Bullying and suicide

Overview of the relationship between bullying and suicide

Suicide

Social aspects

* ACEs
* Altruistic
* Bullying
* List of suicides attributed to bullying
* Copycat
* Dysfunctional family
* Emotional isolation
* Epidemic
* Identity performance
* Legislation
* Loneliness
* Philosophy
* Religious views
* Right to die
* School bullying
* Shame
* Social alienation
* Social defeat
* Social exclusion
* Social invisibility
* Social isolation
* Social rejection
* Social media and suicide
* Social support
* Toxic workplace
* Voluntary euthanasia
* Workplace bullying

Crisis

* Assessment of risk
* Beck Hopelessness Scale
* Crisis hotline (list)
* IS PATH WARM?
* SAD PERSONS scale
* Intervention
* Prevention
* Suicide attempt
* Suicide watch

Types and methods

* Assisted
* Bullying and suicide (list)
* Cop
* Copycat
* Euthanasia device
* Familicide
* Forced
* Hanging
* Honor
* Jauhar
* Jumping
* Mass
* Murder–suicide
* Pact
* Internet
* Pilot
* Prayopavesa
* Prisoner suicide
* Rail
* Sallekhana
* Sati
* Self-sacrifice
* Senicide
* Seppuku
* Sokushinbutsu
* Suicide attack
* Suicide bag
* Vatakkiruttal
* Vehicle collision

Epidemiology

* Gender differences
* LGBTQ people
* Mormon
* Methods
* Rate by country
* Seasonal effects
* Suicidal person
* Youth mental health crisis
* Youth suicide

History

* List of suicides
* LGBTQ suicides
* Suicide in antiquity
* List of suicides in the 21st century

In warfare

* Banzai charge
* Kamikaze
* Suicide mission

Related phenomena

* Anguish
* Alcoholism
* Anhedonia
* Animal loss
* Anxiety disorder
* Asperger syndrome
* Autism spectrum
* Conditions comorbid to autism
* Biology of depression
* Epigenetics of depression
* Causes of mental disorders
* Chronic condition
* Chronic pain
* Coping
* Coping planning
* Depression (mood)
* Diseases of despair
* Diseases of poverty
* Echo chamber
* Existential crisis
* Financial crisis
* Grief
* suicide bereavement
* Ideation
* Interpersonal relationships
* Locations
* Major depressive disorder
* Mental disorder
* Mental health first aid
* Neurodevelopmental disorder
* Non-suicidal self-injury
* Perfectionism
* Personal finance
* Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
* Poverty
* Psychological first aid
* Psychological stress
* Psychological trauma
* Schizophrenia
* Self-harm
* Self-hatred
* Substance abuse
* Suffering
* Suicidal ambivalence
* Suicide and the Internet
* Suicide and trauma
* Suicide awareness
* Suicide in colleges in the United States
* Suicide in music subcultures
* Suicide note
* Suicide survivor
* Suicide terminology
* Suicide tourism
* Suicidology
* Warning signs of suicide

By country

* Rate by country
* Afghanistan
* Australia
* Bangladesh
* Cameroon
* Canada
* China
* France
* Greenland
* India
* Iran
* Ireland
* Japan
* Lesotho
* Lithuania
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* Romania
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Spain
* Sri Lanka
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* United States

Organizations

* Compassion & Choices
* Death with Dignity National Center
* Dignitas
* Exit International
* Final Exit Network
* Hemlock Society

* v
* t
* e

Bullying and suicide are considered together when the cause of suicide is attributable to the victim having been bullied, either in person or via social media.[1][2][3][4][5] Writers Neil Marr and Tim Field wrote about it in their 2001 book Bullycide: Death at Playtime.[6]

Suicide is completed when the victim cannot escape the chronic effects of bullying. They cannot find a way to cope that protects them and helps them to overcome their suffering. From this long-term carrying of emotional and physical scars, the individual develops feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. The bullying seems like it cannot be stopped for the victim and thus, resulting in suicide.[7]

## Impact

[edit]

Legal analysts criticize the term bullycide because it links a cause with an effect under someone else's control.[8] Research shows those who are bullied have a higher probability of considering or performing suicide than those who are not.[5] However, there are victims of bullying who do not end up committing suicide, and some of them share their experiences in order to send a positive message to bullying victims that suicide is not the only option.[9]

