COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States

Reluctance by those living in the USA to be vaccinated with a COVID-19 vaccine

After the December 2020 introduction of COVID vaccines, a partisan gap in death rates developed, indicating the effects of vaccine skepticism.[1] As of March 2024, more than 30 percent of Republicans had not received a Covid vaccine, compared with less than 10 percent of Democrats.[1]

See also: COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy and COVID-19 vaccine

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Anti vaccine protester - Worthington, Ohio \- August 14, 2021 Percent of people of all ages who received all doses prescribed by the initial COVID-19 vaccination protocol. Two of the three COVID-19 vaccines used in the U.S. require two shots to be fully vaccinated. The other vaccine requires only one shot. Booster doses are recommended too.[2][3] See Commons source for date of last upload. Map of cumulative COVID-19 death rates by US state.[4]

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States is the sociocultural phenomenon of individuals refusing or displaying hesitance towards receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States can be considered as part of the broader history of vaccine hesitancy.

## History

[edit]

See also: False or misleading statements by Donald Trump § COVID-19 pandemic

Vaccine hesitancy in the United States towards the COVID-19 vaccines has existed since the early stages of the vaccines' development.[5][6] COVID-19 vaccine-hesitant people are not necessarily anti-vaccine.[7]

Soon after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, preexisting anti-vaxxer social networks started online and in-person campaigns to discredit the developing COVID-19 vaccines targeting United States citizens.[8] Anti-vaccination influencers used Twitter and other social media platforms to spread vaccine misinformation.[8] Some in the medical field have given false credibility to vaccine hesitant beliefs. This caused the Federation of State Medical Boards to issue a statement in July 2021 that any physicians who generate and spread vaccine misinformation or disinformation would risk disciplinary action.[9][10]

White House sources revealed in March 2021 that Trump and his wife, Melania, had secretly received the COVID-19 vaccine in January.[11][12] In April 2021, Trump referred to the COVID-19 vaccine as a "true miracle" and encouraged his supporters to take it.[13] In September 2021, Trump revealed to journalist Adam Shapiro that he received the Pfizer version of the vaccine and encouraged the general public to take the vaccine.[14] In the same interview, Trump blamed president Biden for the public's lack of trust in the vaccine: "When I was president, everybody wanted to get the vaccine... after I left, people don't want to take it and... I think it's because they don't trust Biden."[14] In December 2021, Trump called the vaccine "one of the greatest achievements of mankind"; commentators on MSNBC's Morning Joe called his statements politically motivated, with Al Sharpton comparing Trump's dishonest walking back of support for fringe views to moonwalking.[15][16]

Ipsos polling data shows that vaccine hesitancy dropped from 63% in September 2020 to 20% in September 2021. The change was accompanied by COVID-19 fatigue, the Delta variant surge, and the FDA's formal approval of the Pfizer vaccine.[17]

### Anti-vaccine public figures who died from COVID-19

[edit]

See also: Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates from COVID-19

Many news reports in 2021 noted when vaccine opponents died from COVID-19, though some criticized the practice as celebrating the suffering of others.[18][19][20]

In August 2021, a number of conservative talk radio hosts who had discouraged COVID-19 vaccination, or expressed skepticism toward the COVID-19 vaccine, died from COVID-19 complications.[21][22] These included Marc Bernier (self-nicknamed "Mr. Antivax") from Daytona, Florida;[23] Dick Farrel, an anti-vaccine activist who referred to the pandemic as a "SCAM DEMIC";[23] Jimmy DeYoung Sr.;[24] and Phil Valentine.[25] In September 2021, another anti-vaccine conservative radio host, Bob Enyart, died of COVID-19.[26] In November 2021, Marcus Lamb, an American televangelist and co-founder of the Daystar Television Network, who promoted skepticism toward all vaccines, died of COVID-19.[27][28][29] Anti-vaccine podcaster Doug Kuzma fell ill shortly after attending the right-wing conference "ReAwaken America" in December 2021, and died of COVID-19 the following month.[30]

In August 2021, Caleb Wallace, a Texas advocate against mask and vaccine mandates, died of COVID-19.[31][32]

Kelly Ernby, a 46-year old deputy district attorney in Orange County, California who was also a California state assembly candidate and a critic of vaccine mandates, died January 2022, of COVID-19; she was not vaccinated.[33] Kelly Canon, an anti-vaccine activist in Arlington, Texas, also died of COVID-19 in January 2022.[34] Washington state trooper Robert LeMay was fired in October 2021, after refusing to be vaccinated despite a state mandate. He explained his position in a video that became popular online, and he died of COVID-19 in January 2022.[35]

## Reasons

[edit]

The reasons for hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccine are complex and vary between individuals, including concerns about side effects of the vaccination,[36] wanting to wait to see if the vaccine is safe,[36] and believing misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines[12] promulgated by conspiracy theories, including but not limited to incorrect beliefs that vaccines contain microchips from Bill Gates to track and control people, intentional side effects, infertility, and permanent genetic alteration.[12] Claims that a previous exposure to the virus gives a superior natural immunity versus the vaccine have been scientifically dismissed.[37][38] Additional reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy include fears about long-term health risks of vaccination,[12] belief in the strength of the body's "natural immune system" to fight infections without any vaccine,[38] mistrust in government,[39] and mistrust in mainstream medicine and institutions.[40] Local politics, including gubernatorial edicts against vaccine mandates as in Texas, also play a role in shaping public opinion.[41]

African Americans are more likely to be unvaccinated due to institutional mistrust.[42][43]

## Legal

[edit]

There have been many lawsuits seen throughout the United States aimed against the vaccine mandates that were implemented in 2021. Two Staff Sergeants, one from the Army the other from the Marines, sued three federal agencies against their plans to conduct mandatory vaccination of all military troops, as military regulations state that troops can be exempted from vaccination showing documented previous infection.[44] After the announcement of President Joe Biden of a country wide vaccine mandate in September 2021, many organizations and politicians such as the Republican National Committee, South Dakota Governor Kristi Noem, and Arizona Attorney General Mark Brnovich stated they would sue the administration.[45]

Generally litigation for vaccine injury claims against manufacturers are filed with the United States Court of Federal Claims, sitting without a jury and compensation is provided by the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program. The Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act (PREP Act) was invoked for Medical Countermeasures Against COVID-19 on March 17, 2020.[46] Under the PREP Act the HHS secretary provides legal protection to manufacturers of vaccines and treatments, unless there's willful misconduct,[47][48] barring liability cases from vaccine injury despite low payout rates from the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program.[49]

## By profession

[edit]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2023)

|

### Medical professionals

[edit]

Survey research of medical professionals in the United States shows a large majority of the American medical community accepts and trusts the COVID-19 vaccines.[50][51] Medical professionals in the United States are vaccinated at a higher rate than the general public they serve.[52] For example, in August 2021 in Alabama, it was estimated 50-60% of hospital staff were vaccinated compared to a <35% vaccination rate for the total state population.[53] Regional vaccination rate in health care professionals parallels that of the local community, where states with higher vaccination rates have higher instances of vaccinated health care workers.[52] In July 2021, the Mayo Clinic, a nonprofit American academic medical center with over 60,000 employees, announced they would require staff to get vaccinated.[54]

In 2021, a group of physicians, parents, and disability advocates united to establish the non-profit organization No License for Disinformation (NLFD). Formed by clinically practicing physicians whose patient care was significantly impacted by patients holding false beliefs, the group aimed to address the spread of medical misinformation. These doctors revealed that their patients were repeating medical misinformation, using phrases commonly employed by leading politically affiliated doctors[55] associated with the 2020 Donald Trump Presidential reelection campaign. On September 21, 2021, the authors and founders of NLFD made their announcement[56] in the Washington Post. They highlighted the detrimental effects of Trump’s doctors[57] and urged the State Medical Boards to take action to halt this widespread misinformation campaign.

