Cambay Shale Formation

Geologic formation in India

Cambay Shale Formation

Stratigraphic range: Early Eocene
~55–54 Ma

PreꞒ

Type| Geological formation
Location
Region| Gujarat
Country| India

Cambay Shale Formation (India)

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Cambay Shale Formation (Gujarat)

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The Cambay Shale Formation is an Early Eocene-aged geologic formation in the Cambay Basin, India. It varies in thickness from a few meters on the margins of the basin to more than 2,500m in the depressions. It directly overlies the Olpad Formation and is, in turn, overlain by the Anklesvar Formation in the southern part of the basin and by Kalol Formation in the northern part of the basin. Further north, the Cambay Shale, in its lower part, is gradually replaced by tongues of paralic-deltaic Kadi Formation and finally by Tharad Formation.[1]

## Paleobiota

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### Vertebrates

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#### Mammals

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Source:[2]

Anthracobunians from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images
Cambaytherium | C. thewissi
C. gracilis
C. bidens  |  | A cambaytheriid.  |
Kalitherium | K. marinus  |  | Another cambaytheriid.  |
Indobune | I. vastanensis  |  | A possible anthracobunid.  |
Primates[3] from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images
Asiadapis | A. cambayensis
A. tapiensis |  | An Asiadapine.  |
Marcgodinotius | M. indicus  |  | Another Asiadapine.  |
Vastanomys | V. gracilis
V. major |  | A omomyid.  |
Hyaenodonts from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images
Indohyaenodon | I.raoi |  | A hyaenodont.  |
Dichobunids from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images
Gujaratia | G.indica
G.pakistanensis |  | A Diacodexeid.  |
Tapiromorphs from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images
Cambaylophus[4] | C. vastanensis |  | A tapiromorph.  |
Vastanolophus[5] | V. holbrooki |  | A tapiromorph.  |
Cimolestans from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images
Suratilestes | S. gingerichi |  | A cimolestan.  |
Anthraconyx | A. hypsomylus |  | A esthonychid |
Bats from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images
Archaeonycteris |  A. storchi |  | A bat.  |
Protonycteris |  P. gunnelli |  | A bat.  |
Cambaya |  C. complexus |  | A bat.  |
Hassianycteris |  H. kumari |  | A bat.  |
Icaronycteris |  I. sigei |  | A bat.  |
Jaegeria |  J. cambayensis |  | A bat.  |
Microchiropteryx |  M. folieae |  | A bat.  |
Other mammals from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images
Frugivastodon |  F. cristatus |  | A apatemyid.  |
Indolestes |  I. kalamensis |  | An adapisoriculid.  |
Indodelphis |  I. luoi |  | A opossum.  |
Meldimys[6] |  M. musak |  | A rodent.  |
Indonyctia[7] |  I. cambayensis |  | A nyctitheriid.  |
Pahelia | P. mysteriosa |  | A herbivorous mammal of uncertain affinities.[8] |

#### Birds

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Birds from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images
Vastanavis | V.eocaena |  | A parrot.  |

#### Reptiles

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Lizards from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images
Indiagama | I. gujarata |  | A iguanian.  |
Suratagama | S. neeraae |  | A iguanian.  |
Tinosaurus | T. indicus |  | A iguanian.  |
Vastanagama | V. susanae |  | A iguanian.  |
Heterodontagama | H. borsukae |  | A priscagamid iguanian.  |
Snakes from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images
Platyspondylophis | P. tadkeshwarensis |  | A Madtsoiid.  |
Russellophis | R. crassus |  | A russelophiid.  |
Procerophis | P. sahnii |  | A snake.  |
Thaumastophis | T. missiaeni |  | A snake.  |
Palaeophis | P. vastaniensis |  | A paleophiid snake.  |

#### Amphibians

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Amphibians from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images
Eobarbourula | E. delfinoi |  | A toad.  |
Indorana | I.prasadi |  | A frog.  |

#### Ray-finned fish

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Ray-finned fish from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position  | Material | Notes | Images
Avitoplectus | A. molaris |  | Lower jaw  | A bizarre tetraodontiform.[9] |
Diodon | D. sp.  |  | Teeth  | A porcupinefish.[10] |
Egertonia | E. sp.  |  | Teeth  | A phyllodontid elopomorph.[10] |
?Enchodus | ?E. sp.  |  | Teeth  | An enchodontid aulopiform. Among the latest known remains of this otherwise Cretaceous genus,[10] but may potentially represent reworked material from lower layers.[11] |
Eotrigonodon | E. indicus |  | Teeth  | A pycnodont.[10] |
Eutrichiurides | E. sp.  |  | Teeth  | A cutlassfish.[10] |
Osteoglossidae indet.  |  |  | Teeth, scales  | A bonytongue.[10] |
Sphyraena | S. sp.  |  | Teeth  | A barracuda.[10] |
Stephanodus | S. lybicus |  | Teeth  | A pycnodont.[10] |

