Burykhia

Extinct genus of animals

Burykhia

Temporal range: Ediacaran 555 Ma

PreꞒ

Reconstruction as a tunicate-like organism
Scientific classification
Domain:  | Eukaryota
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Chordata
Subphylum:  | Tunicata
Class:  | Ascidiacea (?)
Family:  | †Ausiidae
Genus:  | †Burykhia
Fedonkin, Vickers-Rich, Swalla, Trusler & Hall, 2012
Species:  |

†B. hunti

Binomial name
†Burykhia hunti

Fedonkin, Vickers-Rich, Swalla, Trusler & Hall, 2012

Burykhia hunti is an Ediacaran fossil from the White Sea region of Russia dating to 555 million years ago. It is considered of possibly ascidian affinity, due to the sac-like morphology and a series of distinctly perforated bands reminiscent of a tunicate pharynx. If B. hunti is a tunicate, it could be the oldest ascidian fossil known as of its publication in 2012. It is also possibly related to the slightly younger Ausia, another putative ascidian from the Vendian biota in Namibia.

## Discovery and Naming

[edit]

The fossil material of Burkyhia was found in the Syuzma River of the Ustʹ Pinega Formation, in Arkhangelsk Oblast of Northwestern Russia in 1995 and 2003, and described in 2012.[1]

The generic name Burykhia derives from the Latinised surnames of Andreevna and Timofey Antonovich Burykh, residents who lived near the fossil site that helped with the expedition. The specific name hunti derives from the surname of Nathan Hunt, who has contributed to the study of Neoproterozoic rocks in Russia.[1]

## Description

[edit]

Burykhia hunti is possibly the earliest, and oldest, known ascidian tunicate, alongside Ausia from the younger Nama Group.

It has a sac-like form, which grew up to 135 mm (5.3 in) in height, and a width of 97 mm (3.8 in). The body itself is made up of bands, which contain evenly spaced openings, which are also equal in size. There is also a longitudinal zig-zag ridge running down the length of the body, supporting a possible affinity with the suborder Phlebobranchia, and was most likely sessile. The fossil material of Burykhia also clearly shows that it was highly elastic, due to the deformation of the bands and fossils themselves. It has also been noted that in all material, there is preserved a spherical feature within or adjacent to Burykhia, which could be infilled internal structures, such as a digestive tract.[1]

It has been noted to share many similarities with Ausia, although it is much bettered preserved, and has a few key details which differentiate it as its own genus. Even when taking deformational processes into account, openings of Burykhia are set further apart than the openings seen in Ausia, and are not as elongated. The longitudinal ridge seen in Burykhia is also a lot more distinct than in Ausia. Although it has been noted that if more better material of Ausia or Burykhia is found that shows both are the same, there is a likely chance Burykhia could be synonymized with Ausia, but until then, they remain as separate genera.[1]

## Affinities

[edit]

Due to the preservation of Burykhia, thanks to the possible rapid infilling of its internals from sand, something common to the area Burykhia was found,[1] it was possible to do an in depth look at to what Burykhia may have affinities to, unlike the possibly related Ausia, which has been though many reinterpretations.

It has already been noted that the longitudinal ridge that runs down the length of Burykhia suggest affinities with the Phlebobranchia, a suborder with in class Ascidiacea, which itself sits within subphylum of Tunicata. The arrangement of the openings is also similar to that of the gill sacs seem in adult tunicates. Although, it must be noted that the banding that runs around Burykhia joins the longitudinal ridge with a noticeable glide reflection, similar to other Ediacaran forms like the Proarticulata or Petalonamae, although the paper also notes that it is known that some chordates do show glide reflection during developmental stages, like hemichordates, which show a glide reflection in their gill apparatus during growth. Burkhia also has a similar size range to most tunicates.[1]

If Burykhia is indeed an tunicate, alongside Ausia, both would also lend credence and help calibrate the debated molecular clock estimates of chordates, with one molecular clock study estimating that protochordates separated some 900 million years ago,[2] although some have disputed this, putting the time-interval of separation at 794 million years ago.[3]

## See also

[edit]

* List of Ediacaran genera

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f Fedonkin, M. A.; Vickers-Rich, P.; Swalla, B. J.; Trusler, P.; Hall, M. (2012). "A new metazoan from the Vendian of the White Sea, Russia, with possible affinities to the ascidians". Paleontological Journal. 46: 1. doi:10.1134/S0031030112010042.
2. ^ Peterson, Kevin J.; Lyons, Jessica B.; Nowak, Kristin S.; Takacs, Carter M.; Wargo, Matthew J.; McPeek, Mark A. (27 April 2004). "Estimating metazoan divergence times with a molecular clock". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (17): 6536–6541\. doi:10.1073/pnas.0401670101. PMC 404080.
3. ^ Blair, Jaime E.; Hedges, S. Blair (1 November 2005). "Molecular Phylogeny and Divergence Times of Deuterostome Animals". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (11): 2275–2284\. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi225.

