Bullying in nursing

Type of bullying

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The nursing organization workplace has been identified as one in which workplace bullying occurs quite frequently.[1][2] It is thought that relational aggression (psychological aspects of bullying such as gossiping and intimidation) are relevant. Relational aggression has been studied amongst girls but rarely amongst adult women.[3] According to a finding, 74% of the nurses, 100% of the anesthetists, and 80% of surgical technologists have experienced or witnessed uncivil behaviors like bullying by nursing faculty.[4] There have been many incidents that have occurred throughout the past couple of years. OSHA, which stands for "Occupational Safety and Health Administration" stated that from 2011 to 2013, the United States healthcare workers experienced 15,000 to 20,000 significant injuries while in the workplace (ECRI, 2017, para. 4).[5]

Various bullying permutations are possible, such as:

* doctor or management bullying a nurse
* nurse bullying another nurse
* nurse bullying a patient
* patient bullying a nurse
* nurse bullying other healthcare providers

There was a study that was done that showed 25% of registered nurses reporting physical abuse by a patient or their family members while more than 50% of nurses have reported exposure to verbal abuse.[6] In 2019, there was also a study conducted on the presence of verbal abuse in nursing and this study concluded that 42.9% of nurses were exposed to this.[7] This proves that this is an ongoing concern in the nursing field. As stated before, the statement goes into a more depth explanation of what nurses are dealing with in their everyday work lives. The main problem in the nursing world that is currently trying to be solved is the issue of nurse abuse. Taking care of patients during vulnerable times of their lives can lead to an increase in the risk of workplace violence.[8] This gives us a reason as to why nurses are dealing with violence at work. Years ago this is not an issue that would have been brought up due to people not talking about it.

There was a lot of research done on healthcare workers and the abuse that they are dealing with at work. Across all of the studies in the different articles, studies were taken on how many nurses are dealing with abuse in their everyday lives. Some of the studies lead to the side effects that the nurses deal with due to workplace violence.[incomprehensible] All studies were done by professional researchers and the data found was based on nurses. Between the articles the researchers all agree that nurse abuse is an issue that needs to be dealt with, so there is no disagreement.[9][incomprehensible]

## Bullying acts

[edit]

The following are identified as bullying acts in nursing:[10][11][12][13][14]

* undermining of work
* disadvantaging the target
* physical abuse (rare)
* verbal abuse
* isolating individuals
* interfering in work practices
* continual criticism
* sarcasm
* demeaning
* destroying confidence
* fabricating complaints (false accusations)
* setting up to fail
* racial harassment
* psychological harassment
* threatening behavior or actions
* destroying self-esteem
* biased reporting
* indebting to superior
* exploitation
* sexual harassment

Such acts are frequently insidious, continuing over periods of time that may be years. Bullies are often serial bullies. The bullies are invariably aware of the damage they are doing. They undertake such actions basically to gain control and power.

According to Pariona (2020), between 60 and 90 percent of nurses have to deal with physical or verbal abuse at some point in their work-life (p. 1). This just shows people how much nurses deal with abuse daily at work. Whereas, Havaei (2020) mentions that since patients do not know how to express their emotions it might lead to violent and aggressive attacks on their nurses"(p. 2). Not that this is an excuse for patients to get violent towards their nurses, it does explain why it happens in some situations. The patient's emotions are not an excuse for how they treat their nurses. No nurse should have to go to work worried about being verbally or physically abused.

## Causes

[edit]

According to various studies, possible causes of bullying may include the following:[15][16][17]

* insufficient staff
* stressful situations
* unfavorable condition in a patient
* use of alcohol
* poor enforcement of policies

## Incivility

[edit]

Workplace incivility can have a tremendous impact on the quality of nursing care. This can cause stress on nurses, and can cause them to have job dissatisfaction.[18] Laschinger, Leiter, Day, and Gilin found that among 612 staff nurses, 67.5% had experienced incivility from their supervisors and 77.6% had experienced incivility from their coworkers.[19] Rude remarks from a patient or family member can distract healthcare professionals and cause them to make mistakes and provide suboptimal healthcare.[20][21] A study done by Kanitha and Naik found that 91% of nurses who experience workplace incivility are females, and that 77% of nurses have experienced incivility in their workplace.[18]

## Bullying of nurses by managers

[edit]

The bullying of nurses by their managers is called hierarchical violence, wherein a person of power bullies a less powerful person.[12] An example of this would be a manager to a staff nurse. Often, this occurs with the main purpose of disempowering the person in lesser power. Hierarchical violence involves frequent, intentional humiliating and destructive actions toward a person.[12] According to a study done by Ebrahimi, this can include:

