example of such a person is Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah came to the UK in 1892 and began an apprenticeship at Graham's Shipping and Trading Company. After completing his apprenticeship, Jinnah joined Lincoln's Inn, where he trained as a barrister. At 19, he became the youngest person from South Asia to be called to the bar in Britain.[28]

### British interwar period

[edit]

Most early Pakistani settlers (then part of the British India Empire) and their families moved from port towns to the Midlands, as Britain declared war on Germany in 1939, many expatriates mainly hailing from the city of Mirpur worked in munitions factories in Birmingham. After the war, most of these early settlers stayed on in the region and took advantage of an increase in the number of jobs.[29] These settlers were later joined by their families.[30]

In 1932, the Indian National Congress survey of 'all Indians outside India' (of which Pakistani regions were then a part) estimated that there were 7,128 Indians in the United Kingdom.[31]

There were 832,500 Muslim Indian soldiers in 1945; most of these recruits were from what is now Pakistan.[32] These soldiers fought alongside the British Army during the First and Second World Wars, particularly in the former during the Western Front and in the latter, during the Battle of France, the North African Campaign and the Burma Campaign. Many contributed to the war effort as skilled labourers, including as assembly-line workers in the aircraft factory at Castle Bromwich, Birmingham, which produced Spitfire fighter aircraft.[32] Most returned to South Asia after their service, although many of these former soldiers returned to Britain in the 1950s and 1960s to fill labour shortages.

### Post-Independence

[edit]

Following the Second World War, the break-up of the British Empire and the independence of Pakistan, Pakistani immigration to the United Kingdom increased, especially during the 1950s and 1960s. Many Pakistanis came to the UK following the turmoil during the partition of India and Pakistani independence. Among them were those who migrated to Pakistan upon displacement from India and then migrated to the UK; thus becoming secondary migrants.[33] Migration was made easier as Pakistan was a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.[8] Employers invited Pakistanis to fill labour shortages which arose in Britain after the Second World War.

As Commonwealth citizens, they were eligible for most British civic rights. They found employment in the textile industries of Lancashire and Yorkshire, manufacturing in the West Midlands and the car production and food processing industries of Luton and Slough. It was common for Pakistani employees to work on night shifts and other less desirable hours.[34]

Many expatriates began emigrating from Pakistan after the completion of the Mangla Dam in Mirpur, Azad Kashmir, in the late-1950s led to the destruction of hundreds of villages. Up to 5,000 people from Mirpur (5% of the displaced)[35] left for Britain, while others were allotted land in neighbouring Punjab or used monetary compensation to resettle elsewhere in Pakistan.[33] The British contractor which had built the dam gave the displaced community legal and financial assistance.[36] Those from unaffected areas of Pakistan, such as the Punjab, also emigrated to the UK to help fill labour shortages. Pakistanis began leaving Pakistan in the 1960s. They worked in the foundries of the English Midlands and a significant number also settled in Southall, West London.[37]

During the 1960s, a considerable number of Pakistanis also arrived from urban areas. Many of them were qualified teachers, doctors and engineers.[34] They had a predisposition to settle in London because of its greater employment opportunities compared to the Midlands or the North of England.[34] Most medical staff from Pakistan were recruited in the 1960s and almost all worked for the National Health Service.[38] At the same time, the number of Pakistanis coming over as workers declined.[33]

In addition, there was a stream of migrants from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).[30][39] During the 1970s, many East African Asians, most of whom already held British passports because they were brought to Africa by British colonialists, entered the UK from Kenya and Uganda. Idi Amin expelled all Ugandan Asians in 1972 because of his Black supremacist views and the perception that they were responsible for the country's economic stagnation.[40] The Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 and Immigration Act 1971 largely restricted any further primary immigration to the UK, although family members of already-settled immigrants were allowed to join their relatives.[41]

The early Pakistani workers who entered the UK came intending to work temporarily and eventually returning home. However, this changed into permanent family immigration after the 1962 Act, as well as socio-economic circumstances and the future of their children, which most families saw lay in Britain.[33]

When the UK experienced deindustrialisation in the 1970s, many British Pakistanis became unemployed. The change from the manufacturing sector to the service sector was difficult for ethnic minorities and working-class White Britons alike; especially for those with little academic education. The Midlands and North of England were areas which were heavily reliant on manufacturing industries and the effects of deindustrialisation continued to be felt in these areas.[42] As a result, increasing numbers of British Pakistanis resorted to self-employment. National statistics from 2004 showed that one in seven British Pakistani men work as taxi drivers or chauffeurs.[43] Whilst social issues include high relative poverty rates (55%) among the community according to the 2001 census,[15] progress has been made in recent years, however British Pakistanis alongside British Bangladeshis are still the most likely ethnicity groups to have the highest rates of poverty.[44] Despite relatively high levels of home ownership,[17] 48 per cent of Pakistani households were classified as in poverty after housing costs in the three-year period to 2022/23. The equivalent figure for child poverty in Pakistani households stood at 58 per cent.[44]

## Demographics

[edit]

British Pakistanis by region and country  Region / Country | 2021[46] | 2011[50] | 2001[54] | 1991[57]

|
|
|
|

Number  | % | Number  | % | Number  | % | Number  | %
England | 1,570,285 | 2.78% | 1,112,282 | 2.10% | 706,539 | 1.44% | 449,646 | 0.96%
—West Midlands | 319,165  | 5.36%  | 227,248  | 4.06%  | 154,550  | 2.93%  | 98,612  | 1.91%
—North West | 303,611  | 4.09%  | 189,436  | 2.69%  | 116,968  | 1.74%  | 77,150  | 1.15%
—Yorkshire and the Humber | 296,437  | 5.41%  | 225,892  | 4.28%  | 146,330  | 2.95%  | 94,820  | 1.96%
—Greater London | 290,549  | 3.30%  | 223,797  | 2.74%  | 142,749  | 1.99%  | 87,816  | 1.31%
—South East | 145,311  | 1.57%  | 99,246  | 1.15%  | 58,520  | 0.73%  | 35,946  | 0.48%
—East of England | 99,452  | 1.57%  | 66,270  | 1.13%  | 38,790  | 0.72%  | 24,713  | 0.49%
—East Midlands | 71,038  | 1.46%  | 48,940  | 1.08%  | 27,829  | 0.67%  | 17,407  | 0.44%
—North East | 27,290  | 1.03%  | 19,831  | 0.76%  | 14,074  | 0.56%  | 9,257  | 0.36%
—South West | 17,432  | 0.31%  | 11,622  | 0.22%  | 6,729  | 0.14%  | 3,925  | 0.09%
Scotland | 72,871[α] | 1.34% | 49,381  | 0.93% | 31,793 | 0.63% | 21,192 | 0.42%
Wales | 17,534 | 0.56% | 12,229 | 0.40% | 8,287 | 0.29% | 5,717 | 0.20%
Northern Ireland | 1,596 | 0.08% | 1,091 | 0.06% | 668 | 0.04% | —  | —
United Kingdom | 1,662,286 | 2.48% | 1,174,602 | 1.86% | 747,285 | 1.27% | 476,555[β] | 0.87%

### Population

[edit]

Distribution of British Pakistanis by local authority, 2021 census Population pyramid of Asian or Asian British Pakistanis in 2021 (in England and Wales). Country of birth (2021 census, England and Wales)[58]

According to the 2021 Census, Pakistanis in England and Wales enumerated 1,587,819 or 2.7% of the population.[13][12] According to estimates by the Office for National Statistics, the number of people born in Pakistan living in the UK in 2021 was 456,000, which makes it the third most common country of birth in the UK.[59]

The ten local authorities with the largest proportion of people who identified as Pakistani were: Pendle (25.59%), Bradford (25.54%), Slough (21.65%), Luton (18.26%), Blackburn with Darwen (17.79%), Birmingham (17.04%), Redbridge (14.18%), Rochdale (13.64%), Oldham (13.55%) and Hyndburn (13.16%). In Scotland, the highest proportion was in East Renfrewshire at 5.25%; in Wales, the highest concentration was in Newport at 3.01%; and in Northern Ireland, the highest concentration was in Belfast at 0.14%.[60]

The Pakistan government's Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis estimates that 1.26 million Pakistanis eligible for dual nationality live in the UK, constituting well over half of the total number of Pakistanis in Europe.[11][61] Up to 250,000 Pakistanis come to the UK each year, for work, to visit or other purposes.[62] Likewise, up to 270,000 British citizens travel to Pakistan each year, mainly to visit family.[62][63] Excluding British citizens of Pakistani descent, the number of individuals living in the UK with a Pakistani passport was estimated at 188,000 in 2017, making Pakistan the eighth most common non-British nationality in the UK.[64]

The majority of British Pakistanis originate from the Azad Kashmir and Punjab regions, with a smaller number from other parts of Pakistan including Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit-Baltistan and Balochistan.[65][66][34][67]

The cities or districts with the largest communities, by Pakistani ethnicity in the England and Wales 2021 census, are as follows: Birmingham (pop. 195,102), Bradford (139,553), Manchester (65,875), Kirklees (54,795), Redbridge (44,000) and Luton (41,143).[68]

#### Historic

[edit]

In the 2011 UK Census, 1,174,983 residents classified themselves as ethnically Pakistani (excluding people of mixed ethnicity), regardless of their birthplace; 1,112,212 of them lived in England.[10] This represented an increase of 427,000 over the 747,285 residents recorded in the 2001 UK Census.[69]

Demographer Ceri Peach has estimated the number of British Pakistanis in the 1951 to 1991 censuses. He back-projected the ethnic composition of the 2001 census to the estimated minority populations during previous census years. The results are as follows:

Year  | Population (rounded to nearest 1,000)[70]

|

1951 (estimate) | 10,000
1961 (estimate) | 25,000
1971 (estimate) | 119,000
1981 (estimate) | 296,000
1991 (estimate) | 477,000
2001 (census) | 747,000
2011 (census) | 1,175,000[10]

### Population distribution

[edit]

Birthplace/year of arrival of British Pakistanis in England and Wales (2021 census)[71]

Born in the UK (59.2%)

Before 1950 (0.0%)

1951 to 1960 (0.3%)

1961 to 1970 (3.1%)

1971 to 1980 (3.9%)

1981 to 1990 (3.4%)

1991 to 2000 (5.7%)

2001 to 2010 (10.5%)

2011 to 2021 (13.9%)

At the time of the 2021 Census, the local authorities with the largest proportion of British Pakistanis were Pendle (25.59%), Bradford (25.54%), Slough (21.65%), Luton (18.26%) and Blackburn with Darwen (17.79%). The distribution of people describing their ethnicity as Pakistani in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland was as follows:[60][3][2]

Region  | Number of British Pakistanis  | Percentage of total British Pakistani population  | British Pakistanis as percentage of region's population  | Significant Communities

|
|
|
|

England | 1,570,285  |  | 2.80%  |
North East England | 27,290 |  | 1.00%  | Newcastle-Upon-Tyne \- 2.9%

Middlesbrough \- 6.2%

Stockton-On-Tees \- 2.5%

North West England | 303,611 |  | 4.10%  | Manchester \- 11.9%

Rochdale \- 13.6%

Oldham \- 13.5%

Blackburn With Darwen \- 17.8%

Pendle \- 25.6%

Burnley \- 10.7%

Bury \- 7.8%

Bolton \- 9.4%

Hyndburn \- 13.2%

Yorkshire and the Humber | 296,437 |  | 5.40%  | Bradford \- 25.5%

Kirklees \- 12.6%

Calderdale \- 8.5%

Sheffield \- 5.0%

Leeds \- 3.9%

East Midlands | 71,038 |  | 1.50%  | Derby \- 8.0%

Nottingham \- 6.7%

Leicester \- 3.4%

Oadby and Wigston \- 4.0%

West Midlands | 319,165 |  | 5.40%  | Birmingham \- 17.0%

Walsall \- 6.9%

Stoke-On-Trent \- 6.0%

Dudley \- 4.6%

Sandwell \- 6.5%

East Staffordshire \- 7.0%

East of England | 99,452 |  | 1.60%  | Luton \- 18.3%

Peterborough \- 7.9%

Watford \- 8.0%

London | 290,459 |  | 3.30%  | London Borough of Waltham Forest \- 10.3%

London Borough of Newham \- 8.9%

London Borough of Redbridge \- 14.2%

South East England | 145,311 |  | 1.60%  | Slough \- 21.7%

Buckinghamshire \- 5.3%

Woking \- 7.0%

Crawley \- 5.2%

Reading \- 4.8%

Oxford \- 4.1%

Windsor and Maidenhead \- 4.0%

South West England | 17,432 |  | 0.30%  | Bristol \- 1.9%
Scotland | 72,871 |  | 1.34%  | Glasgow \- 5.0%

Edinburgh \- 1.5%

East Renfrewshire \- 5.3%

North Lanarkshire \- 1.5%

Wales | 17,534 |  | 0.60%  | Cardiff \- 2.4%

Newport \- 3.0%

Northern Ireland | 1,596 |  | 0.08%  | Belfast \- 0.14%
Total UK | 1,662,286 |  | 2.48% |

#### London

[edit]

A return of British Airways was reported as one of Imran Khan's greatest achievements.[72]

Main article: Pakistani community of London

Greater London has the largest Pakistani community in the United Kingdom. The 2021 Census recorded 290,549 Pakistanis living in London.[60] However, it only forms 3.3% of London's population, which is significantly lower than other British cities. The population is very diverse, with comparable numbers of Punjabis, Pashtuns and Muhajirs, and smaller communities of Sindhis and Balochs.[65][6] This mix makes the Pakistani community of London more diverse than other UK communities, whereas a high proportion of Pakistani communities in Northern England came from Azad Kashmir.[34]

The largest concentrations are in East London, especially in Redbridge, Waltham Forest, Newham and Barking and Dagenham. Significant communities can also be found in the boroughs of Ealing, Hounslow, and Hillingdon in West London and Merton, Wandsworth and Croydon in South London.[73]

#### Birmingham

[edit]

Birmingham has the second-largest Pakistani community in the United Kingdom. The 2021 Census recorded that there were 195,102 Pakistanis living in Birmingham, making up 17% of the city's total population.[60]

The largest concentrations are in Sparkhill, Alum Rock, Small Heath and Sparkbrook.[74]

#### Bradford

[edit]

Bradford, in the north of England, is considered to be a typical "mill and mosque town" due to its large Pakistani community.

