Buddhism in the Netherlands

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Buddhism is a small minority religion in the Netherlands. In 1971, there were 900 Buddhists in the Netherlands. A 2007 report by the Netherlands Institute for Social Research estimated there were 17,000 Buddhists in the Netherlands.[1] In 2015, Buddhists represented 0.4% of the Dutch population.[2]

## History

[edit]

The first awareness of Buddhism in the Netherlands can be traced back to early books,[3] with references to Buddhism reappearing in 1651,[4] 1843[5] and 1878,[6] with the first book on Buddhism being written in the Dutch language in 1879.[7] The turn of the century saw more popular books on Buddhism published in Dutch.[8][9][10][11][12]

R.H.C. Jansen, in his 1990 presentation of Buddhism in the Netherlands, notes that after the Second World War, the Dutch secretary of the Theosophical Society Adyar, Mrs. Spruitenburg, returned from India and started 'gatherings' in her home in Huizen that attracted dozens of people from all over the country. Jansen writes that among them was Ernst Verwaal, who founded the 'Buddhistische Vriendenkring Den Haag' (Circle of Friends of Buddhism The Hague), later renamed as 'Nederlandse Buddhistische Vriendenkring' (Dutch Circle of Friends of Buddhism).[13] The centre of the 'Circle' was in The Hague, where in 1966 the wife of the Thai Ambassador, Mrs. Bhakdi, started receiving its members in the Thai Embassy on Saturdays. Ronald Poelmeijer took over the running of the group thereafter.[13]

## National Buddhist Organisation

[edit]

Jansen notes that the conception of the National Buddhist Organisation in the Netherlands was steered by Peter van der Beek and Ernst Verwaal.[13]

In 1966, the Dutch Circle of Friends of Buddhism changed its name to the 'Buddhist Society in the Netherlands'. The new Society held activities that were calculated to be liberal to all the schools of Buddhism. This ecumenical policy led to some dissension, and later the organization was revamped as the 'Stichting Nederlands Buddhistisch Centrum' (Dutch Buddhist Centre Foundation) on 8 November 1967, with the aim to study the principles of Buddhism in all its diversity and to encourage the practical application of these principles. From 1968 to the present, the centre has issued a journal. Originally it was called 'Saddharma'[14], and early in the 21st century it was rechristened as 'Vorm en Leegte'[15] and published together with a commercial Buddhist publisher. The centre changed its name in 1978 to 'Stichting Vrienden van het Boeddhisme' (Friends of Buddhism Foundation). In the same year, the 'Boeddhistische Unie van Nederland' (Buddhist Union of the Netherlands) was founded, consisting only of representatives of Buddhist groups, with Tony Kurpershoek-Scherft as its first president. It was this second organization that[14] and early in the 21st century it was rechristened as 'Vorm en Leegte'[15] and published together with a commercial Buddhist publisher. The centre changed its name in 1978 to 'Stichting Vrienden van het Boeddhisme' (Friends of Buddhism Foundation). In the same year, the 'Boeddhistische Unie van Nederland' (Buddhist Union of the Netherlands) was founded, consisting only of representatives of Buddhist groups, with Tony Kurpershoek-Scherft as its first president. It was this second organization that became the Dutch member of the European Buddhist Union. Early 21st century however it dropped its membership of the EBU for a number of reasons; a main one being that the EBU had, and currently still has, both national umbrella organisations amongst its members as well as 'traditions on European level' like FPMT, Triratna Buddhist Community etc. making it in the BUN's eyes a too confused platform.

From 1978 onwards, the history of Buddhism in the Netherlands is mostly the story of individual Buddhist traditions. However, the BUN still acts on their behalf towards the government and NGOs, leading to, e.g., the BOS 'Boeddhistische Omroep Stichting' (Buddhist Broadcasting Channel) and the formal Buddhist Prisoner Chaplainship, which gets equal recognition as other religions. And the SVB is still relevant as an ecumenical entry-level organisation, and as the publisher of the only generic Buddhist (quarterly) magazine available in Dutch kiosks.