* verbal abuse
* humiliation
* excessive criticism
* sarcasm
* intimidation
* denial of access to opportunities
* discouragement

In 2003, the Community Practitioners' and Health Visitors' Association in the UK carried out a survey showing that half of the health visitors, school nurses and community nurses working in the National Health Service (NHS) have been bullied by their managers. One in three of the 563 people questioned said the bullying was so bad they had to take time off work. Constant criticism and humiliation were the most common complaints. Others said they were shouted at or marginalised.[22] During Ebrahimi's study done in 2017, it was found that a majority of nurses, typically new graduate nurses, experience some type of bullying by someone in a greater power of position to them.[12]

Nurses deal with abuse from their leaders in the workplace as well as their patients. When bullying is allowed in the workplace, it can lead to workplace burnout and complications between coworkers.

## Dealing with abuse

[edit]

Dealing with abuse can lead to professionals not wanting to come to work. Researchers have found out that 13% of missed workdays are because of workplace violence and how it could affect the quality of care that the patients are getting.[23] Another major effect of the abuse is that the nurses are getting very burnt out. Burnout occurs by being mentally exhausted and detached with negative attitudes towards work.[24] It has also been found that 1/3 of the nurses that endure some type of mistreatment end up suffering a physical health consequence.[25]

## Consequences

[edit]

Not only does incivility in nursing has a negative influence on the well-being of staff, the delivery of quality care, and the culture of safety, but also contributes to the nursing faculty shortage.[26] There is an increase in nurses' dissatisfaction in their jobs, which is contributing to the ongoing struggle with nurses leaving faculty positions and taking early retirement. Therefore, it is necessary for all healthcare faculty members to have a clear understanding of the cause and effect of incivility and possible strategies to reduce incivility rate. The possible consequences of workplace violence for nurses includes:[10][12][13][27][14]

* impacted health: mental, psychological, emotional, physical, and social
* anxiety and/or depression
* loss of appetite
* weight loss/gain
* nausea or vomiting
* insomnia and/or nightmares
* menstrual disturbances
* feelings of shame, helplessness, and/or isolation
* loss of self esteem
* feeling unsafe at work
* shorter employment duration
* reduced work performance
* feeling unsafe
* resentment of higher authority
* injuries

## Nurse bullying inventory

[edit]

In order to further investigate and understand the impact of workplace bullying on the nursing work environment, an inventory was developed to address specific workplace bullying constructs within the nursing context.[1]

## Associated terms

[edit]

Horizontal violence[28] is often the same term used when referring to bullying in nursing. This term describes the appalling behavior shown by colleagues in the nursing field. Such demeaning behavior can make the workplace stressful and unpleasant. Another term associated to bullying in nursing is hierarchical violence. This occurs when a person in a position of power, such as a nurse manager or head nurse, bullies a person in lesser power, such as a staff nurse.[12] Lateral violence occurs when one staff nurse were to harass another staff nurse, with neither of them being in a higher position of power than the other.[12]

## Remedial action

[edit]

Some health organizations are seeking to educate staff and health care team members on how to improve social interactions, proper business etiquette, and foster positive people skills in the work environment. Nurses are entitled to monetary compensation for experiencing bullying.[29][30][31][32]

## See also

[edit]

* Aggression in healthcare
* Bullying in medicine
* Emotional labor
* Patient abuse
* Workplace bullying
* Workplace incivility