Bradford has the third-largest Pakistani community in the United Kingdom. The 2021 Census recorded 139,553 Pakistanis, making up 25.5% of the city's total population.[60]

The largest concentrations are in Manningham, Toller, Bradford Moor, Heaton, Little Horton and Keighley.[73]

#### Manchester

[edit]

The Curry Mile on Wilmslow Road in Manchester is home to a myriad of Pakistani bakers, delicatessens and handmade jewellery in addition to several halal restaurants and take-aways.

Manchester has the fourth-largest Pakistani community in the United Kingdom. The 2021 Census recorded 65,875 Pakistanis, making up 11.9% of the city's total population.[60]

The largest concentrations are in Longsight, Cheetham Hill, Rusholme and Crumpsall.[73]

In the wider area of Greater Manchester, there were 209,061 Pakistanis, making up 7.3% of the population. The towns of Oldham and Rochdale have significant Pakistani populations, at 13.5% and 13.6% respectively.[60]

A significant number of Manchester-based Pakistani business families have moved down the A34 road to live in the affluent Heald Green area.[75] The late Professor Pnina Werbner associated the suburban movement of Pakistani-origin Muslims in Manchester with the formation of "gilded ghettoes" in the sought-after commuter suburbs of Cheshire.[37]

#### Luton

[edit]

The 2021 Census recorded 41,143 Pakistanis in Luton, making up 18.3% of the total population.[60]

The largest concentrations are in Bury Park, Dallow and Challney.[73]

#### Glasgow

[edit]

The 2022 Census recorded 30,912 Pakistanis in Glasgow, making up 4.98% of the city's total population.

There are large Pakistani communities throughout the city, notably in the Pollokshields area of South Glasgow, where there are said to be some 'high standard' Pakistani takeaways and Asian fabric shops.[76]

Pakistanis also make up the largest 'visible' ethnic minority in Scotland, representing nearly one-third of the non-White ethnic minority population.[77]

### Languages

[edit]

See also: Urdu in the United Kingdom and Punjabi language in the United Kingdom

Most British Pakistanis speak English, and those who were born in the UK consider British English to be their first language. First-generation and recent immigrants speak Pakistani English. Urdu, the national language of Pakistan, is understood and spoken by many British Pakistanis at a native level, and is the fourth-most commonly spoken language in the UK.[78][79] Some secondary schools and colleges teach Urdu for GCSEs and A Levels.[80] Madrassas also offer it.[81][82] According to Sajid Mansoor Qaisrani, Urdu language periodicals of the 1990s published in UK used to focus exclusively on South Asian issues, with no relevance to British society.[83] Coverage of local British issues and problems of local Pakistanis in the UK used to be sparse.[83] Beyond Pakistani youth's interest in identifying with their ethnicity and religious identity, Urdu was of little use to them in finding suitable employment opportunities.[83]

As the majority of Pakistanis in Britain are from Azad Kashmir and Punjab, some common languages spoken amongst Pakistanis in Britain are Punjabi, Pothwari and Hindko, which are closely related Punjabi dialects.[84] Other Punjabi dialects are spoken in Britain, making Punjabi the third-most commonly spoken language.[78][85]

Other significant Pakistani languages spoken include Pashto, Saraiki, Sindhi, Balochi and a minority of others. These languages are not only spoken by British Pakistanis, but by other groups such as British Indians, British Afghans or British Iranians.[86]

### Diaspora

[edit]

Many British Pakistanis have emigrated from the UK, establishing a diaspora of their own. There are around 80,000 Britons in Pakistan,[87][88] a substantial number of whom are British Pakistanis who have resettled in Pakistan. The town of Mirpur in Azad Kashmir, where the majority of British Pakistanis hail from, has a large expatriate population of resettled British Pakistanis and is dubbed "Little England".[89][90][91]

Other British Pakistanis have migrated elsewhere to Europe, North America, Western Asia and Australia. Dubai, in the UAE, remains a popular destination for British Pakistani expatriates to live although there is no minimum wage and few anti-racism groups.[92]

Pakistanis in Hong Kong were given full British citizenship in 1997 during the handover of Hong Kong, when it ceased being a British colony to prevent them being made stateless.[93] Previously, as Hong Kong residents, they held the status of British Overseas Territories citizens.[94][95]

## Religion

[edit]

Over 90% of Pakistanis in the UK are Muslims. The largest proportion of these belong to the Sunni branch of Islam, mainly Deobandi (of the Tablighi Jamaat) and Sunni Barelvi, with a significant minority belonging to the Shia branch.[65]

Other notable sects include Ahmadiyya, whose spiritual leader, Mirza Masroor Ahmad, is based in London,[96] and Sufism. Mosques, community centres and religious youth organisations play an integral part in British Pakistani social life.[97]

Religion  | England and Wales

|

2011[98] | 2021[99]
Number  | %  | Number  | %
Islam | 1,028,459  | 91.46%  | 1,470,775  | 92.63%
No religion  | 12,041  | 1.07%  | 18,533  | 1.17%
Christianity | 17,118  | 1.52%  | 12,327  | 0.78%
Hinduism | 3,879  | 0.34%  | 1,407  | 0.09%
Sikhism | 3,283  | 0.29%  | 590  | 0.04%
Judaism | 440  | 0.04%  | 264  | 0.02%
Buddhism | 700  | 0.06%  | 230  | 0.01%
Other religions  | 588  | 0.05%  | 1,005  | 0.06%
Not Stated  | 58,003  | 5.16%  | 82,691  | 5.21%
Total  | 1,124,511  | 100%  | 1,587,822  | 100%

## Culture

[edit]

Pakistan's Independence Day is celebrated on 14 August in large Pakistani-populated areas of various cities. Pakistani Muslims also observe the month of Ramadan and mark the Islamic festivals of Eid al-Adha and Eid al-Fitr.[100]

The annual Birmingham Eid Mela attracts more than 20,000 British Pakistanis who celebrate the festival. The Eid Mela also welcomes Muslims of other ethnic backgrounds. International and UK Asian musicians help to celebrate the nationwide Muslim community through its culture, music, food and sport.[101]

Green Street in East London hosts Europe's "first Asian shopping mall".[102] A number of high-end Pakistani fashion and other retail brands have opened stores in the UK.[103][104]

### Cuisine

[edit]

Further information: Pakistani cuisine

See also: Balti (food)

The Balti is an example of British Pakistani cuisine.

Pakistani and South Asian cuisines are highly popular in Britain and have nurtured a largely successful food industry. The cuisine of Pakistan is strongly related to North Indian cuisine, coupled with an exotic blend of Central Asian and Middle eastern cuisine flavours.[105]

The popular Balti dish has its roots in Birmingham, where it was believed to have been created by a Pakistani immigrant of Balti origin in 1977. The dish is thought to have borrowed native tastes from the northeastern Pakistani region of Baltistan.[106][107] In 2009, the Birmingham City Council attempted to trademark the Balti dish to give the curry Protected Geographical Status alongside items such as luxury cheese and champagne.[108] The area of Birmingham where the Balti dish was first served is known locally as the "Balti Triangle" or "Balti Belt".[109][110]

Chicken tikka masala has long been amongst the nation's favourite dishes and is claimed to have been invented by a Pakistani chef in Glasgow, though its origins remain disputed.[111][112] There has been support for a campaign in Glasgow to obtain European Union Protected Designation of origin status for it.[113]

Pakistanis are well represented in the British food industry. Many self-employed British Pakistanis own takeaways and restaurants. "Indian restaurants" in the North of England are almost entirely Pakistani owned.[114] According to the Food Standards Agency, the South Asian food industry in the UK is worth £3.2 billion, accounting for two-thirds of all eating out, and serving about 2.5 million British customers every week.[115] Curry sauces are sold in British supermarkets by British Pakistani entrepreneurs like Manchester-born Nighat Awan. Awan's Asian food business, Shere Khan, has made her one of the richest women in Britain.[116]

Successful fast-food chains founded by British Pakistanis include Chicken Cottage[117] and Dixy Chicken.[118]

### Sports

[edit]

Further information: List of British people of Pakistani descent § Sport

Boxer Amir Khan (left) and cricketer Moeen Ali

The expansion of the British Empire led to cricket being played overseas.[119][120] Aftab Habib, Usman Afzaal, Kabir Ali, Owais Shah, Sajid Mahmood, Adil Rashid, Amjad Khan, Ajmal Shahzad, Moeen Ali, Zafar Ansari, Saqib Mahmood and Rehan Ahmed have played cricket for England.[121][122] Similarly, Asim Butt, Omer Hussain, Majid Haq, Qasim Sheikh and Moneeb Iqbal have represented Scotland. Prior to playing for England, Amjad Khan represented Denmark, the country of his birth. Imad Wasim became the first Welsh-born cricketer to represent Pakistan.[123][124] Former Pakistani cricketer Azhar Mahmood moved his career to England and became a naturalised British citizen.[125] There are several other British Pakistanis, as well as cricketers from Pakistan, who play English county cricket.[126][127]

Many young British Pakistanis find it difficult to make their way to the highest level of playing for England, despite much talent around the country. Many concerns about this have been documented although the number of British Pakistanis making progress in representing England is on the rise.[128]

The Pakistan national cricket team enjoys a substantial following among British Pakistanis, with the level of support translating to the equivalent of a home advantage whenever the team tours the UK. The "Stani Army" is a group consisting of British Pakistanis who follow the team, especially when they play in the UK. The Stani Army is seen as the "rival" fan club to India's "Bharat Army".[129][130][131][132][133] England and Pakistan share a long cricketing relationship, often characterised by rivalries.[134][135]

Football is also widely followed and played by many young British Pakistanis (see British Asians in association football). Many players on the Pakistan national football team are British-born Pakistanis who became eligible to represent the country because of their Pakistani heritage. Masood Fakhri was the first Pakistani football player to score a hat trick in an international game, and the first player from South Asia to play in England, where he played for Bradford City before retiring.[136] Zesh Rehman is a football defender who played briefly for Fulham F.C., becoming the first British Asian to play in the Premier League, before also playing for the English national U-18, U-19 and U-20 football teams until eventually opting for Pakistan.[137] Easah Suliman became the first player of Asian heritage to captain an England football side, having done so at Under-16, Under-17 and Under-19 levels,[138] until eventually opting for Pakistan at senior level.[139][140] Suliman played every game at centre back in the England Under-19s victorious UEFA European Under-19 Championship campaign in July 2017, scoring the opening goal in England's 2–1 final victory over Portugal.[141]

Adil Nabi playing for West Bromwich Albion in 2015

Zidane Iqbal signed his first professional contract with Manchester United in April 2021,[142][143] and made his first-team debut for Manchester United on 8 December 2021 as an 89th-minute substitute in a Champions League match against Young Boys.[144] Thus, he became the first British-born South Asian to play for the senior club, and the first ever British South Asian to play in the Champions League.[145][146]

Other notable British Pakistani footballers include Adnan Ahmed, Amjad Iqbal, Atif Bashir, Shabir Khan, Otis Khan, Adil Nabi, Rahis Nabi, Samir Nabi and Harun Hamid.

Hockey and polo are commonly played in Pakistan, with the former being a national sport, but these sports are not as popular among British Pakistanis, possibly because of the urban lifestyles which the majority of them embrace. Imran Sherwani was a hockey player of Pakistani descent who played for the English and Great Britain national field hockey teams.[147]

Adam Khan is a race car driver from Bridlington, Yorkshire. He represents Pakistan in the A1 Grand Prix series. Khan is currently the demonstration driver for the Renault F1 racing team.[148] Ikram Butt was the first South Asian to play international rugby for England in 1995.[149] He is the founder of the British Asian Rugby Association and the British Pakistani rugby league team, and has also captained Pakistan. Amir Khan is the most famous British Pakistani boxer. He is the current WBA World light welterweight champion and 2004 Summer Olympics silver medalist.[150] Matthew Syed was a table tennis international, and the English number one for many years.[151] Lianna Swan is a swimmer who has represented Pakistan in several events.[152]

### Literature

[edit]

A number of British Pakistani writers are notable in the field of literature. They include Tariq Ali, Kamila Shamsie, Nadeem Aslam, Mohsin Hamid and others.[153]

Through their publications, diaspora writers have developed a body of work that has come to be known as Pakistani English literature.[154]

## Ethnicity and cultural assimilation

[edit]

A report of a study conducted by The University of Essex found British Pakistanis identify with 'Britishness' more than any other Britons. The study is one of several recent studies that have found that Pakistanis in Britain express a strong sense of belonging in Britain. The report showed that 90% of Pakistanis feel a strong sense of belonging in Britain compared to 84% of white Britons.[155]

English Pakistanis tend to identify much more with the United Kingdom than with England, with 63% describing themselves in a Policy Exchange survey as exclusively "British" and not "English" in terms of nationality, and only 15% saying they were solely English.[156]

### Azad Kashmiris

[edit]

Main article: British Mirpuris

Nus Ghani is a Kashmir born MP and the first female Pakistani Conservative Party MP.

