Buddhism in Russia

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Vajrayana Buddhism

Traditions

Historical traditions:

* Ari-Acharya
* Burmese-Bengal †
* Yunnan

* Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism †
* Filipino Esoteric Buddhism †

* East Asian
* Chinese
* Japanese

* Nepalese

* Inner Asian
* Tibetan
* Altaic (o, x, b, t, k, y)

New branches:

* Gateway of the Hidden Flower

* New Kadampa Buddhism

* Shambhala Buddhism

* True Awakening Tradition

History

* Tantrism

* Mahasiddha

* Sahaja

Pursuit

* Buddhahood
* Bodhisattva

* Kalachakra

Practices

* Generation stage
* Completion stage

* Phowa
* Tukdam

Tantric techniques:

Fourfold division:

* Kriyayoga

* Charyayoga

* Yogatantra

* Anuttarayogatantra

Twofold division:

* Inner Tantras

* Outer Tantras

Thought forms and visualisation:

* Mandala

* Mantra

* Mudra

* Thangka

* Yantra

Yoga:

* Ngöndro

* Guru yoga

* Deity yoga

* Six yogas:

* Inner heat

* Luminosity yoga

* Dream yoga

* Death yoga

* Sex yoga

Festivals

* Ganachakra
* Ullambana Puja

Tantric texts

* Anuttarayoga Tantra

* Cakrasaṃvara Tantra

* Guhyagarbha Tantra

* Kulayarāja Tantra

* Mahāmāyā Tantra

* Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa

* Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti

* Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra

* Vajrasekhara Sutra

* Yuthok Nyingthig

Symbols and tools

* Damaru
* Ghanta
* Melong

* Phurba
* Vajra
* Yab-Yum

Ordination and transmission

* Esoteric transmission

* Pointing-out instruction

* Samaya
* Vajracharya

* v
* t
* e

Ivolginsky Datsan

Historically, Buddhism was incorporated into Siberia in the early 17th century.[1][2] Buddhism is considered to be one of Russia's traditional religions and is legally a part of Russian historical heritage.[3] Besides the historical monastic traditions of Buryatia, Tuva and Kalmykia (the latter being the only Buddhist-majority republic in Europe), the religion of Buddhism is now spreading all over Russia, with many ethnic Russian converts.[4][5]

The main form of Buddhism in Russia is the Gelukpa school of Tibetan Buddhism, informally known as the "yellow hat" tradition,[6] with other Tibetan and non-Tibetan schools as minorities. Although Tibetan Buddhism is most often associated with Tibet, it spread into Mongolia, and via Mongolia into Siberia before spreading to the rest of Russia.[1]

Datsan Gunzechoinei in Saint Petersburg is the northernmost Buddhist temple in Russia.

## History

[edit]

The first evidence of the existence of Buddhism in the territory of modern Russia (more specifically Siberia, the region nearest East Asia) belongs to the 8th century AD and is associated with the state of Balhae, which in 698–926 occupied part of today's Primorye and Amur. There are also traces of Buddhism during the Jurchen Jin Empire (1115–1234). In the 15th century, during the Chinese Ming dynasty, in the lower reaches of the Amur, "several Buddhist temples were built on the Tyr rock: the Yongning-si temple in honor of the bodhisattva Guan-yin (1413), etc. However, Buddhist preaching did not meet with the support of the Amur residents. The temples were soon destroyed.[7] The Mohe, a people whose culture was greatly influenced by neighboring China, Korea and Manchuria, practiced a form of Mahayana Buddhism. It initially spread into those constituent regions of Russia that are geographically or culturally adjacent to Mongolia (the area known as the Mongolian Steppe) or are inhabited by Mongolian ethnic groups: Buryatia, Zabaykalsky Krai, Tuva, and Kalmykia. The last of these was the only Buddhist region in Europe, located to the north of the Caucasus.

