Bullying in medicine

This article is about bullying involving physicians. For bullying involving nurses, see Bullying in nursing.

Bullying in the medical profession is common, particularly of student or trainee physicians. It is thought that this is at least in part an outcome of conservative traditional hierarchical structures and teaching methods in the medical profession which may result in a bullying cycle.

People with Type A personality are attracted to highly educated professions such as medicine and law, both by the pride of overachievement and by the opportunities to exercise authority over others. Personal egotism, reinforced by successes in career development and increased social status, can lead to power harassment towards vulnerable clients, colleagues and students.

While the stereotype of a victim as a weak person who somehow deserves to be bullied is salient, there is growing evidence that bullies, who are often driven by jealousy and envy, pick on the highest performing students, whose mere presence is sufficient to make the bully feel insecure. The victim are usually academic high achievers and are likely to have been top of the class throughout their school years. As medical students have to compete against each other, this can make certain trainee doctors eager to stand out from the crowd, and some use underhanded techniques to gain more recognition.

The rampant problem of medical student mistreatment and bullying was systematically studied and reported in a 1990 JAMA study by pediatrician Henry K. Silver which found that 46.4 percent of students at one medical school had been abused at some point during medical school; by the time they were seniors, that number was 80.6 percent.[1]

In a 2002 test, 594 BMA members were randomly selected to complete a bullying survey, and 220 of the 594 junior doctors reported having been bullied in the previous year. This survey reported no variance in job grade or age.[2]

## Psychology

[edit]

Threats (of exposure of inadequacy) must be ruthlessly controlled and subjugated.[3] Psychological models such as transference and projection have been proposed to explain such behaviors, wherein the bully's sense of personal inadequacy is projected or transferred to a victim; through making others feel inadequate and subordinate, the bully thus vindicates their own sense of inferiority.

Displacement is another defense mechanism that can explain the propensity of many medical educators to bully students, and may operate subconsciously.[4] Displacement entails the redirection of an impulse (usually aggression) onto a powerless substitute target.[5] The target can be a person or an object that can serve as a symbolic substitute.[6] Displacement can operate in chain-reactions, wherein people unwittingly become at once victims and perpetrators of displacement.[7] For example, a resident physician may be undergoing stress with her patients or at home, but cannot express these feelings toward patients or toward her family members, so she channels these negative emotions toward vulnerable students in the form of intimidation, control or subjugation.[8] The student then acts brashly toward a patient, channeling reactive emotions which cannot be directed back to the resident physician onto more vulnerable subjects.[8]

A review found that there were 5 main drivers of bullying and unprofessional behaviours in healthcare: 1. disempowered staff who feel undervalued; 2. harmful workplace processes and cultures (high job demands because of understaffing, for instance); 3. a lack of team cohesion and support, which can be caused by shift working; 4. reduced ability to speak up; 5. managers who lack awareness or recognition of unprofessional behaviours, and take no action.[9][10]

Beyond its ramifications for victims, disrespect and bullying in medicine is a threat to patient safety because it inhibits collegiality and cooperation essential to teamwork, cuts off communication, undermines morale, and inhibits compliance with and implementation of new practices.[11][12][9][10]

### Bullying cycle

[edit]

Medical training usually takes place in institutions that have a highly structured hierarchical system, and has traditionally involved teaching by intimidation and humiliation.[citation needed] Such practices may foster a culture of bullying and the setting up of a cycle of bullying, analogous to other cycles of abuse in which those who experience it go on to abuse others when they become more senior. Medical doctors are increasingly reporting to the British Medical Association that they are being bullied, often by older and more senior colleagues, many of whom were badly treated themselves when more junior.[13]

Physician Jonathan Belsey relates in an emblematic narrative published in AMA Virtual Mentor entitled Teaching By Humiliation that "however well you presented the case, somewhere along the line you would trip up and give the predatory professor his opportunity to expose your inadequacies. Sometimes it would be your lack of medical knowledge; sometimes the question that you failed to ask the patient that would have revealed the root of the problem, or sometimes your ineptitude at eliciting the required clinical signs. On one memorable occasion, when I had appeared to cover all the bases clinically, the professor turned to me and berated me for attending his ward round wearing a plaid shirt that was clearly inappropriate for an aspiring doctor."[14]

## Impact

[edit]

Bullying can significantly decrease job satisfaction and increase job-induced stress; it also leads to low self-confidence, depression, anxiety and a desire to leave employment.[3][15] Bullying contributes to high rates of staff turnover, high rates of sickness absence, impaired performance, lower productivity, poor team spirit and loss of trained staff.[3] This has implications for the recruitment and retention of medical staff.