Some of the risk factors associated with suicide from bullying are childhood trauma, nutritional deficiencies, and mental health issues such as, depression, anxiety, or PTSD. Consequently, the victim becomes more susceptible to a distressful bullying experience. Those well adjusted may also be affected by bullying. Such as, developing a mental health disorder, like depression or start rehearsing the thoughts of suicide.[10]

## Risk factors

[edit]

Risk factors for bullying and suicide include emotional distress, exposure to violence, family problems, problems within relationships, lack of connections to school or a positive school environment, alcohol and drug use, or lack of access to forms of social and emotional support.[11]

## Statistics

[edit]

This section may be confusing or unclear to readers. In particular, the statistics should clearly state whether they are global or particular to the U.S. This article should be global, not U.S.-only.. Please help clarify the section. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

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### Age groups

[edit]

Bullying is most often found in children and adolescents. In Erick Erickson's stages of psychosocial development, stage five, "identity verses role confusion." Occurs during the teenage ages of 12 to 18.[12] This stage depends on the achievement of fidelity in a social group. Leading to stronger sense of identity from the interactions of that social group. Bullying may disrupt the individual's success in creating meaningful relationships in a social group. Insecurity is common in this process of finding an identity. Thus, leading to confusion. A bullied victim in this stage will struggle upon being rejected by their peers and loss of self if none another group is established in this individual's life. Also, the victim may fall short of seeking more social interactions. That will aid in the process of suicide.[13]

Prevention of suicide from bullying for children and adolescents can be alleviated from the support of parents. Being engaged in the child's life. Such as, daily activities, school, or work. Being aware of the child's friends. Changes in the child's life. Such as, lowered grades, physical bruises, or scars, eating and sleeping habits. Sharing personal social experiences, may lead the child to be open in their social experiences. These can help a child suffering from bullying.[7]

In 2010, the suicides of teenagers in the United States who were bullied because they were gay or perceived to be[14][15] led to the establishment of the It Gets Better project by Dan Savage.[16][17] The online event, Spirit Day, was created in which participants were asked to wear purple as a symbol of respect for the deceased victims of bullying, particularly cyberbullying, and to signify opposition to the bullying of the LGBT community.

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) states that almost 45,000 deaths occur from suicide each year. There are about 100 non-fatal suicide attempts to every 1 suicide. A little over 14% of students in high school consider suicide and approximately 7% of them attempt suicide. Students that are bullied are around 2 to 9 times more likely to consider suicide than non-victims.[18] A study in Britain found that at least half of suicides among young people are related to bullying. 10 to 14 year old teen girls are most likely to commit suicide based on this study. According to ABC News, nearly 30% of students are either victims of bullies or bullies themselves and 160,000 kids stay home from school every day because they are scared of being bullied.[19]

### Cyberbullying

[edit]

Cyberbullying is a form of aggression by using the internet and/or electronic communication, such as mobile phones, e-mail, and text message, to cause humiliation, terrorization, embarrassment, and/or psychological distress to a peer.[20] In comparison to verbal bullying, a research study showed that adolescents who reported cyberbullying were 11.5 times more likely to have suicidal ideation, while those who have reported verbal bullying were only 8.4 times more likely.[21] In another study, 75% of adolescents who experienced cyberbullying presented with higher suicidal ideation than those who have experienced verbal bullying.[22] Furthermore, cyberbullying is becoming more prevalent and reoccurring than normal bullying in today's society with the increase in ownership of technology throughout the world. Cyberbullying in ways is worse than regular bullying since in a sense it does not have to stop since social media can follow you wherever you go and the bully in question can be harder to contain, which results in more consistent and harsher bullying between two parties. Lastly as the constant cyberbullying continues it can cause the victim to experience an array of emotions like anger, sadness, and loneliness which can lead to their state of mind completely changing that typically include anxiety and depressive habits. As this state of minds get worse it can even cause the victim to commit suicide.[23]

Amanda Michelle Todd was a victim of cyberbullying and committed suicide. On October 19, 2012, at the age of 15, from British Columbia, Canada. She posted a video on YouTube, sharing her story of being stalked, used, being bullied at school and by online comments. Her story escalated when the online comments, cyberbullying, told her that she should have used another bleach to kill herself. This lead Todd to hang herself, not long after.[24]

As of 2022, research has come to show that perpetrators of cyberbullying often report having a history of being bullied themselves, and their rates of suicidality are similar to those who are victims of cyberbullying.[25]

### Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBTQ+) Youth

[edit]