Around 70% of all British Pakistanis trace their origins to the administrative territory of Azad Kashmir in northeastern Pakistan, mainly from the Mirpur, Kotli and Bhimber districts.[157][158]

Christopher Snedden writes that most of the native residents of Azad Kashmir are not of Kashmiri ethnicity; rather, they could be called "Jammuites" due to their historical and cultural links with that region, which is coterminous with neighbouring Punjab and Hazara.[159][160] Because their region was formerly a part of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir and is named after it, many Azad Kashmiris have adopted the "Kashmiri" identity, whereas in an ethnolinguistic context, the term "Kashmiri" would ordinarily refer to natives of the Kashmir Valley region.[161] The population of Azad Kashmir has strong historical, cultural and linguistic affinities with the neighbouring populations of upper Punjab and Potohar region of Pakistan.[162][163]

The first generation migrant from Azad Kashmir were not highly educated, and being from rural settlements, had little or no experience of urban living in Pakistan.[7] Migration from Jammu and Kashmir began soon after the Second World War as the majority of the male population of this area and the Potohar region worked in the British armed forces, as well as to fill labour shortages in industry. But the mass migration phenomenon accelerated in the 1960s, when, to improve the supply of water, the Mangla Dam project was built in the area, flooding the surrounding farmlands. Up to 50,000 people from Mirpur (5% of the displaced) resettled in Britain. More Azad Kashmiris joined their relatives in Britain after benefiting from government compensation and liberal migration policies. Large Azad Kashmiri communities can be found in Birmingham, Bradford, Manchester, Leeds, Luton and the surrounding towns.[164]

The Azad Kashmiri expatriate community has made notable progress in UK politics and a sizeable number of MPs, councillors, lord mayors and deputy mayors are representing the community in different constituencies.[165]

### Punjabis

[edit]

Main article: British Punjabis

Punjabis make up the second-largest sub-group of British Pakistanis, estimated to make up to a third of all British Pakistanis.[166] With an equally large number from Indian Punjab, two-thirds of all British Asians are of Punjabi descent, and they are the largest Punjabi community outside of South Asia,[166] resulting in Punjabi being the third-most commonly spoken language in the UK.[78][85]

People who came from the Punjab area integrated much more easily into the British society as early Punjabi immigrants to Britain tended to have higher education credentials and found it easier to assimilate because many already had a basic knowledge of the English language (primarily Pakistani English).[37] Research by Teesside University has found the British Punjabi community of late has become one of the most highly educated and economically successful ethnic minorities in the UK.[167]

Most Pakistani Punjabis living in the UK trace their roots to villages of the Pothohar region (Jhelum, Gujar Khan, Attock ) of northern Punjab, along with villages in the Central Punjab (Faisalabad, Sahiwal, Gujrat, and Sargodha) region, while more recent immigrants have also arrived from large cities such as Lahore and Multan.[7][168] British Punjabis are commonly found in the south of England, the Midlands, and the major cities in the north (with smaller minorities in former mill towns in Lancashire and Yorkshire).[169]

### Pashtuns

[edit]

Main article: British Pashtuns

Pakistani Pashtuns in the United Kingdom mainly originate from the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Balochistan in Pakistan, though there are also smaller communities from other parts of Pakistan, such as Pashtuns of Punjab from Attock.[36] There are several estimates of the Pashtun population in the UK. Ethnologue estimates that there are up to 87,000 native Pashto-speakers in the UK; this figure also includes Afghan immigrants belonging to the Pashtun ethnicity.[170] Another report shows that there are over 100,000 Pashtuns in Britain, making them the largest Pashtun community in Europe.[171]

Major Pashtun settlement in the United Kingdom can be dated over the course of the past five decades. There is a British Pashtun Council which has been formed by the Pashtun community in the UK.

British Pashtuns have continued to maintain ties with Pakistan over the years, taking keen interest in political and socioeconomic developments in Pakistan.[171]

### Sindhis

[edit]

Main article: British Sindhis

There are over 30,000 Sindhis in Britain.[172][86]

### Baloch

[edit]

There is a small Baloch community in the UK, originating from the Balochistan province of southwestern Pakistan and neighbouring regions.[173] There are many Baloch associations and groups active in the UK, including the Baloch Students and Youth Association (BSYA),[174][175] Baloch Cultural Society, Baloch Human Rights Council (UK) and others.[176]

Some Baloch political leaders and workers are based in the UK, where they found exile.[177][178][179][180]

### Muhajirs

[edit]

Riz Ahmed is a British Pakistani actor and rapper of Muhajir origin

There is also a significant albeit smaller community Muhajirs in the UK.[173] Muhajirs originally migrated from present-day India to Pakistan following the partition of British India in 1947. Most of them settled in Pakistan's largest city Karachi, where they form the demographic majority. Many Muhajir Pakistanis later migrated to Britain, effecting a secondary migration.[33]

Altaf Hussain, leader of the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM)—the largest political party in Karachi, with its roots lying in the Muhajir community—has been based in England in self-imposed exile since 1992. He is controversially regarded to have virtually "ruled" and "remotely governed" Karachi from his residence in the north London suburb of Edgware.[181][182] Another notable includes the 2016 Mayor of London Sadiq Khan, who is of Muhajir origin.[183]

### Others

[edit]

There is also a Pakistani Hazara community in the UK, concentrated particularly in Milton Keynes, northeastern London, Southampton and Birmingham. They migrated to the UK from Quetta and its surroundings, which is historically home to the large Hazara population in Pakistan.[184][185][186]

## Health and social issues

[edit]

### Health

[edit]

Pakistanis together with Bangladeshis in the UK have poor health by many measures, for instance there is a fivefold rate of diabetes.[187] Pakistani men have the highest rate of heart disease in the UK.[188]

In the UK, women of South Asian heritage, including British Pakistanis, are the least likely to attend breast cancer screening. A study showed that British-Pakistani women faced cultural and language barriers and were not aware that breast screening takes place in a female-only environment.[189][190][191]

#### Sexual health

[edit]

British Pakistanis, male and female, on average claim to have had only one sexual partner. The average British Pakistani male claims to have lost his virginity at the age of 20, the average female at 22, giving an average age of 21. 3.2% of Pakistani males report that they have been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection (STI), compared to 3.6% of Pakistani females.[192]

Cultural norms regarding issues such as chastity and marriage have resulted in British Pakistanis having a substantially older age for first intercourse, a lower number of partners, and lower STI rates than the national average.[192]

### Cousin marriages and health risks

[edit]

Research in Birmingham in the 1980s suggested that 50-70% of marriages within the Pakistani community were consanguineous (blood related).[193] In 2005, it was estimated that nationwide 55% of British Pakistanis were married to a first cousin[194] and around 70% in Bradford.[195][196] A more recent study on the Bradford Pakistani community in 2023 has suggested that there has been a sharp fall in the number of babies with parents who were first or second cousins, falling from 60% in 2013 to now only 46%. One teenager in the study noted "If you're really romantically into your cousin you can go for it, but now there isn't as much pushing of cousin marriage."[197]

Such a close relationship can double the likelihood of a child suffering from a birth defect from 3% to 6%.[198][199] Children born to closely related Pakistani parents had an autosomal recessive condition rate of 4% compared to 0.1% for European parents.[200][193]

Cousin marriages or marriages within the same tribe and clan are common in some parts of South Asia, including rural areas of Pakistan.[201] A major motivation is to preserve patrilineal tribal identity.[202] The tribes to which British Pakistanis belong include Jats, Ahirs, Gujjars, Awans, Arains, Rajputs and several others, all of whom are spread throughout Pakistan and north India. As a result, there are some common genealogical origins within these tribes.[203] Some British Pakistanis view cousin or in-tribe marriages as a way of preserving this ancient tribal tradition and maintaining a sense of brotherhood, an extension of the biradri (brotherhood) system which underpins community support networks.[173][204]

Most British Pakistanis prefer to marry within their own ethnic group.[205] In 2009, it was estimated that six in ten British Pakistanis chose a spouse from Pakistan.[62]

### Forced marriage

[edit]

According to the British Home Office, cases involving Pakistan are routinely the most common country in which cases of forced marriage are investigated. In 2014, 38% of the cases of forced marriage investigated involved families of Pakistani origin.[206] This figure rose to 49% in 2022, around three-quarters of victims were females and just over half of cases involved persons under 21.[207]

60% of the Pakistani forced marriages handled by the British High Commission assistance unit in Islamabad are linked to the small towns of Bhimber and Kotli and the region of Mirpur in Azad Kashmir.[208]

According to 2017 data by the Forced Marriage Unit (FMU), a joint effort between the Home Office and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, of the 439 callers related to Pakistan, 78.8% were female and 21.0% were male, 13.7% were under the age of 15 and another 13.0% were aged 16–17. Over 85% of the cases dealt with by the FMU were dealt with entirely in the UK, preventing the marriage before it could take place. Victims were in some cases forced to sponsor a visa for the spouse.[209]

## Education

[edit]

Data from the 2021 Census shows that 33% of British Pakistanis in England and Wales hold degree level qualifications, compared to 31% of White British people. This has increased since 1991, when the figures for both groups holding a degree were 7% and 13%, respectively.[210][211][212]

25% of British Pakistanis in England and Wales did not have qualifications, compared to 18% of White British people, making them of one of the least qualified major groups.[211][213][212]

### Secondary education

[edit]

According to Department for Education statistics for the 2021–22 academic year, British Pakistani pupils in England attained below the national average for academic performance at A-Level, but above the national average for GCSE level. 15.8% of British Pakistani pupils achieved at least 3 As at A Level[214] and an average score of 49.1 was achieved in Attainment 8 scoring at GCSE level. In 2021, 31.5% of Pakistani students in England who were eligible for free school meals achieved a strong pass in English and Maths. This figure is 9% higher than the national average of 22.5%.[215]

In 2023, a British Pakistani girl achieved a record 34 GCSE qualifications. In addition, her IQ was registered at 161, which put her ahead of Albert Einstein[216]

Several Muslim schools also cater to British Pakistani pupils.[217][218]

| Percentage of students getting at least 3 A grades at A level (2021/22)[214]

Ethnic Group | %
Chinese | 36.8
Indian | 28.4
All ethnic groups (average)  | 23.1
Mixed | 21.1
White | 20.7
Bangladeshi | 16.5
Pakistani | 15.8
Black | 12.3
Gypsy/Roma | 2.2
| Average GCSE Attainment 8 score (out of 90.0) (2021/22)[219]

Ethnic group | Score
Chinese  | 66.1
Indian  | 61.3
Bangladeshi  | 54.4
Mixed  | 49.4
Pakistani | 49.1
All ethnic groups (average)  | 48.8
Black  | 48.6
White  | 47.8
Gypsy/Roma  | 21.0
| Percentage of pupils getting a grade 5 or above in English and maths GCSE (2021/22)[220]

Ethnic group | %
Chinese  | 80.0
Indian  | 73.0
Bangladeshi  | 62.1
Pakistani | 51.2
Mixed  | 49.9
All ethnic groups (average)  | 49.8
Black  | 49.4
White  | 47.9
Gypsy/Roma  | 8.5

### Higher education

[edit]

There are 71,000 UK-domiciled British Pakistani students in the 2021-22 academic year, this represents 4.2% of all UK-domiciled students.[221] In 2017, approximately 16,480 British Pakistani students were admitted to university, almost a two-fold increase from 8,460 in 2006.[222]

In 2021, 58.4% of British Pakistanis chose to continue their studies at the university level. This was a higher rate than average nationally (44%), and higher than the rate for White British (39%).[223]

Science and mathematics are the most popular subjects at A-Level and degree level among the youngest generation of British Pakistanis, as they begin to establish themselves within the field.[224]

In addition, there are over 10,000 Pakistani international students who enrol and study at British universities and educational institutions each year.[62][225] There are numerous student and cultural associations formed by Pakistani pupils studying at British universities.

### Language education

[edit]

Urdu courses are available in the UK and can be studied at GCSE and A-Level.[80][226] Urdu degrees are offered by several British universities and institutes, while several others are also hoping to offer courses in Urdu, open to established speakers as well as beginners, in the future.[227][228][229][230]

The Punjabi language is also offered at GCSE and A-Level,[231] and taught as a course by two universities: SOAS, University of London (SOAS)[232] and King's College London.[233] Pashto is presently taught at SOAS and King's College London as well.[234]

## Economics

[edit]

Pakistani mangos, which were until recently only stocked by British Asian retailers,[235] are now sold in prestigious department stores, such as Harrods and Selfridges.[236][237]

Location has had a great impact on the success of British Pakistanis. The existence of a North-South divide leaves those in the north of England economically depressed, although there is a small concentration of more highly educated Pakistanis living in the suburbs of Greater Manchester and London, as some Pakistani immigrants have taken advantage of the trading opportunities and entrepreneurial environment which exist in major UK cities.[238] Material deprivation and under-performing schools of the inner city have impeded social mobility for many Azad Kashmiris.[238]

British Pakistanis based in large cities have found making the transition into the professional middle class easier than those based in peripheral towns. This is because cities like London, Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, Newcastle, Glasgow and Oxford have provided a more economically encouraging environment than the small towns in Lancashire and Yorkshire.[37]

On the other hand, the decline in the British textile boom brought about economic disparities for Pakistanis who worked and settled in the smaller mill towns following the 1960s, with properties failing to appreciate enough and incomes having shrunk.[205]

Most of the initial funds for entrepreneurial activities were historically collected by workers in food processing and clothing factories.[239] The funds were often given a boost by wives saving "pin money" and interest-free loans exchanged between fellow migrants. By the 1980s, British Pakistanis began dominating the ethnic and halal food businesses, Indian restaurants, Asian fabric shops, and travel agencies.[238] Other Pakistanis secured ownership of textile manufacturing or wholesale businesses and took advantage of cheap family labour. The once multimillion-pound company Joe Bloggs is an example.