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Hutchinson, M; Wilkes, L; Vickers, M; Jackson, D (2008). "The development and validation of a bullying inventory for the nursing workplace". Nurse Researcher. 15 (2): 19–29\. doi:10.7748/nr2008.01.15.2.19.c6326. PMID 18283759.
2. ^ Porter-O'grady, T (2008). "Transforming work environments. Interview by Diane E Scott and Amanda Rosenkranz". The American Nurse. 40 (2): 7. PMID 18494401.
3. ^ Dellasega, Cheryl A. (2009). "Bullying among nurses". The American Journal of Nursing. 109 (1): 52–8\. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000344039.11651.08. PMID 19112267.
4. ^ McNamara, S (2012). "Incivility in nursing: Unsafe nurse, unsafe patients". AORN Journal. 95 (4): 535–540\. doi:10.1016/j.aorn.2012.01.020. PMID 22464626.
5. ^ Groves, Sharon L. (March 2007). "Tools for ICU patient safety and quality improvement plans. Critical care safety: Essentials for ICU patient care and technology. ECRI Institute Staff. Publisher: ECRI Institute; 146 pages, plus CD". Journal of Healthcare Risk Management. 27 (3): 11. doi:10.1002/jhrm.5600270303. ISSN 1074-4797.
6. ^ Al-Qadi, Mahmoud Mustafa (7 May 2021). "Workplace violence in nursing: A concept analysis". Journal of Occupational Health. 63 (1): e12226. doi:10.1002/1348-9585.12226. ISSN 1341-9145. PMC 8103077. PMID 33960074.
7. ^ Trindade, Letícia de Lima; Ribeiro, Suellen Tainá; Zanatta, Elisangela Argenta; Vendruscolo, Carine; Dal Pai, Daiane (31 December 2019). "Agressão verbal no trabalho da Enfermagem na área hospitalar". Revista Eletrônica de Enfermagem. 21. doi:10.5216/ree.v21.54333. ISSN 1518-1944.
8. ^ Havaei, Astivia (4 June 2020). "The impact of workplace violence on medical-surgical nurses' health outcome: A moderated mediation model of work environment conditions and burnout using secondary data". International Journal of Nursing Studies. 109: 103666. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103666. PMID 32592889. S2CID 219911782.
9. ^ Groenewold, Matthew R.; Sarmiento, Raymond F.R.; Vanoli, Kelly; Raudabaugh, William; Nowlin, Susan; Gomaa, Ahmed (February 2018). "Workplace violence injury in 106 US hospitals participating in the Occupational Health Safety Network (OHSN), 2012-2015". American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 61 (2): 157–166\. doi:10.1002/ajim.22798. PMID 29152784. S2CID 43289590.
10. ^ a b Kahsay, Woldegebriel Gebregziabher; Negarandeh, Reza; Dehghan Nayeri, Nahid; Hasanpour, Marzieh (13 July 2020). "Sexual harassment against female nurses: a systematic review". BMC Nursing. 19 (1): 58. doi:10.1186/s12912-020-00450-w. ISSN 1472-6955. PMC 7324991. PMID 32612455.
11. ^ Maeve Duggan. PEW Research Center. 2014. "Online Harassment". "http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/10/22/online-harassment/".
12. ^ a b c d e f g Ebrahimi, Hossein; Hassankhani, Hadi; Negarandeh, Reza; Jeffrey, Carol; Azizi, Azim (24 January 2016). "Violence against new graduated nurses in clinical settings". Nursing Ethics. 24 (6): 704–715\. doi:10.1177/0969733015624486. ISSN 0969-7330. PMID 26811399. S2CID 37865494.
13. ^ a b Chen, Wen-Ching; Huang, Chuan-Ju; Hwang, Jing-Shiang; Chen, Chiao-Chicy (4 June 2010). "The relationship of health-related quality of life to workplace physical violence against nurses by psychiatric patients". Quality of Life Research. 19 (8): 1155–1161\. doi:10.1007/s11136-010-9679-4. ISSN 0962-9343. PMID 20521131. S2CID 29206837.
14. ^ a b Harthi, Moussa; Olayan, Mohammed; Abugad, Hassan; Abdel Wahab, Moataza (1 December 2020). "Workplace violence among health-care workers in emergency departments of public hospitals in Dammam, Saudi Arabia". Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 26 (12): 1473–1481\. doi:10.26719/emhj.20.069. ISSN 1020-3397. PMID 33355386. S2CID 226429852.