### Military

[edit]

#### Active duty and reserve forces

[edit]

From December 2020 through March 2021, 361,538 service members, or 27.2 percent of the active-duty military, received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine.[58] As of August 2021, over 1,000,000 active-duty and reserve forces were at least partially vaccinated.[59] Throughout the Coronavirus pandemic, vaccination rates have varied between the branches of the United States Armed Forces from the 74% rate in the Navy to the closer to 50% rate in the Army. On August 25, 2021, Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin, ordered mandatory vaccinations for most of the country's active duty and reserve forces, directing each branch "to impose ambitious timelines for implementation and to report regularly on vaccination completion using established systems for other mandatory vaccine reporting."[60] The US military will require service members to get the COVID-19 vaccine by September 15, 2021.

In response to the vaccine mandate, an Army staff sergeant and a Marine staff sergeant sued various federal government agencies to grant exemptions on mandatory COVID vaccinations for those who've had the virus.[37] As of September 2021, a judge did not grant a temporary block on mandatory vaccinations and the suit will continue through normal court procedures.[37]

#### Veterans

[edit]

In July 2021, the Department of Veterans Affairs mandated the COVID-19 vaccines for its more than 100,000 front-line workers, becoming the first federal agency to do so.[54] The VA is working with the American Legion on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy outreach.[61] On August 28, 2021, during the national convention of the American Legion, speaker Carolyn Clancy, the VA's Assistant Under Secretary for Health, described COVID-19 as an unprecedented public health emergency and encouraged vaccinated veterans to reach out to their peers who are vaccine-hesitant.[61] Clancy also described how 70 VA facilities were part of the vaccine trials during Operation Warp Speed, participation, she said, veterans should be "quite proud of."[61]

As of July 1, 2021, of the 380,000 people who work for the Department of Veterans Affairs, 298,186 are fully vaccinated, or 78 percent, a percentage higher than the national average but below what VA officials want for those providing health care.[62] As of July 1, 2021, 20,300 V.A. employees have contracted the coronavirus since March 2020.[62] In late July 2021, Department of Veterans Affairs Secretary Denis McDonough released a press release announcing he will make COVID-19 vaccines mandatory for Title 38 VA health care personnel.[62]

### Professional athletes

[edit]

In Spring 2021, as vaccines became available to professional athletes, several professional leagues encountered substantial vaccine hesitancy among players.[63][64] In August 2021 the Atlanta Falcons, a football team from the National Football League (NFL) located in Atlanta, Georgia, became the first NFL team to report being fully vaccinated.[65] The NFL's then-most recent MVP Aaron Rodgers was one of football's most prominent players to speak out against the vaccines and the league's protocols. He was subsequently fined by the league for failing to wear a mask during interviews with the media.[66]

In July 2021, the National Basketball Association (NBA) announced that 90% of NBA players were vaccinated.[67] Kyrie Irving refused vaccination and was barred from participating.[68] In June 2021, Major League Baseball (MLB) announced that two-thirds of the MLB teams had reached 85% vaccination rate.[69] Upon the start of the 2021–2022 National Hockey League (NHL) season, the league announced that over 99% of NHL players were vaccinated.[70] As of December 2021, Tyler Bertuzzi was the only player who had remained unvaccinated.[71]

Vaccine Protest at Barclay's Center, Brooklyn, NYC - 2021

### Federal employees

[edit]