Chronic and current bullying are associated with substantially worse health,[16] according to research by Laura M. Bogart, associate professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School.

Studies have consistently shown that physicians have had the highest depression and suicide rates compared to people in many other lines of work—for suicide, 40% higher for male physicians and 130% higher for female physicians.[17][18][19] Research has traced the beginning of this difference to the years spent in medical school.[20] Students enter medical school with mental health profiles similar to those of their peers but end up experiencing depression, burnout, suicidal ideation and other mental illnesses at much higher rates.[21][22] Despite better access to health care, they are more likely to cope by resorting to dysfunctional and self-injurious behaviors, and are less likely to receive the right care or even recognize that they need some kind of intervention.

Exposure to bullying and intimidation during formative years of medical training has been found to contribute to these consequences. Fear of stigmatisation among medical students was the subject of a study in JAMA by Thomas Schwenk and colleagues at the University of Michigan's Department of Family Medicine, USA. 53% of medical students who reported high levels of depressive symptoms were worried that revealing their illness would be risky for their careers and 62% said asking for help would mean their coping skills were inadequate, according to the study published in September 2010. "Medical students are under extraordinary demands. They feel they are making life and death decisions and that they can never be wrong. There is such tremendous pressure to be perfect that any sense of falling short makes them very anxious", says Schwenk.[23]

## Types

[edit]

### Medical students

[edit]

Main article: Bullying in academia

Medical students, perhaps being vulnerable because of their relatively low status in health care settings, may experience verbal abuse, humiliation and harassment (nonsexual or sexual). Discrimination based on gender and race are less common.[24]

In one study, around 35% of medical students reported having been bullied. Around one in four of the 1,000 students questioned said they had been bullied by a medical doctor. Furthermore, bullying has been known to occur among medical students. Manifestations of bullying include:[25]

* being humiliated by teachers in front of patients or peers
* been victimised for not having come from a "medical family" (often people who enter medicine have an older sibling pursuing the same degree or share ties with other individuals in the profession with whom familial relationship confers some degree of protection or special influence – especially within academic settings.) Such practices extend to admissions procedures, which are regularly influenced by factors far afield of candidates' intrinsic merits, such as being related to faculty members or well-known medical luminaries.[26][27]
* being put under pressure to carry out a procedure without supervision.
* being ostracized by other medical students for asking questions (due to the medical content being confusing for some students) through social media networks (Facebook bullying), phone, or in person.

Ragging is an additional form of abuse faced by medical students in many countries, often resulting in physical or psychological harm.[28] For a global perspective on this issue, Ragging in Medical Schools: A Global Problem We Need to Talk About.

One study showed that the medical faculty was the faculty in which students were most commonly mistreated.[29]

Bullying extends to postgraduate students.[30][31]

Medical students are increasingly involved in scientific research, but as early career researchers, they are particularly vulnerable to exploitation and mistreatment. Toxic research cultures are highly detrimental, manifesting in unethical practices and abuse of power by more senior researchers. These environments foster undue credit claims, coercive behavior, and a competitive atmosphere that prioritizes personal gain over collaborative and ethical conduct. Such cultures, driven by pressures to publish and secure funding, undermine the well-being and professional development of junior researchers, perpetuating a cycle of mistreatment and ethical compromise.[32]

### Junior (trainee) physicians

[edit]

In a UK study, 37% of junior doctors reported being bullied in the previous year and 84% had experienced at least one bullying incident. Black and Asian physicians were more likely to be bullied than other physicians. Women were more likely to be bullied than men.[2]

Trainee physicians who feel threatened in the clinical workplace develop less effectively and are less likely to ask for advice or help when they need it.[33] Persistent destructive criticism, sarcastic comments and humiliation in front of colleagues will cause all but the most resilient of trainees to lose confidence in themselves.[34]

Consultants who feel burnt out and alienated may take their disaffection out on junior colleagues.[34]

The farewell interview from Sir Ian Kennedy (Chair of the Healthcare Commission) caused significant media interest following his statement that bullying is a 'corrosive' problem that the NHS must address.[citation needed]

### Psychiatry

[edit]

Psychiatric trainees experience rates of bullying at least as high as other medical students. In a survey of psychiatric trainees in the West Midlands, 47% had experienced bullying within the last year with even higher percentages amongst ethnic minorities and females. Qualified psychiatrists are not themselves required to be psychiatrically assessed.[35][36]

### Nursing

[edit]

Main article: Bullying in nursing

Nurses experience bullying quite frequently.[37][38] It is thought that relational aggression (psychological aspects of bullying such as gossiping and intimidation) are commonplace. Relational aggression has been studied among girls but not so much among adult women.[39]

Speaking of many doctors' predilection for bullying nurses, Theresa Brown writes:[40]

> ...the most damaging bullying is not flagrant and does not fit the stereotype of a surgeon having a tantrum in the operating room. It is passive, like not answering pages or phone calls, and tends toward the subtle: condescension rather than outright abuse, and aggressive or sarcastic remarks rather than straightforward insults.