US lesbian, gay, and bisexual students attempt suicide 2–7 times more than heterosexuals and up to one third of transgender people has made an attempt on their life.[26] Young adults of the LGBT community "must cope with developing sexual minority identity along with negative comments, jokes, and threats of violence".[27] A research identified that 19 studies were linked to suicidal behavior in lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) students to bullying at school. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender students experience more bullying than heterosexual or cisgender students.[28]

## See also

[edit]

* List of suicides that have been attributed to bullying

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Marr, Neil; Field, Tim (30 January 2001). Bully : Death at Playtime (1st ed.). Success Unlimited. ISBN 978-0-9529121-2-5.[page needed]
2. ^ Bender, Joyce (28 April 2008). "Bullycide: The Only Escape for Some Brutalizd Children with Disabilities". The Cutting Edge. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
3. ^ Pursell Elliott, Gail (9 May 2003). School Mobbing and Emotional Abuse: See it - Stop it - Prevent it with Dignity and Respect. Routledge. p. 32\. ISBN 978-0-415-94551-6.
4. ^ Moffatt, Gregory K (30 June 2003). Wounded Innocents and Fallen Angels: Child Abuse and Child Aggression. Praeger Publishers. p. 161\. ISBN 978-0-275-97848-8.
5. ^ a b Martinez, Edecio (4 May 2010). "Cyber Bullying Illegal: Mass. Governor Signs Landmark Anti-Bullying Law - Crimesider - CBS News". CBS News. Archived from the original on May 11, 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
6. ^ Marr, Neil; Field, Tim (30 January 2001). Bullycide: Death at Playtime (1st ed.). Success Unlimited. ISBN 978-0-9529121-2-5.[page needed]
7. ^ a b "Bullycide | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
8. ^ Kohut, Margaret R (9 November 2007). The Complete Guide to Understanding, Controlling, and Stopping Bullies & Bullying: A Complete Guide for Teachers & Parents. Atlantic Publishing Company. p. 114\. ISBN 978-1-60138-021-0.
9. ^ "National Suicide Prevention Day ; Tales of a Polar Bear". talesofapolarbear.com. 2018-09-10. Archived from the original on 2019-03-06. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
10. ^ Hertz, Marci Feldman; Donato, Ingrid; Wright, James (2013-07-01). "Bullying and Suicide: A Public Health Approach". Journal of Adolescent Health. 53 (1): S1 – S3. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.05.002. ISSN 1054-139X. PMC 4721504. PMID 23790194.
11. ^ "The Relationship Between Bullying and Suicide: What We Know and What it Means for Schools" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention. April 2014. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
12. ^ "Erikson's Stages of Development". 2024-01-25. Retrieved 2024-11-24.
13. ^ "Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development Explained". PositivePsychology.com. 2020-08-05. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
14. ^ LaSalle, Reneé (16 November 2009). "No Charges in Murray County High School "Bullycide" Case". WDEF News. Archived from the original on 20 November 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
15. ^ Sikora, Kate (31 July 2008). "Signs that can help you save your child". The Daily Telegraph. Australia. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
16. ^ "GT Investigates". GayTimes. No. 387\. December 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-11-14. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
17. ^ "In suicide's wake, a message to gay teens: Hang on; you are not alone". St. Petersburg Times; Tampabay.com. 2 October 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-10-05. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
18. ^ "Bullying and Suicide". Bullying Statistics. 2015-07-07. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
19. ^ Dubreuil, Jim; McNiff, Eamon (14 October 2010). "Bullied to Death in America's Schools". ABC News.
20. ^ Pinto, Melissa D. (2017). "Challenges and opportunities for addressing adolescent cyberbullying within the context of clinically meaningful psychological outcomes: Addressing Adolescent Cyberbullying". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. 30 (1): 4–5\. doi:10.1111/jcap.12168. PMID 28513063.
21. ^ Alavi, Nazanin; Reshetukha, Taras; Prost, Eric; Antoniak, Kristen; Patel, Charmy; Sajid, Saad; Groll, Dianne (2017). "Relationship between Bullying and Suicidal Behaviour in Youth presenting to the Emergency Department". Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 26 (2): 70–77\. PMC 5510935. PMID 28747929.
22. ^ Roberts, Nasreen; Axas, Nicholas; Nesdole, Robert; Repetti, Leanne (October 2016). "Pediatric Emergency Department Visits for Mental Health Crisis: Prevalence of Cyber-Bullying in Suicidal Youth". Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. 33 (5): 469–472\. doi:10.1007/s10560-016-0442-8. S2CID 73804324.
23. ^ Mc Guckin, Conor; Corcoran, Lucie (2015-11-25), "Intervention and Prevention Programmes on Cyberbullying: A Review", Cyberbullying Across the Globe, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 221–238, ISBN 978-3-319-25550-7, retrieved 2023-05-16
24. ^ "The Story of Amanda Todd". The New Yorker. 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
25. ^ Arnon, Shay; Brunstein Klomek, Anat; Visoki, Elina; Moore, Tyler M.; Argabright, Stirling T.; DiDomenico, Grace E.; Benton, Tami D.; Barzilay, Ran (2022-06-27). "Association of Cyberbullying Experiences and Perpetration With Suicidality in Early Adolescence". JAMA Network Open. 5 (6): e2218746. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.18746. ISSN 2574-3805. PMC 9237787. PMID 35759263.
26. ^ Haas, Ann P.; Eliason, Mickey; Mays, Vickie M.; Mathy, Robin M.; Cochran, Susan D.; D'Augelli, Anthony R.; Silverman, Morton M.; Fisher, Prudence W.; Hughes, Tonda; Rosario, Margaret; Russell, Stephen T.; Malley, Effie; Reed, Jerry; Litts, David A.; Haller, Ellen; Sell, Randall L.; Remafedi, Gary; Bradford, Judith; Beautrais, Annette L.; Brown, Gregory K.; Diamond, Gary M.; Friedman, Mark S.; Garofalo, Robert; Turner, Mason S.; Hollibaugh, Amber; Clayton, Paula J. (2011). "Suicide and Suicide Risk in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Populations: Review and Recommendations". Journal of Homosexuality. 58 (1): 10–51\. doi:10.1080/00918369.2011.534038. PMC 3662085. PMID 21213174.
27. ^ Morrow, Deana F. (January 2004). "Social Work Practice with Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Adolescents". Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services. 85 (1): 91–99\. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.246. S2CID 144872473. ProQuest 230162051.
28. ^ Gower, Amy L.; Rider, G. Nic; McMorris, Barbara J.; Eisenberg, Marla E. (December 2018). "Bullying Victimization Among LGBTQ Youth: Critical Issues and Future Directions". Current Sexual Health Reports. 10 (4): 246–254\. doi:10.1007/s11930-018-0169-y. ISSN 1548-3584. PMC 6497454.