Clothing imports from Southeast Asia began to affect the financial success of these mill-owning Pakistanis in the 1990s. However, some Pakistani families based in the major cities managed to buck this trend by selling or renting out units in their former factories.[238]

### Economic status

[edit]

Statistics from the 2011 census show that Pakistani communities in England, particularly in the North and the Midlands, are disproportionately affected by low pay, unemployment and poverty.[240][241] 32% cent of British Pakistanis live in a deprived neighbourhood, compared to 10% for England overall.[242] Consequently, many fall within the welfare net.[243] In Scotland, however, Pakistanis were less likely to live in a deprived area than the average.[244] Sir Anwar Pervez, owner of one of the UK's largest companies, the Bestway group,[245] and his family have assets of £1.364 billion, placing them 125th on the Sunday Times Rich List 2021.[246]

In addition, several wealthy Pakistanis, including prominent politicians, own millions of pounds' worth of assets and properties in the UK, such as holiday homes.[247][248][249][250] In 2017, 19.8% of Pakistani secondary school students were eligible for free school meals, compared to 13.1% of White British pupils. Amongst pupils in Key Stage 1, 14.1% of both Pakistani and White British children were eligible for free school meals.[251]

Research from the Resolution Foundation published in 2020 has found that British Pakistanis hold the third highest median total household net wealth among major British ethnic groups at £232,200.[252]

Ethnic group | Median total household net wealth (2016–18)

|

Indian | £347,400
White British | £324,100
Pakistani | £232,200
Black Caribbean | £125,400
Bangladeshi | £124,700
Other White | £122,800
Chinese  | £73,500
Black African | £28,400

### Employment

[edit]

In 2004, one in seven British Pakistanis worked as a taxi driver, cab driver or chauffeur.[43]

Since 2004, the combined Pakistani and Bangladeshi communities have consistently had the lowest rate of employment out of all ethnic groups, although this figure has improved from 44% in 2004 to 61% in 2022. This is in comparison to the nationwide figures of 73% in 2004 and 76% in 2022.[253] In 2022, the combined group were also the most likely ethnic group to be economically inactive with 33% of 16 to 64-year-olds out of work and not looking for employment, rising to 48% for Pakistani and Bangladeshi women compared to 24% of White British women.[254] According to figures in the same year for 16-64 year olds, the combined group also had the lowest employment figure at 61% and the largest employment discrepancy by gender at 75% for men and 46% for women.[255] The average hourly pay for the combined group in the same year was the lowest out of all ethnicity groups at £12.03.[256] In 2019, before the two ethnicities were combined, Pakistanis had the lowest pay out of all ethnicities with a slightly lower median hourly pay than Bangladeshis at £10.55 compared to £10.58.[257] In the 2017 to 2020 period, 47% of the community lived in households classified as low income (after housing costs), the second highest proportion after Bangladeshis, compared to 22% of all households in the UK.[258]

The Economist has argued that the lack of a second income in households was "the main reason" why many Bangladeshi and Pakistani families live below the poverty line and the resulting high proportion reliant on welfare payments from the government.[259]

According to the 2011 Census:[260]

Economic Activity | All | Male | Female

|
|
|

Employed | 49% | 68% | 32%
Self-Employed | 24% | 30% | 10%
Economically Inactive | 41% | 24% | 60%

Data from the 2011 Census shows British Pakistanis had one of the lowest employment rates amongst other ethnic groups and a lower than average employment rate in all regions of England and Wales, reported at 49%. The statistics also showed Pakistanis had one of the highest rates of unemployment at 12%.

Around 60% of British Pakistani women were economically inactive and 15% were unemployed in 2011.[260] Amongst older employed Pakistani women, many work as packers, bottlers, canners, fillers, or sewing machinists.[43] In 2012, Pakistani women began to surge into the labour market, although this was noted as many merely moving from economic inactivity to unemployment.[259]

Office for National Statistics figures for 2020 show British Pakistanis are far more likely to be self-employed than any other ethnic group, at 25%.[261] Traditionally, many British Pakistanis have been self-employed, with many working in the transport industry or family-run businesses in the retail sector.[6]

In the fourth quarter of 2019, the Labour Force Survey showed that the employment rate for British Pakistanis stood at 57% and unemployment rates were 7%.[262]

According to General Medical Council statistics,[when?] 14,213 doctors from Pakistan are registered in the UK,[263] and 2,100 dentists of Pakistani ethnicity were registered with the General Dental Council as of 2017.[264] Pakistani-origin doctors make up 5.7% of all doctors in the UK[265] and Pakistan is one of the largest source countries of foreign young doctors in the UK.[266]

### Housing

[edit]

In the housing rental market, Pakistani landlords first rented out rooms to incoming migrants, who were mostly Pakistani themselves. As these renters settled in Britain and prospered to the point where they could afford to buy their own homes, non-Asian university students became these landlords' main potential customers. By 2000, several British Pakistanis had established low-cost rental properties throughout England.[238]

British Pakistanis are most likely to live in owner-occupied Victorian terraced houses of the inner city.[267] In the increasing suburban movement amongst Pakistanis living in Britain,[268] this trend is most conspicuous among children of Pakistani immigrants.[269] Pakistanis tend to place a strong emphasis on owning their own home and have one of the highest rates of home ownership in the UK at 73% in 2003-04, slightly higher than that of the White British population.[270] The 2021 census for England and Wales recorded a slight decline of ownership with 60% of Pakistanis either owning their home with a mortgage (37%) or outright (23%). 26% rent privately or live rent free and the remaining 14% rent from social housing.[17]

Many first generation British Pakistanis have invested in second homes or holiday homes in Pakistan.[271] They have purchased houses next to their villages and sometimes even in more expensive cities, such as Islamabad and Lahore. Upon reaching the retirement age, a small number hand over their houses in Britain to their offspring and settle in their second homes in Pakistan.[238] This relocation multiplies the value of their British state pensions. Investing savings in Pakistan has limited the funding available for investing in their UK businesses. In comparison, other migrant groups, like South Asian migrants from East Africa, have benefited from investing only in Britain.[238]

### Social class

[edit]

The majority of British Pakistanis are considered to be working or middle class.[272] According to the 2011 Census, 16.5% of Pakistanis living in England and Wales were in managerial or professional occupations, 19.3% in intermediate occupations, and 23.5% in routine or manual occupations. The remaining 24.4% and 16.3% were classified under never worked or long-term unemployed and full-time students.[273]

Whilst British Pakistanis living in the Midlands and the North are more likely to be unemployed or suffer from social exclusion,[34] some Pakistani communities in London and the south-east are said to be "fairly prosperous".[66] It was estimated that, in 2001, around 45% of British Pakistanis living in both inner and outer London were middle class.[274]

## Media

[edit]

### Cinema

[edit]

Notable films that depict the lives of British Pakistanis include My Beautiful Laundrette, which received a BAFTA award nomination, and the popular East is East which won a BAFTA award, a British Independent Film Award and a London Film Critics' Circle Award. The Infidel looked at a British Pakistani family living in East London,[275] and depicted religious issues and the identity crisis facing a young member of the family. The film Four Lions looked at issues of religion and extremism. It followed British Pakistanis living in Sheffield in the North of England. The sequel to East is East, called West is West, was released in the UK on 25 February 2011.[276]

Citizen Khan is a sitcom developed by Adil Ray which is based on a British Pakistani family in Sparkhill, Birmingham, dubbed the "capital of British Pakistan".[277] The soap opera EastEnders also features many British Pakistani characters.[278] Pakistani Lollywood films have been screened in British cinemas.[279][280] Indian Bollywood films are also shown in British cinemas and are popular with many second generation British Pakistanis and British Asians.[281]

### Television

[edit]

BBC has news services in Urdu and Pashto.[282][283] In 2005, the BBC showed an evening of programmes under the title Pakistani, Actually, offering an insight into the lives of Pakistanis living in Britain and some of the issues faced by the community.[284][285] The executive producer of the series said, "These documentaries provide just a snapshot of contemporary life among British Pakistanis—a community who are often misunderstood, neglected or stereotyped."[284]

The Pakistani channels of GEO TV, ARY Digital and many others are available to watch on subscription. These channels are based in Pakistan and cater to the Pakistani diaspora, as well as anyone of South Asian origin. They feature news, sports and entertainment, with some channels broadcast in Urdu/Hindi.

Mishal Husain is of Pakistani descent, and a newsreader and presenter for the BBC.[286] Saira Khan hosts the BBC children's programme Beat the Boss. Martin Bashir is a Christian Pakistani[287] who worked for ITV, then American Broadcasting Company, before becoming BBC News Religious Affairs correspondent in 2016.

### Radio

[edit]

The BBC Asian Network is a radio station available across the entire UK and is aimed at Britons of South Asian origin under 35 years of age.[288] Apart from this popular station, there are many other national radio stations for or run by the British Pakistani community, including Sunrise and Kismat Radio of London.

Regional British Pakistani stations include Asian Sound of Manchester, Radio XL and Apni Awaz of Bradford and Sunrise Radio Yorkshire which based in Bradford.[289] These radio stations generally run programmes in a variety of South Asian languages.

### Print

[edit]

The Pakistani newspaper the Daily Jang has the largest circulation of any daily Urdu-language newspaper in the world.[290] It is sold at several Pakistani newsagents and grocery stores across the UK. Urdu newspapers, books and other periodical publications are available in libraries which have a dedicated Asian languages service.[291] Examples of British-based newspapers written in English include the Asian News (published by Trinity Mirror) and the Eastern Eye. These are free weekly newspapers aimed at all British Asians.[292][293]

British Pakistanis involved in print media include Sarfraz Manzoor, who is a regular columnist for The Guardian,[294] one of the largest and most popular newspaper groups in the UK. Anila Baig is a feature writer at The Sun, the biggest-selling newspaper in the UK.[295]

## Politics

[edit]

See also: British Asians in politics of the United Kingdom

British Pakistani MPs by election
1997-2019

Election  | Labour  | Conservative  | Scottish
National
Party  | Other  | Total  | % of Parliament
1997[296] | 1  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 1 | 0.15
2001[297] | 2  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 2 | 0.31
2005[298] | 4  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 4 | 0.62
2010[299] | 5  | 2  | 0  | 0  | 7 | 1.08
2015[300] | 6  | 3  | 1  | 0  | 10 | 1.54
2017[301] | 9  | 3  | 0  | 0  | 12 | 1.85
2019[302] | 10  | 5  | 0  | 0  | 15 | 2.31
Sadiq Khan is the current Mayor of London since 2016.[303]

British Pakistanis are represented in politics at all levels. In 2019 there were fifteen British Pakistani MPs in the House of Commons.[304] Notable members have included Shadow Secretary of State for Justice Sadiq Khan[305] and Home Secretary, Sajid Javid,[306] described by The Guardian as a 'rising star' in the Tory party.[307] The Guardian stated that, "The treasury minister is highly regarded on the right and would be the Tories' first Muslim leader", whereas The Independent said he could become the next Chancellor of the Exchequer,[308] which he did in July 2019.[309] The 2019 United Kingdom general election saw a record number of British Pakistani candidates.[310]

Notable British Pakistanis in the House of Lords includes Minister for Faith and Communities and former chairman of the Conservative Party Sayeeda Warsi,[311] Tariq Ahmad, Nazir Ahmed,[312][313] and Qurban Hussain.[314] Mohammad Sarwar of the Labour Party was the first Muslim member of the British parliament, being elected in Glasgow in 1997 and serving until 2010.[315] In 2013, Sarwar quit British politics and returned to Pakistan, where he joined the government and briefly served as the Governor of Punjab.[316] Other politicians in Pakistan known to have held dual British citizenship include Rehman Malik,[317] Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan,[318] and some members of the Pakistani national and provincial legislative assemblies.[319][320]

In 2007, 257 British Pakistanis were serving as elected councillors or mayors in Britain.[321] British Pakistanis make up a sizeable proportion of British voters and are known to make a difference in elections, both local and national.[322] They are much more active in the voting process, with 67% voting in the last general elections of 2005, compared to just over 60% for the country.[323]

Apart from their involvement in domestic politics, the British Pakistani community also maintains keen focus on the politics of Pakistan and has served as an important soft power prerogative in historical, cultural, economic and bilateral relations between Pakistan and the United Kingdom.[324][325] Major Pakistani political parties such as the Pakistan Muslim League (N),[326] Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf,[327] the Pakistan Peoples Party,[328] the Muttahida Qaumi Movement[329] and others have political chapters and support in the UK.

Some of the most influential names in Pakistani politics are known to have studied, lived or exiled in the UK.[330] London, in particular, has long served as a hub of Pakistani political activities overseas.[330][331][332][333] The British Azad Kashmiri community has a strong culture of diaspora politics, playing a significant role in advocating the settlement of the Kashmir conflict and raising awareness of human rights abuses in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.[334][335][336] Much of Pakistani lobbying and intelligence operations in the UK are focused on this key diaspora issue.[337]

### Labour Party

[edit]

The Labour Party has traditionally been the natural choice for many British Pakistanis. The Labour Party are said to be more dependent on votes from British Pakistanis than the Conservative Party.[338] British Pakistani support for Labour reportedly fell because of party's decision to take part in the Iraq War,[339] when a substantial minority of Muslim voters switched from Labour to the Liberal Democrats.[340] A 2005 poll carried out by ICM Research (ICM) showed that 40% of British Pakistanis intended to vote for Labour in 2010, compared to 5% for the Conservative Party and 21% for the Liberal Democrats.[341] However, according to survey research, 60% of Pakistani voters voted Labour in the subsequent general election, held in 2010[342] and this figure rose to more than 90% in the 2017 general election.[340]

High-profile British Pakistani politicians within the Labour Party include Shahid Malik and Lord Nazir Ahmed, who became the first Muslim life peer in 1998.[343] Sadiq Khan became the first Muslim cabinet minister in June 2009, after being invited to accept the post by then-Prime Minister Gordon Brown.[344] Anas Sarwar served as an MP for Glasgow Central between 2010 and 2015, and was elected as leader of the Scottish Labour Party in February 2021.[345] Shabana Mahmood is the current Labour Chief Secretary to the Treasury.

### Conservative Party

[edit]

Sajid Javid, is the former Chancellor of the Exchequer.[306] He was the vice-president of Chase Manhattan Bank before working as a managing director for Deutsche Bank.[346]

Some commentators have argued the Conservative Party has become increasingly popular with some British Pakistanis, as they become more affluent.[347] However, analysis of a representative sample of ethnic Pakistani voters in the 2010 general election from the Ethnic Minority British Election Study shows that 13% of them voted Conservative, compared to 60% Labour and 25% Liberal Democrat.[342]

The proportion of British Pakistanis voting Conservative fell in the 2015 and 2017 general elections.[340] Michael Wade, chairman of the Conservative Friends of Pakistan, has argued that while polls have shown that only one third of British Pakistani men would never vote Conservative, "the fact is that the Conservative Party has not been successful in reaching out to the British Pakistani community; and so they, in turn, have not looked to the Conservative Party as the one that represents their interests".[348]

The Conservative Friends of Pakistan aims to develop and promote the relationship between the Conservative Party, the British Pakistani community and Pakistan.[349] David Cameron opened a new gym aimed at British Pakistanis in Bolton after being invited by Amir Khan in 2009.[350] Cameron also appointed Tariq Ahmad, Baron Ahmad of Wimbledon, a Mirpuri-born politician, a life peerage. Multi-millionaire Sir Anwar Pervez, who claims to have been born Conservative,[351] has donated large sums to the party.[352][353] Sir Anwar's donations have entitled him to become a member of the influential Conservative Leader's Group.[354]

Shortly after becoming the Conservative Party leader, Cameron spent two days living with a British Pakistani family in Birmingham.[355] He said the experience taught him about the challenges of cohesion and integration.[355]

Sajjad Karim was a member of the European Parliament before Brexit. He represented North West England through the Conservative Party. In 2005, Karim became the founding chairman of the European Parliament Friends of Pakistan Group. He is also a member of the Friends of India and Friends of Bangladesh groups.[356] Rehman Chishti became the new Conservative Party MP for Gillingham and Rainham in 2010.[357] Sayeeda Warsi was promoted to chairman of the Conservative Party by the prime minister shortly after the 2010 UK general election. Warsi was the shadow minister for community cohesion when the Conservatives were in opposition before the 2010 election. She was the first Muslim and first Asian woman to serve in a British cabinet. Both of Warsi's grandfathers served with the British Army in the Second World War.[358]

### Liberal Democrats, Scottish National Party and Others

[edit]

Humza Yousaf, former First Minister of Scotland

In the 2003 Scottish Parliament elections, Scottish Pakistani voters supported the Scottish National Party (SNP) more than the average Scottish voter.[359] The SNP is a centre-left civil nationalist party that campaigns for the independence of Scotland from the United Kingdom. SNP candidate Bashir Ahmad was elected to the Scottish Parliament to represent Glasgow at the 2007 election, becoming the first member of the Scottish Parliament to be elected with a Scottish Asian background.[360] On 29 March 2023, Humza Yousaf was elected First Minister of Scotland, becoming first British Pakistani to held this position. He has also been serving as leader of Scottish National Party.