In July 2021, the state of California and the city of New York announced a requirement for state employees to either get vaccinated or face weekly testing.[72] As of July 2021, the Biden administration seeks to increase the vaccination rate of federal employees.[73] As part of this vaccination effort, the administration required all contractors working for the federal government to get vaccinated or submit to regular testing and masking.[74]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Leonhardt, David (March 11, 2024). "The Fourth Anniversary of the Covid Pandemic". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 11, 2024. "Data excludes Alaska. Sources: C.D.C. Wonder; Edison Research. (Chart) By The New York Times. Source credits chart to Ashley Wu.
2. ^ CDC COVID Data Tracker: Vaccinations in the US. View: People. Show: Fully Vaccinated. Population: Total Population. Resulting map will be labeled: "Percent of People Fully Vaccinated Reported to the CDC by State/Territory and for Select Federal Entities for the Total Population". Hover or click on locations for more data.
3. ^ U.S. COVID-19 vaccine tracker: See your state's progress. From the Mayo Clinic. Hover on the states on the map at the source page for exact numbers for the fully vaccinated. Click on the "data sources" link in the first paragraph to see that the data is from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
4. ^ COVID-19 Deaths per 100K. U.S. News & World Report. Run your cursor over the map to see the dates and data for each state. "The data on this page is courtesy of USAFacts – a nonprofit, nonpartisan civic initiative – and includes information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and state and local health departments. See a detailed methodology at the USAFacts website."
5. ^ "Anti-Vaxxers Wage Campaigns Against COVID-19 Shots". WebMD. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
6. ^ "COVID-19 approved vaccination willingness adults U.S. July 2021". Statista. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
7. ^ Yong, Ed (July 22, 2021). "America Is Getting Unvaccinated People All Wrong". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
8. ^ a b "Study indicates Donald Trump was the main anti-vaccination influencer on Twitter in 2020". PsyPost. June 8, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
9. ^ Brumfiel, Geoff (September 14, 2021). "This Doctor Spread False Information About COVID. She Still Kept Her Medical License". NPR. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
10. ^ Aldhous, Peter (September 29, 2021). "Doctors Are Attacking COVID Vaccines And Promoting Bogus Cures — And Getting Away With It". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on September 29, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
11. ^ "Trumps Privately Got Vaccinated Before Leaving the White House". Bloomberg. March 1, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
12. ^ a b c d Jackson, Matthew Brown and David. "Donald Trump, Melania Trump secretly received COVID-19 vaccine in January". USA Today. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
13. ^ Parrott, Jeff (April 23, 2021). "Former President Donald Trump tells Americans to get the coronavirus vaccine, calls it a 'true miracle'". Deseret News. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
14. ^ a b "Trump got Pfizer vaccine, would get booster if 'felt it was necessary'". The Jerusalem Post. October 3, 2021. Archived from the original on October 3, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
15. ^ "Trump appears to make political calculation in praise for Covid vaccines". MSNBC.com. December 27, 2021. Event occurs at 4:30. Archived from the original on December 27, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
16. ^ Milman, Oliver (June 3, 2020). "Scientists alarmed as Trump embraces fringe views and extreme theories amid pandemic". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
17. ^ Mastrangelo, Dominick (August 31, 2021). "Percentage of Americans who say they won't get vaccinated drops to record low in new poll". The Hill. Retrieved January 29, 2022.
18. ^ Sicha, Choire (August 16, 2021). "How Mean Should We Be to Each Other?". New York Intelligencer. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
19. ^ Smerconish, Michael (January 15, 2022), Official who argued against vaccines dies from Covid-19 and sparks big reaction online - CNN Video, retrieved January 16, 2022
20. ^ Martin, James (January 30, 2022). "Opinion | How Do You Respond When an Anti-Vaxxer Dies of Covid?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
21. ^ Farhi, Paul (September 1, 2021). "Four conservative radio talk-show hosts bashed coronavirus vaccines. Then they got sick". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
22. ^ Gabbatt, Adam (September 21, 2021). "Dangerous transmissions: anti-vax radio shows reach millions in US while stars die of Covid". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
23. ^ a b "Anti-Vax Radio Hosts Keep Dying From COVID". Vanity Fair. September 3, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
24. ^ Montgomery, Blake (August 17, 2021). "Christian Radio Host Who Called Vaccine 'Government Control' Dies of COVID-19". The Daily Beast. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
25. ^ Rose, Andy (August 22, 2021). "Conservative talk show host Phil Valentine dies after battle with Covid-19, his employer says". CNN. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
26. ^ Ellington, Andre J. (September 13, 2021). "Conservative radio host Bob Enyart who fought COVID restrictions in court dies of COVID". Newsweek. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
27. ^ Hassan, Carma (December 1, 2021). "Christian television network founder and preacher Marcus Lamb, who discouraged vaccinations, dies after being hospitalized for Covid-19". CNN. "Prominent Christian televangelist and anti-vaccine advocate Marcus Lamb died after being hospitalized with Covid-19, his family announced ... Marcus Lamb often spoke out against the Covid-19 vaccines on his show. ... Lamb said the Covid-19 vaccine was "not really a vaccine," but an "experimental shot" that was "dangerous. Marcus Lamb alleged that people were dying or having neurological disorders from the vaccine. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention say Covid-19 vaccines "are safe and effective" and that any adverse events after vaccination "are rare but may occur.""
28. ^ Fernando, Christine (December 1, 2021). "Marcus Lamb, founder of Christian network Daystar and vaccine opponent, dies after contracting COVID-19". USA Today. "He called ivermectin ... a "miracle drug." ... The Lamb family and Daystar have ... promoted misinformation about the virus and vaccines."
29. ^ Lincoln, Ross A (December 1, 2021). "Marcus Lamb, Anti-Vaccine Christian Broadcaster, Dies of COVID-19 at 64". Yahoo! News.
30. ^ Papenfuss, Mary (January 7, 2022). "Anti-Vax Podcaster Doug Kuzma Dies Of COVID-19 After Attending Right-Wing Rally". HuffPost. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
31. ^ Miami, Jacqui Goddard. "Anti-mask 'freedom defender' Caleb Wallace dies after contracting Covid". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
32. ^ "30-year-old Texas man who organized anti-mask protest dies of COVID-19". KTLA. August 30, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
33. ^ Fry, Hannah (January 6, 2022). "Kelly Ernby stood against vaccine mandates. Her death from COVID made her a symbol". Los Angeles Times. "Ernby ... was not vaccinated against COVID-19 when she died earlier this week, according to friends. ... even before the pandemic [, in] late 2019, she spoke publicly against a new California law tightening immunization rules for California schoolchildren."
34. ^ Harvey, Josephine (January 12, 2022). "GOP Activist Who Opposed COVID-19 Vaccine Rules Dies After Virus Complications". HuffPost. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
35. ^ Thomas, Phil (January 29, 2022). "Trooper who told governor to 'kiss my ass' over vaccine dies of Covid". The Independent. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
36. ^ a b Nguyen, Kimberly H. (2021). "COVID-19 Vaccination Intent, Perceptions, and Reasons for Not Vaccinating Among Groups Prioritized for Early Vaccination — United States, September and December 2020". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 70 (6): 217–222\. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7006e3. ISSN 0149-2195. PMC 7877585. PMID 33571174.
37. ^ a b c South, Todd (September 3, 2021). "Soldier, Marine lawsuit challenges mandatory COVID vaccinations for those who've had the virus". Navy Times. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
38. ^ a b Mandavilli, Apoorva (December 5, 2020). "'Natural Immunity' From Covid Is Not Safer Than a Vaccine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
39. ^ Analysis by Harry Enten (July 10, 2021). "How long-standing mistrust of government is hurting our vaccination efforts". CNN. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
40. ^ Jaiswal, J.; LoSchiavo, C.; Perlman, D. C. (May 21, 2020). "Disinformation, Misinformation and Inequality-Driven Mistrust in the Time of COVID-19: Lessons Unlearned from AIDS Denialism". AIDS and Behavior. 24 (10): 2776–2780\. doi:10.1007/s10461-020-02925-y. ISSN 1090-7165. PMC 7241063. PMID 32440972.
41. ^ "Texas governor bars vaccine mandates in state as deaths approach 70,000". The Guardian. Associated Press. October 12, 2021.
42. ^ Young, Saundra. "Black Vaccine Hesitancy Rooted in Mistrust, Doubts". WebMD.
43. ^ "For some Black Americans, vaccine hesitancy is just one part of a legacy of mistrust". The Guardian. August 20, 2021.
44. ^ South, Todd (September 3, 2021). "Soldier, Marine lawsuit challenges mandatory COVID vaccinations for those who've had the virus". Army Times. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
45. ^ Palmer, Ewan (September 10, 2021). "Joe Biden faces an avalanche of vaccine mandate lawsuits". Newsweek. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
46. ^ "Declaration Under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act for Medical Countermeasures Against COVID-19". Federal Register. March 17, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
47. ^ "PREP Act Guidance - Guidance for Department of Defense Personnel, Contractors, and Volunteers Regarding COVID-19 Vaccines and Immunity under the PREP Act". Public Health Emergency. March 17, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
48. ^ "PREP Act Immunity from Liability for COVID-19 Vaccinators". Public Health Emergency. March 17, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
49. ^ Sigalos, MacKenzie (December 17, 2020). "You can't sue Pfizer or Moderna if you have severe Covid vaccine side effects. The government likely won't compensate you for damages either". CNBC. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
50. ^ Lucia, Victoria C; Kelekar, Arati; Afonso, Nelia M (December 26, 2020). "COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among medical students". Journal of Public Health (Oxford, England). 43 (3): 445–449\. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa230. ISSN 1741-3842. PMC 7799040. PMID 33367857.
51. ^ "Survey: Nurses largely on board with COVID-19 vaccines but want more info on boosters, long-term safety". FierceHealthcare. August 18, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
52. ^ a b "Vaccination rates among hospital staffs in Alabama likely '50-60%'". al. August 8, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
53. ^ "More than half of all Americans now fully vaccinated, Alabama far behind". al. August 8, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
54. ^ a b "'A tipping point': Government officials, health groups move to require coronavirus vaccines for workers". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
55. ^ "Dark money and PAC's coordinated 'reopen' push are behind doctors' viral hydroxychloroquine video". NBC News. July 28, 2020. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
56. ^ "Opinion | State medical boards should punish doctors who spread false information about covid and vaccines - The Washington Post". The Washington Post. September 22, 2021. Archived from the original on September 22, 2021. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
57. ^ "GOP fronts 'pro-Trump' doctors to prescribe rapid reopening". AP News. May 20, 2020. Retrieved February 28, 2025.
58. ^ Venhuizen, Harm (May 17, 2021). "COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy higher among soldiers, Black service members, study shows". Military Times. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
59. ^ SHRM-SCP, Lisa Nagele-Piazza, J. D.; SHRM-SCP, Lisa Nagele-Piazza, J. D. (August 11, 2021). "U.S. Military to Require COVID-19 Vaccines for Service Members". SHRM. Retrieved September 4, 2021.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
60. ^ "Navy, Marine Corps Issue Policy, Deadlines for Mandatory COVID-19 Vaccinations for Active, Reserve Forces". USNI News. September 1, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
61. ^ a b c "Veterans Health Care | The American Legion". www.legion.org. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
62. ^ a b c Affairs, Office of Public and Intergovernmental. "News Releases - Office of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs". www.va.gov. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
63. ^ Beer, Tommy. "NFL Encountering Substantial Vaccine Hesitancy Among Players". Forbes. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
64. ^ Lacques, Gabe. "MLB faces a major hurdle in COVID-19 battle: Players hesitant to get the vaccine". USA Today. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
65. ^ "Atlanta Falcons believed to be first NFL team to be 100% vaccinated against COVID-19". ESPN.com. August 16, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
66. ^ Van Valkenburg, Kevin (January 21, 2022). "The unfiltered year of Aaron Rodgers". ESPN.com. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
67. ^ "NBPA executive director Michele Roberts: 90% of NBA players vaccinated". ProBasketballTalk | NBC Sports. July 21, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
68. ^ "Nets won't play Irving until he meets vaccine requirement". AP News. October 12, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
69. ^ "Two-thirds of Major League Baseball teams reach 85% vaccination rate, relax protocols". ESPN.com. June 4, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
70. ^ "NHL announces that all but 4 players are vaccinated". NPR. October 13, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
71. ^ "Latest updates on the NHL and COVID-19: Postponements, protocols, the Olympics and more". ESPN. December 16, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
72. ^ The Athletic Staff (September 3, 2021). "Buccaneers become second NFL team to reach 100 percent COVID-19 vaccination rate". The Athletic. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
73. ^ "Biden orders tough new vaccination rules for federal workers". AP News. July 29, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
74. ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (July 29, 2021). "As Biden Moves to Vaccinate Federal Workers, Troops Get a Pass". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 4, 2021.