## Popular culture

[edit]

Sir Lancelot Spratt, a character played by actor James Robertson Justice in the film series Doctor in the House, is often referenced as the archetypal arrogant bullying doctor ruling by fear. The film series also demonstrates bullying of student doctors by other doctors and the nursing matron.

In the American sitcom Scrubs, Dr. Cox uses intimidation and sarcasm as methods of tormenting the interns and expressing his dislike towards them and their company.

## See also

[edit]

* Aggression in healthcare
* Disruptive physician
* Doctor-patient relationship
* Burnout and depression of medical students
* Medical education
* Medical narcissism
* Medical school
* Sham peer review
* Stafford Hospital scandal
* Stress in medical students
* Whistleblowing
* Workplace safety in healthcare settings

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "VM – To Bully and Be Bullied: Harassment and Mistreatment in Medical Education, Mar 14 ... Virtual Mentor". virtualmentor.ama-assn.org. 2014-03-01. Archived from the original on 2014-03-13. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
2. ^ a b Quine, L. (13 April 2002). "Workplace bullying in junior doctors: questionnaire survey". BMJ. 324 (7342): 878–879\. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7342.878. PMC 101400. PMID 11950736.
3. ^ a b c Field, T. (2002). "Bullying in medicine". BMJ. 324 (7340): 786a–786. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7340.786/a. PMC 1122715. PMID 11923166.
4. ^ Salin, Denise (22 April 2016). "Ways of Explaining Workplace Bullying: A Review of Enabling, Motivating and Precipitating Structures and Processes in the Work Environment". Human Relations. 56 (10): 1213–1232\. doi:10.1177/00187267035610003. hdl:10227/283. S2CID 55963468.
5. ^ Ahmed, Eliza (2006). "Understanding bullying from a shame management perspective: Findings from a three-year follow-up study" (PDF). Educational and Child Psychology. 23 (2): 25–39\. doi:10.53841/bpsecp.2006.23.2.25. S2CID 147067476.
6. ^ "www.arimhe.com/uploaded/abstractbook.4th-worldwide-conference.pdf#page=25" (PDF). arimhe.com. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
7. ^ Einarsen, Stale; Hoel, Helge; Zapf, Dieter; Cooper, Cary (22 September 2010). Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research, and Practice (Second ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 9781439804902. Retrieved 2 November 2016 – via Google Books.
8. ^ a b Einarsen, Ståle (2000). "Harassment and bullying at work: A review of the scandinavian approach". Aggression and Violent Behavior. 5 (4): 379–401\. doi:10.1016/S1359-1789(98)00043-3.
9. ^ a b Aunger, Justin Avery; Maben, Jill; Abrams, Ruth; Wright, Judy M.; Mannion, Russell; Pearson, Mark; Jones, Aled; Westbrook, Johanna I. (2023-11-30). "Drivers of unprofessional behaviour between staff in acute care hospitals: a realist review". BMC Health Services Research. 23 (1): 1326. doi:10.1186/s12913-023-10291-3. ISSN 1472-6963. PMC 10687856. PMID 38037093.
10. ^ a b "What drives unprofessional behaviour in healthcare?". NIHR Evidence. 5 November 2024.
11. ^ Leape, Lucian L.; Shore, Miles F.; Dienstag, Jules L.; Mayer, Robert J.; Edgman-Levitan, Susan; Meyer, Gregg S.; Healy, Gerald B. (July 2012). "Perspective: A Culture of Respect, Part 1: The Nature and Causes of Disrespectful Behavior by Physicians". Academic Medicine. 87 (7): 845–852\. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e318258338d. PMID 22622217.
12. ^ Anderson, Jim (April 2013). "Can "pimping" kill? The potential effect of disrespectful behavior on patient safety". Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants. 26 (4): 53–56\. doi:10.1097/01720610-201304000-00014. PMID 23610843. S2CID 41937451.
13. ^ Williams K (1998) Stress linked to bullying. BMA News Review, April 18
14. ^ "VM – Teaching by Humiliation—Why It Should Change, Mar 14 ... Virtual Mentor". virtualmentor.ama-assn.org. 2014-03-01. Archived from the original on 2014-03-13. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
15. ^ Björkqvist, K (2001). "Social defeat as a stressor in humans". Physiology & Behavior. 73 (3): 435–42\. doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00490-5. PMID 11438372. S2CID 45769585.