Salma Yaqoob is the former leader of the left-wing, anti-Zionist Respect Party. The small party has seen success in areas such as Sparkbrook in Birmingham and Newham in London, where there are large Pakistani populations. Qassim Afzal is a senior Liberal Democrat politician of Pakistani origin. In 2009 he accompanied the then Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom to meetings with Pakistan's president, Asif Ali Zardari.[361] There has never been a Pakistani MP in the Liberal Democrats.

## Contemporary issues

[edit]

### Racism and discrimination

[edit]

See also: Anti-Pakistan sentiment, Paki (slur), Racism in the United Kingdom, and Stereotypes of South Asians

The chance of a Pakistani being racially attacked in a year is greater than 4%—the highest rate in the country, along with British Bangladeshis—though this has come down from 8% a year in 1996.[362]

Police recorded figures also showed that in 2018–19, the highest proportion of victims (18%) of racially aggravated hate crimes were of Pakistani ethnicity.[363] Between 2005 and 2012, just over half of the victims of Islamophobic incidents in London were Pakistani in ethnic appearance.[364]

The term "Paki" is often used as a racist slur to describe Pakistanis and can also be directed towards other non-Pakistani South Asians. There have been some attempts by the youngest generation of British Pakistanis to reclaim the word and use it in a non-offensive way to refer to themselves, though this remains controversial.[365]

In 2001, riots occurred in Bradford. Two reasons given for the riots were social deprivation and the actions of extreme right wing groups such as the National Front (NF).[366] The Anti-Nazi League held a counter protest to a proposed march by the NF leading to clashes between police and the local South Asian population, with the majority of those being involved being of Pakistani descent.[367][368]

#### "Paki-bashing"

[edit]

Main article: Paki (slur)

Starting in the late 1960s,[369] and peaking in the 1970s and 1980s, violent gangs opposed to immigration took part in frequent attacks known as "Paki-bashing", which targeted and assaulted Pakistanis and other South Asians.[370] "Paki-bashing" was unleashed after Enoch Powell's inflammatory Rivers of Blood speech in 1968,[369] and peaked during the 1970s–1980s, with the attacks mainly linked to far-right fascist, racist and anti-immigrant movements, including the white power skinheads, the National Front, and the British National Party (BNP).[371][372]

These attacks were usually referred to as either "Paki-bashing" or "skinhead terror", with the attackers usually called "Paki-bashers" or "skinheads".[369] According to Robert Lambert, "influential sections of the national and local media" did "much to exacerbate" anti-immigrant and anti-Pakistani rhetoric.[372] The attacks were also fuelled by systemic failures of state authorities, which included under-reporting of racist attacks, the criminal justice system not taking racist attacks seriously, and racial harassment by police.[369]

### Perception by the majority population

[edit]

As per a 2013 YouGov research, British Pakistanis are seen to not integrate into society as well when compared to immigrants of African or Eastern European background but conversely they're also perceived to be "as hard-working as well as more entrepreneurial and less likely to be either leaning on the state or a drain on the economy than the other groups", and also "as less threatening in general and less corrupt than Eastern Europeans."[373]

## Notable people

[edit]

Main article: List of British Pakistanis

## See also

[edit]

* United Kingdom portal
* Pakistan portal

### Related Pakistanis

[edit]

* British Mirpuri
* Pakistani community of London
* Overseas Pakistani
* Pakistanis in France
* Pakistanis in Ireland
* Pakistanis in the Netherlands

### Related groups

[edit]

* British Asian
* British Bangladeshi
* British Indian
* British Sri Lankans
* Afghans in the United Kingdom
* List of British Muslims

### Arts and entertainment

[edit]

* Asian Underground
* Bhangra (dance)
* Bhangra (music)
* List of British Pakistanis § Entertainment

### Other

[edit]

* Pakistan–United Kingdom relations
* Islam in the United Kingdom
* Britons in Pakistan

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Various dialects. Most prominently Pahari-Pothwari
2. ^ Including Christianity (0.8%), Hinduism (0.1%), Sikhism (0.04%), Judaism (0.02%) and Buddhism (0.01%)

1. ^ Scotland held its census a year later after the rest of the United Kingdom due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, data shown is for 2022 as opposed to 2021.
2. ^ Figures are for Great Britain only, i.e. excludes Northern Ireland