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COVID-19 pandemic

* COVID-19 (disease)
* SARS-CoV-2 (virus)

Timeline

| Pre-pandemic|

* Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
* Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)
* Crimson Contagion
* Disease X
* Event 201
* Exercise Cygnus
* 2019
* responses

|

2020|

* January
* responses
* February
* responses
* March
* responses
* April
* responses
* May
* responses
* June
* responses
* July
* responses
* August
* responses
* September
* responses
* October
* responses
* November
* responses
* December
* responses

2021|

* January
* responses
* February
* responses
* March
* responses
* April
* responses
* May
* responses
* June
* responses
* July
* responses
* August
* responses
* September
* responses
* October
* responses
* November
* responses
* December
* responses

2022|

* January
* responses
* February
* responses
* March
* responses
* April
* responses
* May
* responses
* June
* responses
* July
* responses
* August
* responses
* September
* responses
* October
* responses
* November
* December

2023|

* Timeline

Locations

| Africa

* (timeline

national
responses)

| Northern|

* Algeria
* Canary Islands
* Ceuta
* Egypt
* Libya
* Mauritania
* Melilla
* Morocco
* Sudan
* Tunisia
* Western Sahara
* Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

|

Eastern|

* Burundi
* Comoros
* Djibouti
* Eritrea
* Ethiopia
* Kenya
* Madagascar
* Mauritius
* Mayotte
* Réunion
* Rwanda
* Seychelles
* Somalia
* Puntland
* Somaliland
* South Sudan
* Tanzania
* Uganda

Southern|

* Angola
* Botswana
* Eswatini
* Lesotho
* Malawi
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* South Africa
* list of deaths
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

Central|

* Cameroon
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Republic of the Congo
* Gabon
* São Tomé and Príncipe

Western|

* Benin
* Burkina Faso
* Cape Verde
* Equatorial Guinea
* Gambia
* Ghana
* timeline
* 2020
* March–July
* August–December
* 2021
* government response
* impact
* education
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Liberia
* Mali
* Niger
* Nigeria
* government response
* Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
* Senegal
* Sierra Leone
* Togo

Asia|

| Central/North|

* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Russia
* timeline
* January–June
* July–December
* impact
* economic
* social
* political
* Tajikistan
* Turkmenistan
* Uzbekistan

|

East|

* Hong Kong
* Japan
* timeline
* Tokyo
* 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Macau
* Mongolia
* Taiwan
* respirator diplomacy

Mainland China|

* lockdown
* detail
* statistics
* vaccination
* Beijing
* 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics
* Heilongjiang
* Henan
* Hubei
* Inner Mongolia
* Liaoning
* Shanghai
* 2022 outbreak
* Sichuan
* Tibet
* Xinjiang

South|

* Afghanistan
* Bangladesh
* timeline
* Bhutan
* Maldives
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* Tablighi Jamaat hotspot
* Sri Lanka

India|

* economic impact
* evacuations
* lockdown
* migrant workers' crisis
* statistics
* timeline
* 2020
* January–May
* June–December
* 2021
* union government response
* PM CARES Fund
* SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund
* state government responses
* vaccination
* Vaccine Maitri

By location|

* Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* Andhra Pradesh
* Arunachal Pradesh
* Assam
* Bihar
* Chandigarh
* Chhattisgarh
* Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
* Delhi
* Tablighi Jamaat hotspot
* Goa
* Gujarat
* Haryana
* Himachal Pradesh
* Jammu and Kashmir
* Jharkhand
* Karnataka
* Kerala
* timeline
* Ladakh
* Lakshadweep
* Madhya Pradesh
* Maharashtra
* Manipur
* Meghalaya
* Mizoram
* Nagaland
* Odisha
* Puducherry
* Punjab
* Rajasthan
* Sikkim
* Tamil Nadu
* Telangana
* Tripura
* Uttar Pradesh
* Uttarakhand
* West Bengal

Southeast|

* Brunei
* Cambodia
* Indonesia
* timeline
* 2021
* social restrictions
* Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement
* Laos
* Myanmar
* Singapore
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* circuit breaker response
* vaccination
* statistics
* Thailand
* timeline
* vaccination
* statistics
* Timor-Leste
* Vietnam
* timeline
* government response

Malaysia|

* impact
* social
* economic
* political
* Aid and relief efforts
* movement control order
* Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* statistics
* Johor
* Kuala Lumpur
* Sabah
* Sarawak
* Selangor

Philippines|

* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* government response
* community quarantines
* Luzon
* evacuations
* testing controversy
* vaccination
* Bangsamoro
* Bicol Region
* Cagayan Valley
* Calabarzon
* Caraga
* Central Luzon
* Central Visayas
* Cordillera
* Davao Region
* Eastern Visayas
* Ilocos Region
* Metro Manila
* Mimaropa
* Northern Mindanao
* Soccsksargen
* Western Visayas
* Zamboanga Peninsula
* Overseas Filipinos