### Russian encounter with Buddhism

[edit]

Chitinsky Datsan

From the earliest documented encounters with Buddhism and Buddhists, Russians had mainly negative impressions about the faith and their adherents. Conservative secular Russians and Christians regularly lambasted Buddhism, seeing it as a roadblock to the Christianization and Russification of Siberia. Russian thinkers saw Buddhism as a superstitious but advanced religion espousing the opposite of a rational and scientific worldview. Views of Buddhism for the Russians were molded more by the polemics of Christian missionaries and geopolitics than by the academic world.[8]

When the Cossacks first encountered Buddhism (in its Tibetan form) during their conquest of Siberia, they characterized Buddhism as a form of paganism. Early Russian explorers and Christian missionaries described Tibetan Buddhism as a "superstition", "false creed", or "idolatry" among other similar labels.[8] Russian Christian literature regularly referred to Buddhist temples or monasteries as pagan shrines. Buddhist religious services were denounced as witchcraft, quackery or "shamanic orgies".[8]

Throughout the 19th and early 20th century, Russian researchers began studying Tibetan Buddhism. However, because of Orientalism and the frequent Christian or missionary background of the scholars, their works are not considered academic in modern times, with many scholars of the time assuming that Buddhism was defective and utilizing little textual material to enforce their biases.[8] With the advent of Buddhist studies in western Europe in the 19th century, Russian society was similarly exposed to the idea that Buddhism contained an impressive philosophy and history. However, Russian elites and academics saw true Buddhism a religion of the past or existing in certain regions like Sri Lanka. Siberian Buddhism was seen as backward throughout the 19th and early 20th century. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, parts of Russian society began having positive views of Tibetan Buddhism but advocating for the Europeanization of Buddhism and closer incorporation of Buddhists in an effort to "civilize" them.[8]

### 19th century to present

[edit]

Hambyn-Hure Datsan in Ulan-Ude

By 1887, there were 29 publishing houses and numerous datsans. In 1917 these ethnic regions had among them approximately 20,000 Buddhists and 175 temples.[9]

When the Soviet Union came into being, all religions including Buddhism began to be viewed as "tools of oppression", and Buddhists in positions of authority were looked upon unfavourably.[10] The USSR sought to remove Buddhism and other religions, as they believed that a lack of religion combined with urbanization would result in an increase in production.[11] In 1929, many monasteries were closed down and monks were arrested and exiled.[12] By the 1930s, during the Stalinist repressions, Buddhists were suffering more than any other religious community in the Soviet Union[2] with lamas being expelled and accused of being "Japanese spies" and "the people's enemies".[1] In 1943, all Kalmykians were forcibly exiled to Siberia due to government suspicions that they were collaborating with Nazi Germany when it had occupied part of Kalmykia.[13] About 40% of the Kalmykian population died while in exile and those who did survive were not able to return to their homeland until 1956.[14][5]

However, Buddhism did not disappear from Russia as a result of the efforts of Bidia Dandaron, a follower of Tsydenov and a famous Buddhologist and thinker. Dandaron attempted to revive Buddhism in the atheist state by introducing the concept of Neo-Buddhism, a combination of Buddhist teachings and contemporary Western philosophy with scientific theories. Dandaron was later arrested for creating a religious community and eventually died in a prison camp. Nevertheless, his disciples played a key role in the 1990s with the revival of Russian Buddhism.[15]

In 2022, Khambo Lama Damba Ayusheev, the head of the Buddhist Traditional Sangha of Russia (BTSR), the largest Buddhist denomination in Russia, voiced support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[16] In October 2022, Erdne Ombadykov, the Supreme Lama of Russia's Republic of Kalmykia, condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine and fled Russia to Mongolia.[17] In January 2023, he was recognized in Russia as a foreign agent.[18]

## Revival

[edit]

Burkhan Bakshin Monastery in Elista, Republic of Kalmykia

After the fall of the Soviet Union, a Buddhist revival began in Kalmykia with the election of President Kirsan Ilyumzhinov.[19]: 97 It was also revived in Buryatia and Tuva and began to spread to Russians in other regions.