16. ^ Bogart, Laura M.; Elliott, Marc N.; Klein, David J.; Tortolero, Susan R.; Mrug, Sylvie; Peskin, Melissa F.; Davies, Susan L.; Schink, Elizabeth T.; Schuster, Mark A. (17 February 2014). "Peer Victimization in Fifth Grade and Health in Tenth Grade". Pediatrics. 133 (3): 440–447\. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3510. PMC 4530298. PMID 24534401.
17. ^ Rotenstein, Lisa S.; Ramos, Marco A.; Torre, Matthew; Segal, J. Bradley; Peluso, Michael J.; Guille, Constance; Sen, Srijan; Mata, Douglas A. (2016-12-06). "Prevalence of Depression, Depressive Symptoms, and Suicidal Ideation Among Medical Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". JAMA. 316 (21): 2214–2236\. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.17324. ISSN 1538-3598. PMC 5613659. PMID 27923088.
18. ^ Mata, Douglas A.; Ramos, Marco A.; Bansal, Narinder; Khan, Rida; Guille, Constance; Di Angelantonio, Emanuele; Sen, Srijan (8 December 2015). "Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians". JAMA. 314 (22): 2373–83\. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.15845. PMC 4866499. PMID 26647259.
19. ^ Chen, Pauline W. (2010-10-07). "The New York Times". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
20. ^ Hawton, K. (2000). "Doctors who kill themselves: a study of the methods used for suicide | QJM: An International Journal of Medicine". QJM. 93 (6). qjmed.oxfordjournals.org: 351–357\. doi:10.1093/qjmed/93.6.351. PMID 10873184. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
21. ^ "The occupation with the highest suicide rate | Psychology Today". psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
22. ^ Rotenstein, Lisa S.; Torre, Matthew; Ramos, Marco A.; Rosales, Rachael C.; Guille, Constance; Sen, Srijan; Mata, Douglas A. (September 18, 2018). "Prevalence of Burnout Among Physicians: A Systematic Review". JAMA. 320 (11): 1131–1150\. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.12777. ISSN 1538-3598. PMC 6233645. PMID 30326495.
23. ^ Devi, Sharmila (2011). "Doctors in distress". The Lancet. 377 (9764): 454–455\. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60145-1. PMID 21300592. S2CID 36183787. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
24. ^ Coverdale, J. H.; Balon, R.; Roberts, L. W. (2009). "Mistreatment of Trainees: Verbal Abuse and Other Bullying Behaviors". Academic Psychiatry. 33 (4): 269–73\. doi:10.1176/appi.ap.33.4.269. PMID 19690101. S2CID 26914506.
25. ^ Curtis P Medical students complain of bullying The Guardian 4 May 2005
26. ^ "VM – Legacy Admissions in Medical School, Dec 12 ... Virtual Mentor". virtualmentor.ama-assn.org. 2012-12-01. Archived from the original on 2014-03-07. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
27. ^ "Connections to University can affect admissions decision | Stanford Daily". stanforddaily.com. 2013-03-13. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
28. ^ Ragging in Medical Schools: A Global Problem We Need to Talk About
29. ^ Rautio, Arja; Sunnari, Vappu; Nuutinen, Matti; Laitala, Marja (2005). "Mistreatment of university students most common during medical studies". BMC Medical Education. 5: 36. doi:10.1186/1472-6920-5-36. PMC 1285362. PMID 16232310.
30. ^ Stebbing, J; Mandalia, S; Portsmouth, S; Leonard, P; Crane, J; Bower, M; Earl, H; Quine, L (2004). "A questionnaire survey of stress and bullying in doctors undertaking research". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 80 (940): 93–6\. doi:10.1136/pmj.2003.009001. PMC 1742926. PMID 14970297.
31. ^ Bairy, KL; Thirumalaikolundusubramanian, P; Sivagnanam, G; Saraswathi, S; Sachidananda, A; Shalini, A (2007). "Bullying among trainee doctors in Southern India: A questionnaire study". Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 53 (2): 87–90\. doi:10.4103/0022-3859.32206. hdl:1807/52048. PMID 17495372.
32. ^ Rajakumar, Hamrish Kumar; Gaman, Mihnea-Alexandru; Puyana, Juan C.; Bonilla-Escobar, Francisco J. (2024-07-09). "Transforming Toxic Research Cultures: Protecting the Future of Medical Students and Early Career Researchers – Part I". International Journal of Medical Students. 12 (2): 128–132\. doi:10.5195/ijms.2024.2763. ISSN 2076-6327.
