Caddo Mounds State Historic Site

Precontact Native American settlement in Texas,

Caddo Mounds State Historic Site
41CE19

Entrance to Caddo Mound State Historic Site (prior to 2019 tornado)

Caddo Mounds State Historic Site

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Caddo Mounds State Historic Site

Caddo Mounds State Historic Site (the United States)

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Location| Weeping Mary, Texas
Coordinates| 31°35′47″N 95°8′55″W﻿ / ﻿31.59639°N 95.14861°W﻿ / 31.59639; -95.14861
Area| 353 acres (143 ha)[a]
History
Founded| 780 CE
Abandoned| 1260 CE
Cultures| Caddoan Mississippian culture
Site notes
Excavation dates| 1919, 1933, 1960s–1980s
Archaeologists| James Edwin Pearce, E. B. Sayles, H. Perry Newell
Management| Texas Historical Commission

George C. Davis Site

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

Texas State Historic Site

NRHP reference No.| 70000742[1] (original)
79003449[1] (increase)
Significant dates
Added to NRHP| October 15, 1970
Boundary increase| November 15, 1979
Designated TSHS| 1974

1. ^ National Register of Historic Places acreage of which 93 acres are state maintained

Caddo Mounds State Historic Site (41CE19) (also known as the George C. Davis Site) is an archaeological site in Weeping Mary, Texas, United States. This Caddoan Mississippian culture site is composed of a village and ceremonial center that features two earthwork platform mounds and one burial mound. Located on a precontact Native American trail later named by the Spanish as El Camino Real de los Tejas, the settlement developed hundreds of years before the arrival of Europeans to the region. Archaeologists believe the site was created in approximately 800 CE, with most major construction taking place between 1100 and 1300 CE.

The Caddo Mounds site is located in East Texas, 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Alto on Texas State Highway 21 near its intersection with U.S. Route 69 in the Piney Woods region. Operated by the Texas Historical Commission, the museum at the site was reopened in October 2015. The new museum offers visitors a chance to explore a replica Caddo village, and all exhibits are hands-on. Visitors can walk the 0.7 miles (1.1 km) self-guided interpretive trail to see the Caddo burial, low temple, and ceremonial mounds. An additional trail along the El Camino Real is also available.

## Description

[edit]

Map of Caddoan Mississippian sites Mound A at the Caddo Mounds State Historic Site

The site began with the founding of a permanent village by the Hasinai,[2] who moved into the region from the Red River area to the northeast, in roughly 850 to 900 CE.[3] The region had ideal qualities for a village: good soil, abundant food resources, and a permanent water source that flowed into the Neches River.[4] What eventually became the largest mound, Mound A, was begun at this time. It is at the southern edge of the site and was surrounded by about 40 houses. In 1100 a new mound was begun near the center of the site, Mound B, and would eventually measure roughly 175 feet (53 meters) north-south and 115 feet (35 meters) east-west. Mound C, the northernmost mound of the three, was used as a burial mound, not for elite residences or temples like the other two.[5] The site was the southwesternmost ceremonial mound center of all the great mound building cultures of North America.[5]

The settlement was abandoned when the local Caddo ritually capped the mounds around 1250 CE and focused their activities from the east to west, according to their oral history.[6] The outlying hamlets became more self-sufficient and grew less dependent on the site for religious and political matters. The Caddo culture that remained was similar to the earlier culture in many ways but was more egalitarian and did not import as many exotic goods.[4]

By the time Europeans arrived in the area in the 18th century, the Caddo groups in the area lived in small villages and hamlets, spread across the local landscape, and which had more autonomous, local governmance.[3]

The Hasinai groups continued to live in the Neches and Angelina River valleys up to the 1830s, but by the early 1840s, all Caddo groups had moved to the Brazos River area in an effort to avoid Anglo-American colonization. In 1855 the U.S. government moved them to the Brazos Indian Reservation. In 1859 it forced them to move again, to the Washita River in Indian Territory (now western Oklahoma).[4] The Caddo still primarily live in western Oklahoma, and Binger, Oklahoma is the capital of the federally recognized Caddo Nation of Oklahoma.