In 1992, the Dalai Lama made his first visit to Tuva in Russia.[20]

There are several Tibetan Buddhist university-monasteries throughout Russia,[21] concentrated in Siberia, known as datsans.

Fyodor Shcherbatskoy, a renowned Russian Indologist who traveled to India and Mongolia during the time of the Russian Empire, is widely considered by many to be responsible for laying the foundations for the study of Buddhism in the Western world.

There are now between 700,000 and 1.5 million Buddhists in Russia, mainly in the republics of Buryatia, Kalmykia and Tuva.[22]

In 2024, a Russian stupa was built in the holy place of Lumbini in Nepal.[23]

## Regions with large Buddhist populations

[edit]

Datsan Gunzechoinei in St. Petersburg Federal subject | Buddhists (2012)[24] | Buddhists (2016)[25]

|
|

Tuva | 61.8% | 52.2%
Kalmykia | 47.6% | 53.4%
Buryatia | 19.8% | 19.8%
Zabaykalsky Krai | 6.3% | 14.6%
Russian Federation | 0.5% | 0.6%
Buddhism in Russia

In 2012 Buddhism was the religion of 62% of the total population of Tuva, 48% of Kalmykia and 20% of Buryatia.[24] Buddhism also has believers amounting to 6% in Zabaykalsky Krai, primarily ethnic Buryats, and 0.5% to 0.9% in Tomsk Oblast and Yakutia. Buddhist communities may be found in other federal subjects of Russia, between 0.1% and 0.5% in Sakhalin Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, Amur Oblast, Irkutsk Oblast, Altay, Khakassia, Novosibirsk Oblast, Tomsk Oblast, Tyumen Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Murmansk Oblast, Moscow and Moscow Oblast, Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast, and in Kaliningrad Oblast.[24] In cities like Moscow, Saint Petersburg and Samara, often up to 1% of the population identify as Buddhists.[26]

## See also

[edit]

* Buddhism in Tuva
* Buddhism in Kalmykia
* Buddhism in Buryatia
* Datsan and Khurul \- Buddhist temples in Russia
* Khambo Lama
* Datsan Gunzechoinei
* Tubden Shedubling \- Buddhist temple complex in Moscow