33. ^ Israël, E; Louwette, R; Lambotte, C (1975). "Two familial cases of congenital erythroderma ichthyosiforme". Revue Médicale de Liège. 30 (13): 439–44\. PMID 1096266.
34. ^ a b Paice E, Smith D (2009). "Bullying of trainee doctors is a patient safety issue". The Clinical Teacher. 6: 13–7\. doi:10.1111/j.1743-498x.2008.00251.x. S2CID 71726099.
35. ^ Hoosen, I. A. (2004). "A survey of workplace bullying of psychiatric trainees in the West Midlands". Psychiatric Bulletin. 28 (6): 225–7\. doi:10.1192/pb.28.6.225.
36. ^ Gadit AA Bullying in psychiatry must stop – Clinical Psychiatry News, May, 2007
37. ^ Hutchinson, M; Wilkes, L; Vickers, M; Jackson, D (2008). "The development and validation of a bullying inventory for the nursing workplace". Nurse Researcher. 15 (2): 19–29\. doi:10.7748/nr2008.01.15.2.19.c6326. PMID 18283759.
38. ^ Porter-O'grady, T (2008). "Transforming work environments. Interview by Diane E Scott and Amanda Rosenkranz". The American Nurse. 40 (2): 7. PMID 18494401.
39. ^ Dellasega, Cheryl A. (2009). "Bullying among nurses". The American Journal of Nursing. 109 (1): 52–8\. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000344039.11651.08. PMID 19112267.
40. ^ Brown, Theresa (2011-05-07). "Physician Heel Thyself". The New York Times.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Ahmer, Syed; Yousafzai, Abdul Wahab; Bhutto, Naila; Alam, Sumira; Sarangzai, Amanullah Khan; Iqbal, Arshad (2008). Syed, Ehsan (ed.). "Bullying of Medical Students in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Survey". PLOS ONE. 3 (12): e3889. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.3889A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003889. PMC 2586648. PMID 19060948.
* Faruqui, R. A.; Ikkos, G. (2007). "Poorly performing supervisors and trainers of trainee doctors". Psychiatric Bulletin. 31 (4): 148–52\. doi:10.1192/pb.bp.105.008730.
* Frank, E. (2006). "Experiences of belittlement and harassment and their correlates among medical students in the United States: Longitudinal survey". BMJ. 333 (7570): 682–0\. doi:10.1136/bmj.38924.722037.7C. PMC 1584373. PMID 16956894.
* Gadit, A A M; Mugford, G (2008). "A pilot study of bullying and harassment among medical professionals in Pakistan, focussing on psychiatry: Need for a medical ombudsman". Journal of Medical Ethics. 34 (6): 463–6\. doi:10.1136/jme.2007.021832. PMID 18511621. S2CID 10319405.
* Imran, N; Jawaid, M; Haider, II; Masood, Z (2010). "Bullying of junior doctors in Pakistan: A cross-sectional survey" (PDF). Singapore Medical Journal. 51 (7): 592–5\. PMID 20730401.
* Maida, Ana Margarita; Vásquez, Alicia; Herskovic, Viviana; Calderón, José Luis; Jacard, Marcela; Pereira, Ana; Widdel, Lars (2003). "A report on student abuse during medical training". Medical Teacher. 25 (5): 497–501\. doi:10.1080/01421590310001606317. PMID 14522671. S2CID 19639211.
* Mukhtar, F; Daud, S; Manzoor, I; Amjad, I; Saeed, K; Naeem, M; Javed, M (2010). "Bullying of medical students". Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan. 20 (12): 814–8\. PMID 21205548.
* Paice, E.; Aitken, M; Houghton, A; Firth-Cozens, J (2004). "Bullying among doctors in training: Cross sectional questionnaire survey". BMJ. 329 (7467): 658–9\. doi:10.1136/bmj.38133.502569.AE. PMC 517643. PMID 15256417.
* Mistry M and Latoo J Bullying: a growing workplace menace BJMP Mar 2009 Volume 2 Number 1
* Paice, E. (12 April 2003). "Who's a bully then?". BMJ. 326 (7393): 127S–127. doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7393.S127. PMID 12689995.
* Quine, Lyn (1999). Clinical research (ed.). "Workplace bullying in NHS community trust: Staff questionnaire survey". BMJ. 318 (7178): 228–32\. doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7178.228. PMC 27703. PMID 9915730.
* Vanderstar ES Workplace Bullying in the Healthcare Professions 2004 8 Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal 455
* Wible, Pamela (2019). Human Rights Violations in Medicine: A-to-Z Action Guide. ISBN 978-0985710330
* Wood, D. F (2006). "Bullying and harassment in medical schools". BMJ. 333 (7570): 664–5\. doi:10.1136/bmj.38954.568148.BE. PMC 1584336. PMID 17008645.
* Wood, DF. Bullying in medical schools Student BMJ October 2006