## Modern excavations

[edit]

The earliest recorded written mention of the mounds was in 1779 by Athanase de Mézières, who traveled from Louisiana to San Antonio in the employ of the Spanish government. In 1919 American James Edwin Pearce was the first professional archeologist to record the site for the Bureau of Ethnology (Smithsonian Institution). In 1933 archeologist E. B. Sayles concluded that the site was a Caddo mound center, after conducting surface collection of artifacts at the location.[3]

The first scientific excavations were conducted from 1939 to 1941 by H. Perry Newell, a University of Texas archeologist with the federal Work Projects Administration in the government of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. When Newell died, archeologist Alex D. Krieger took over investigations at the site and concluded that it had been a major Caddo site. Further excavations in the 1960s and early 1970s by Dee Ann Story pinpointed the timeline of the site to 780 and 1260.[3]

After acquiring seventy acres of the site, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department established a historic park in 1974. It funded a series of excavations in the 1970s and 1980s. As a result of these excavations by the University of Texas at Austin, Texas A&M University, and private contractor Elton R. Prewitt, another twenty-three acres of land was added to the park in 1981. An interpretive visitors center was constructed at the site.[3] In 2008, the 80th Texas Legislature transferred operational control of the property to the Texas Historical Commission.[7]

The museum and members of the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma have collaborated on activities that help the public understand Caddo culture. In July 2016, elder Phil Cross was interviewed about construction of a Caddo grass house at the site, with workers using traditional techniques.[8]

## 2019 Tornado

[edit]

On April 13, 2019, during celebrations of Caddo Culture Day, an EF3 tornado struck the Mounds, killing one person and injuring 30 to 40, including 8 who were critically injured. Patients were transported to the hospital on a school bus or were life flighted.[9] The mounds' visitor center and service buildings were heavily damaged, with a capital loss estimated at $2.5 million. The loss of the visitor center's museum-like display space destroyed many replica items, but actual artifacts had been withdrawn from public view long before by agreement between the Historical Commission and persons with standing in representation of the Caddo Confederacy of Native Americans.[10]

## See also

[edit]

* National Register of Historic Places portal
* Texas portal

* Battle Mound Site
* Spiro Mounds
* Caddo Nation of Oklahoma
* List of museums in East Texas
* List of Mississippian sites
* List of Texas State Historic Sites
* National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. November 2, 2013.
2. ^ "Caddo Mounds-Texas Historical Commission". Retrieved February 5, 2010.
3. ^ a b c d e "Handbook of Texas Online-Caddoan Mounds State Historic Site". Retrieved February 5, 2010.
4. ^ a b c "Brief History-Texas Historical Commission". Retrieved February 5, 2010.
5. ^ a b "Caddo Mounds-Sites-Texas Native Skies". Archived from the original on April 23, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
6. ^ Clark, Blue (2020). Indian Tribes of Oklahoma: A Guide (2nd ed.). Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 45\. ISBN 9780806167619.
7. ^ "Caddoan Mounds State Historic Site-Operated by the Texas Historical Commission". Retrieved February 5, 2010.
8. ^ "Caddo Grass House Build", Longview News-Journal, 03 July 2016; accessed 07 November 2017
9. ^ McBride, Jessica (April 13, 2019). "Caddo Mounds Tornado: Texas Historic Site Struck". Heavy.com. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
10. ^ Frazier, Stephanie (April 16, 2019). "Estimated cost to rebuild Caddo Mounds State Historic site $2.5 million". KLTV. Retrieved April 21, 2019.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caddo Mounds State Historic Park.

* Caddo Mounds State Historic Site website
* The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture (The Caddo Indians)
* The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture (Indian Mounds)
* A History of the Caddo Indians

* v
* t
* e

Mississippian and related cultures

* List of Mississippian sites
* Timeline of Mississippi valley

Middle
Mississippian|

| American Bottom
and Upper Mississippi|

* Aztalan
* Big Eddy
* Cahokia
* Monks Mound
* Mound 34
* Mound 72
* Ramey state
* Woodhenge
* Cloverdale
* Dickson Mounds
* Emerald Acropolis
* Emmons Cemetery
* Horseshoe Lake
* John Chapman
* Kuhn Station
* Larson
* Lunsford-Pulcher
* McCune
* Mitchell
* Orendorf
* Sleeth
* Starr
* Steed-Kisker culture
* Sugarloaf Mound

|

Lower Ohio River and
Confluence area|

* Adams site
* Dogtooth Bend Mounds
* Kincaid Mounds
* Marshall Site
* Millstone Bluff
* Orr-Herl
* Rowlandton Mound
* Towosahgy
* Turk Site
* Twin Mounds
* Ware Mounds
* Wickliffe Mounds

Middle Ohio River|

* Angel Mounds
* Angel phase
* Annis Mound
* Bone Bank
* Caborn-Welborn culture
* Ellerbusch
* Hovey Lake-Klein
* Hovey Lake District
* Murphy
* Prather
* Slack Farm
* Tolu
* Welborn Village
* Yankeetown