West|

* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Artsakh
* Bahrain
* Cyprus
* Northern Cyprus
* Egypt
* Georgia
* Abkhazia
* South Ossetia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Kurdistan Region
* Israel
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Oman
* Palestine
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* vaccination
* Syria
* Turkey
* timeline
* United Arab Emirates
* Yemen

Europe|

| United Kingdom|

* history
* timeline
* January–June 2020
* July–December 2020
* January–June 2021
* July–December 2021
* January–June 2022
* July–December 2022
* 2023
* responses
* government response
* response
* Operation Rescript
* contracts
* impact
* social
* economic
* education

By location|

* England
* timeline
* 2020
* January–June
* July–December
* 2021
* 2022
* London
* local lockdown regulations
* first tier regulations
* Northern Ireland
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* Scotland
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* Wales
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* Crown Dependencies
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Guernsey
* Overseas territories
* Akrotiri and Dhekelia
* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Gibraltar

Eastern|

* Belarus
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* Kazakhstan
* Moldova
* Gagauzia
* Transnistria
* Russia
* timeline
* January–June 2020
* July–December 2020
* government responses
* political impact
* Turkey
* timeline
* Ukraine
* Crimea
* Sevastopol

Western Balkans|

* Albania
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Kosovo
* Montenegro
* North Macedonia
* Serbia
* statistics

European Union|

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* timeline
* Cyprus
* Northern Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Faroe Islands
* Estonia
* Finland
* Åland
* France
* Guadeloupe
* French Guiana
* Réunion
* Martinique
* Mayotte
* Normandy
* Saint Martin
* Germany
* North Rhine-Westphalia
* government response
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* economic impact
* social impact
* vaccination
* Italy
* lockdowns
* timeline
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* government response
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* timeline
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* timeline
* Asturias
* Canary Islands
* Ceuta
* Community of Madrid
* Melilla
* Sweden
* government response
* Operation Gloria

EFTA countries|

* Iceland
* Liechtenstein
* Norway
* Svalbard
* Switzerland

Microstates|

* Andorra
* Monaco
* San Marino
* Vatican City

North
America|

| Atlantic|

* Bermuda
* Greenland
* Saint Pierre and Miquelon

|

Canada|

* timeline
* economic impact
* federal aid
* vaccination
* by province
* military response
* Atlantic Bubble
* Alberta
* timeline
* British Columbia
* Manitoba
* New Brunswick
* Newfoundland and Labrador
* Northwest Territories
* Nova Scotia
* Nunavut
* Ontario
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* Ottawa
* Peel Region
* Toronto
* York Region
* Provincial government response
* Vaccination
* Prince Edward Island
* Quebec
* Montreal
* boroughs
* Saskatchewan
* timeline
* Yukon

Caribbean|

| Countries|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Cuba
* Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* Grenada
* Haiti
* Jamaica
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Trinidad and Tobago
* timeline

|

British Overseas Territories|

* Anguilla
* British Virgin Islands
* Cayman Islands
* Montserrat
* Turks and Caicos Islands
* response

* Aruba
* Curaçao
* Sint Maarten

Caribbean Netherlands|

* Bonaire
* Saba
* Sint Eustatius

French West Indies|

* Guadeloupe
* Martinique
* Saint Barthélemy
* Saint Martin

US insular areas|

* Puerto Rico
* U.S. Virgin Islands

Central America|

* Belize
* Costa Rica
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Honduras
* Mexico
* timeline
* vaccination
* Nicaragua
* Panama

United States|

* Trump administration communication
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* social impact
* economic impact
* 2021 hospital crisis

responses|

* federal government
* state and local governments
* California government response
* New York government response
* Texas government response
* Eastern States Multi-state Council
* Midwest Governors Regional Pact
* Western States Pact

By location|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* American Samoa
* Arizona
* Navajo Nation
* Arkansas
* California
* timeline
* S.F. Bay Area
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Guam
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* timeline
* Massachusetts
* timeline
* Boston
* timeline
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* timeline
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* New York City
* timeline
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Ohio
* Columbus
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Portland
* Pennsylvania
* Philadelphia
* Puerto Rico
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* timeline
* Austin
* U.S. Virgin Islands
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* Washington, D.C.
* White House
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming

Oceania|

* American Samoa
* Cook Islands
* Easter Island
* Federated States of Micronesia
* Fiji
* French Polynesia
* Guam
* Hawaii
* Kiribati
* Marshall Islands
* Nauru
* New Caledonia
* Niue
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Palau
* Papua New Guinea
* Bougainville
* Pitcairn Islands
* Samoa
* Solomon Islands
* Tokelau
* Tonga
* Tuvalu
* Vanuatu
* Wallis and Futuna

Australia|

* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* January–June
* July–December
* 2022
* Australian Capital Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* New South Wales
* Norfolk Island
* Northern Territory
* Queensland
* South Australia
* Tasmania
* Victoria
* Western Australia

New Zealand|

* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* economic impact
* government response
* Alert levels
* Traffic light system
* social impact
* managed isolation

South
America|

* Argentina
* statistics
* human rights
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* timeline
* São Paulo
* Chile
* statistics
* Easter Island
* Colombia
* timeline
* Ecuador
* Falkland Islands
* French Guiana
* Guyana
* Paraguay
* Peru
* statistics
* Cusco
* Suriname
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Others|

* Antarctica
* Cruise ships
* Diamond Princess
* Grand Princess
* Naval ships
* Charles de Gaulle
* USS Theodore Roosevelt

Impact

| Culture and
entertainment|

| Arts and
cultural heritage|

* References in popular culture
* Cinema
* films affected
* Corona-chan
* Disney
* Fashion industry
* Music industry
* Performing arts
* Television
* U.S.
* U.S. sports
* programs affected
* Video games

|

Education|

* Female education
* Homeschooling

By country|

* Ghana
* Ireland
* United Kingdom
* exam grading controversy
* United States

Sports|

* Bio-secure bubble

By country|

* Ireland
* Philippines

By sport|

* Association football
* Baseball
* Basketball
* NBA
* Combat sports
* Cricket
* Disc golf
* Gaelic games
* Gridirion football (NCAAF, NFL, and CFL)
* Ice hockey
* Motorsport
* Rugby league

Society
and rights|

| Social impact|

* Social media
* Stigma
* COVID-19 parties
* Children
* foster care in the U.S.
* Pandemic baking

|

Labor|

* Healthcare workers
* Indian migrant workers
* Great Resignation
* Strikes

Human rights|

* Argentina
* Hong Kong
* Myanmar
* North Korea
* Turkmenistan

Legal|

* Abortion in the U.S.
* Crime
* Domestic violence
* Prisons
* U.S. immigration detention

Minority|

* Gender
* LGBT community
* African communities
* Disability community
* Native American communities
* Xenophobia and racism

Religion|

* Catholic Church
* Hajj

Economic|

* Charitable activity
* COVID-19 scams
* Travel restrictions

By country|

* Canada
* India
* Ireland
* COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment
* Malaysia
* New Zealand
* Russia
* U.K.
* U.S.