15. ^ Faghihi, Mitra; Farshad, Aliasghar; Abhari, Maryam Biglari; Azadi, Nammamali; Mansourian, Morteza (19 May 2021). "The components of workplace violence against nurses from the perspective of women working in a hospital in Tehran: a qualitative study". BMC Women's Health. 21 (1): 209. doi:10.1186/s12905-021-01342-0. ISSN 1472-6874. PMC 8136170. PMID 34011330.
16. ^ Sujittra Chaiwuth (2020). "Prevalence and Risk Factors of Workplace Violence Among Registered Nurses in Tertiary Hospitals". Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research.
17. ^ Richardson (2017). "Violence and Aggression in NZ Emergency Departments". Emergency Nurse New Zealand.
18. ^ a b D., Kanitha. "Knowledge and Frequency of Experience of Workplace Incivility among the Staff Nurses". International Journal of Nursing Education: 48–53.
19. ^ Spence Laschinger, Heather K.; Leiter, Michael; Day, Arla; Gilin, Debra (2009). "Workplace empowerment, incivility, and burnout: impact on staff nurse recruitment and retention outcomes". Journal of Nursing Management. 17 (3): 302–11\. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2009.00999.x. PMID 19426367.
20. ^ Klass, Perri (27 February 2017). "What Happens When Parents Are Rude in the Hospital". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
21. ^ Riskin, Arieh; Erez, Amir; Foulk, Trevor A.; Riskin-Geuz, Kinneret S.; Ziv, Amitai; Sela, Rina; Pessach-Gelblum, Liat; Bamberger, Peter A. (1 February 2017). "Rudeness and Medical Team Performance". Pediatrics. 139 (2): e20162305. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2305. ISSN 1098-4275. PMID 28073958.
22. ^ NHS nurses 'bullied by managers' BBC News 11 October 2003
23. ^ "End Nurse Abuse". ANA. 13 December 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
24. ^ Aguglia, Andrea; Belvederi Murri, Martino; Conigliaro, Claudia; Cipriani, Nicolò; Vaggi, Marco; Di Salvo, Gabriele; Maina, Giuseppe; Cavone, Vito; Aguglia, Eugenio; Serafini, Gianluca; Amore, Mario (1 March 2020). "Workplace Violence and Burnout Among Mental Health Workers". Psychiatric Services. 71 (3): 284–288\. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201900161. hdl:11392/2409538. ISSN 1075-2730. PMID 31640524. S2CID 204850226.
25. ^ Kahsay, Woldegebriel Gebregziabher; Negarandeh, Reza; Dehghan Nayeri, Nahid; Hasanpour, Marzieh (2020). "Sexual harassment against female nurses: a systematic review". BMC Nursing. 19 (1): 58. doi:10.1186/s12912-020-00450-w. ISSN 1472-6955. PMC 7324991. PMID 32612455.
26. ^ Peters, Anya Bostian (2014). "Faculty to faculty incivility: Experiences of novice nurse faculty in academia". Journal of Professional Nursing. 30 (3): 213–27\. doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2013.09.007. PMID 24939331.
27. ^ Yuniati, Putra. "Factors Affecting the Success of Psychiatric Nurses in Conducting Risk Assessment of Violence Behavior". International Journal of Nursing Education: 252–257.
28. ^ Roy, Josie. "Horizontal Violence". ADVANCE for Nurses. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
29. ^ Trossman, S (2008). "Behaving badly? Joint Commission issues alert aimed at improving workplace culture, patient care". The American Nurse. 40 (5): 1, 6, 12. PMID 19024048.
30. ^ Martin, William (2008). "Is Your Hospital Safe? Disruptive Behavior and Workplace Bullying" (PDF). Hospital Topics. 86 (3): 21–8\. doi:10.3200/HTPS.86.3.21-28. PMID 18694856. S2CID 207621553. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2012.
31. ^ Nurse Work Injury Compensation Eoin Campbell Injury Compensation Zone
32. ^ Kerfoot, KM (2008). "Leadership, civility, and the 'no jerks' rule". Medsurg Nursing. 17 (6): 441–2\. PMID 19248414.