## Zen/Chán Buddhism

[edit]

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In 1968, Leo Boer and Janwillem van de Wetering founded a Zen group, and through two books [16][17] made Zen popular in the Netherlands. The guidance of the group was taken over by Erik Bruijn, who is still in charge of a flourishing community.[18]

There are several Zen organisations in the Netherlands:

* The Kanzeon Sangha of Genpo Roshi – having its roots in the White Plum Asanga of Taizan Maezumi Roshi – consists of several organisations:
* Niko Tydeman Sensei leads the Zen Centrum Amsterdam, which has a relatively large zendo in the centre of Amsterdam.[19]
* Tenkei Coppens Roshi leads the Zen River Buddhist monastery in Uithuizen.[20]
* Ton Lathouwers is the informal "leader" of Maha Karuna Ch'an, an … informal and fundamentally open sangha of laypersons ….[21] Ton studied under several teachers, beginning with Masao Abe. He received dharma transmission from the Indonesian Chán teacher Teh Cheng. Ton's teachings are characterised by an emphasis on karuna.
* Another group consists of the Zen.nl organisation from Rients Ritskes, who practiced for short periods under Hirata Roshi of Tenryū-ji in Kyoto.[22] He studied in Kyoto in 1986/87, and claimed to be "officially authorised" by Sokun Tsushimoto Roshi in 1999,[23][24][25] a claim forcefully rejected by Sokun Tsushimoto Roshi.[26][27]
* Many other groups are also represented in the Netherlands, like the Order of Buddhist Contemplatives in Apeldoorn, the Thich Nhat Hanh Order of Interbeing and the International Zen Institute Noorderpoort[28] monastery/retreat centre in Drenthe, led by Jiun Hogen Roshi.
* Chinese Buddhists developed their own centre: it is a famous landmark in the Chinatown district of Amsterdam, called the He Hua temple.[29] It's manned primarily by monks and nuns linked to the BLIA of Ven. Hsing Yun from Taiwan.

## Theravada Buddhism

[edit]

In 1971, the Dutch merchant Monshouwer gathered some people in order to discuss the possibility of founding a Theravada temple with the support of Thai ambassador Sompong Sucharitkul. In 1973, the temple was officially founded in Waalwijk. Originally, the temple was named Wat Dhammasucaritanucharee, but two years later, it was renamed as Buddharama Temple with its own supporting foundation called 'Young Buddhists Netherlands'. This foundation had its own journal.[30] Later, the founding abbot Ven. Mettavihari moved to Amsterdam and started a separate community of Vipassana practitioners there.[31] The foundation supporting the Thai temple in Waalwijk was renamed the 'Nederlandse Buddha Dhamma Stichting' (Dutch Buddha Dhamma Foundation).

In 2015, it was reported by NOS that Mettavihari had sexually abused various of his followers in Waalwijk and elsewhere. At least 21 victims had accused him of abuse by June 2015.[32][33] In light of these discoveries, Toine van Beek, chairman of the temple organisation, expressed his regret and set up group meetings for victims to discuss their experiences.[33] As NOS reports, the Thai government is openly invested in the running of the Buddharama Temple.[34]

Other Theravada Buddhist centres and organisations in the Netherlands include the Sangha Metta Buddhist temple in Amsterdam and the Buddho foundation.

## Tibetan Buddhism

[edit]

In 1977, Han de Wit, an authorized pupil of the Kagyu lama Chogyam Trungpa, founded a centre in Amsterdam which is engaged in teaching the Dharma and meditation according to Tibetan tradition.[35] There is a smaller centre in Oegstgeest, also founded by de Wit, and groups in two other towns (Utrecht and Nijmegen). Other Karma Kagyu centres from different lineages have also sprung up, e.g., Naropa Institute in Cadzand, the locally famous Stupa temple in Hantum and Diamond Way Buddhism (Ole Nydahl). The Tibetan Nyingma tradition is represented by several groups. They have a centre (Nyingma Centrum, Nederland) and a bookshop in Amsterdam. These groups belong to the organization of Tarthang Tulku, who resides in California. The Gelugpa tradition (FPMT) is organized in the Maitreya Institute and owns a retreat centre in Loenen, Apeldoorn and a city centre in Amsterdam. The Maitreya Institute centres here are based on the initiative of Paula Koolkin in 1976. In August 1979 lama Thubten Yeshe and lama Zopa Rinpoche came to teach. By 2013, lama Geshe Sonam Gyaltsen and lama Sonam Ngodrup became the teachers in permanent residence. The Sakya tradition of Tibetan Buddhism took a foothold in 1976 as Geshe Lama Sherab Gyaltsen Amipa established the 'Sakya Thegchen Ling' in The Hague. Next to these four main schools, there are also representations of more ecumenic and split-off Tibetan Groups, e.g., Rigpa from Sogyal Rinpoche, Dzogchen community from Chogyal Namkhai Norbu, the New Kadampa Tradition and the Jewel Heart affiliated with Gelek Rinpoche.[36]