By industry|

* Aviation
* Airlines
* Cannabis industry
* Food industry
* meat industry in Canada
* meat industry in the U.S.
* restaurant industry in the U.S.
* Hospitals
* ICU capacity
* Long-term care facilities
* Mink farming
* Public transport
* Retail
* Tourism

Supply and trade|

* Shortages
* Chip supply
* Energy
* Global supply chain
* Oil price war
* Food security

Financial markets|

* Global stock market crash
* COVID-19 recession
* Inflation

Information|

* Journalism
* Media coverage
* Wikipedia's response

Misinformation|

* Governments
* China
* United States
* By country
* Canada
* Philippines
* Ivermectin
* Plandemic

Politics|

* National responses
* Legislation
* European Union

Political impact|

* Ireland
* Malaysia
* Russia

Protests|

* Abkhazia
* Argentina
* Australia
* Convoy to Canberra
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Brazil
* 2020 protests
* 2021 protests
* Bulgaria
* Canada
* convoy protest
* Chile
* China
* Beijing Sitong Bridge protest
* healthcare reform protests
* Colombia
* 2021 protests
* 2022 protests
* Cuba
* France
* Yellow vests protests
* labor protests
* French West Indies social unrest
* convoy protest
* Germany
* Idar-Oberstein shooting
* Greece
* Israel
* protests against Benjamin Netanyahu
* Italy
* Mongolia
* Netherlands
* curfew riots
* New Zealand
* Wellington protest
* Paraguay
* Serbia
* Tunisia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Open the States

International relations|

* Aid
* Italy
* Moldovan–Romanian collaboration
* Nicaragua–Taiwan relations
* Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan
* Vaccine diplomacy

Language|

* Anthropause
* Doomscrolling
* Flattening the curve
* Green recovery
* Long COVID
* Quarantini
* Social distancing
* Superspreader
* Twindemic
* Zero-COVID
* Zoom
* Zoom towns

Others|

* Animals
* Cluster 5
* Environment
* Military
* Pregnant women
* Science and technology

Health issues

| Medical topics|

* Transmission
* Symptoms
* Cancer
* Endemic COVID-19
* Skin manifestations
* Long COVID
* Mental health
* neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes
* Pregnancy
* Non-COVID-19–related health issues
* Shortages
* Raise the line
* Rehabilitation
* Unproven medical methods

|

Testing and
epidemiology|

* Datasets
* Death rates by country
* Disease testing
* Breathalyzer
* Operation Moonshot
* Test to Release
* UK Rapid Test Consortium
* AbC-19 rapid antibody test
* investigations into the origins
* lab leak theory
* Rapid antigen test
* Software
* Surveillance
* Undercounting COVID-19 deaths

Apps|

* Aarogya Setu
* BlueTrace
* careFIJI
* Coronavirus Australia
* Corona-Warn-App
* COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application
* COVID Alert (Canada)
* COVID AlertSA (South Africa)
* COVIDSafe
* COVID Tracker Ireland
* Covid Watch
* Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing
* Exposure Notification
* Health Code
* Healthy Together
* Immuni
* Koronavilkku
* LeaveHomeSafe
* MySejahtera
* NHS COVID-19
* NZ COVID Tracer
* NZ Pass Verifier
* PathCheck
* PeduliLindungi
* SafeEntry
* SafePass
* StaySafe.ph
* SwissCovid
* TCN Protocol
* Test, Trace, Protect
* Thai Chana
* TousAntiCovid
* TraceTogether
* Valtrace
* Zoe Health Study

Prevention|

* Air purifier (Corsi–Rosenthal Box)
* Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine
* COVID fatigue
* Evacuations
* Face masks
* Anti-mask sentiment
* United States
* Flattening the curve
* Great Barrington Declaration
* International aid
* Lockdowns
* Public health mitigation
* Safe Hands Challenge
* Social distancing
* Workplace hazard controls
* Zero-COVID

Vaccines|

| Topics|

* Authorizations
* Clinical research
* Deployment
* Development
* EU Certificate
* Misinformation and hesitancy
* Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates
* US
* Operation Warp Speed (U.S.)
* Post-vaccination complications
* Vaccine card
* Vaccine passports

|

Authorized|

| DNA|

* ZyCoV-D

|

Inactivated|

* Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
* CoronaVac
* Covaxin
* COVIran Barekat
* CoviVac (Russia)
* FAKHRAVAC
* Minhai
* QazCovid-in
* Sinopharm BIBP
* Sinopharm WIBP
* Turkovac
* Valneva

mRNA|

* Moderna
* Pfizer–BioNTech

Subunit|

* Abdala
* Corbevax (Bio E COVID-19)
* COVAX-19
* EpiVacCorona
* IndoVac
* MVC
* Noora
* Novavax
* Razi Cov Pars
* Sinopharm CNBG
* Soberana 02
* Soberana Plus
* ZF2001 (Zifivax)

Viral vector|

* Convidecia
* Janssen
* Oxford–AstraZeneca
* Sputnik V
* Sputnik Light

Virus-like particles|

* CoVLP

In trials|

| Attenuated|

* COVI-VAC (United States)

|

DNA|

* AG0302-COVID‑19
* GX-19
* Inovio

Inactivated|

* KD-414
* NDV-HXP-S

RNA|

* ARCT-021
* ARCT-154
* Bangavax
* CureVac (terminated)
* HGC019
* mRNA-1283
* PTX-COVID19-B
* Sanofi–Translate Bio (terminated)
* Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine
* Walvax

Subunit|

* 202-CoV
* AKS-452
* EuCorVac-19
* IVX-411
* Nanocovax
* ReCOV
* Sanofi–GSK
* S-268019
* SCB-2019
* SCTV01C
* Skycovione
* UB-612
* V-01
* V451 (terminated)
* Vabiotech
* West China Hospital
* Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech

Viral vector|

* AdCLD-CoV19
* BriLife
* COH04S1
* DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT
* GRAd-COV2
* ImmunityBio
* iNCOVACC
* INNA-051
* NDV-HXP-S
* Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine

Virus-like particles|

* ABNCoV2
* LYB001
* MigVax-101
* VBI-2902

Deployment
by location|

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Cameroon
* Chad
* Comoros
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eswatini
* Ghana
* Morocco
* Nigeria
* Senegal
* South Africa
* Zimbabwe

|

Asia|

* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Mainland China
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Israel
* Japan
* Kazakhstan
* Malaysia
* Nepal
* Philippines
* Russia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates
* Vietnam

Europe|

* Albania
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Moldova
* Norway
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

North America|

* Canada
* Ontario
* Quebec
* Cuba
* Haiti
* Mexico
* United States
* mandates

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* New Zealand

South America|

* Argentina
* Brazil
* Colombia
* Peru

Others|

* Antarctica

Treatment|

* Drug development
* Drug repurposing research
* Baricitinib
* Dexamethasone
* Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
* Open-source ventilator
* PANORAMIC trial (UK)
* RECOVERY Trial (UK)
* Solidarity trial (WHO)

Monoclonal antibodies|

* Bamlanivimab/etesevimab
* Bamlanivimab
* Etesevimab
* Bebtelovimab
* Casirivimab/imdevimab
* Regdanvimab
* Sarilumab
* Sotrovimab
* Tixagevimab/cilgavimab
* Tocilizumab

Small molecule antivirals|

* Broad-spectrum
* Ensitrelvir
* Molnupiravir
* Remdesivir
* Co-packaged
* Nirmatrelvir
* ritonavir