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c "Buddhism in Russia". buddhist.ru. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
2. ^ a b Troyanovsky, Igor. "Buddhism in Russia". www.buddhismtoday.com. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
3. ^ Bell, I (2002). Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-85743-137-7. Retrieved 27 Dec 2007.
4. ^ "Research Article- Ostrovskaya - JGB Volume 5". Archived from the original on July 17, 2007.
5. ^ a b Terentyev, Andrey (1996). "Tibetan Buddhism in Russia". The Tibet Journal. 21 (3): 60–70. ISSN 0970-5368. JSTOR 43300586.
6. ^ Holland, Edward C. (Dec 2014). "Buddhism in Russia: challenges and choices in the post-Soviet period". Religion, State and Society. 42 (4): 389–402. doi:10.1080/09637494.2014.980603. S2CID 145460994.
7. ^ Andrej Terentʹev (2014). Buddizm v Rossii - carskoj i sovetskoj: starye fotografii)=Buddhism in Russia - Tsarist and Soviet: (old photographs. Sankt-Peterburg: A. Terentʹev. ISBN 978-5-901941-39-3.
8. ^ a b c d e Tsyrempilov, Nikolay (2015-12-09). "Noble Paganism: Orientalist Discourse on Tibetan Buddhism in Nineteenth-Century Russian Polemic Literature". Inner Asia. 17 (2): 199–224. doi:10.1163/22105018-12340042. ISSN 1464-8172.
9. ^ "2. Buddhist Temples for the Elites", Faith and Power in Japanese Buddhist Art, 1600–2005, University of Hawaii Press, 2017-12-31, pp. 45–72, doi:10.1515/9780824862466-006, ISBN 978-0-8248-6246-6
10. ^ Bernstein, Anna (2002). "Buddhist Revival in Buriatia: Recent Perspectives". Mongolian Studies. 25: 1–11. ISSN 0190-3667. JSTOR 43193334.
11. ^ Timasheff, N. S. (1955). "Urbanization, Operation Antireligion and the Decline of Religion in the USSR". American Slavic and East European Review. 14 (2): 224–238. doi:10.2307/3000744. ISSN 1049-7544. JSTOR 3000744.
12. ^ Bräker, Hans (1981). Der Buddhismus in der Sowjetunion, Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique 22 (2/3), p. 333
13. ^ Holland, Edward C. (2014-10-02). "Buddhism in Russia: challenges and choices in the post-Soviet period". Religion, State and Society. 42 (4): 389–402. doi:10.1080/09637494.2014.980603. ISSN 0963-7494. S2CID 145460994.
14. ^ "Chapter 3. Tibet", The Tibetan Book of the Dead, Princeton University Press, 2011-12-31, pp. 49–70, doi:10.1515/9781400838042-005, ISBN 978-1-4008-3804-2
15. ^ "Buddhism in Russia: History and Modernity | Buddhistdoor". www.buddhistdoor.net. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
16. ^ "Buddhists compete under "traditional religion" status in Russia's religious economy". Journal of Church and State. Vol. 38, no. 4\. Baylor Institute for Studies of Religion. 2023.
17. ^ "Kalmyk Buddhist leader speaks out against war in Ukraine". Meduza. 3 October 2022.
18. ^ "Russian Justice Ministry names new 'foreign agents,' including Dalai Lama's envoy Telo Tulku Rinpoche and Little Big frontman Ilya Prusikin". Meduza. 27 January 2023.
19. ^ Gazizova, Valeriya (2017). "Buddhism in Contemporary Kalmykia. 'Pure' Monasticism versus Challenges of Post-Soviet Modernity". In Havnevik, Hanna; Hüsken, Ute; Teeuwen, Mark; Tikhonov, Vladimir; Wellens, Koen (eds.). Buddhist Modernities: Re-inventing Tradition in the Globalizing Modern World. Part 2: Revivals and Neo-Traditionalist Inventions. Routledge studies in religion. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN 9781315542140. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
20. ^ "RUSSIA: When will Dalai Lama next visit Tuva? - WWRN - World-wide Religious News". wwrn.org. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
21. ^ Tricycle. "lettucecomic". Retrieved 12 September 2017.
22. ^ "Putin Promises 100% Support for Buddhists". RIA Novosti. 11 April 2013. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
23. ^ "Российская буддийская ступа впервые открылась в Непале". РИА Калмыкия. 12 May 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
24. ^ a b c "Арена: Атлас религий и национальностей" [Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities] (PDF). Среда (Sreda). 2012. See also the results' main interactive mapping and the static mappings: "Religions in Russia by federal subject" (Map). Ogonek. 34 (5243). 27 August 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. The Sreda Arena Atlas was realised in cooperation with the All-Russia Population Census 2010 (Всероссийской переписи населения 2010) and the Russian Ministry of Justice (Минюста РФ).
25. ^ "ФСО доложила о межконфессиональных отношениях в РФ". ZNAK. Archived from the original on 2017-04-16. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
26. ^ Filatov & Lunkin 2006, p. 38.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Filatov, Sergei; Lunkin, Roman (2006). "Statistics on Religion in Russia: The Reality Behind the Figures" (PDF). Religion, State & Society. 34 (1). Routledge. doi:10.1080/09637490500459875. ISSN 0963-7494. S2CID 257032. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-25.
* Juergensmeyer, Mark (2006). The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 309–310. ISBN 978-0-19-972761-2.
* Ulanov, Mergen; Badmaev, Valeriy and Holland, Edward (2017). Buddhism and Kalmyk Secular Law in the Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries, Inner Asia 19(2), 297–314
* Terentyev, Andrey (Autumn 1996).Tibetan Buddhism in Russia, The Tibet Journal 21 (3), pp. 60–70

## External links

[edit]