## External links

[edit]

* Bullying and harassment at British Medical Association
* WMA statement on bullying and harassment within the profession at World Medical Association
* Ragging in Medical Schools: A Global Problem We Need to Talk About at Clavikl

* v
* t
* e

Bullying

Types|

* Abusive supervision
* Cyberbullying
* Disability bullying
* Displaced aggression
* Doxing
* LGBTQ bullying
* Hazing
* Military bullying
* Mobbing
* Parental bullying of children
* Peer victimization
* Prison bullying
* Rank
* Relational aggression
* School bullying
* Higher education
* Sexual bullying
* Workplace harassment
* Workplace bullying
* Academia
* Information technology
* Legal aspects
* Legal profession
* Medicine
* Nursing
* Teaching
* Toxic leader
* Toxic workplace

Elements|

* Betrayal
* Blacklisting
* Bullying and emotional intelligence
* Cancel culture
* Character assassination
* Coercion
* Culture of fear
* Defamation
* Destabilisation
* Discrediting
* Embarrassment
* False accusation
* Gaslighting
* Gossip
* Harassment
* Humiliation
* Incivility
* Intimidation
* Kiss up kick down
* Mind games
* Moving the goalposts
* Nagging
* Name calling
* Personal attacks
* Physical abuse
* Psychological abuse
* Rudeness
* Sarcasm
* Screaming
* Shame
* Smear campaign
* Social exclusion
* Social undermining
* Swatting
* Taunting
* Workplace incivility
* Verbal abuse

Organizations|

* Act Against Bullying
* Ban Bossy
* Bullying UK
* Bystander Revolution
* Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity
* Ditch the Label
* GRIN Campaign
* It Gets Better Project
* Kidscape
* Society Against Violence in Education

Experts|

| Academics|

* Anna Costanza Baldry
* Wendy Craig
* Dorothy Espelage
* David P. Farrington
* Shelley Hymel
* Heinz Leymann
* Gary Namie
* James O'Higgins Norman
* Dan Olweus
* Debra Pepler
* Christina Salmivalli
* Kenneth Westhues

|

Activists|

* Andrea Adams
* Louise Burfitt-Dons
* Tim Field
* SuEllen Fried
* Liam Hackett
* Lizzie Velásquez

Actions|

* Anti-Bullying Day
* Anti-Bullying Week
* Anti-bullying legislation
* International Day of Pink
* International Stand Up to Bullying Day
* Think Before You Speak

Notable suicides
(List)|

* William Arthur Gibbs (1877)
* Kelly Yeomans (1997)
* Hamed Nastoh (2000)
* Dawn-Marie Wesley (2000)
* Nicola Ann Raphael (2001)
* Ryan Halligan (2003)
* Megan Meier (2006)
* Sladjana Vidovic (2008)
* Phoebe Prince (2010)
* Tyler Clementi (2010)
* Jamey Rodemeyer (2011)
* Jamie Hubley (2011)
* Kenneth Weishuhn (2012)
* Audrie Pott (2012)
* Amanda Todd (2012)
* Jadin Bell (2013)
* Rehtaeh Parsons (2013)
* Rebecca Sedwick (2013)
* Leelah Alcorn (2014)
* Conrad Roy (2014)
* Tyrone Unsworth (2016)

Murder–suicides
(incidents)|

* Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold
* Columbine, 1999
* Jeff Weise
* Red Lake, 2005
* Seung-Hui Cho
* Virginia Tech, 2007
* Pekka-Eric Auvinen
* Jokela High School, 2007
* Matti Juhani Saari
* Kauhajoki School of Hospitality, 2008
* Jose Horacio Reyes
* Sparks Middle School, 2013
* Elliot Rodger
* Isla Vista, 2014

Related topics|

* Emotional blackmail
* Just-world fallacy
* List of LGBT-related suicides
* Machiavellianism in the workplace
* Narcissism in the workplace
* Personal boundaries
* Personality disorders
* Playing the victim
* Psychopathy in the workplace
* Scapegoating
* Self-esteem
* Social dominance orientation
* Suicide among LGBTQ people
* Victim blaming
* Victimisation
* Victimology

* v
* t
* e

Abuse

Types|

* Adverse childhood experiences
* Anti-social behaviour
* Bullying
* Child abuse
* neglect
* sexual
* military
* marriage
* Cruelty to animals
* Disability abuse
* military draft
* Domestic abuse
* Elder abuse
* Financial
* Marriage
* Gaslighting
* Harassment
* Humiliation
* Incivility
* Institutional abuse
* Intimidation
* Neglect
* Persecution
* Professional abuse
* Psychological abuse
* Physical abuse
* Police brutality
* Religious abuse
* Social abuse
* Sexual abuse
* Stalking
* Structural abuse
* Substance abuse
* Alcohol abuse
* Surveillance abuse
* Referee and umpire abuse
* Verbal abuse
* more...