* v
* t
* e

Bullying

Types|

* Abusive supervision
* Cyberbullying
* Disability bullying
* Displaced aggression
* Doxing
* LGBTQ bullying
* Hazing
* Military bullying
* Mobbing
* Parental bullying of children
* Peer victimization
* Prison bullying
* Rank
* Relational aggression
* School bullying
* Higher education
* Sexual bullying
* Workplace harassment
* Workplace bullying
* Academia
* Information technology
* Legal aspects
* Legal profession
* Medicine
* Nursing
* Teaching
* Toxic leader
* Toxic workplace

Elements|

* Betrayal
* Blacklisting
* Bullying and emotional intelligence
* Cancel culture
* Character assassination
* Coercion
* Culture of fear
* Defamation
* Destabilisation
* Discrediting
* Embarrassment
* False accusation
* Gaslighting
* Gossip
* Harassment
* Humiliation
* Incivility
* Intimidation
* Kiss up kick down
* Mind games
* Moving the goalposts
* Nagging
* Name calling
* Personal attacks
* Physical abuse
* Psychological abuse
* Rudeness
* Sarcasm
* Screaming
* Shame
* Smear campaign
* Social exclusion
* Social undermining
* Swatting
* Taunting
* Workplace incivility
* Verbal abuse

Organizations|

* Act Against Bullying
* Ban Bossy
* Bullying UK
* Bystander Revolution
* Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity
* Ditch the Label
* GRIN Campaign
* It Gets Better Project
* Kidscape
* Society Against Violence in Education

Experts|

| Academics|

* Anna Costanza Baldry
* Wendy Craig
* Dorothy Espelage
* David P. Farrington
* Shelley Hymel
* Heinz Leymann
* Gary Namie
* James O'Higgins Norman
* Dan Olweus
* Debra Pepler
* Christina Salmivalli
* Kenneth Westhues

|

Activists|

* Andrea Adams
* Louise Burfitt-Dons
* Tim Field
* SuEllen Fried
* Liam Hackett
* Lizzie Velásquez