* The Buddhist hordes of Kalmykia, The Guardian September 19, 2006
* Buddhactivity Dharma Centres database Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
* Gusinoye Ozero, seat of imperial Russia's Buddhists
* Buddhist Paintings in Buryatia
* History of Tibetan Buddhism in Inner Asia in the 20th Century[permanent dead link]
* Buryats culture and traditions
* Pandito Khambo Lama Itigelov's Most Precious Body 10/9/05)

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Topics in Buddhism

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Foundations|

* Four Noble Truths
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* Buddha
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The Buddha|

* Tathāgata
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Bodhisattvas|

* Avalokiteśvara
* Guanyin
* Mañjuśrī
* Mahāsthāmaprāpta
* Ākāśagarbha
* Kṣitigarbha
* Samantabhadra
* Vajrapāṇi
* Skanda
* Tārā
* Metteyya/Maitreya

Disciples|

* Kaundinya
* Assaji
* Sāriputta
* Mahamoggallāna
* Ānanda
* Mahākassapa
* Aṅgulimāla
* Anuruddha
* Mahākaccana
* Nanda
* Subhūti
* Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
* Upāli
* Mahapajapati Gotamī
* Khema
* Uppalavanna
* Asita
* Channa
* Yasa

Key concepts|

* Avidyā (Ignorance)
* Bardo
* Bodhicitta
* Buddha-nature
* Dhamma theory
* Dharma
* Enlightenment
* Five hindrances
* Indriya
* Karma
* Kleshas
* Mental factors
* Mindstream
* Parinirvana
* Pratītyasamutpāda
* Rebirth
* Saṃsāra
* Saṅkhāra
* Skandha
* Śūnyatā
* Taṇhā (Craving)
* Tathātā
* Ten Fetters
* Three marks of existence
* Anicca
* Dukkha
* Anattā
* Two truths doctrine

Cosmology|

* Ten spiritual realms
* Six Paths
* Deva realm
* Human realm
* Asura realm
* Hungry Ghost realm
* Animal realm
* Naraka
* Three planes of existence

Branches|

* Mahayana
* Zen
* Chinese Chan
* Japanese Zen
* Korean Seon
* Vietnamese Thiền
* Pure Land
* Tiantai
* Huayan
* Risshū
* Nichiren
* Madhyamaka
* Yogachara
* Vajrayana
* Tibetan Buddhism
* Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
* Shingon
* Dzogchen
* Theravada
* Navayana
* Early Buddhist schools
* Pre-sectarian Buddhism
* Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna

Practices|

* Bhavana
* Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
* Brahmavihara
* Mettā
* Karuṇā
* Mudita
* Upekkha
* Buddhābhiṣeka
* Dāna
* Devotion
* Deity yoga
* Dhyāna
* Faith
* Five Strengths
* Iddhipada
* Meditation
* Mantras
* Kammaṭṭhāna
* Recollection
* Smarana
* Anapanasati
* Samatha-vipassanā (Vipassana movement)
* Shikantaza
* Zazen
* Tukdam
* Koan
* Ganana
* Mandala
* Tonglen
* Tantra
* Tertön
* Terma
* Merit
* Mindfulness
* Mindful Yoga
* Satipatthana
* Nekkhamma
* Nianfo
* Pāramitā
* Paritta
* Puja
* Offerings
* Prostration
* Music
* Refuge
* Sādhu
* Satya
* Sacca
* Seven Factors of Enlightenment
* Sati
* Dhamma vicaya
* Pīti
* Passaddhi
* Śīla
* Five precepts
* Eight precepts
* Bodhisattva vow
* Pratimokṣa
* Threefold Training
* Śīla
* Samadhi
* Prajñā
* Vīrya
* Four Right Exertions
* Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar

Nirvana|

* Bodhi
* Bodhisattva
* Buddhahood
* Pratyekabuddhayāna
* Four stages of awakening
* Sotāpanna
* Sakadagami
* Anāgāmi
* Arhat