## Further reading

[edit]

### Books

[edit]

This section lacks ISBNs for books it lists. Please help add the ISBNs or run the citation bot. (May 2011)

|

* Fast Facts on Combating Nurse Bullying, Incivility, and Workplace Violence (2018). ISBN 978-0-8261-3817-0
* Button SM Bullying of a nursing student: a mixed interpretive study (2007)
* Dellasega C When Nurses Hurt Nurses: Recognizing and Overcoming The Cycles of Bullying (2011)
* Nurses and the experience of bullying at work: a report for the Claire Thomson, Working Women's Centre (Adelaide, S. Aust.), Australian Nursing Federation. S.A. Branch – 1998
* Thompson R "Do No Harm" Applies To Nurses Too! (2012)
* Webb C, Randle J Workplace Bullying in the NHS (2006)

### Academic papers

[edit]

* Cleary, Michelle; Hunt, Glenn E.; Horsfall, Jan (2010). "Identifying and Addressing Bullying in Nursing". Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 31 (5): 331–5\. doi:10.3109/01612840903308531. PMID 20394479. S2CID 36659056.
* Cooper, Janet R. M.; Walker, Jean T.; Winters, Karen; Williams, P. Renée; Askew, Rebecca; Robinson, Jennifer C. (2009). "Nursing students' perceptions of bullying behaviours by classmates". Issues in Educational Research. 19 (3): 212–26.
* Foster, Barry; Mackie, Beth; Barnett, Natasha (2004). "Bullying in the Health Sector: A Study of Bullying of Nursing Students". New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations. 29 (2): 67–83.
* Hogh, Annie; Carneiro, Isabella Gomes; Giver, Hanne; Rugulies, Reiner (2011). "Are immigrants in the nursing industry at increased risk of bullying at work? A one-year follow-up study". Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 52 (1): 49–56\. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2010.00840.x. PMID 21054415.
* Hutchinson, Marie; Vickers, Margaret; Jackson, Debra; Wilkes, Lesley (2006). "Workplace bullying in nursing: towards a more critical organisational perspective". Nursing Inquiry. 13 (2): 118–26\. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1800.2006.00314.x. PMID 16700755.
* Hutchinson, Marie; Jackson, Debra; Wilkes, Lesley; Vickers, Margaret H. (2008). "A new model of bullying in the nursing workplace: organizational characteristics as critical antecedents". Advances in Nursing Science. 31 (2): E60–71. doi:10.1097/01.ANS.0000319572.37373.0c. PMID 18497582. S2CID 23781634.
* Hutchinson, Marie; Wilkes, Lesley; Jackson, Debra; Vickers, Margaret H. (2010). "Integrating individual, work group and organizational factors: testing a multidimensional model of bullying in the nursing workplace". Journal of Nursing Management. 18 (2): 173–81\. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2009.01035.x. PMID 20465745.
* Hutchinson, Marie; Vickers, Margaret H.; Wilkes, Lesley; Jackson, Debra (2009). "'The Worse You Behave, The More You Seem, to be Rewarded': Bullying in Nursing as Organizational Corruption" (PDF). Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal (Submitted manuscript). 21 (3): 213–29\. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.456.7277. doi:10.1007/s10672-009-9100-z. S2CID 35182016.
* Johnston, Michelle; Phanhtharath, Phylavanh; Jackson, Brenda S. (2010). "The Bullying Aspect of Workplace Violence in Nursing". JONA's Healthcare Law, Ethics, and Regulation. 12 (2): 36–42\. doi:10.1097/NHL.0b013e3181e6bd19. PMID 20505478. S2CID 20791265.
* Lewis, MA (2001). "Bullying in nursing". Nursing Standard. 15 (45): 39–42\. doi:10.7748/ns2001.07.15.45.39.c3064. PMID 12212387.
* Murray, JS (2009). "Workplace bullying in nursing: a problem that can't be ignored". Medsurg Nursing. 18 (5): 273–6\. PMID 19927962.
* Murray, Colonel John S. (2008). "On Bullying in the Nursing Workplace". Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing. 37 (4): 393. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2008.00263.x.
* Randle, Jacqueline (2003). "Bullying in the nursing profession". Journal of Advanced Nursing. 43 (4): 395–401\. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02728.x. PMID 12887358.
* Smith, Pam; Cowie, Helen (2010). "Perspectives on emotional labour and bullying: Reviewing the role of emotions in nursing and healthcare" (PDF). International Journal of Work Organisation and Emotion (Submitted manuscript). 3 (3): 227–36\. doi:10.1504/IJWOE.2010.032923.
* Stevens, S. (2002). "Nursing Workforce Retention: Challenging A Bullying Culture". Health Affairs. 21 (5): 189–93\. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.21.5.189. PMID 12224882.
* Cleary, Michelle; Hunt, Glenn E.; Horsfall, Jan (2010). "Identifying and Addressing Bullying in Nursing". Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 31 (5): 331–335\. doi:10.3109/01612840903308531. PMID 20394479. S2CID 36659056.

### Others

[edit]

* Book, Rita (2009). "Nursing Interventions for Bullying in a Kindergarten to Grade Eight School" (PDF).
* Fuller, Willa (2007). "Eradication of Horizontal Violence and Bullying in Nursing". FNA Proposal for Action. Florida Nurses Association Board of Directors.
* Chipps, Esther (2009). Workplace Bullying and Normalization of Bullying Acts in the Nursing Workplace. Midwest Nursing Research Society. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011.
* Hutchinson, Marie; Vickers, Margaret H.; Jackson, Debra; Wilkes, Lesley (2004). Bullying in nursing: introducing an Australian study. Proceedings of Leadership in the 21st Century: Association on Employment Practices and Principles (AEPP), Twelfth Annual International Conference. Fort Lauderdale Beach, FL., 7–9 August: Association on Employment Practices and Principles.`{{cite conference}}`: CS1 maint: location (link)
* Olender-Russo, Lynda (1 August 2009). "Reversing the bullying culture in nursing". ModernMedicine. Advanstar Communications.
* Pugh, Abigail (Winter 2005–2006). "Bullying in nursing: building a culture of respect combats lateral violence". CrossCurrents. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.
* Dealing with bullying and harassment at work: A guide for RCN members (PDF). Royal College of Nursing. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
* Dealing with bullying and harassment: a guide for students (PDF). Royal College of Nursing. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
* Stelmaschuk, Stephanie (2010). Workplace Bullying and Emotional Exhaustion among Registered Nurses and Non-nursing, Unit-based Staff (Bachelor's thesis). Ohio State University College of Nursing. hdl:1811/45566.
* Stokowski, Laura A. (30 September 2010). "A Matter of Respect and Dignity: Bullying in the Nursing Profession". Medscape Nurses. WebMD.
* How to Stop Nurse Bullying. Loyola University New Orleans. 2016. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016.