Variants

| Specific|

* Alpha
* Beta
* Gamma
* Delta
* Epsilon
* Zeta
* Eta
* Theta
* Iota
* Kappa
* Lambda
* Mu
* Omicron
* timeline

|

General|

* Cluster 5
* Lineage B.1.617
* Lineage B.1.640.2
* Variant of concern

Institutions

| Hospitals and
medical clinics|

| Mainland China|

* Central Hospital of Wuhan
* Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre
* Fangcang hospitals
* Huoshenshan Hospital
* Leishenshan Hospital
* Xinjia Express Hotel
* Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital

|

Others|

* Hospital ships
* Garran Surge Centre (Australia)
* Hospital El Salvador
* SevenHills Hospital (India)
* Kemayoran Athletes Village (Indonesia)
* Pyongyang General Hospital (North Korea)
* Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang (Malaysia)
* Mega Ligtas COVID Centers (Philippines)
* Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre (Sri Lanka)
* Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital (Turkey)
* Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital (Turkey)
* COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom
* NHS Nightingale Hospitals (England)
* Birmingham
* London
* North East
* North West
* Yorkshire and the Humber
* NHS Louisa Jordan (Scotland)
* Dragon's Heart Hospital (Wales)

Organizations|

* National Cabinet (Australia)
* ScienceUpFirst (Canada)
* Wuhan Institute of Virology (China)
* Independent SAGE (United Kingdom)

Health
institutes|

* Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (African Union)
* Ghana Infectious Disease Centre (Ghana)
* Department of Health (Hong Kong)
* Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (South Korea)
* National Institute for Communicable Diseases (South Africa)
* Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (Taiwan)

Pandemic
institutes|

* National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board (Australia)
* COVID-19 Immunity Task Force (Canada)
* COVID-19 Supply Council (Canada)
* PREPARE (European Union)
* National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19 (India)
* COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force (Indonesia)
* National Public Health Emergency Team (Ireland)
* Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting (Japan)
* Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre (Malaysia)
* Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee (Philippines)
* Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Philippines)
* Central Epidemic Command Center (Taiwan)
* Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board (Turkey)
* COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium (United Kingdom)
* Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team (United Kingdom)
* Joint Biosecurity Centre (United Kingdom)
* Vaccine Taskforce (United Kingdom)
* COVID-19 Advisory Board (United States)
* Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups (United States)
* White House Coronavirus Task Force (United States)
* White House COVID-19 Response Team (United States)
* GACH (Uruguay)

Relief funds|

* PM CARES Fund (India)
* SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund (India)
* Artist Relief (United States)

People

| Medical
professionals|

* Ai Fen
* Corona Rintawan
* Li Wenliang
* Liu Wen
* Xie Linka
* Zhang Wenhong

|

Researchers|

* Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud
* Roberto Burioni
* Chen Wei
* Kizzmekia Corbett
* Andrea Crisanti
* Peter Daszak
* Christian Drosten
* Neil Ferguson
* Dale Fisher
* George F. Gao
* Azra Ghani
* Sarah Gilbert
* Guan Yi
* Kentaro Iwata
* Katalin Karikó
* Matt Keeling
* Trudie Lang
* Li Lanjuan
* W. Ian Lipkin
* Ma Xiaowei
* Shabir Madhi
* Allison McGeer
* Camilla Rothe
* Shi Zhengli
* Moncef Slaoui
* Mike Tildesley
* John Todd
* Wang Chen
* Wang Guangfa
* Drew Weissman
* Yuen Kwok-yung
* Zeng Guang
* Zhang Jixian
* Zhang Yongzhen
* Zhong Nanshan

Officials|

| WHO|

* Tedros Adhanom (Director-General of the WHO)
* Bruce Aylward (Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission)
* Maria Van Kerkhove (Technical Lead for COVID-19 response)
* Michael J. Ryan (Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme)

|

By location|

* Frank Atherton (Wales)
* Ashley Bloomfield (New Zealand)
* Catherine Calderwood (Scotland)
* Chang Shan-chwen (Taiwan)
* Anutin Charnvirakul (Thailand)
* Chen Shih-chung (Taiwan)
* Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching (Taiwan)
* Victor Costache (Romania)
* Fabrizio Curcio (Italy)
* Carmen Deseda (Puerto Rico)
* Jaap van Dissel (the Netherlands)
* Christian Drosten (Germany)
* Francisco Duque III (Philippines)
* Anthony Fauci (United States)
* Francesco Paolo Figliuolo (Italy)
* Graça Freitas (Portugal)
* Henrique Gouveia e Melo (Portugal)
* Matt Hancock (United Kingdom)
* Hamad Hasan (Lebanon)
* Greg Hunt (Australia)
* Tony Holohan (Ireland)
* Jeong Eun-kyeong (South Korea)
* Fahrettin Koca (Turkey)
* Li Keqiang (China)
* Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez (Mexico)
* Michael McBride (Northern Ireland)
* Oriol Mitjà (Andorra)
* Zweli Mkhize (South Africa)
* Doni Monardo (Indonesia)
* Alma Möller (Iceland)
* Saeed Namaki (Iran)
* Ala Nemerenco (Moldova)
* Nguyễn Thanh Long (Vietnam)
* Noor Hisham Abdullah (Malaysia)
* Ali Pilli (Northern Cyprus)
* Daniel Salinas (Uruguay)
* Jérôme Salomon (France)
* Fernando Simón (Spain)
* Gregor Smith (Scotland)
* Su Ih-jen (Taiwan)
* Łukasz Szumowski (Poland)
* Theresa Tam (Canada)
* Anders Tegnell (Sweden)
* Þórólfur Guðnason (Iceland)
* Sotiris Tsiodras (Greece)
* Harsh Vardhan (India)
* Víðir Reynisson (Iceland)
* Carla Vizzotti (Argentina)
* Vlad Voiculescu (Romania)
* Chris Whitty (United Kingdom)
* Lawrence Wong (Singapore)
* Jeff Zients (United States)

Others|

* Chen Qiushi
* Brett Crozier
* Fang Bin
* Fang Fang
* Joseph Ashitey Hammond
* Li Zehua
* Captain Tom Moore
* Qiu Menghuang
* Ren Zhiqiang

List of deaths due to COVID-19

Data (templates)

| Global|

* Cases, deaths, recoveries by country
* Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country
* Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country subdivision
* WHO situation reports
* cases
* January 2020
* February 2020
* March 2020
* April 2020
* May 2020
* June 2020
* July 2020
* August 2020
* September 2020
* October 2020
* November 2020
* December 2020
* January 2021
* February 2021
* March 2021
* April 2021
* May 2021
* June 2021
* July 2021
* August 2021
* deaths
* World map by countries: confirmed per capita
* China
* Hospital beds by country
* Lockdowns

|

Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Comoros
* Egypt
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Ghana
* cases chart
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Libya
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco (including occupied Western Sahara)
* Mozambique
* Nigera
* cases chart
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* South Africa
* cases chart
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe
* cases chart