## Other groups

[edit]

The Triratna Buddhist Community (TBC, formerly FWBO) is connected with the large movement of Ven. Sangharakshita in the UK. It is growing at a regular speed, with centres in Amsterdam and Arnhem and a retreat centre in Hengstdijk, in the southern Zeelandic Flanders region. The centre in The Hague, 'Boeddhistisch Centrum Haaglanden', follows roughly the same teaching but is separated from the movement.

The Arya Maitreya Mandala is a group of pupils of Lama Anagarika Govinda. This group had separated itself from the larger group in Germany after the death of Lama Govinda.

The Buddhist Prison Chaplainship, 'Boeddhistische Zendende Instantie', is formally recognized by the government and receives an equal subsidy to other mainstream religions. The chaplainship organizes professional training in cooperation with the Free University of Amsterdam.[37]

## Representation in Dutch Academia

[edit]

In 1865, Hendrik Kern was appointed as the first professor for the chair of Sanskrit at Leiden University.[38] He published two histories[39][40] and a manual of Buddhism.[41] Kern, like Émile Senart, portrayed the Buddha as a legendary being or a hero representing the sun.[13] Kern was succeeded by Jacob Speyer (1849–1913), who translated several Mahayana texts and the Jatakamala for the series 'The Sacred Books of the Buddhists'. The subsequent chair, Jean Philippe Vogel (1871–1958), became famous as an archaeologist by proving that Kasia in India must have been Kusinara, the place of the Parinirvana of the Buddha. He also conducted investigations on the Borobudur, the great Buddhist monument on the Isle of Java.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Netherlands". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2024-10-13.
2. ^ Schmeets, Hans (2016). De religieuze kaart van Nederland, 2010–2015 (PDF). Centraal Bureau voor der Statistiek. p. 5.
3. ^ Philip Utenbroeke (c.13) Barlaam en Joasaph – a translation of the Greek manuscript by c.7 patriarch John of Damascus
4. ^ Rogerius (1651) notes of missionary work on the Coromandel Coast of India mentioning the Buddha as the ninth Avatar of Visnu
5. ^ J.H. Halbertsma (1789-1869) Het Buddhisme en zijn Stichter (Buddhism and its Founder) based on Brian Houghton Hodgson's illustrations of the literature and religion of the Buddhists, published in 1841
6. ^ C.P.Tiele (1878) review on W. T. Rhys Davids' book Buddhism: Being a sketch of the Life and Teaching of Gautama, the Buddha
7. ^ J.P. van der Vegte (1879) Het Buddhisme en zijn Stichter (Buddhism and its founder) 330pp (translation of Rhys Davids' book)
8. ^ Felix Ortt (1905) The Gospel of Buddha translation of the work by Paul Carus
9. ^ H.U. Meyboom (1902) Het Licht van Azie translation of Paul Arnold's The Light of Asia
10. ^ C. J. Wijnaendts Francken (1897) Het boeddhisme en zijn wereldbeschouwing (Buddhism and its world-view)
11. ^ H. Bouwman (1906) Boeddhisme en Christendom (Buddhism and Christianity)
12. ^ S. van Houten (1889) De leer van de Boeddha naar de heilige boeken van het zuidelijke Boeddhisnie voor Europeanen bewerk (The Teaching of the Buddha according to the holy books of Southern Buddhism, adapted for Europeans)
13. ^ a b c d Janssen, R.H.C (8 February 1990). "Buddhism in the Netherlands: History and Present Status". International Conference Proceedings (First International Conference 'Buddhism into the Year 2000', hosted by the Dhammakaaya Foundation. Bangkok, Thailand: Dhammakaya Foundation: 141–156.
14. ^ Saddharma
15. ^ Vorm en Leegte
16. ^ Janwillem van de Wetering (1973) Het dagende niets (The Dawning of Nothingness)
17. ^ Janwillem van de Wetering (1973) The Empty Mirror (Routledge & Kegan Paul)
18. ^ "Erik Bruijn". Archived from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
19. ^ "Zen Centrum Amsterdam". Archived from the original on 2012-05-25. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
20. ^ "Zen River". Archived from the original on 2012-01-30. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
21. ^ Maha Karuna Ch'an Archived April 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
22. ^ Zen.nl Archived May 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
23. ^ Zen.nl Zenmanagement: trainers
24. '^ Boeddhistisch Dagblad, 17 april 2013, Rients Ritskes op beschuldiging: 'Raksu formeel uitgereikt als bewijs van competent zenleiderschap Archived April 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
25. ^ See also The Japan Times online: Caring for body and soul. Interview with Sokun Tsushimoto Archived 2012-05-23 at the Wayback Machine
26. ^ Boeddhistisch archief, Sokun Tsushimoto Roshi - Declaration Rients Ritskes (17-4-2013)
27. ^ Rients 'RanZen' Ritskes: A Self-Made Dutch 'Roshi' Exposed
28. ^ "International Zen Institute". Archived from the original on 2010-08-24. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
29. ^ He Hua Temple
30. ^ 'Vipassana-Sara'
31. ^ "Over ons". Dhammadipa (in Dutch). Retrieved 2025-04-22.
32. ^ "Excuses voor slachtoffers misbruik boeddhistische tempel Waalwijk". 2 June 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-06-02. Retrieved 2015-06-02.
33. ^ a b "'Boeddhistische monnik Waalwijk misbruikte ook 12-jarige'". nos.nl (in Dutch). 2015-05-28. Retrieved 2025-04-22.
34. ^ "Nederlandse bestuurder tempel Waalwijk onder vuur vanuit Thailand". nos.nl (in Dutch). 2024-05-15. Retrieved 2025-04-22.
35. ^ "Han De Wit". 13 November 2022.Retrieved 2023-02-21.
36. ^ "THE SAKYA TRADITION". Sakya Bristol.Retrieved 2023-02-21.
37. ^ "Chaplaincy Network". European Buddhist Union. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
38. ^ "Kern - Instituut Kern". www.instituutkern.nl. 2017-01-26. Retrieved 2025-04-22.
39. ^ Hendrik Kern (1882) 'Geschiedenis van het Buddhisme in Indie'(History of Buddhism in India) Vol. 1
40. ^ Hendrik Kern (1884) 'Geschiedenis van het Buddhisme in Indie' Vol. 2
41. ^ Hendrik Kern (1896) Manual of Indian Buddhism