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Bullying

Types|

* Abusive supervision
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Elements|

* Betrayal
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* Defamation
* Destabilisation
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* Embarrassment
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* Kiss up kick down
* Mind games
* Moving the goalposts
* Nagging
* Name calling
* Personal attacks
* Physical abuse
* Psychological abuse
* Rudeness
* Sarcasm
* Screaming
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* Swatting
* Taunting
* Workplace incivility
* Verbal abuse

Organizations|

* Act Against Bullying
* Ban Bossy
* Bullying UK
* Bystander Revolution
* Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity
* Ditch the Label
* GRIN Campaign
* It Gets Better Project
* Kidscape
* Society Against Violence in Education

Experts|

| Academics|

* Anna Costanza Baldry
* Wendy Craig
* Dorothy Espelage
* David P. Farrington
* Shelley Hymel
* Heinz Leymann
* Gary Namie
* James O'Higgins Norman
* Dan Olweus
* Debra Pepler
* Christina Salmivalli
* Kenneth Westhues

|

Activists|

* Andrea Adams
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Actions|

* Anti-Bullying Day
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Notable suicides
(List)|

* William Arthur Gibbs (1877)
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* Dawn-Marie Wesley (2000)
* Nicola Ann Raphael (2001)
* Ryan Halligan (2003)
* Megan Meier (2006)
* Sladjana Vidovic (2008)
* Phoebe Prince (2010)
* Tyler Clementi (2010)
* Jamey Rodemeyer (2011)
* Jamie Hubley (2011)
* Kenneth Weishuhn (2012)
* Audrie Pott (2012)
* Amanda Todd (2012)
* Jadin Bell (2013)
* Rehtaeh Parsons (2013)
* Rebecca Sedwick (2013)
* Leelah Alcorn (2014)
* Conrad Roy (2014)
* Tyrone Unsworth (2016)

Murder–suicides
(incidents)|

* Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold
* Columbine, 1999
* Jeff Weise
* Red Lake, 2005
* Seung-Hui Cho
* Virginia Tech, 2007
* Pekka-Eric Auvinen
* Jokela High School, 2007
* Matti Juhani Saari
* Kauhajoki School of Hospitality, 2008
* Jose Horacio Reyes
* Sparks Middle School, 2013
* Elliot Rodger
* Isla Vista, 2014

Related topics|

* Emotional blackmail
* Just-world fallacy
* List of LGBT-related suicides
* Machiavellianism in the workplace
* Narcissism in the workplace
* Personal boundaries
* Personality disorders
* Playing the victim
* Psychopathy in the workplace
* Scapegoating
* Self-esteem
* Social dominance orientation
* Suicide among LGBTQ people
* Victim blaming
* Victimisation
* Victimology

* v
* t
* e

Abuse

Types|

* Adverse childhood experiences
* Anti-social behaviour
* Bullying
* Child abuse
* neglect
* sexual
* military
* marriage
* Cruelty to animals
* Disability abuse
* military draft
* Domestic abuse
* Elder abuse
* Financial
* Marriage
* Gaslighting
* Harassment
* Humiliation
* Incivility
* Institutional abuse
* Intimidation
* Neglect
* Persecution
* Professional abuse
* Psychological abuse
* Physical abuse
* Police brutality
* Religious abuse
* Social abuse
* Sexual abuse
* Stalking
* Structural abuse
* Substance abuse
* Alcohol abuse
* Surveillance abuse
* Referee and umpire abuse
* Verbal abuse
* more...