Monasticism|

* Bhikkhu
* Bhikkhunī
* Śrāmaṇera
* Śrāmaṇerī
* Anagārika
* Ajahn
* Sayadaw
* Zen master
* Rōshi
* Lama
* Rinpoche
* Geshe
* Tulku
* Western tulku
* Kappiya
* Donchee
* Householder
* Upāsaka and Upāsikā
* Achar
* Śrāvaka
* Ten principal disciples
* Shaolin Monastery

Major figures|

* The Buddha
* Nagasena
* Aśvaghoṣa
* Nagarjuna
* Asanga
* Vasubandhu
* Kumārajīva
* Buddhaghosa
* Buddhapālita
* Dignāga
* Bodhidharma
* Zhiyi
* Emperor Wen of Sui
* Songtsen Gampo
* Xuanzang
* Shandao
* Padmasambhava
* Saraha
* Atiśa
* Naropa
* Karmapa
* Hōnen
* Shinran
* Dōgen
* Nichiren
* Shamarpa
* Dalai Lama
* Panchen Lama
* Ajahn Mun
* B. R. Ambedkar
* Ajahn Chah
* Thích Nhất Hạnh

Texts|

* Early Buddhist texts
* Tripiṭaka
* Mahayana sutras
* Pali Canon
* Chinese Buddhist canon
* Tibetan Buddhist canon
* Dhammapada
* Sutra
* Vinaya
* Madhyamakālaṃkāra
* Abhidharmadīpa

Countries|

* Afghanistan
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Cambodia
* China
* India
* Indonesia
* Japan
* Korea
* Laos
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Russia
* Buryatia
* Kalmykia
* Tuva (ru)
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Tibet
* Vietnam
* Africa
* Senegal
* South Africa
* Central Asia
* Uzbekistan
* Middle East
* Iran
* Saudi Arabia
* Western countries
* Argentina
* Australia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Costa Rica
* Czech Republic
* France
* Germany
* Italy
* Mexico
* New Zealand
* Norway
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* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Venezuela

History|

* Timeline
* Ashoka
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* Buddhist councils
* History of Buddhism in India
* Decline of Buddhism in India
* Huichang persecution of Buddhism
* Greco-Buddhism
* Menander I
* Buddhism and the Roman world
* Buddhism in the West
* Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
* Persecution of Buddhists
* Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
* Buddhist crisis
* Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
* Buddhist modernism
* Vipassana movement
* 969 Movement
* Women in Buddhism

Philosophy|

* Abhidharma
* Atomism
* Buddhology
* Creator
* Buddhism and democracy
* Economics
* Eight Consciousnesses
* Engaged Buddhism
* Eschatology
* Ethics
* Evolution
* Humanism
* Logic
* Reality
* Secular Buddhism
* Socialism
* The unanswerable questions

Culture|

* Architecture
* Temple
* Vihāra
* Kyaung
* Wat
* Ordination hall
* Stupa
* Pagoda
* Burmese pagoda
* Candi
* Dzong architecture
* List of Buddhist architecture in China
* Japanese Buddhist architecture
* Buddhist temples in Korea
* Thai temple art and architecture
* Tibetan Buddhist architecture
* Art
* Greco-Buddhist
* Bodhi Tree
* Budai
* Buddha in art
* Calendar
* Cuisine
* Funeral
* Holidays
* Vesak
* Uposatha
* Māgha Pūjā
* Asalha Puja
* Vassa
* Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
* Kasaya
* Mahabodhi Temple
* Mantra
* Om mani padme hum
* Mudra
* Music
* Pilgrimage
* Lumbini
* Maya Devi Temple
* Bodh Gaya
* Sarnath
* Kushinagar
* Poetry
* Prayer beads
* Hama yumi
* Prayer wheel
* Symbolism
* Dharmachakra
* Flag
* Bhavacakra
* Swastika
* Thangka
* Temple of the Tooth
* Vegetarianism

Miscellaneous|

* Abhijñā
* Amitābha
* Brahmā
* Dharma talk
* Hinayana
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