Tennessee and
Cumberland|

* Backusburg
* Beasley Mounds
* Brentwood Library
* Brick Church
* Castalian Springs
* Dunbar Cave
* Fewkes Group
* Hiwassee Island
* Link Farm
* Mound Bottom
* Riverview
* Sellars
* Obion
* Old Town
* Swallow Bluff

Central and Lower
Mississippi|

* Belle Meade
* Boone's
* Boyd
* Campbell
* Carson
* Chucalissa
* Denmark
* Eaker
* Janet's
* Menard-Hodges
* Murphy
* Nodena
* Nodena phase
* Owl Creek
* Parkin
* Quigualtam
* Tipton phase
* Tunica
* Koroa
* Yazoo
* Walls phase

South Appalachian
Mississippian|

* Adamson
* Avery
* Beaverdam Creek
* Bell Field Mound
* Bessemer
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* Blair
* Bussell Island
* Chauga
* Chiaha
* Chota
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* Coosa
* Dallas phase
* Dyar
* Etowah
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* Hoojah Branch
* Irene
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* Mouse Creek phase
* Mulberry
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* Nacoochee
* Nikwasi
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* Punk Rock Shelter
* Rembert
* Roods Landing
* Rucker's Bottom
* Savannah
* Shiloh
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* Taskigi
* Tomotley
* Toqua
* Town Creek
* Waddells Mill Pond
* Wilbanks

Fort Walton culture|

* Anhaica
* Apalachee
* Apalachee Province
* Cayson
* Corbin–Tucker
* Fort Walton Mound
* Lake Jackson
* Leon-Jefferson culture
* Letchworth
* Velda
* Yon

Pensacola culture|

* Bottle Creek
* Dauphin Island
* Fort Walton
* Hickory Ridge Cemetery
* Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
* Pensacola people

Plaquemine
Mississippian|

* Anna
* Atchafalaya Basin
* Emerald
* Fitzhugh
* Flowery
* Fosters
* Ghost
* Glass
* Grand Village of the Natchez
* Holly Bluff
* Jaketown
* Jordan
* Julice
* Mangum
* Mazique
* Medora
* Mott
* Natchez
* Taensa
* Pocahontas
* Routh
* Scott Place
* Sims
* Transylvania
* Venable
* Winterville

Caddoan
Mississippian|

* Battle
* Belcher
* Blue Spring Shelter
* Bluffton
* Caddo
* Caddoan Mounds
* Gahagan
* Hughes
* Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village
* Keller
* Spiro

Upper Mississippian
cultures|

| Oneota|

* Anker
* Beattie Park
* Blood Run
* Carcajou Point
* Fifield
* Fisher Mound Group
* Gentleman Farm
* Grand Village of the Illinois
* Griesmer
* Hartley Fort
* Hotel Plaza
* Hoxie Farm
* Huber
* Juntunen
* Knoll Spring
* Mero site
* Moccasin Bluff
* Oak Forest
* Palos
* Plum Island
* Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs
* Schwerdt
* Summer Island

|

Fort Ancient culture|

* Alligator Effigy Mound
* Clover
* Dodge
* Leo Petroglyph
* Serpent Mound
* SunWatch Indian Village

Culture|

| Agriculture|

* Beans
* Chenopodium
* Little barley
* Maize
* Marshelder
* Pumpkin
* Squash
* Sunflower
* Three Sisters
* Tobacco

|

Artwork|

* Emmons mask
* Copper plates
* Rogan plates
* Spiro plates
* Wulfing cache
* Duck River cache
* Long-nosed god maskette
* Mill Creek chert
* Pottery
* Shell gorget
* Stone statuary

Languages|

* Caddoan
* Central Algonquian
* Cherokee
* Mobilian Jargon
* Muskogean
* Natchez
* Taensa
* Siouan
* Timucuan
* Tunican
* Yuchi

Religion|

* Ballgame (Southeastern)
* Northern
* Black drink
* Burial mound
* Ceremonial pipe
* Chanunpa
* Chunkey
* Earth/fertility cult
* Green Corn Ceremony
* Horned Serpent
* Platform mound
* Red Horn
* Sacred bundle
* Village bundle
* Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
* Stone box grave
* Thunderbird
* Underwater panther

Related topics
Chevron bead
Clarksdale bell
Mound Builders
de Soto Expedition

* v
* t
* e

Caddo Confederacy

Hasinai|

* Hainai
* Nabedache
* Nabiti
* Nacogdoche
* Nacono
* Nadaco
* Nasoni (Lower)
* Nechaui
* Neche