Related topics|

* Abusive supervision
* Abuse of power
* Controlling behavior
* Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
* Dehumanization
* Denial
* Destabilisation
* Discrimination
* Exaggeration
* Just-world fallacy
* Lying
* Manipulation
* Minimisation
* Narcissism
* Playing the victim
* Psychological projection
* Psychological trauma
* Psychopathy
* Rationalization
* Sexual grooming
* Traumatic bonding
* Victim blaming
* Victimisation
* Victimology

* v
* t
* e

Aspects of workplaces

Topics|

* Absenteeism
* Abusive supervision
* Aggression
* Anti-pattern
* Artificial intelligence
* Bullying
* Climate
* Culture
* Computer surveillance
* Conflict
* Control freak
* Counterproductive behaviour
* Coworking
* Culture of fear
* Democracy
* Deviance
* Discrimination
* Diversity
* Divide and rule
* Drug tests
* Effects of overtime
* Emotional labor
* Emotions
* Employee assistance
* Employee engagement
* Employee experience
* Employee monitoring
* Employee morale
* Employee recognition
* Employee silence
* Employee surveys
* Empowerment
* Evaluation
* Feminisation
* Generations
* Goofing off
* Gossip
* Happiness
* Harassment
* Health promotion
* Health surveillance
* Hostile work environment
* Humor
* Incivility
* Inequality
* Intervention
* Jargon
* Kick the cat
* Kiss up kick down
* Listening
* Machiavellianism
* Menopause
* Micromanagement
* Mobbing
* Narcissism
* Office politics
* Overwork
* Parkinson's law
* Performance appraisal
* Personality clash
* Phobia
* Positive psychology
* Privacy
* Probation
* Profanity
* Psychopathy
* Quality of working life
* Queen bee syndrome
* Rat race
* Relationships
* Revenge
* Robotics safety
* Role conflict
* Sabotage
* Spirituality
* Strategy
* Stress
* Toxic workplace
* Toxic leader
* Training
* Turnover
* Undermining
* Violence
* Virtual
* Wellness
* Work–family conflict
* Workload
* Workplace harassment
* Workwear

See also|

* Corporation
* Employment
* Factory
* Headquarters
* Job
* Job sharing
* Labour movement
* Labor rights
* Office
* Organization
* Remote work
* Strike action
* Trade union
* Whistleblower

Templates|

* Aspects of corporations
* Aspects of jobs
* Aspects of occupations
* Aspects of organizations
* Employment

* v
* t
* e

Employment

Classifications|

* Academic tenure
* Casual
* Contingent work
* Full-time job
* Gig worker
* Job sharing
* Part-time job
* Self-employment
* Side job
* Skilled worker
* Journeyman
* Technician
* Tradesperson
* Independent contractor
* Labour hire
* Temporary work
* Laborer
* Wage labour

Hiring|

* Application
* Background check
* Business networking
* Cover letter
* Curriculum vitae
* Drug testing
* Employment contract
* Employment counsellor
* Executive search
* list
* Induction programme
* Job fair
* Job fraud
* Job hunting
* Job interview
* Letter of recommendation
* Onboarding
* Overqualification
* Person–environment fit
* Personality–job fit theory
* Personality hire
* Probation
* Realistic job preview
* Recruitment
* Résumé
* Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
* Underemployment
* Work-at-home scheme

Roles|

* Cooperative
* Employee
* Employer
* Internship
* Job
* Labour hire
* Permanent employment
* Supervisor
* Volunteering

Working class|

* Blue-collar
* Green-collar
* Grey-collar
* Pink-collar
* Precariat
* White-collar
* Red-collar
* New-collar
* No-collar
* Orange-collar
* Scarlet-collar
* Black-collar
* Gold-collar

Career and training|

* Apprenticeship
* Artisan
* Master craftsman
* Avocation
* Career assessment
* Career counseling
* Career development
* Coaching
* Creative class
* Education
* Continuing education
* E-learning
* Employability
* Further education
* Graduate school
* Induction training
* Knowledge worker
* Licensure
* Lifelong learning
* Overspecialization
* Practice-based professional learning
* Professional association
* Professional certification
* Professional development
* Professional school
* Reflective practice
* Retraining
* Vocational education
* Vocational school
* Vocational university
* Mentorship
* Occupational Outlook Handbook
* Practice firm
* Profession
* Operator
* Professional
* Tradesman
* Vocation