## Further reading

[edit]

* Boer, I. den, Boeddhisme in Nederland', Saddharma, 19(2), 19(4), 20(1).
* Janssen, R. H. C., "Buddhism in the Netherlands: History and Present Status", in: Buddhism into the Year 2.000. International Conference Proceedings (First International Conference 'Buddhism into the Year 2000', hosted by the Dhammakaaya Foundation, Bangkok (Thailand), February 8, 1990), Bangkok: Dhammakaya Foundation 1995, pp. 151–156
* Gemert, Victor van, Boeddhisme in Nederland, 1990, ISBN 90-71013-07-3
* Poorthuis, Marcel; Salemink, Theo, Lotus in de Lage Landen: De geschiedenis van het boeddhisme in Nederland - Beeldvorming van 1840 tot heden, Uitgever Parthenon, Almere, ISBN 90-79578-05-3

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Topics in Buddhism

* Outline
* Glossary
* Index

Foundations|

* Four Noble Truths
* Three Jewels
* Buddha
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* Noble Eightfold Path
* Nirvana
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The Buddha|

* Tathāgata
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* Suddhodāna (father)
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* Yaśodharā (wife)
* Rāhula (son)
* Ānanda (cousin)
* Devadatta (cousin)
* Bodhi tree
* Places where the Buddha stayed
* Buddha in world religions

Bodhisattvas|

* Avalokiteśvara
* Guanyin
* Mañjuśrī
* Mahāsthāmaprāpta
* Ākāśagarbha
* Kṣitigarbha
* Samantabhadra
* Vajrapāṇi
* Skanda
* Tārā
* Metteyya/Maitreya