Americas|

* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* by province
* vaccinations by province
* Chile
* by commune
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* cases chart
* Cuba
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Mexico
* cases chart
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* United States
* by state
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Artsakh
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* by division
* Bhutan
* cases chart
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* cases chart
* summary
* China
* cases chart
* confirmed per capita
* lockdowns
* by province
* Hong Kong
* Macau
* Cyprus
* East Timor
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* cases chart
* Iran
* cases chart
* Iraq
* Israel
* cases chart
* Japan
* cases chart
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait cases chart
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* cases chart
* charts
* Myanmar
* cases chart
* summary
* Nepal
* cases chart
* Oman
* cases chart
* Pakistan
* cases chart
* Philippines
* cases chart
* areas of quarantine
* vaccinations chart
* Qatar
* Russia
* cases chart
* by federal subject
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* cases chart
* vaccinations charts
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Taiwan
* vaccination charts
* Tajikistan
* Thailand cases chart
* Turkey
* cases chart
* United Arab Emirates
* cases chart
* Uzbekistan
* cases chart
* Vietnam
* statistics charts
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Austria
* cases chart
* Belarus
* Belgium
* cases chart
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* cases chart
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* cases chart
* Faroe Islands
* Estonia cases chart
* Finland
* France
* cases chart
* Germany cases chart
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* cases chart
* Ireland
* cases chart
* Italy
* cases chart
* statistics charts
* vaccinations chart
* Kosovo
* Latvia cases chart
* Lithuania cases chart
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* cases chart
* Poland
* cases chart
* by voivodeship
* Portugal
* cases chart
* Romania
* cases chart
* Russia
* cases chart
* by federal subject
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* cases chart
* by region
* Slovenia cases chart
* Spain cases chart
* Sweden
* cases chart
* Switzerland cases chart
* Turkey
* cases chart
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Gibraltar
* vaccinations chart
* daily
* by nation
* Vatican City

Oceania|

* Australia by state/territory
* Fiji
* French Polynesia
* New Caledonia
* New Zealand
* Papua New Guinea
* Solomon Islands

Others|

* Antarctica
* Diamond Princess

* v
* t
* e

COVID-19 pandemic in the United States

* Timeline
* early cases
* 2020
* 2021
* Data
* by state
* chart
* Testing
* Vaccination
* mandates
* misinformation and hesitancy
* Misinformation

Locations|

| States and D.C.|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* timeline
* S.F. Bay Area
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* timeline
* Massachusetts
* timeline
* Boston
* timeline
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* New York City
* timeline
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Columbus
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Portland
* Pennsylvania
* Philadelphia
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* timeline
* Austin
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* Washington, D.C.
* White House
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming

|

Territories and
other areas|

* American Samoa
* Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
* Immigration detention
* Guam
* Navajo Nation
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Puerto Rico
* U.S. Virgin Islands

Ships|

* Grand Princess
* USS Theodore Roosevelt

Responses|

| Government
response|

* Pre-pandemic exercises
* Crimson Contagion
* Event 201
* Federal government response
* Trump administration communication
* Operation Warp Speed
* Biden administration COVID-19 action plan
* State and local government responses
* state responses
* California government response
* New York government response
* Texas government response
* Regional responses
* Eastern States Multi-state Council
* Midwest Governors Regional Pact
* Western States Pact
* Eviction moratoriums
* House Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic
* White House Coronavirus Task Force
* COVID-19 Advisory Board
* Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups
* Hospital ships
* USNS Mercy
* USNS Comfort
* 2020 Oval Office address
* Paycheck Protection Program
* Pandemic Response Accountability Committee
* Special Inspector General for Pandemic Recovery
* COVID-19 Congressional Oversight Commission

Legislation|

* Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020
* Families First Coronavirus Response Act
* CARES Act
* Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act
* HEROES Act
* HEALS Act
* American Rescue Plan

Private
response|

* Center for COVID Control
* Covid Act Now
* COVID Tracking Project
* MusiCares COVID-19 Relief Fund

Media|

* 30 Rock: A One-Time Special
* Acting for a Cause
* Digital Drag Fest
* Home Movie: The Princess Bride
* iHeart Living Room Concert for America
* Make It Work!
* Saturday Night Seder
* Saturday Night Live at Home
* Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate
* The Disney Family Singalong
* Volume II
* Take Me to the World: A Sondheim 90th Birthday Celebration
* Together at Home
* Saving Our Selves
* A Parks and Recreation Special
* Rise Up New York!
* "U.S. Deaths Near 100,000, An Incalculable Loss"
* Dear Class of 2020
* #Graduation2020
* Graduate Together: America Honors the High School Class of 2020
* We Are One: A Global Film Festival
* Global Goal: Unite for Our Future
* A Killer Party
* The Disney Holiday Singalong
* WrestleMania 36
* Ratatouille the Musical
* Nicole Kidman AMC Theatres commercial
* 93rd Academy Awards
* 74th Tony Awards
* Stars in the House

Impacts|

| Social|

* 2020 presidential election
* postal voting
* 2021 hospital crisis
* Abortion
* Congressional insider trading scandal
* Education
* Face masks
* Foster care
* Microsoft Teams
* Protests
* Open the States
* George Floyd
* Election
* United States Capitol attack
* Racial disparities
* African-American communities
* Native American communities
* Sports
* Television
* programs affected
* The Walt Disney Company
* Zoom Video Communications

* 2022–2023 pediatric care crisis

|

Economic|

* Meat industry
* Recession
* Restaurant industry
* Stock market crash

Strikes|

* Alabama aluminum plant strike
* Allegheny Technologies strike
* Bath shipbuilders' strike
* Columbia University strike
* Frito-Lay strike
* HarperCollins strike
* Heaven Hill strike
* Hunts Point Produce Market strike
* John Deere strike
* Kellogg's strike
* Mercy Hospital strike
* Michigan graduate students' strike
* Nabisco strike
* Oregon Tech strike
* Saint Vincent Hospital strike
* St. Charles Bend strike
* St. Paul Park refinery strike
* University of Illinois Hospital strikes
* Virginia Volvo Trucks strike
* Warrior Met Coal strike

Notable
people|

| Federal|

* Jerome Adams
* Scott Atlas
* Alex Azar
* Joe Biden
* Deborah Birx
* Rick Bright
* Anthony Fauci
* Pete Gaynor
* Brett Giroir
* Stephen Hahn
* Ashish Jha
* Ron Klain
* Nancy Messonnier
* Vivek Murthy
* Peter Navarro
* Mike Pence
* Gustave F. Perna
* Robert R. Redfield
* Todd T. Semonite
* Moncef Slaoui
* Andy Slavitt
* Donald Trump
* Rochelle Walensky
* Jeff Zients

|

State and
local|

* Amy Acton
* Eric Adams
* Greg Abbott
* Kate Brown
* Andrew Cuomo
* Dave A. Chokshi
* Bill de Blasio
* Ron DeSantis
* Mike DeWine
* Eric Garcetti
* Kathy Hochul
* Larry Hogan
* Jay Inslee
* Jim Kenney
* Brian Kemp
* Ned Lamont
* Lori Lightfoot
* Phil Murphy
* Gavin Newsom
* J. B. Pritzker
* Gretchen Whitmer
* Tom Wolf

Scientists|

* Yaneer Bar-Yam
* Carl Bergstrom
* Mandy Cohen
* Kizzmekia Corbett
* Natalie Dean
* Eric Feigl-Ding
* Céline Gounder
* Scott Gottlieb
* Peter Hotez
* Akiko Iwasaki
* Ashish Jha
* Marc Lipsitch
* Syra Madad
* Lauren Meyers
* Michael Mina
* Michael Osterholm
* Kimberly Prather
* Caitlin Rivers

COVID-19 portal
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