Attendance|

* Break
* Break room
* Career break
* Furlough
* Gap year
* Leave of absence
* Long service leave
* No call, no show
* Sabbatical
* Sick leave
* Stress leave
* Time clock

Schedules|

* 35-hour workweek
* Four-day week
* Eight-hour day
* 996 working hour system
* Flextime
* On-call
* Overtime
* Remote work
* Six-hour day
* Shift work
* Working time
* Workweek and weekend

Wages and salaries|

* Frisch elasticity of labor supply
* Global labor arbitrage
* Income bracket
* Income tax
* Labour economics
* Labor share
* Labour supply
* Living wage
* Maximum wage
* National average salary
* World
* Europe
* Minimum wage
* Canada
* Hong Kong
* Europe
* United States
* Price elasticity of demand
* Progressive wage
* Singapore
* Overtime rate
* Paid time off
* Performance-related pay
* Salary cap
* Wage compression
* Working poor

Benefits|

* Annual leave
* Casual Friday
* Child care
* Disability insurance
* Health insurance
* Life insurance
* Marriage leave
* Parental leave
* Pension
* By country
* Sick leave
* United States
* Take-home vehicle

Safety and health|

* Crunch
* Epilepsy and employment
* Human factors and ergonomics
* Karoshi
* List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents
* Occupational burnout
* Occupational disease
* Occupational exposure limit
* Occupational health psychology
* Occupational injury
* Occupational noise
* Occupational stress
* Personal protective equipment
* Repetitive strain injury
* Right to sit
* United States
* Sick building syndrome
* Work accident
* Occupational fatality
* Workers' compensation
* Workers' right to access the toilet
* Workplace health promotion
* Workplace phobia
* Workplace wellness

Equal opportunity|

* Affirmative action
* Equal pay for equal work
* Gender pay gap
* Glass ceiling

Infractions|

* Corporate collapses and scandals
* Accounting scandals
* Control fraud
* Corporate behaviour
* Corporate crime
* Discrimination
* Exploitation of labour
* Dress code
* Employee handbook
* Employee monitoring
* Evaluation
* Labour law
* Sexual harassment
* Sleeping while on duty
* Unreported employment
* Wage theft
* Whistleblower
* Workplace bullying
* Workplace harassment
* Workplace incivility

Willingness|

* Boreout
* Careerism
* Civil conscription
* Conscription
* Critique of work
* Dead-end job
* Job satisfaction
* McJob
* Organizational commitment
* Refusal of work
* Slavery
* Bonded labour
* Human trafficking
* Labour camp
* Penal labour
* Peonage
* Truck wages
* Unfree labour
* Wage slavery
* Work ethic
* Work–life interface
* Downshifting
* Slow living
* Workaholic

Termination|

* At-will employment
* Dismissal
* Banishment room
* Constructive dismissal
* Wrongful dismissal
* Employee offboarding
* Exit interview
* Layoff
* Notice period
* Pink slip
* Resignation
* Letter of resignation
* Restructuring
* Retirement
* Mandatory retirement
* Microretirement
* Retirement age
* Retirement planning
* Retirement spend-down
* Severance package
* Golden handshake
* Golden parachute
* Turnover

Unemployment|

* Barriers to entry
* Discouraged worker
* Economic depression
* Great Depression
* Long Depression
* Frictional unemployment
* Full employment
* Graduate unemployment
* Involuntary unemployment
* Jobless recovery
* Phillips curve
* Recession
* Great Recession
* Job losses caused by the Great Recession
* Lists of recessions
* Recession-proof job
* Reserve army of labour
* Structural unemployment
* Technological unemployment
* Types of unemployment
* Unemployment benefits
* Unemployment Convention, 1919
* Unemployment extension
* List of countries by unemployment rate
* Employment-to-population ratio
* List
* Wage curve
* Youth unemployment

Public programs|

* Workfare
* Unemployment insurance
* Make-work job
* Job creation program
* Job creation index
* Job guarantee
* Employer of last resort
* Guaranteed minimum income
* Right to work
* Historical:
* U.S.A.:
* Civil Works Administration
* Works Progress Administration

Comprehensive Employment and Training Act

See also|

* Bullshit job
* Busy work
* Credentialism and educational inflation
* Emotional labor
* Evil corporation
* Going postal
* Kiss up kick down
* Labor rights
* Make-work job
* Narcissism in the workplace
* Post-work society
* Presenteeism
* Psychopathy in the workplace
* Sunday scaries
* Slow movement (culture)
* Toxic leader
* Toxic workplace
* Workhouse

See also templates

* Aspects of corporations
* Aspects of jobs
* Aspects of occupations
* Aspects of organizations
* Aspects of workplaces
* Corporate titles
* Critique of work
* Organized labor

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