### Arthropods

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#### Crabs

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Crabs from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images
Philyra | P. karkata |  | A leucosiid crab.  |

#### Insects

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Beetles from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images
Protoclaviger[12] | P.trichodens |  | A Beetle.  |
Cambaltica | C. paleoindica |  | A Flea Beetle.  |
Paleosorius | P. cambayensis |  | A Rove Beetle.  |
Hemipterans[13] from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images
Heteromargarodes | H. hukamsinghi
H. americanus |  | A sand pearl.  |
Normarkicoccus | N. cambayae |  | A diaspidid scale insect.  |
Neuropterans from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images
Spiloconis[14] | S. sexguttata
S. glaesaria
S. oediloma
S. eominuta |  | A Aleuropterygine Coniopterygid.  |
Bees from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images
Melikertes[15] | M. (Paramelikertes) gujaratensis
M. (Melikertes) kamboja |  | A bee.  |
Wasps from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images
Trichelyon | T. tadkeshwarense |  | A braconid wasp.  |
Termites[16] from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images
Nanotermes | N. isaacae |  | A termitid termite.  |
Prostylotermes | P. kamboja |  | A Stylotermitid termite.  |
Parastylotermes | P. krishnai |  | A Stylotermitid termite.  |
Zophotermes | Z. ashoki |  | A Rhinotermitid termite  |
Flies from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images
Sycorax[17] | S. longistyla |  | A moth fly.  |
Phlebotoiella | P. eoindianensis  |  | A moth fly of unceritian affinities.  |
Dicranomyia | D. (Dicranomyia) indica  |  | The oldest known Crane fly and tipulomorph.[18] |
Stempellina | S.pollex
S.stebneri |  | A non-biting midge  |
Tanytarsus | T.forfex
T.ramus |  | A non-biting midge  |
Camptopterohelea | C. odora |  | A non-biting midge  |
Eohelea | E. indica |  | A biting midge |
Gedanohelea | G. gerdesorum |  | A biting midge |
Indorrhina | I.sahnii |  | A biting midge |
Lygistorrhina | L. indica |  | A biting midge |
Meunierohelea | M. borkenti |  | A biting midge |
Meunierohelea | M. cambayana |  | A biting midge |
Meunierohelea | M. orientalis |  | A biting midge |
Palaeognoriste | P. orientale |  | A biting midge |
Webspinners from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images
Kumarembia | K. hurleyi |  | One of the few fossil Webspinners known.  |

#### Arachnids

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Whip spiders from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images
Paracharonopsis[19] | P. cambayensis |  | A Paracharontid.  |

### Plants

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Plants from the Cambay Shale formation

Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images
Pterospermoxylon |  P. suratensis |  | An angiosperm.  |
Anthocephalophyllum |  A. vastanicum |  | An angiosperm.  |
Ebenoxylon |  E. cambayense |  | An angiosperm.  |
Gardeniophyllum |  G. cambayum |  | An angiosperm.  |
Calophyllaceophyllum |  C. eocenicum |  | An angiosperm.  |
Carallioipollenites |  C. integerrimoides |  | An angiosperm known from fossilised pollen.  |
Gynocardia |  G. eocenica |  | An angiosperm.  |

|  |

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Color key
| Taxon | Reclassified taxon | Taxon falsely reported as present | Dubious taxon or junior synonym | Ichnotaxon | Ootaxon | Morphotaxon

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| Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