Disciples|

* Kaundinya
* Assaji
* Sāriputta
* Mahamoggallāna
* Ānanda
* Mahākassapa
* Aṅgulimāla
* Anuruddha
* Mahākaccana
* Nanda
* Subhūti
* Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
* Upāli
* Mahapajapati Gotamī
* Khema
* Uppalavanna
* Asita
* Channa
* Yasa

Key concepts|

* Avidyā (Ignorance)
* Bardo
* Bodhicitta
* Buddha-nature
* Dhamma theory
* Dharma
* Enlightenment
* Five hindrances
* Indriya
* Karma
* Kleshas
* Mental factors
* Mindstream
* Parinirvana
* Pratītyasamutpāda
* Rebirth
* Saṃsāra
* Saṅkhāra
* Skandha
* Śūnyatā
* Taṇhā (Craving)
* Tathātā
* Ten Fetters
* Three marks of existence
* Anicca
* Dukkha
* Anattā
* Two truths doctrine

Cosmology|

* Ten spiritual realms
* Six Paths
* Deva realm
* Human realm
* Asura realm
* Hungry Ghost realm
* Animal realm
* Naraka
* Three planes of existence

Branches|

* Mahayana
* Zen
* Chinese Chan
* Japanese Zen
* Korean Seon
* Vietnamese Thiền
* Pure Land
* Tiantai
* Huayan
* Risshū
* Nichiren
* Madhyamaka
* Yogachara
* Vajrayana
* Tibetan Buddhism
* Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
* Shingon
* Dzogchen
* Theravada
* Southern Esoteric Buddhism
* Navayana
* Early Buddhist schools
* Pre-sectarian Buddhism
* Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
* Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism

Practices|

* Bhavana
* Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
* Brahmavihara
* Mettā
* Karuṇā
* Mudita
* Upekkha
* Buddhābhiṣeka
* Dāna
* Devotion
* Deity yoga
* Dhyāna
* Faith
* Five Strengths
* Iddhipada
* Meditation
* Mantras
* Kammaṭṭhāna
* Recollection
* Smarana
* Anapanasati
* Samatha-vipassanā (Vipassana movement)
* Shikantaza
* Zazen
* Tukdam
* Koan
* Ganana
* Mandala
* Tonglen
* Tantra
* Tertön
* Terma
* Merit
* Mindfulness
* Mindful Yoga
* Satipatthana
* Nekkhamma
* Nianfo
* Pāramitā
* Paritta
* Puja
* Offerings
* Prostration
* Music
* Refuge
* Sādhu
* Satya
* Sacca
* Seven Factors of Enlightenment
* Sati
* Dhamma vicaya
* Pīti
* Passaddhi
* Śīla
* Five precepts
* Eight precepts
* Bodhisattva vow
* Pratimokṣa
* Threefold Training
* Śīla
* Samadhi
* Prajñā
* Vīrya
* Four Right Exertions
* Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
* Yujia Yankou
* Shuilu Fahui

Nirvana|

* Bodhi
* Bodhisattva
* Buddhahood
* Pratyekabuddhayāna
* Four stages of awakening
* Sotāpanna
* Sakadagami
* Anāgāmi
* Arhat

Monasticism|

* Bhikkhu
* Bhikkhunī
* Śrāmaṇera
* Śrāmaṇerī
* Anagārika
* Ajahn
* Sayadaw
* Zen master
* Rōshi
* Lama
* Rinpoche
* Geshe
* Tulku
* Western tulku
* Kappiya
* Donchee
* Householder
* Upāsaka and Upāsikā
* Achar
* Śrāvaka
* Ten principal disciples
* Shaolin Monastery

Major figures|

* The Buddha
* Nagasena
* Aśvaghoṣa
* Nagarjuna
* Asanga
* Vasubandhu
* Kumārajīva
* Buddhaghosa
* Buddhapālita
* Dignāga
* Bodhidharma
* Zhiyi
* Emperor Wen of Sui
* Songtsen Gampo
* Xuanzang
* Shandao
* Padmasambhava
* Saraha
* Atiśa
* Naropa
* Karmapa
* Hōnen
* Shinran
* Dōgen
* Nichiren
* Shamarpa
* Dalai Lama
* Panchen Lama
* Ajahn Mun
* B. R. Ambedkar
* Ajahn Chah
* Thích Nhất Hạnh