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "Ethnic group, England and Wales: Census 2021". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
2. ^ a b c d "Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion - Chart data". Scotland's Census. National Records of Scotland. 21 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024. Alternative URL 'Search data by location' > 'All of Scotland' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Ethnic Group'
3. ^ a b c d "MS-B01: Ethnic group". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
4. ^ United Kingdom census (2021). "DT-0036 - Ethnic group by religion". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
5. ^ "RM031 Ethnic group by religion". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
6. ^ a b c "Britain's Pakistani community". The Daily Telegraph. 28 November 2008. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
7. ^ a b c Werbner, Pnina (2005). "Pakistani migration and diaspora religious politics in a global age". In Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (eds.). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures around the World. New York: Springer. pp. 475–484. ISBN 0-306-48321-1.
8. ^ a b Satter, Raphael G. (13 May 2008). "Pakistan rejoins Commonwealth – World Politics, World". The Independent. London. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
9. ^ Butler, Patrick (18 June 2008). "How migrants helped make the NHS". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
10. ^ a b c "2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom". Office for National Statistics. 11 October 2013. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
11. ^ a b Nadia Mushtaq Abbasi. "The Pakistani Diaspora in Europe and Its Impact on Democracy Building in Pakistan" (PDF). International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. p. 5\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
12. ^ a b "Ethnic group - Census Maps, ONS". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
13. ^ a b "Ethnic group, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
14. ^ "Ethnic group by religion - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
15. ^ a b Guy Palmer; Peter Kenway (29 April 2007). "Poverty rates among ethnic groups in Great Britain". Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
16. ^ "Tenure by ethnic group - Household Reference Persons - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
17. ^ a b c "The impacts of the housing crisis on people of different ethnicities". Trust for London. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
18. ^ Nelson, Dean (3 December 2012). "European Roma descended from Indian 'untouchables', genetic study shows". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2015. "Later, they left to flee the fall of Hindu kingdoms in what is today Pakistan, with many setting off from near Gilgit."
19. ^ Kelly, Nataly (2012). Found in Translation: How Language Shapes Our Lives and Transforms the World. Penguin Books. p. 48\. ISBN 9781101611920. "Their roots date back to northern India and Pakistan in around 1000 CE. Invading forces pushed them from their homeland, starting a forced migration to today's Anatolia in western Turkey."
20. ^ Reed, Judy Hale (2013). Indonesian Journal of International & Comparative Law (January 2014): Socio-Political Perspectives. Institute for Migrant Rights Press. p. 179\. "Roma people originated from present-day India or Pakistan and migrated over a thousand years ago to Europe and other regions of the world."
21. ^ "The First Asians in Britain". Fathom. Archived from the original on 11 April 2004. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
22. ^ "History of Islam in the UK". BBC - Religions. 7 September 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
23. ^ Fathom archive. "British Attitudes towards the Immigrant Community". Columbia University. Archived from the original on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
24. ^ Fisher, Michael Herbert (2006). Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Traveller and Settler in Britain 1600–1857. Orient Blackswan. pp. 111–9, 129–30, 140, 154–6, 160–8, 172. ISBN 81-7824-154-4.
25. ^ Parekh, Bhikhu (9 September 1997). "South Asians in Britain". History Today. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
26. ^ "The Goan community of London - Port communities - Port Cities". portcities.org.uk. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
27. ^ "Find your ancestors in England & Wales Merchant Navy Crew Lists 1861-1913". Find My Past. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
28. ^ D. N. Panigrahi, India's Partition: The Story of Imperialism in Retreat, 2004; Routledge, p. 16
29. ^ Marco Giannangeli (10 October 2005). "Links to Britain forged by war and Partition". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
30. ^ a b Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (2005). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities, Volume 1. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9780306483219.
31. ^ Visram, Rozina (30 July 2015). Ayahs, Lascars and Princes: The Story of Indians in Britain 1700-1947. Routledge. ISBN 9781317415336.
32. ^ a b Sophie Hares (3 July 2009). ""Untold" story of WW2 stirs Muslim youth pride". Reuters. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
33. ^ a b c d e "The Pakistani Community". BBC. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
34. ^ a b c d e f Robin Richardson; Angela Wood. "The Achievement of British Pakistani Learners" (PDF). Trentham Books. pp. 2, 1–17.
35. ^ "Muslims in Britain: Past And Present". Islamfortoday.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
36. ^ a b Kinship and continuity: Pakistani families in Britain. Routledge. 2000. pp. 26–32. ISBN 978-90-5823-076-8. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
37. ^ a b c d Pnina Werbner. "Pakistani Migration and Diaspora Religious Politics in a Global Age" (PDF). Keele University. pp. 476–478. Retrieved 20 February 2011.[permanent dead link]
38. ^ Museum of London (21 September 2004). "subject home". Museum of London. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
39. ^ Fox, Susan (2015). The New Cockney: New Ethnicities and Adolescent Speech in the Traditional East End of London. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137503992.
40. ^ Bizeck J.Phiri. "Asians: East Africa". BookRags. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
41. ^ Minority Rights Group. "East African Asians". Minorityrights.org. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
42. ^ Ethnic Minorities and Industrial Change in Europe and North America, Malcolm Cross (ed), PP: 226–250, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992
43. ^ a b c "National Statistics Online – Employment Patterns". Office for National Statistics. 21 February 2006. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
44. ^ a b Francis-Devine, Brigid. "Poverty in the UK: Statistics" (PDF). House of Commons Library. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
45. ^ "Ethnic group - England and Wales regions". Office for National Statistics. 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
46. ^ 2021/22: England and Wales,[45] Scotland,[2] and Northern Ireland[3]
47. ^ "QS201EW: Ethnic Group". Nomis: Official Census and Labour Market Statistics. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
48. ^ United Kingdom census (2011). "Table KS201SC - Ethnic group" (PDF). National Records of Scotland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2018.
49. ^ "Ethnic Group - Full Detail: QS201NI". Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
50. ^ 2011: England and Wales,[47] Scotland,[48] and Northern Ireland[49]
51. ^ "KS006: Ethnic group". Nomis: Official Census and Labour Market Statistics. Retrieved 30 June 2003.
52. ^ "Analysis of Ethnicity in the 2001 Census - Summary Report". Retrieved 6 September 2014.
53. ^ "Ethnic Group: KS06 (statistical geographies)". Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
54. ^ 2001: England and Wales,[51] Scotland,[52] and Northern Ireland[53]
55. ^ "1991 census - local base statistics". Nomis: Official Census and Labour Market Statistics. Retrieved 14 June 2023. Tables L01 to L18: Demographic and economic characteristics > L06 Ethnic group
56. ^ "1991 Census - Tables". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Retrieved 2 March 2006.
57. ^ 1991: Great Britain.[55] Northern Ireland did not record ethnic group data in the 1991 census.[56]
58. ^ "Country of birth (extended) and ethnic group". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
59. ^ "Population of the UK by country of birth and nationality - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
60. ^ a b c d e f g h "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
61. ^ Cheema, Umar (12 July 2012). "Where expatriates who reach the top come from". The News. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
62. ^ a b c d "The immigration superhighway". The Economist. 16 April 2009. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
63. ^ "Foreign travel advice: Pakistan". Government of the United Kingdom. 10 August 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
64. ^ Shah, Murtaza Ali (25 May 2018). "Pakistanis eighth highest number of non-British nationals living in UK". The News. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
65. ^ a b c Department for Communities and Local Government. "The Pakistani Muslim Community in England" (PDF). Department for Communities and Local Government. pp. 5–11 (6), 36–41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2010. "In London the community is more mixed and includes comparable numbers of Punjabis, Pathans and Kashmiris. There are also small communities of Sindhis and Balochis in London."
66. ^ a b Instead. "The raise project". Yorkshire Forward. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
67. ^ "FEATURE – Support for Taliban dives among British Pashtuns". Reuters. 10 June 2009. Archived from the original on 13 June 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
68. ^ "Ethnic group, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
69. ^ "Population size: 7.9% from a non-White ethnic group". Office for National Statistics. 8 January 2004. Archived from the original on 19 June 2004. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
70. ^ Peach, Ceri (2005). "Britain's Muslim population: An overview". In Abbas, Tahir (ed.). Muslim Britain: Communities under Pressure. London: Zed Books. pp. 18–30. ISBN 1-84277-449-2.
71. ^ "Ethnic group and year of arrival in the uk - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
72. ^ Findlay, Stephanie; Bokhari, Farhan (2 June 2019). "British Airways set to resume flights to Pakistan in victory for Khan". Financial Times.
73. ^ a b c d "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
74. ^ Council, Birmingham City. "Community health profiles". www.birmingham.gov.uk. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
75. ^ Asian News. "Violent racists menace affluent suburb". Archived from the original on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
76. ^ "What do you know about Pollokshields?". Herald & Times Group. Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
77. ^ Scotland against racism. "Ethnicity Data". One Scotland. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
78. ^ a b c "2011 Census: Quick Statistics". Retrieved 17 May 2014.
79. ^ "Linguistic and Ethnic Groups". U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
80. ^ a b Ager, Denis (2003). Ideology and Image: Britain and Language. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. p. 191\. ISBN 1-85359-659-0.
81. ^ William Stewart. "UK madrassas coach borderline pupils". TES Connect. Archived from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
82. ^ "Case study". Department for Children, Schools and Families. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
83. ^ a b c Qaisrani, Sajid Mansoor (February 1990). Urdu press in Britain. Islamabad: Mashal Publications. pp. 85, 86. ISBN 969-8094-00-8.
84. ^ "Punjabi Dialects and geographic distribution". Punjabi world. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
85. ^ a b "Punjabi Community". The United Kingdom Parliament. Retrieved 2 November 2010
86. ^ a b "Ethnologue report for United Kingdom". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
87. ^ Gishkori, Zahid (30 July 2015). "Karachi has witnessed 43% decrease in target killing: Nisar". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 3 August 2017. "As many as 116,308 Afghan nationals are living as immigrants in the country, higher than any other country", Nisar told the House. Besides Afghans, 52,486 Americans, 79,447 British citizens and 17,320 Canadians are residing in the country, the interior minister added."
88. ^ "Brits Abroad". BBC News. 6 December 2006. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
89. ^ Maqbool, Aleem (5 March 2012). "How city of Mirpur became 'Little England'". BBC. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
90. ^ Wilkinson, Isambard (5 December 2005). "British Pakistanis bring fish and chips to Kashmir's 'Beverly Hills'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
91. ^ Maqbool, Aleem (1 May 2010). "Chasing the UK vote in Pakistan's 'Little Britain'". BBC. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
92. ^ Roy, Ananya; Ong, Aihwa (2011). Worlding Cities: Asian Experiments and the Art of Being Global. John Wiley & Sons. p. 170\. ISBN 9781444346770. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
93. ^ "Hong Kong: Indians and Pakistanis to be given full British passports". AP Archive. 22 July 2015. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
94. ^ Schloss, Glenn (26 June 1997). "Pakistanis with BNO passports disowned". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
95. ^ Brown, Colin (4 February 1997). "HK citizens to get full British passport rights". The Independent. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
96. ^ "His Holiness Mirza Masroor Ahmad, Khalifa-tul Masih V Head of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community". Al Islam. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
97. ^ Jacobson, Jessica (2006). Islam in Transition: Religion and Identity Among British Pakistani Youth. Routledge. p. 31\. ISBN 9781134697106. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
98. ^ "DC2201EW - Ethnic group and religion" (Spreadsheet). ONS. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2016. Size: 21Kb.
99. ^ "Ethnic group by religion - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
100. ^ "British Pakistani Muslims in UK celebrate Eid ul Fitr with traditional zeal". Pakistan Daily. 2 October 2008. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
101. ^ Live, Birmingham (5 September 2011). "Thousands enjoy Eid Mela in Cannon Hill Park". birminghammail.
102. ^ Pathan, Nabila (30 March 2015). "Saris, souks and silk: Europe's 'first Asian shopping mall' opens". Al Arabiya News. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
103. ^ Rehman, Maliha (30 March 2015). "The rat-race to London – Khaadi strides ahead, the others just sell lawn". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
104. ^ Dar, Humayoon (15 March 2015). "Summer apparel: The evergreen lawn businesses in Pakistan". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
105. ^ Lee, Jonathan H.X.; Nadeau, Kathleen M. (2011). Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife. ABC-CLIO. p. 973. ISBN 978-0-313-35066-5. "Pakistani cuisine—a fusion of Central Asian, Middle Eastern, Persian, and Indian traditions—is known for being spicy and for its aromatic and flavorful richness."
106. ^ "Birth of Birmingham's balti". BBC Legacies. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
107. ^ "Baltistan's mystery food". The Hindu. 17 July 2003. Archived from the original on 26 December 2004.
108. ^ Nick Britten (1 July 2009). "Birmingham bids to prevent curry houses elsewhere using word Balti". telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
109. ^ Neil Connor. "Balti belt a wonder to behold". Trinity Mirror Midlands. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
110. ^ "Welcome to the Balti Triangle". Birmingham City Council. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
111. ^ "Glasgow 'invented' Tikka Masala". BBC News. BBC. 21 July 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2017. "Mr Sarwar claimed the dish owed its origins to the culinary skills of Ali Ahmed Aslam, proprietor of the Shish Mahal restaurant in Park Road in the west end of the city. He is said to have prepared a sauce using spices soaked in a tin of condensed tomato soup after a customer said his meal was too dry."
112. ^ Godeau, Lucie (2 August 2009). "Chicken tikka masala claims its origins in Scotland". Sydney Morning Herald. Agence France Presse. Retrieved 19 May 2017. ""Chicken tikka masala was invented in this restaurant, we used to make chicken tikka, and one day a customer said, 'I'd take some sauce with that, this is a bit dry'," said Ahmed Aslam Ali, 64, founder of Shish Mahal. "We thought we'd better cook the chicken with some sauce. So from here we cooked chicken tikka with the sauce that contains yogurt, cream, spices."
113. ^ "UK Parliament Early Day Motions 2008–2009". The United Kingdom Parliament. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
114. ^ The Guardian group. "Who are the British Asians?". New Statesman. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
115. ^ "Curry factfile". Food Standards Agency. Archived from the original on 14 October 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
116. ^ Chris Barry. "From printing T-shirts to £30m food fortune". Manchester Evening News. Archived from the original on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
117. ^ "Muslim Power List 2010". mohammedamin.com. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
118. ^ "Tasty Chicken offered by the Dixy Panban Chicken Franchise". London: Franchise Business Ltd. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
119. ^ BBC World Service. "The birth and the journey through centuries". BBC. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
120. ^ Stephen Brenkley (27 July 2010). "Pakistan has so much talent but we don't channel it properly". The Independent. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
121. ^ Alavi, Omair (24 July 2016). "Pakistan's cricketing exports". Dawn. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
122. ^ "2nd T20I, England tour of New Zealand at Wellington, Nov 3 2019". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
123. ^ "Instonians sign Pakistani professional Imad Wasim". Cricket Europe. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
124. ^ "Swansea-born Imad Wasim makes debut for Pakistan". BBC Sport. 19 July 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
125. ^ "Azhar Mahmood joins Kent", ESPNcricinfo, 22 November 2007, retrieved 20 April 2012
126. ^ Khan, Haroon (25 July 2011). "England counties are Pakistan cricketers' finishing schools". The National. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
127. ^ Khan, Wasim (10 May 2018). "I was the first British born Pakistani to play professional cricket in the UK – but why are there still so few of us?". The Independent. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
128. ^ Westerby, John (31 May 2018). "The British Pakistanis lost to English cricket" - via thetimes.co.uk.
129. ^ Cox, David. "Cricket World Cup: The rise of the Bharat and Stani Armies". www.aljazeera.com.
130. ^ "BBC Radio Bristol - Desi Download, The Stani Army: UK Pakistan Cricket fans". BBC. 8 May 2013.
131. ^ Fletcher, Thomas (29 July 2011). "'Who do they cheer for?': Cricket, diaspora, hybridity and divided loyalties amongst British Asians" (PDF). International Review for the Sociology of Sport. 47 (5): 612–631. doi:10.1177/1012690211416556. S2CID 143050013.
132. ^ Chaudhry, Vivek (30 May 2001). "A question of support". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
133. ^ Ehantharajah, Vithushan (June 2017). "Frenemies forever". The Cricket Monthly. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
134. ^ "The bitter cricketing history of Pakistan v England – in pictures". The Guardian. 11 January 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
135. ^ Yusuf, Imran (10 October 2011). "England v Pakistan: not for the faint-hearted". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
136. ^ "East Bengal Club - Legends". eastbengalclub.co.in. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2021. "Masood Fakhri: Left-Out. Played for East Bengal from 1952 - 1954. He hailed from Pakistan and was the first sub-continent Footballer to play professional league in England for a couple of years from 1955. He toured USSR and Romania with East Bengal Club in 1953."
137. ^ Rouse, Daniel (22 June 2022). "Why English football may be at the start of an Asian revolution". theScore.com. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
138. ^ "Aston Villa's Easah Suliman hopes to set standard for England's Asian footballers, Ed Aarons". The Guardian. 18 November 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
139. ^ "Former England U20 player set to represent Pakistan football team". www.geosuper.tv.
140. ^ "Former England U19 captain Easah Suliman hopes to write a new chapter with Pakistan". sportstar.thehindu.com. 25 June 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
141. ^ "Under-19 2017: Portugal-England". UEFA. Archived from the original on 7 June 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
142. ^ Luckhurst, Samuel (7 April 2021). "Manchester United teenager Zidane Iqbal signs professional contract". manchestereveningnews.co.uk. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
143. ^ Kumari, Priyanca (9 April 2021). "Sports: Pakistani-Origin Zidane Iqbal Signs Professional Contract with Manchester United". britasia.tv. Archived from the original on 10 December 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
144. ^ Stone, Simon (8 December 2021). "Man Utd 1-1 Young Boys: Youthful United side held in final Champions League group game". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
145. ^ Varley, Ciaran (9 December 2021). "Zidane Iqbal becomes Manchester United's first British South Asian player". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
146. ^ "Zidane Iqbal becomes first British South Asian to play in the UEFA Champions League". skysports.com. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
147. ^ Chowdhury, Saj (2 July 2004). "Where were the Germans?". BBC News.
148. ^ LJ Hutchins (28 January 2009). "F1: Adam Khan gets a break with Renault". Brits on Pole. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
149. ^ "Trying times". Chris Arnot. 28 October 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
150. ^ John Moss. "Sports & Olympic Champions". Manchester UK. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 26 December 2010.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
151. ^ "Championships". comtab.com. Commonwealth Table Tennis Federation. Archived from the original on 24 August 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
152. ^ "Lianna Swan: Flying the Flag for Pakistani Swimming". Sport360°. 25 July 2013. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
153. ^ "Mohsin Hamid on citizenship" The Independent 25 February 2007
154. ^ "Prolegomena to the Study of Pakistani English and Pakistani Literature in English" (1989), Alamgir Hashmi, Pakistani Literature (Islamabad), 2:1 1993.
155. ^ Moosavi, Leon (3 July 2012). "British identity and society, Islam (News), Race issues (News), World news, Religion (News), Society, UK news". The Guardian.
156. ^ Kirkup, James (5 May 2014). "Non-white people almost 30 per cent of population by 2050". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
157. ^ Balcerowicz, Piotr; Kuszewska, Agnieszka (26 May 2022). Kashmir in India and Pakistan Policies. Taylor & Francis. p. 134\. ISBN 978-1-351-06372-2.
158. ^ Sökefeld, Martin (6 June 2016). "The Kashmiri Diaspora in Britain and the Limits of Political Mobilisation". Migration - Networks - Skills. transcript Verlag. pp. 23–46. doi:10.1515/9783839433645-002. ISBN 978-3-8394-3364-5. "Individual migration from what later became AJK started already before the Subcontinent's partition and independence. From the 1950s, chain migration developed, transferring large portions of the population of southern AJK (today's districts of Mirpur, Kotli and Bhimber), resulting in quite concentrated settlements of Kashmiris in Britain, especially in Birmingham, Bradford, different towns in Lancashire and around London."
159. ^ Snedden, Christopher (15 September 2015). Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris. Oxford University Press. pp. 21–24. ISBN 978-1-84904-622-0. "Confusingly, the term 'Kashmiri' also has wider connotations and uses. Most people in Azad Kashmir call themselves 'Kashmiris' This is despite most Azad Kashmiris not being of Kashmiri ethnicity. Indeed, most of their ethnic, cultural and historical links have been, and remain, with areas to the south and west of Azad Kashmir, chiefly Punjab and the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), now called Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. Nevertheless, Azad Kashmiris call themselves Kashmiris because of their region's historical connections with the former princely state of J&K that popularly was called Kashmir."
160. ^ Kennedy, Charles H. (2 August 2004). "Pakistan: Ethnic Diversity and Colonial Legacy". In John Coakley (ed.). The Territorial Management of Ethnic Conflict. Routledge. p. 153\. ISBN 9781135764425.
161. ^ Christopher Snedden (15 September 2015). Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris. Hurst. pp. 21–24. ISBN 978-1-84904-622-0.
162. ^ Jabeen, Nazish; Malik, Sajid (June 2014), "Consanguinity and Its Sociodemographic Differentials in Bhimber District, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan", Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, 32 (2): 301–313, PMC 4216966, PMID 25076667, "Kashmiri population in the northeast of Pakistan has strong historical, cultural and linguistic affinities with the neighbouring populations of upper Punjab and Potohar region of Pakistan."
163. ^ Ballard, Roger (2 March 1991), "Kashmir Crisis: View from Mirpur" (PDF), Economic and Political Weekly, 26 (9/10): 513–517, JSTOR 4397403, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016, retrieved 19 July 2020, "... they are best seen as forming the eastern and northern limits of the Potohari Punjabi culture which is otherwise characteristic of the upland parts of Rawalpindi and Jhelum Districts"
164. ^ Skutsch, Carl (7 November 2013). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. Routledge. p. 694\. ISBN 978-1-135-19388-1. "Kashmiris from Azad Kashmir (the Mirpur and Kotli districts) relocated to Britain in the 1950s, especially to the towns of Bradford, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, and Luton, on account of the availability of unskilled work."
165. ^ Shackle, Samira (20 August 2010). "The mosques aren't working in Bradistan". New Statesman. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
166. ^ a b Roger Ballard; Marcus Banks (1994). Desh Pardesh: the South Asian presence in Britain. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 18, 20, 21.
167. ^ Steve Taylor. "Punjabi Communities in the North East". Teesside University. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
168. ^ Gilliat-Ray, Sophie (2010). Muslims in Britain. Cambridge University Press. p. 45\. ISBN 9780521536882.
169. ^ "Video: How the Punjab first came to a Yorkshire mill town". Yorkshire Post. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
170. ^ Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009), "Ethnologue report for the United Kingdom", Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16th ed.), Dallas, Texas: SIL International, retrieved 29 July 2013
171. ^ a b "Support for Taliban dives among British Pashtuns". Reuters. 10 June 2009. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
172. ^ Payne, J.D. (2012). Strangers Next Door: Immigration, Migration and Mission. InterVarsity Press. p. 184\. ISBN 9780830863419.
173. ^ a b c Childs, Peter; Storry, Michael (2013). Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture. Routledge. p. 386\. ISBN 9781134755547.
174. ^ "Baloch youth body formed in UK". 21 July 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
175. ^ "Baloch students form association in UK". Daily Times. 16 July 2012. Archived from the original on 5 June 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
176. ^ "Balochistan: Important London Meeting For UK Baloch". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. 15 February 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
177. ^ Shah, Murtaza Ali (28 August 2012). "Baloch diaspora pays rich tributes to Akbar Bugti". The News. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
178. ^ Butt, Qaiser (26 May 2013). "Balochistan conundrum: Khan of Kalat's return is a distant possibility". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
179. ^ "Family intervention?: 'Khan of Kalat's son wants to bring back exiled father'". The Express Tribune. 1 April 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
180. ^ Shah, Murtaza Ali (10 July 2015). "Baloch leaders keep low profile in UK". The News. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
181. ^ "Karachi's king over the water: Altaf Hussain of the MQM". The Guardian. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