Kadohadacho|

* Kadohadacho
* Nanatsoho
* Nasoni (Upper)
* Natchitoches (Upper)

Natchitoches|

* Doustioni
* Natchitoches (Lower)

Other groups|

* Adai
* Cahinnio
* Eyeish
* Ouachita
* Tula
* Yatasi

* Related topics
* Caddo language
* Caddoan Mississippian culture
* Caddoan village bundle
* Dush-toh
* Spiro Mounds
* Turkey dance

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Pre-Columbian North America

Periods
Lithic
Archaic
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Archaeological
cultures|

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* Fremont
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* List of Hopewell sites
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* List of Mississippian sites
* Mogollon
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* Old Cordilleran
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Archaeological
sites|

* Angel Mounds
* Anzick site
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* El Fin del Mundo
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* Eva
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* Gila Cliff Dwellings
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* Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
* Horr's Island
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* Key Marco
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* Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
* L'Anse aux Meadows
* Lynch Quarry Site
* Marksville
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* Mesa Verde
* Moaning Cavern
* Moorehead Circle
* Morrison Mounds
* Moundville
* Mummy Cave
* Nodena site
* Ocmulgee Mounds
* Old Stone Fort
* Orwell site
* Paquime
* Painted Bluff
* Parkin Park
* Pinson Mounds
* Plum Bayou Mounds
* Portsmouth Earthworks
* Poverty Point
* Pueblo Bonito
* Rassawek
* Recapture Canyon
* River Styx
* Roberts Island
* Rock Eagle
* Rock Hawk
* Rosenstock Village
* Russell Cave
* Salmon Ruins
* Serpent Mound
* Sierra de San Francisco
* Shell ring sites
* Spiro Mounds
* Stallings Island
* SunWatch
* Taos Pueblo
* Town Creek Indian Mound
* Turkey River Mounds
* Upward Sun River
* Velda Mound
* West Oak Forest Earthlodge
* Wickiup Hill
* Windover
* Winterville
* Wupatki

Human
remains|

* Anzick-1
* Arlington Springs Man
* Buhl Woman
* Kennewick Man
* La Brea Woman
* Leanderthal Lady
* Melbourne Man
* Minnesota Woman
* Peñon woman
* Spirit Cave mummy
* Vero man

Miscellaneous|

* Aridoamerica
* Ballgame
* Black drink
* Ceremonial pipe
* Chanunpa
* Chunkey
* Clovis point
* Container Revolution
* Eastern Agricultural Complex
* Eden point
* Effigy mound
* Falcon dancer
* Folsom point
* Green Corn Ceremony
* Horned Serpent
* Kiva
* Medicine wheel
* Metallurgy
* Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
* Mound Builders
* N.A.G.P.R.A.
* Norse colonization of North America
* Oasisamerica
* Piasa
* Projectile point
* Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
* Stickball
* Three Sisters agriculture
* Thunderbird
* Transoceanic contact
* Underwater panther
* Water glyphs

Related
Genetic history
Pre-Columbian era

* v
* t
* e

Protected areas of Texas

Federal|

| National Parks|

* Big Bend
* Guadalupe Mountains

|

National monuments
and memorials|

* Alibates Flint Quarries National Monument
* Castner Range National Monument
* Chamizal National Memorial
* Military Working Dog Teams National Monument
* Waco Mammoth National Monument

National Historical Parks
and Historic Sites|

* Fort Davis NHS
* Lyndon B. Johnson NHP
* Palo Alto Battlefield NHP
* San Antonio Missions NHP

National Historic Trails|

* El Camino Real de los Tejas National Historic Trail
* El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro

National Recreation Areas|

* Amistad
* Lake Meredith

National Wild and Scenic Rivers|

* Rio Grande

National Wildlife Refuges|

* Aransas
* Attwater Prairie Chicken
* Balcones Canyonlands
* Big Boggy
* Brazoria
* Buffalo Lake
* Caddo Lake
* Grulla
* Hagerman
* Jocelyn Nungaray
* Laguna Atascosa
* Little Sandy
* Lower Rio Grande Valley
* McFaddin
* Muleshoe
* Neches River
* San Bernard
* Santa Ana
* Texas Point
* Trinity River