Texts|

* Early Buddhist texts
* Tripiṭaka
* Mahayana sutras
* Pali Canon
* Chinese Buddhist canon
* Tibetan Buddhist canon
* Dhammapada
* Sutra
* Vinaya
* Madhyamakālaṃkāra
* Abhidharmadīpa

Countries|

*     * Afghanistan
* Argentina
* Armenia
* Australia
* Austria
* Bangladesh
* Belgium
* Bhutan
* Brazil
* Brunei
* Bulgaria
* Cambodia
* Canada
* China
* Costa Rica
* Croatia
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* England
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hong Kong
* Hungary
* Iceland
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Israel
* Italy
* Japan
* Kazakhstan
* Korea
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Libya
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Maldives
* Malaysia
* Mexico
* Middle East
* Mongolia
* Morocco
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* North Korea
* Norway
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Poland
* Portugal
* Russia
* Buryatia
* Kalmykia
* Tuva
* Scotland
* Senegal
* Singapore
* Slovenia
* South Africa
* South Korea
* Spain
* Sri Lanka
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Taiwan
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Tibet
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Uruguay
* Uzbekistan
* Venezuela
* Vietnam
* Wales
* Zimbabwe

History|

* Timeline
* Ashoka
* Kanishka
* Buddhist councils
* History of Buddhism in India
* Decline of Buddhism in India
* Huichang persecution of Buddhism
* Greco-Buddhism
* Gandharan Buddhism
* Texts
* Menander I
* Buddhism and the Roman world
* Buddhism in the West
* Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
* Persecution of Buddhists
* In Afghanistan
* In Vietnam
* Rimé movement
* Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
* Dalit Buddhist movement
* Chinese invasion of Tibet
* 1959 Tibetan uprising
* Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
* Buddhist modernism
* Vipassana movement
* 969 Movement
* Engaged Buddhism
* Women in Buddhism

Philosophy|

* Abhidharma
* Atomism
* Buddhology
* Creator
* Buddhism and democracy
* Economics
* Eight Consciousnesses
* Engaged Buddhism
* Eschatology
* Ethics
* Evolution
* Humanism
* Logic
* Reality
* Secular Buddhism
* Socialism
* The unanswerable questions

Culture|

* Architecture
* Temple
* Vihāra
* Kyaung
* Wat
* Ordination hall
* Stupa
* Pagoda
* Burmese pagoda
* Candi
* Dzong architecture
* List of Buddhist architecture in China
* Japanese Buddhist architecture
* Buddhist temples in Korea
* Thai temple art and architecture
* Tibetan Buddhist architecture
* Art
* Greco-Buddhist
* Budai
* Buddha in art
* Calendar
* Cuisine
* Funeral
* Holidays
* Vesak
* Uposatha
* Māgha Pūjā
* Asalha Puja
* Vassa
* Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
* Kasaya
* Mahabodhi Temple
* Mantra
* Om mani padme hum
* Mudra
* Music
* Pilgrimage
* Lumbini
* Maya Devi Temple
* Bodh Gaya
* Sarnath
* Kushinagar
* Poetry
* Prayer beads
* Hama yumi
* Prayer wheel
* Symbolism
* Dharmachakra
* Flag
* Bhavacakra
* Swastika
* Thangka
* Temple of the Tooth
* Vegetarianism

Miscellaneous|

* Abhijñā
* Amitābha
* Brahmā
* Dharma talk
* Hinayana
* Iddhi
* Kalpa
* Koliya
* Lineage
* Māra
* Siddhi
* Sacred languages
* Pāḷi
* Sanskrit

Comparison|

* Baháʼí Faith
* Christianity
* Influences
* Comparison
* East Asian religions
* Gnosticism
* Hinduism
* Jainism
* Judaism
* Psychology
* Science
* Theosophy
* Violence
* Western philosophy

Lists|

* Bodhisattvas
* Buddhas
* Buddhists
* American
* Korean
* Indian
* Suttas
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Buddhism in Europe

Sovereign states|

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States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
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