Related topics|

* Abusive supervision
* Abuse of power
* Controlling behavior
* Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
* Dehumanization
* Denial
* Destabilisation
* Discrimination
* Exaggeration
* Just-world fallacy
* Lying
* Manipulation
* Minimisation
* Narcissism
* Playing the victim
* Psychological projection
* Psychological trauma
* Psychopathy
* Rationalization
* Sexual grooming
* Traumatic bonding
* Victim blaming
* Victimisation
* Victimology

* v
* t
* e

Aspects of workplaces

Topics|

* Absenteeism
* Abusive supervision
* Aggression
* Anti-pattern
* Artificial intelligence
* Bullying
* Climate
* Culture
* Computer surveillance
* Conflict
* Control freak
* Counterproductive behaviour
* Coworking
* Culture of fear
* Democracy
* Deviance
* Discrimination
* Diversity
* Divide and rule
* Drug tests
* Effects of overtime
* Emotional labor
* Emotions
* Employee assistance
* Employee engagement
* Employee experience
* Employee monitoring
* Employee morale
* Employee recognition
* Employee silence
* Employee surveys
* Empowerment
* Evaluation
* Feminisation
* Generations
* Goofing off
* Gossip
* Happiness
* Harassment
* Health promotion
* Health surveillance
* Hostile work environment
* Humor
* Incivility
* Inequality
* Intervention
* Jargon
* Kick the cat
* Kiss up kick down
* Listening
* Machiavellianism
* Menopause
* Micromanagement
* Mobbing
* Narcissism
* Office politics
* Overwork
* Parkinson's law
* Performance appraisal
* Personality clash
* Phobia
* Positive psychology
* Privacy
* Probation
* Profanity
* Psychopathy
* Quality of working life
* Queen bee syndrome
* Rat race
* Relationships
* Revenge
* Robotics safety
* Role conflict
* Sabotage
* Spirituality
* Strategy
* Stress
* Toxic workplace
* Toxic leader
* Training
* Turnover
* Undermining
* Violence
* Virtual
* Wellness
* Work–family conflict
* Workload
* Workplace harassment
* Workwear

See also|

* Corporation
* Employment
* Factory
* Headquarters
* Job
* Job sharing
* Labour movement
* Labor rights
* Office
* Organization
* Remote work
* Strike action
* Trade union
* Whistleblower

Templates|

* Aspects of corporations
* Aspects of jobs
* Aspects of occupations
* Aspects of organizations
* Employment

* v
* t
* e

Employment

Classifications|

* Academic tenure
* Casual
* Contingent work
* Full-time job
* Gig worker
* Job sharing
* Part-time job
* Self-employment
* Side job
* Skilled worker
* Journeyman
* Technician
* Tradesperson
* Independent contractor
* Labour hire
* Temporary work
* Laborer
* Wage labour

Hiring|

* Application
* Background check
* Business networking
* Cover letter
* Curriculum vitae
* Drug testing
* Employment contract
* Employment counsellor
* Executive search
* list
* Induction programme
* Job fair
* Job fraud
* Job hunting
* Job interview
* Letter of recommendation
* Onboarding
* Overqualification
* Person–environment fit
* Personality–job fit theory
* Personality hire
* Probation
* Realistic job preview
* Recruitment
* Résumé
* Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
* Underemployment
* Work-at-home scheme

Roles|

* Cooperative
* Employee
* Employer
* Internship
* Job
* Labour hire
* Permanent employment
* Supervisor
* Volunteering

Working class|

* Blue-collar
* Green-collar
* Grey-collar
* Pink-collar
* Precariat
* White-collar
* Red-collar
* New-collar
* No-collar
* Orange-collar
* Scarlet-collar
* Black-collar
* Gold-collar

Career and training|

* Apprenticeship
* Artisan
* Master craftsman
* Avocation
* Career assessment
* Career counseling
* Career development
* Coaching
* Creative class
* Education
* Continuing education
* E-learning
* Employability
* Further education
* Graduate school
* Induction training
* Knowledge worker
* Licensure
* Lifelong learning
* Overspecialization
* Practice-based professional learning
* Professional association
* Professional certification
* Professional development
* Professional school
* Reflective practice
* Retraining
* Vocational education
* Vocational school
* Vocational university
* Mentorship
* Occupational Outlook Handbook
* Practice firm
* Profession
* Operator
* Professional
* Tradesman
* Vocation

Attendance|

* Break
* Break room
* Career break
* Furlough
* Gap year
* Leave of absence
* Long service leave
* No call, no show
* Sabbatical
* Sick leave
* Stress leave
* Time clock