National Forests|

* Angelina
* Davy Crockett
* Sabine
* Sam Houston

National Grasslands|

* Caddo
* Lyndon B. Johnson
* McClellan Creek
* Rita Blanca

Other Protected Areas|

* Big Thicket National Preserve
* Padre Island National Seashore

State|

| State Parks
and Natural Areas|

* Abilene
* Albert and Bessie Kronkosky State Natural Area
* Atlanta
* Balmorhea
* Barton Warnock Visitor Center
* Bastrop
* Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley
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* Devil's Sinkhole State Natural Area
* Dinosaur Valley
* Eisenhower
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* Estero Llano Grande
* Fairfield Lake
* Falcon
* Fort Boggy
* Fort Parker State Park
* Fort Richardson State Park
* Franklin Mountains
* Galveston Island
* Garner
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* Government Canyon State Natural Area
* Guadalupe River
* Hill Country State Natural Area
* Honey Creek State Natural Area
* Huntsville
* Indian Lodge
* Inks Lake
* Kickapoo Cavern
* Lake Arrowhead
* Lake Bob Sandlin
* Lake Brownwood
* Lake Casa Blanca International
* Lake Colorado City
* Lake Corpus Christi
* Lake Livingston
* Lake Mineral Wells
* Lake Somerville
* Lake Tawakoni
* Lake Whitney
* Lockhart
* Longhorn Cavern
* Lost Maples State Natural Area
* Martin Creek Lake
* Martin Dies Jr.
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* McKinney Falls
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* Mother Neff State Park
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* Old Tunnel
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* Pedernales Falls
* Possum Kingdom
* Purtis Creek
* Ray Roberts Lake
* Resaca de la Palma
* San Angelo
* Sea Rim
* Sheldon Lake
* South Llano River
* Stephen F. Austin
* Tyler
* Village Creek
* Walter Umphrey
* Wyler Aerial Tramway

|

State Historic Sites|

* Acton
* Admiral Nimitz
* Barrington Living History Farm at Washington-on-the-Brazos
* Battleship TEXAS
* Caddo Mounds
* Casa Navarro
* Confederate Reunion Grounds
* Eisenhower Birthplace
* Fanthorp Inn
* Fannin Battleground
* Fort Griffin
* Fort Lancaster
* Fort Leaton
* Fort McKavett
* Fort Richardson State Park
* Fulton Mansion
* Goliad
* Hueco Tanks
* Kreische Brewery
* Landmark Inn
* Levi Jordan Plantation
* Lipantitlan
* Lyndon B. Johnson
* Magoffin Homestead
* Mission Espiritu Santo
* Mission Dolores
* Mission Rosario
* Monument Hill
* Penn Farm
* Point Isabel Lighthouse
* Sabine Pass Battleground
* Sam Bell Maxey House
* Samuel T. Rayburn House
* San Felipe
* San Jacinto Battleground
* Sauer-Beckmann Farm
* Seminole Canyon
* Starr Family Home
* Varner–Hogg Plantation
* Washington-on-the-Brazos
* Zaragoza Birthplace

State Forests
and Arboretums|

* E.O. Siecke
* I.D. Fairchild
* John Henry Kirby
* Masterson
* W. Goodrich Jones
* Ruth Bowling Nichols Arboretum
* Olive Scott Petty Arboretum

State Wildlife Trails|

* Great Texas Coastal
* Heart of Texas
* Panhandle Plains
* Prairies and Pineywoods

* Texas Parks and Wildlife Department

* v
* t
* e

National Register of Historic Places in Texas

Lists
by county|

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* Polk
* Potter
* Presidio
* Rains
* Randall
* Reagan
* Real
* Red River
* Reeves
* Refugio
* Roberts
* Robertson
* Rockwall
* Runnels
* Rusk
* Sabine
* San Augustine
* San Jacinto
* San Patricio
* San Saba
* Schleicher
* Scurry
* Shackelford
* Shelby
* Sherman
* Smith
* Somervell
* Starr
* Stephens
* Sterling
* Stonewall
* Sutton
* Swisher
* Tarrant
* Taylor
* Terrell
* Terry
* Throckmorton
* Titus
* Tom Green
* Travis
* Trinity
* Tyler
* Upshur
* Upton
* Uvalde
* Val Verde
* Van Zandt
* Victoria
* Walker
* Waller
* Ward
* Washington
* Webb
* Wharton
* Wheeler
* Wichita
* Wilbarger
* Willacy
* Williamson
* Wilson
* Winkler
* Wise
* Wood
* Yoakum
* Young
* Zapata
* Zavala

National parks|

* Big Bend National Park
* Guadalupe Mountains National Park

Other lists|

* Bridges
* National Historic Landmarks
* National Natural Landmarks
* Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks

* United States National Register of Historic Places listings
* Keeper of the Register
* History of the National Register of Historic Places
* Property types
* Historic district
* Contributing property

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