182. ^ "Altaf Hussain: Pakistan's powerful but absent politician". BBC. 3 June 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
183. ^ "Sadiq Khan: The World's 100 Most Influential People". Time. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
184. ^ "Daily Hansard Debate". House of Commons. 1 March 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
185. ^ "Homepage". Hazara Community of Milton Keynes. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
186. ^ "Pakistani Hazara campaigner fights deportation from Britain". Dawn. 16 October 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
187. ^ "Genetics & South Asian Populations | East London Genes & Health". genesandhealth.org. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
188. ^ "Diabetes and heart disease in Bangladeshis and Pakistanis | East London Genes & Health". genesandhealth.org (in Bengali). Retrieved 14 July 2018.
189. ^ "Cultural and language barriers need to be addressed for British-Pakistani women to benefit fully from breast screening". NIHR Evidence (Plain English summary). 15 September 2020. doi:10.3310/alert_41135. S2CID 241324844.
190. ^ Woof, Victoria G; Ruane, Helen; Ulph, Fiona; French, David P; Qureshi, Nadeem; Khan, Nasaim; Evans, D Gareth; Donnelly, Louise S (2 December 2019). "Engagement barriers and service inequities in the NHS Breast Screening Programme: Views from British-Pakistani women". Journal of Medical Screening. 27 (3): 130–137. doi:10.1177/0969141319887405. ISSN 0969-1413. PMC 7645618. PMID 31791172.
191. ^ Woof, Victoria G.; Ruane, Helen; French, David P.; Ulph, Fiona; Qureshi, Nadeem; Khan, Nasaim; Evans, D. Gareth; Donnelly, Louise S. (20 May 2020). "The introduction of risk stratified screening into the NHS breast screening Programme: views from British-Pakistani women". BMC Cancer. 20 (1): 452. doi:10.1186/s12885-020-06959-2. ISSN 1471-2407. PMC 7240981. PMID 32434564.
192. ^ a b Fleming, Nic (1 April 2005). "Love league tables show link to sexual disease". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
193. ^ a b Enhanced Genetic Services Project - Evaluation Report (PDF). PHG Foundation / NHS. 2008. p. 9\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
194. ^ "The risks of cousin marriage". BBC. 16 November 2005. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
195. ^ "Bradford's cousin marriage boom". BBC. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
196. ^ "BBC Three - Should I Marry My Cousin?". BBC. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
197. ^ Mitchell, Sue. "Fewer cousins marrying in Bradford's Pakistani community". BBC News. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
198. ^ Victoria Burchell, Victoria Burchell (8 July 2013). "Risk of birth defects from cousin marriage revealed by Bradford study". BioNews. Progress Educational Trust. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
199. ^ "Bradford study finds higher birth defect risk in married cousins". BBC News. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
200. ^ Parveen, Nazia (15 February 2019). "Cousin marriages cited as significant factor in Bradford child deaths". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
201. ^ "Birth defects warning sparks row". BBC News. 10 February 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
202. ^ DeVotta, Neil (2003). Understanding Contemporary India. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 232–237. ISBN 1-55587-958-6.
203. ^ Monika Böck; Aparna Rao (2000). Culture, Creation, and Procreation: Concepts of Kinship in South Asian Practice. Berghahn Books. pp. 81–157. ISBN 1-57181-912-6. "... Kalesh kinship is indeed orchestrated through a rigorous system of patrilineal descent defined by lineage endogamy"
204. ^ Zafar Khan. "Diasporic Communities and Identity Formation". University of Luton. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
205. ^ a b "In Britain, Bangladeshis fare better than Pakistanis". The Express Tribune. 25 February 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
206. ^ "Forced Marriage Unit: Statistics: January to December 2014" (PDF). gov.uk. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
207. ^ "Forced Marriage Unit statistics 2022: 10.1 Pakistan". 20 June 2023. Forced Marriage Unit; Home Office and Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office.
208. ^ "Cry freedom – Features – TES Connect". Tes.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
209. ^ Forced Marriage Unit Statistics 2017 (PDF). Home Office & Foreign & Commonwealth Office. 16 March 2018. p. 12\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 August 2018.
210. ^ "White British adults 'less qualified' than ethnic minorities". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
211. ^ a b "How are ethnic inequalities in education changing?" (PDF). Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
212. ^ a b "Ethnic group by highest level qualification, England and Wales, Census 2021 - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
213. ^ Paton, Graeme (10 March 2014). "White British adults 'less qualified' than ethnic minorities". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
214. ^ a b "Students getting 3 A grades or better at A level". gov.uk. Department for Education. 23 November 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
215. ^ "GCSE English and maths results". ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
216. ^ "UK-based Pakistani girl sets new record with 34 GCSEs".
217. ^ "Muslim Families' Educational Experiences in England and Scotland: Final Report" (PDF). Centre for Research in Education Inclusion and Diversity. March 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
218. ^ "8 Muslim schools in top 50 exam league in England". The Express Tribune. 7 April 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
219. ^ "GCSE results (Attainment 8)". gov.uk. Department for Education. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
220. ^ "GCSE English and maths results". gov.uk. Department for Education. 17 October 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
221. ^ "Who's studying in HE?: Personal characteristics | HESA". www.hesa.ac.uk. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
222. ^ "DR2_024_05 Acceptances by ethnic group". ucas.com. 2017. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021.
223. ^ "Widening participation in higher education: 2022". GOV.UK. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
224. ^ "White students 'avoid maths and science' – Education News, Education". The Independent. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
225. ^ "Don't close the door to Asian students". Spiked. 14 April 2009. Archived from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
226. ^ "Urdu (4645)". AQA. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
227. ^ "Urdu degree 'first' for city universities". The Asian News. 6 April 2010. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
228. ^ Ahmad, Athar (27 March 2015). "UK's first Urdu degree offered by Manchester Metropolitan University". BBC. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
229. ^ "Urdu at SOAS Language Centre". SOAS. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
230. ^ "Urdu - King's College London". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
231. ^ "AQA – Languages – GCSE – Panjabi". Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
232. ^ "Panjabi: Languages of South Asia at SOAS: University of London". University of London. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
233. ^ "King's College London - Panjabi". Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
234. ^ Iqbal, Jamshed; Zaman, Amir; Ghafar, Abdul (June 2013). "Inclusion of Pashto in O'Level Cambridge Education". Department of Education, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan.
235. ^ Richard Ford. "Asda scores a first with Pakistani mangoes deal". The Grocer. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
236. ^ Rafiq Raja (29 June 2001). "Asian View: The joys of eating mangos". Bournemouth Echo. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
237. ^ Nabanita Sircar. "Harrods & Selfridges to host Pakistani mangos". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
238. ^ a b c d e f g Encyclopedia of diasporas: immigrant and refugee cultures around the world. Springer. 2005. pp. 477–484. ISBN 9780306483219.
239. ^ "Showing 'crap town' Luton in new light". BBC News. 4 March 2005. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
240. ^ "The Poverty Site". poverty.org. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
241. ^ "Have ethnic inequalities in employment persisted between 1991 and 2011?" (PDF). ethnicity.ac.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
242. ^ "Have ethnic inequalities in employment persisted between 1991 and 2011?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
243. ^ MacFarquhar, Neil (21 August 2006). "Pakistanis Find U.S. an Easier Fit Than Britain". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
244. ^ "Equality Evidence Finder". gov.scot. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
245. ^ Shah, Murtaza Ali (11 October 2014). "British Pakistani group acquires pharmacy business in £725m deal". The News. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
246. ^ "The Sunday Times Rich List 2021". Asian Voice. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
247. ^ "Shahbaz owns assets worth Rs 153m in UK, Rs 108m in Pakistan". Dawn. 29 January 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
248. ^ Shah, Murtaza Ali (7 October 2012). "Pakistani politician buys Tony Blair's family home". The News. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
249. ^ "Inside Benazir Bhutto's £10 million country retreat". The Telegraph. 20 June 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
250. ^ "Pakistani politician's London mansion becomes the talk of the town". Dawn. 30 October 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
251. ^ "Latest percentage eligible for Free School Meals by ethnicity - a Freedom of Information request to Department for Education". WhatDoTheyKnow. 20 May 2018.
252. ^ Bangham, George (December 2020). "A gap that won't close" (PDF). Retrieved 21 May 2023.
253. ^ "Employment: By ethnicity over time". gov.uk. Office for National Statistics. 28 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
254. ^ "Ethnicity facts and figures: Economic inactivity". service.gov.uk. Office for National Statistics. 28 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
255. ^ "Employment". www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk. 3 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
256. ^ "Ethnicity fact and figures: Average hourly pay". gov.uk. Office for National Statistics. 27 July 2022.
257. ^ "Ethnicity pay gaps - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. 12 October 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
258. ^ "People in low income households". gov.uk. Department for Work and Pensions. 16 June 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
259. ^ a b "Asian Muslim women – All about taking part". The Economist. 22 December 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
260. ^ a b "2011 Census analysis - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
261. ^ "Coronavirus and self-employment in the UK - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
262. ^ "A09: Labour market status by ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
263. ^ "GMC Data Explorer". www.gmc-uk.org.
264. ^ "General Dental Council FOI". General Dental Council. 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
265. ^ https://www.gmc-uk.org/-/media/gmc-site/about/eea_nationality_report_v13.pdf [bare URL PDF]
266. ^ Abid, Abdul Majeed (12 October 2012). "Where have all the doctors gone?". The Friday Times. Archived from the original on 23 November 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
267. ^ Ceri Peach (23 August 1996). "A question of collar". timesshighereducation.co.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
268. ^ Phillips, D., Davis, C. and Ratcliffe, P. (2007), British Asian narratives of urban space, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 32: 217–234. ISSN 0020-2754
269. ^ "'Myths' threaten racial harmony, say population experts (The University of Manchester)". Manchester.ac.uk. 22 January 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
270. ^ "Policy briefing Home ownership" (PDF). Shelter. April 2006. pp. 4–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
271. ^ Jerome Taylor (12 March 2010). "Mystery of the missing father of kidnapped boy". The Independent. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
272. ^ Gilligan, Andrew (14 January 2010). "John Denham's right: It's class, not race, that determines Britain's have-nots". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 17 January 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
273. ^ "Socioeconomic status". www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk. 22 August 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
274. ^ Philip Cohen (January 2008). London's Turning: The Making of Thames Gateway. London: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 137, 138. ISBN 978-0-7546-7063-6.
275. ^ "Omid Djalili becomes an Infidel". BBC. 23 June 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
276. ^ "West Is West: world exclusive clip". The Guardian. 19 October 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
277. ^ "Citizen Khan". BBC. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
278. ^ Rajani, Deepika (24 August 2015). "EastEnders spoiler: Shabnam prepares to leave for Pakistan after the death of her son". OK Magazine. Archived from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
279. ^ "Waar set to run on 23 UK screens from January 17". The Express Tribune. 14 January 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
280. ^ "Bol". Filmdates.co.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
281. ^ Sarfraz Manzoor (29 May 2008). "Brits in Bollywood". theguardian.com. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
282. ^ "BBC Urdu". BBC Urdu. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
283. ^ "BBC Pashto". BBC Pashto. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
284. ^ a b "Beds Herts and Bucks – Read This – Luton, actually". BBC. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
285. ^ "Luton Actually BBC2 Pakistani Actually". Retrieved 27 April 2010.
286. ^ "Mishal Husain, a pretty asian face of BBC". The Asians. 29 January 2010. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
287. ^ Wells, Matt (22 January 2003). "Talk to me". The Guardian. London.
288. ^ "About the BBC". BBC. Archived from the original on 10 December 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
289. ^ "About Sunrise Radio". Sunrise Radio Yorkshire. Archived from the original on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
290. ^ "Pakistan profile". BBC News. 11 September 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
291. ^ "Asian Library Services". Manchester City Council. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
292. ^ Asian News (9 August 2007). "Contact Us". Archived from the original on 22 May 2010.
293. ^ "Eastern Eye". Asian Media & Marketing Group. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
294. ^ "Sarfraz Manzoor Profile". The Guardian. 3 June 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
295. ^ The Sun Archived 12 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Audit Bureau of Circulations. Retrieved 20 December 2010
296. ^ "Vindication for UK's first Muslim MP". news.bbc.co.uk. 25 March 1999.
297. ^ Hurst, Greg; Miles, Alice; Rumbelow, Helen (11 August 2007). "MPs 'struggle to recognise Muslims in the Commons'" - via www.thetimes.co.uk.
298. ^ Roy, Amit (7 May 2005). "Islamic reaction too small to hurt Blair". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
299. ^ "Rejoice! The number of Muslim MPs has doubled". www.newstatesman.com. 9 June 2021.
300. ^ "Ten of Pakistani origin make it to British parliament". dawn.com. 8 May 2015.
301. ^ "12 British Pakistanis elected to UK parliament". www.thenews.com.pk.
302. ^ Rehman, Atika (14 December 2019). "15 candidates of Pakistani descent elected to UK parliament". DAWN.COM.
303. ^ "Sadiq Khan: The World's 100 Most Influential People". Time 100. Time. 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
304. ^ "15 British Pakistanis elected as MPs in UK". dailytimes.com.pk. 13 December 2019.
305. ^ Grice, Andrew (1 July 2013). "Justice Secretary Chris Grayling in U-turn: Defendants on legal aid will still be able to choose their solicitor". The Independent. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
306. ^ a b Javid, Sajid (19 July 2018). "As home secretary, I'm determined to fix the Windrush injustices - Sajid Javid". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
307. ^ Watt, Nicholas (31 January 2013). "Conservatives tories tory party, Boris Johnson, Michael Gove, William Hague, David Davis (Politics), George Osborne, Liam Fox, Politics". The Guardian.
308. ^ Macintyre, Donald (1 May 2014). "Donald Macintyre's Sketch: Hmm. Sajid Javid as Chancellor? Why not?". The Independent. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
309. ^ Sparrow, Andrew; Badshah, Nadeem; Busby, Mattha; O'Carroll, Lisa; Brooks, Libby (24 July 2019). "Boris Johnson cabinet: Sajid Javid, Priti Patel and Dominic Raab given top jobs – as it happened". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
310. ^ "Record number of British-Pakistanis contesting UK polls". gulfnews.com. 26 November 2019.
311. ^ House of Lords Minutes of Proceedings for Tuesday 15 October 2007. House of Lords Information Office.
312. ^ "Labour peer urged support for Tories in 2005 election". New Statesman. 30 November 2006.
313. ^ "'Sterling' bounty offered for Obama, Bush". The Express Tribune. 15 April 2012.
314. ^ "The story of two Pakistani-origin Lords - The Express Tribune". 25 November 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
315. ^ "SARWAR, Mohammad". Who's Who 2010 online edn. Oxford University Press. November 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
316. ^ Buncombe, Andrew (5 August 2013). "UK's first Muslim MP Mohammad Sarwar becomes governor of Pakistan's Punjab province". The Independent. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
317. ^ "MPs with dual-nationality: Holding dual citizenship is no crime says Rehman Malik". The Express Tribune. 11 May 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
318. ^ Foggo, Daniel (19 June 2005). "Governor claimed £244 weekly housing benefit to live in home secretly owned by his brother". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
319. ^ "Dual Nationality : Text of Short Order". The News. 20 September 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
320. ^ "Verdict on dual nationality issue: Court sends 11 legislators home". Dawn. 21 September 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
321. ^ Perlez, Jane (3 August 2007). "Pakistani official tackles prejudice in Britain". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
322. ^ Race and politics: ethnic minorities and the British political system. Routledge. 1986. p. 82\. ISBN 978-0-422-79840-2.
323. ^ Pasternicki, Adam (22 March 2010). "How Conservatives' software targets Asian voters". BBC News. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
324. ^ "British attitudes to the Pakistani diaspora". YouGov. 24 June 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
325. ^ "Pakistan, UK ought to remain positively engaged". The News. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
326. ^ "Official website of Pakistan Muslim League-N UK". Pakistan Muslim League (N). Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
327. ^ "Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf UK". Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
328. ^ "Overseas organizations". Pakistan Peoples Party. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
329. ^ "Muttahida Qaumi Movement UK". Muttahida Qaumi Movement. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
330. ^ a b "East of Edgware". The Economist. 7 June 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2015. "London has a long tradition of hosting Pakistani politicians who have left their homeland in a hurry. The usual form is for ousted leaders to set up shop in one of the city's posher neighbourhoods, rail against the incumbent regime in Islamabad and head home in triumph when the time is right. The formula worked well for Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif (though it failed for Pervez Musharraf, a former dictator, now embroiled in a treason trial after foolishly returning last year)."
331. ^ Tahir, Zulqernain (30 May 2014). "Tahirul Qadri, PML-Q leaders meet in London today in bid to form anti-govt alliance". Dawn. Retrieved 12 April 2015. "London has become the hub of Pakistan's political activities as the Chaudhrys of Gujrat and Dr Tahirul Qadri meet there on Friday to kick off efforts to forge a 'grand anti-government alliance'."
332. ^ Shah, Murtaza Ali (17 November 2014). "Zardari calls party meeting in London". Geo News. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
333. ^ Hussain, Shahid (22 February 2007). "Benazir and Nawaz to jointly chair opposition's key London meeting". Gulf News. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
334. ^ "'Kashmir million march' to go on despite Indian efforts: Barrister Sultan". Dawn. 20 October 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
335. ^ "Kashmir issue: UK councillor urges resolution of dispute". The Express Tribune. 11 March 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
336. ^ "Kashmir 'Solidarity' Day Marked in UK". The Asians. 7 February 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
337. ^ Ray, Ashis (7 March 2011). "UK keeps eyes shut as ISI uses turf to hit India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
338. ^ David Leigh (1 December 2010). "Cameron criticised radicalised Muslims: Wikileaks". The Hindu. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
339. ^ "War costs Labour the Muslim vote". The Muslim News. 30 May 2003. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
340. ^ a b c Martin, Nicole; Khan, Omar (February 2019). "Ethnic Minorities at the 2017 British General Election" (PDF). Runnymede Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
341. ^ Tom Templeton (24 April 2005). "The ethnic minority vote". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
342. ^ a b Heath, Anthony; Khan, Omar (February 2012). "Ethnic Minority British Election Study – Key Findings" (PDF). Runnymede Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
343. ^ "Profile: Lord Ahmed". BBC News. 25 February 2009. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
344. ^ "Tooting MP Sadiq Khan named first Muslim cabinet minister in Gordon Brown's reshuffle (From Wandsworth Guardian)". The Wandsworth Guardian. 6 June 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
345. ^ Severin, Carrell (27 February 2021). "Anas Sarwar wins Scottish Labour leadership election". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
346. ^ "Sajid Javid". politics.co.uk.
347. ^ "UK | In search of the Muslim vote". BBC News. 18 April 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
348. ^ "Michael Wade: British Pakistanis – the two-way street towards better integration". Conservative Home. 30 June 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
349. ^ "Home page". Conservative Friends of Pakistan. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
350. ^ "David Cameron opens Amir Khan's gym in Bolton". YouTube. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
351. ^ Sathnam Sanghera (21 July 2007). "Slim margins mean fat profits for the man who supplies Britain's corner shops". The Times. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
352. ^ "Frontrunners in fortune". The Guardian. London. 6 March 2002. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
353. ^ "The top political donors". The Times. London. p. 1. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
354. ^ "Conservative Party donor clubs". The Conservative Party. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2010.
355. ^ a b David Cameron (13 May 2007). "What I learnt from my stay with a Muslim family". The Observer. London. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
356. ^ "The Conservative Party - Mr Sajjad Karim MEP". The Conservative Party. Archived from the original on 29 April 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
357. ^ Steve Farrell (7 May 2010). "Bike-supporting Opik is election casualty". Retrieved 2 November 2010.
358. ^ Janice Turner (17 October 2009). "No garlic and silver bullets are needed for Nick Griffin". The Times. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
359. ^ Kelbie, Paul (30 October 2003). "Pakistanis living in Scotland feel more at home north of the border than the 400,000 English who live there – This Britain, UK". The Independent. London. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
360. ^ "First Asian MSP goes to Holyrood". BBC News. 4 May 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
361. ^ "Pakistan President Asif Zardari meets Liberal Democrat Leader Nick Clegg". Liberal Democrats. 27 August 2009. Archived from the original on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
362. ^ "Pakistanis are eight times more likely to be victim of a racist attack than whites – Home News, UK". The Independent. London. 4 February 2003. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
363. ^ Allen, Grahame; Zayed, Yago (26 November 2021). "Hate Crime Statistics" (PDF). House of Commons Library.
364. ^ Kielinger, Vicky; Paterson, Susan (2013). "Hate Crimes against London's Muslim Communities" (PDF). MOPAC.
365. ^ Rajni Bhatia (11 June 2007). "After the N-word, the P-word". BBC News. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
366. ^ Thomas, Paul (1 May 2009). David Waddington; Fabien Jobard; Mike King (eds.). Rioting in the UK France. Willan. p. 7\. ISBN 978-1-84392-504-0.
367. ^ Chant, Sylvia H. (2011). The International Handbook of Gender and Poverty: Concepts, Research, Policy. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 275\. ISBN 978-1-84980-095-2.
368. ^ Bagguley, Paul; Yasmin Hussain (2008). Riotous Citizens: Ethnic Conflict in Multicultural Britain. Ashgate. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7546-4627-3.
369. ^ a b c d Ashe, Stephen; Virdee, Satnam; Brown, Laurence (2016). "Striking back against racist violence in the East End of London, 1968–1970". Race & Class. 58 (1): 34–54. doi:10.1177/0306396816642997. ISSN 0306-3968. PMC 5327924. PMID 28479657.
370. ^ "In the eye of the storm". Red Pepper. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
371. ^ Nahid Afrose Kabir (2012), Young British Muslims, Edinburgh University Press
372. ^ a b Lambert, Robert (2013). "Anti-Muslim violence in the UK: Extremist nationalist involvement and influence". In Taylor, Max; Currie, P. M.; Holbrook, Donald (eds.). Extreme Right Wing Political Violence and Terrorism. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 40–53. ISBN 9781441140876.
373. ^ de Waal, Joel Rogers (24 June 2013). "British attitudes to the Pakistani diaspora". YouGov. Archived from the original on 19 August 2023.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Ali N, Ellis P and Khan Z (1996), A Time to Separate British Punjabi and British Kashmiri Identity, in Singh and Talbot (eds.) New Delhi: Manohar Publishers
* Amin, A (2002) Ethnicity and the multicultural city: living with diversity, Environment and Planning A, 34
* Amin, A (2003) Unruly strangers? The 2001 urban riots, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 27(2)
* Anwar, M (1996) British Pakistanis: demographic, social and economic position. University of Warwick. ISBN 0-948303-59-X
* Brown, J (2006) Global South Asians: introducing the modern diaspora, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84456-8
* Dahya, B (1974) The nature of Pakistani ethnicity in industrial cities in Britain, Tavistock Press. ISBN 0-415-32982-5
* Kalra, V (2000) From textile mills to taxi ranks Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84014-865-7
* Giannangeli, Marco (10 October 2005). "Links to Britain forged by war and Partition". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
* Imtiaz, Sharon Karima (1997). A comparative study of multilingual Pakistanis in Amsterdam and Birmingham (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Warwick.
* Jamal, A (1998). Food consumption among ethnic minorities: the case of British-Pakistanis in Bradford, UK. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. ISSN 0007-070X
* Jamal, A (1998). Cultural diversity and its impact on businesses, in Navigation Difference: Cultural Diversity and Audience Development, Arts Council England. ISBN 0-7287-1077-3
* Kundnani, A (2001) From Oldham to Bradford: the violence of the violated Race and Class 43(2)
* Sandercock, L (2003) Cosmopolis II: mongrel cities in the twenty-first century. Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-7045-9
* Shaw, A. (1988) A Pakistani community in Britain, Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-15228-8
* Werbner, P. (2002) The migration process: Capital, gifts and offerings among British Pakistanis, Berg Publishers. ISBN 1-85973-664-5
* Yilmaz, Ihsan. (2005) Muslim Laws, Politics and Society in Modern Nation States: Dynamic Legal Pluralisms in England, Turkey, and Pakistan, Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-4389-0