Schedules|

* 35-hour workweek
* Four-day week
* Eight-hour day
* 996 working hour system
* Flextime
* On-call
* Overtime
* Remote work
* Six-hour day
* Shift work
* Working time
* Workweek and weekend

Wages and salaries|

* Frisch elasticity of labor supply
* Global labor arbitrage
* Income bracket
* Income tax
* Labour economics
* Labor share
* Labour supply
* Living wage
* Maximum wage
* National average salary
* World
* Europe
* Minimum wage
* Canada
* Hong Kong
* Europe
* United States
* Price elasticity of demand
* Progressive wage
* Singapore
* Overtime rate
* Paid time off
* Performance-related pay
* Salary cap
* Wage compression
* Working poor

Benefits|

* Annual leave
* Casual Friday
* Child care
* Disability insurance
* Health insurance
* Life insurance
* Marriage leave
* Parental leave
* Pension
* By country
* Sick leave
* United States
* Take-home vehicle

Safety and health|

* Crunch
* Epilepsy and employment
* Human factors and ergonomics
* Karoshi
* List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents
* Occupational burnout
* Occupational disease
* Occupational exposure limit
* Occupational health psychology
* Occupational injury
* Occupational noise
* Occupational stress
* Personal protective equipment
* Repetitive strain injury
* Right to sit
* United States
* Sick building syndrome
* Work accident
* Occupational fatality
* Workers' compensation
* Workers' right to access the toilet
* Workplace health promotion
* Workplace phobia
* Workplace wellness

Equal opportunity|

* Affirmative action
* Equal pay for equal work
* Gender pay gap
* Glass ceiling

Infractions|

* Corporate collapses and scandals
* Accounting scandals
* Control fraud
* Corporate behaviour
* Corporate crime
* Discrimination
* Exploitation of labour
* Dress code
* Employee handbook
* Employee monitoring
* Evaluation
* Labour law
* Sexual harassment
* Sleeping while on duty
* Unreported employment
* Wage theft
* Whistleblower
* Workplace bullying
* Workplace harassment
* Workplace incivility

Willingness|

* Boreout
* Careerism
* Civil conscription
* Conscription
* Critique of work
* Dead-end job
* Job satisfaction
* McJob
* Organizational commitment
* Refusal of work
* Slavery
* Bonded labour
* Human trafficking
* Labour camp
* Penal labour
* Peonage
* Truck wages
* Unfree labour
* Wage slavery
* Work ethic
* Work–life interface
* Downshifting
* Slow living
* Workaholic

Termination|

* At-will employment
* Dismissal
* Banishment room
* Constructive dismissal
* Wrongful dismissal
* Employee offboarding
* Exit interview
* Layoff
* Notice period
* Pink slip
* Resignation
* Letter of resignation
* Restructuring
* Retirement
* Mandatory retirement
* Microretirement
* Retirement age
* Retirement planning
* Retirement spend-down
* Severance package
* Golden handshake
* Golden parachute
* Turnover

Unemployment|

* Barriers to entry
* Discouraged worker
* Economic depression
* Great Depression
* Long Depression
* Frictional unemployment
* Full employment
* Graduate unemployment
* Involuntary unemployment
* Jobless recovery
* Phillips curve
* Recession
* Great Recession
* Job losses caused by the Great Recession
* Lists of recessions
* Recession-proof job
* Reserve army of labour
* Structural unemployment
* Technological unemployment
* Types of unemployment
* Unemployment benefits
* Unemployment Convention, 1919
* Unemployment extension
* List of countries by unemployment rate
* Employment-to-population ratio
* List
* Wage curve
* Youth unemployment

Public programs|

* Workfare
* Unemployment insurance
* Make-work job
* Job creation program
* Job creation index
* Job guarantee
* Employer of last resort
* Guaranteed minimum income
* Right to work
* Historical:
* U.S.A.:
* Civil Works Administration
* Works Progress Administration

Comprehensive Employment and Training Act

See also|

* Bullshit job
* Busy work
* Credentialism and educational inflation
* Emotional labor
* Evil corporation
* Going postal
* Kiss up kick down
* Labor rights
* Make-work job
* Narcissism in the workplace
* Post-work society
* Presenteeism
* Psychopathy in the workplace
* Sunday scaries
* Slow movement (culture)
* Toxic leader
* Toxic workplace
* Workhouse

See also templates

* Aspects of corporations
* Aspects of jobs
* Aspects of occupations
* Aspects of organizations
* Aspects of workplaces
* Corporate titles
* Critique of work
* Organized labor

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