* v
* t
* e

Tunicate genera

* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Chordata
* Clade: Olfactores

Tunicata

| Appendicularia
(Larvacea)|

* Kowalevskia

Fritillariidae|

* Appendicularia
* Fritillaria
* Tectillaria

Oikopleuridae|

* Althoffia
* Bathochordaeus
* Chunopleura
* Folia
* Megalocercus
* Mesochordaeus
* Mesoikopleura
* Oikopleura
* Pelagopleura
* Sinisteroffia
* Stegosoma

Stolidobranchia
(Pleurogona)¹|

| Molgulidae|

* Anomopera
* Asajirus
* Bostrichobranchus
* Eugyra
* Fungulus
* Gamaster
* Minipera
* Molgula
* Molguloides
* Namiella
* Oligotrema
* Paramolgula
* Pareugyrioides
* Protomolgula
* Rhizomolgula

|

Pyuridae|

* Bathypera
* Bathypyura
* Boltenia
* Bolteniopsis
* Claudenus
* Cratostigma
* Ctenyura
* Culeolus
* Halocynthia
* Hartmeyeria
* Hemistyela
* Herdmania
* Heterostigma
* Microcosmus
* Paraculeolus
* Pyura

Styelidae|

* Alloeocarpa
* Amphicarpa
* Arnbackia
* Asterocarpa
* Bathyoncus
* Bathystyeloides
* Berillia
* Botryllocarpa
* Botrylloides
* Botryllus
* Chorizocarpa
* Cnemidocarpa
* Dendrodoa
* Dextrocarpa
* Dicarpa
* Distomus
* Eusynstyela
* Gynandrocarpa
* Kukenthalia
* Metandrocarpa
* Monandrocarpa
* Oculinaria
* Oligocarpa
* Pelonaia
* Podostyela
* Polyandrocarpa
* Polycarpa
* Polyzoa
* Protostyela
* Psammostyela
* Seriocarpa
* Stolonica
* Styela
* Symplegma
* Syncarpa
* Theodorella
* Tibitin

Thaliacea|

| Pyrosomatidae|

* Pyrosoma
* Pyrosomella
* Pyrostremma

|

Salpidae|

* Brooksia
* Cyclosalpa
* Helicosalpa
* Iasis
* Ihlea
* Metcalfina
* Pegea
* Ritteriella
* Salpa
* Soestia
* Thalia
* Thetys
* Traustedtia

Doliolida|

* Doliopsoides
* Paradoliopsis
* Pseudusa

Doliopsidae|

* Doliolula
* Doliopsis

Doliolidae|

* Dolioletta
* Doliolina
* Dolioloides
* Doliolum

Enterogona¹|

*     * see below↓

Enterogona

| Aplousobranchia|

* Euherdmania
* Placentela
* Stomozoa
* Vitrum

Clavelinidae|

* Clavelina
* Euclavella
* Nephtheis
* Pycnoclavella

Diazonidae|

* Diazona
* Pseudodiazona
* Pseudorhopalaea
* Rhopalaea
* Tylobranchion

Didemnidae|

* Atriolum
* Clitella
* Coelocormus
* Didemnum
* Diplosoma
* Leptoclinides
* Lissoclinum
* Polysyncraton
* Trididemnum

Holozoidae|

* Distaplia
* Hypodistoma
* Hypsistozoa
* Neodistoma
* Polydistoma
* Protoholozoa
* Pseudoplacentela
* Scotiazoa
* Sigillina
* Sycozoa

Polycitoridae|

* Archidistoma
* Brevicollus
* Cystodytes
* Eucoelium
* Eudistoma
* "Exostoma"
* Millarus
* Polycitor
* Polycitorella
* Rhombifera
* Salix

Polyclinidae|

* Aplidiopsis
* Aplidium
* Morchellioides
* Morchellium
* Neodictyon
* Polyclinella
* Polyclinum
* Sidneioides
* Synoicum

Protopolyclinidae|

* Condominium
* Monniotus
* Protopolyclinum

Pseudodistomidae|

* Anadistoma
* Citorclinum
* Pseudodistoma

Ritterellidae|

* Dumus
* Pharyngodictyon
* Ritterella

Phlebobranchia|

* Dimeatus
* Hypobythius

Agneziidae|

* Adagnesia
* Agnezia
* Caenagnesia
* Proagnesia
* Pterygascidia

Ascidiidae|

* Ascidia
* Ascidiella
* Fimbrora
* Phallusia
* Psammascidia

Cionidae|

* Araneum
* Ciona
* Tantillulum

Corellidae|

* Abyssascidia
* Chelyosoma
* Clatripes
* Corella
* Corelloides
* Corellopsis
* Corynascidia
* Dextrogaster
* Mysterascidia
* Rhodosoma
* Xenobranchion

Octacnemidae|

* Benthascidia
* Cibacapsa
* Cryptia
* Dicopia
* Kaikoja
* Megalodicopia
* Myopegma
* Octacnemus
* Polyoctacnemus
* Situla

Perophoridae|

* Ecteinascidia
* Perophora

Plurellidae|

* Microgastra
* Plurella

Tunicate-like fossils

| Ediacaran|

* Ausia
* Burykhia
* Finkoella
* Pharyngomorpha
* Yarnemia

|

Cambrian|

* Cheungkongella
* Megasiphon
* Shankouclava

Later|

* Palaeoquadrum
* Quadrifolium
* Toscanisoma

Khmeriamorpha|

* Khmeria
* Zardinisoma

Ichnotaxa|

* Catellocaula

* ¹Part of the paraphyletic class Ascidiacea
* Category
* Commons

Taxon identifiers

Burykhia|

* Wikidata: Q5001149
* GBIF: 11071673
* IRMNG: 11913337
* Paleobiology Database: 500198

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