Actions|

* Anti-Bullying Day
* Anti-Bullying Week
* Anti-bullying legislation
* International Day of Pink
* International Stand Up to Bullying Day
* Think Before You Speak

Notable suicides
(List)|

* William Arthur Gibbs (1877)
* Kelly Yeomans (1997)
* Hamed Nastoh (2000)
* Dawn-Marie Wesley (2000)
* Nicola Ann Raphael (2001)
* Ryan Halligan (2003)
* Megan Meier (2006)
* Sladjana Vidovic (2008)
* Phoebe Prince (2010)
* Tyler Clementi (2010)
* Jamey Rodemeyer (2011)
* Jamie Hubley (2011)
* Kenneth Weishuhn (2012)
* Audrie Pott (2012)
* Amanda Todd (2012)
* Jadin Bell (2013)
* Rehtaeh Parsons (2013)
* Rebecca Sedwick (2013)
* Leelah Alcorn (2014)
* Conrad Roy (2014)
* Tyrone Unsworth (2016)

Murder–suicides
(incidents)|

* Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold
* Columbine, 1999
* Jeff Weise
* Red Lake, 2005
* Seung-Hui Cho
* Virginia Tech, 2007
* Pekka-Eric Auvinen
* Jokela High School, 2007
* Matti Juhani Saari
* Kauhajoki School of Hospitality, 2008
* Jose Horacio Reyes
* Sparks Middle School, 2013
* Elliot Rodger
* Isla Vista, 2014

Related topics|

* Emotional blackmail
* Just-world fallacy
* List of LGBT-related suicides
* Machiavellianism in the workplace
* Narcissism in the workplace
* Personal boundaries
* Personality disorders
* Playing the victim
* Psychopathy in the workplace
* Scapegoating
* Self-esteem
* Social dominance orientation
* Suicide among LGBTQ people
* Victim blaming
* Victimisation
* Victimology

* v
* t
* e

Suicide

Suicide crisis|

* Assessment of suicide risk
* Crisis hotline
* list
* Suicidal ideation
* Suicide intervention
* Suicidology
* Suicide prevention
* Suicide watch
* Warning signs

Social aspects|

* Advocacy
* Altruistic
* Awareness
* Interpersonal theory
* Legislation
* Philosophy of suicide
* Religious views
* Euthanasia
* Right to die
* Social media and suicide
* Suicide survivor
* bereavement
* Literature
* Terminology
* Suicide and the Internet

Suicide types|

* Assisted suicide
* list
* Bullying and suicide
* list
* Charcoal-burning
* Copycat
* Epidemic
* Familicide
* Forced
* Gunshot
* Hanging
* Honor
* Immolation
* Jumping from height
* locations
* Mass
* Murder–suicide
* Vatakkiruttal
* Seppuku
* Sokushinbutsu
* Sallekhana
* Sati
* Prayopavesa
* By train
* London Underground
* Self-sacrifice
* Banzai charge
* Kamikaze
* Senicide
* Suicide attack
* By cop
* By pilot
* Pact
* Suicide pill
* Vehicular

Epidemiology|

* Sex differences
* List of countries by suicide rate
* Antidepressants and suicide risk

History|

* Suicide in antiquity
* List of suicides
* heads of state and government
* in the 21st century

Related|

* Animal suicide
* Caring letters
* Consensual homicide
* Last words
* Self-harm
* Suicide methods
* Suicide note
* Suicide attempt
* Suicide prevention contract
* Tourism

By demographic|

* Autistic people
* Doctors
* LGBTQ people
* list
* Mormon
* Military
* Music subcultures
* Prisoners
* Youth

By country|

* Afghanistan
* Australia
* Bangladesh
* Belarus
* Bhutan
* Cameroon
* Canada
* China
* France
* Denmark
* Greenland
* Greece
* Guyana
* Hong Kong
* student
* India
* youth
* farmers
* Iran
* Ireland
* Japan
* Kazakhstan
* Lesotho
* Lithuania
* Mexico
* Mozambique
* Nepal
* Nigeria
* Pakistan
* Romania
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* LGBT youth
* Spain
* Sri Lanka
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Assisted suicide
* United States
* Assisted suicide
* college
* farmers
* military veteran
* Native American
* teenage
* Uruguay

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