* v
* t
* e

Pakistani diaspora

Africa|

* Libya
* Somalia
* South Africa

Asia|

| South|

* Afghanistan
* Punjabis
* Bangladesh
* India
* Baloch
* Pashtuns
* Sindhis
* Sri Lanka
* Pashtuns
* Sindhis

|

Gulf|

* Bahrain
* Iran
* Kuwait
* Oman
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* United Arab Emirates
* Baloch
* Yemen

Far East|

* China
* Hong Kong
* Japan
* South Korea

South East|

* Burma
* Malaysia
* Jawi Peranakan
* Punjabis
* Singapore
* Thailand

Middle East|

* Jordan
* Israel
* Lebanon
* Syria

Europe|

* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Italy
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Spain
* United Kingdom
* London
* Mirpuris
* Punjabis
* Pashtuns
* Sindhis

Americas|

* Canada
* United States
* Houston
* Baloch
* Pashtuns
* Punjabis
* Punjabi Mexicans
* Sindhis

Oceania|

* Australia
* Pashtuns
* Punjabis
* Hazaras
* Sindhis
* New Zealand
* Punjabis

See also|

| Sub-diasporas|

* Baloch
* Gujarati
* Hazara
* Azad Kashmiri
* Kashmiri
* Pashtun
* Punjabi
* Saraiki
* Sindhi

|

Related articles|

* Anti-Pakistan sentiment
* Foreign relations
* Diplomatic missions
* Immigration to Pakistan
* Little Pakistan
* Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development
* Pakistani nationality law
* Pakistani passport
* Pakistani students
* Visa requirements for Pakistani citizens

* v
* t
* e

Asian diasporas in the United Kingdom

Central Asia|

* Afghan
* Pashtun

East Asia|

* Chinese
* London
* Hong Kongers
* Japanese (in London)
* Koreans
* Mongolians

South Asia|

* Bangladeshis
* Bhutanese
* Indians
* in London
* Nepalese
* Pakistanis
* in London
* Sri Lankans

* Mirpuris
* Pashtuns
* Punjabis
* Romani
* Kale
* Romanichal
* Scottish
* Sindhis
* Tamils

Southeast Asia|

* Burmese
* Filipinos
* Indonesians
* Malaysians
* Singaporeans
* Thais
* Timorese
* Vietnamese

West Asia|

* Arabs
* Armenians
* Assyrians
* Azerbaijanis
* Cypriots
* Emiratis
* Iranians
* Syrians
* Iraqis
* Israelis
* Kurds
* Lebanese
* Turks
* in London
* Yemenis

* v
* t
* e

Ethnic group classifications in the 2021 UK Census

White|

* White British
* White Scottish (Scotland only)
* White Irish
* White Gypsy or Irish Traveller
* White Roma
* White Polish (Scotland only)
* White Showman or Showwoman (Scotland only)
* Any other white background

Mixed|

* White and Black Caribbean
* White and Black African
* White and Asian
* Any other Mixed or multiple ethnic background

Asian or Asian British|

* Indian
* Pakistani
* Bangladeshi
* Chinese
* Filipino (Northern Ireland only)
* Any other Asian background

Black or Black British|

* Black African
* Black Caribbean
* Any other Black background

Other ethnic group|

* Arab
* Any other ethnic group

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[%]: percentage