## References

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1. ^ Chowdhary, L. R. (2004). Petroleum geology of the Cambay Basin, Gujarat., India. Dehradun: Indian Petroleum Publishers. ISBN 978-81-900361-3-9.
2. ^ "Vastan Lignite Mine, Gujarat, India".
3. ^ Rose, Kenneth D.; Rana, Rajendra S.; Sahni, Ashok; Kumar, Kishor; Missiaen, Pieter; Singh, Lachham; Smith, Thierry (April 2009). "Early Eocene Primates from Gujarat, India". Journal of Human Evolution. 56 (4): 366–404\. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.01.008. PMID 19303624.
4. ^ Kapur, Vivesh V.; Bajpai, Sunil (31 December 2015). "Oldest South Asian tapiromorph (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Cambay Shale Formation, western India, with comments on its phylogenetic position and biogeographic implications". Journal of Palaeosciences. 64 (1–2): 95–103\. doi:10.54991/jop.2015.104.1–2&rft.pages=95-103&rft.date=2015-12-31&rft_id=info:doi/10.54991/jop.2015.104&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Vivesh+V.&rft.au=Bajpai,+Sunil&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cambay+Shale+Formation" class="Z3988">
5. ^ Smith, Thierry; Solé, Floréal; Missiaen, Pieter; Rana, Rajendra; Kumar, Kishor; Sahni, Ashok; Rose, Kenneth (8 September 2015). "First early Eocene tapiroid from India and its implication for the paleobiogeographic origin of perissodactyls". Palaeovertebrata. doi:10.18563/pv.39.2.e5.
6. ^ Rana, Rajendra S.; Kumar, Kishor; Escarguel, Gilles; Sahni, Ashok; Rose, Kenneth D.; Smith, Thierry; Singh, Hukam; Singh, Lachham (January 2008). "An Ailuravine Rodent from the Lower Eocene Cambay Formation at Vastan, Western India, and Its Palaeobiogeographic Implications". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 53 (1): 1–14\. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0101.
7. ^ Das, Debasis P.; Carolin, Nora; Bajpai, Sunil (3 July 2022). "A nyctitheriid insectivore (Eulipotyphla, Mammalia) of Asian affinity from the early Eocene of India". Historical Biology. 34 (7): 1157–1165\. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1966002.
8. ^ Zack, Shawn P.; Rose, Kenneth D.; Holbrook, Luke T.; Kumar, Kishor; Rana, Rajendra S.; Smith, Thierry (2021). "An enigmatic new ungulate-like mammal from the early Eocene of India". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (1): 497–520\. doi:10.1002/spp2.1288. ISSN 2056-2802.
9. ^ Bemis, Katherine E.; Tyler, James C.; Bemis, William E.; Kumar, Kishor; Rana, Rajendra Singh; Smith, Thierry (2017-11-02). "A gymnodont fish jaw with remarkable molariform teeth from the early Eocene of Gujarat, India (Teleostei, Tetraodontiformes)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (6): e1369422. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1369422. ISSN 0272-4634.
10. ^ a b c d e f g h Rana, R. S.; Kumar, K.; Singh, H. (2004). "Vertebrate fauna from the subsurface Cambay Shale (Lower Eocene), Vastan Lignite Mine, Gujarat, India". Current Science. 87 (12): 1726–1733\. ISSN 0011-3891.
11. ^ Davis, Matthew P.; Fielitz, Christopher (December 2010). "Estimating divergence times of lizardfishes and their allies (Euteleostei: Aulopiformes) and the timing of deep-sea adaptations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (3): 1194–1208\. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57.1194D. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.003. PMID 20854916.
12. ^ "Specialized Myrmecophily at the Ecological Dawn of Modern Ants: Current Biology".
13. ^ Vea, Isabelle M.; Grimaldi, David A. (2015). "Diverse New Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene with a Phylogenetic Framework for Fossil Coccoidea". American Museum Novitates (3823): 1–15\. doi:10.1206/3823.1. S2CID 73702369.
14. ^ Grimaldi, David; Engel, Michael S.; Nascimbene, Paul c.; Singh, Hukam (2013). "Coniopterygidae (Neuroptera: Aleuropteryginae) in Amber from the Eocene of India and the Miocene of Hispaniola". American Museum Novitates (3770): 20–39\. doi:10.1206/3770.2. S2CID 56567508.
15. ^ Engel, Michael S.; Ortega-Blanco, Jaime; Nascimbene, Paul C.; Singh, Hukam (17 December 2013). "The bees of Early Eocene Cambay amber (Hymenoptera: Apidae)". Journal of Melittology (25): 1–12\. doi:10.17161/jom.v0i25.4659. hdl:1808/14444.
16. ^ Engel, Michael; Grimaldi, David; Nascimbene, Paul; Singh, Hukam (21 November 2011). "The termites of Early Eocene Cambay amber, with the earliest record of the Termitidae (Isoptera)". ZooKeys (148): 105–123\. doi:10.3897/zookeys.148.1797. PMC 3264413. PMID 22287892.
17. ^ Wagner, RüDiger; Agnihotri, Priya; Singh, Hukam (25 August 2022). "A new species of Sycorax (Sycoracinae: Psychodidae) from the Lower Eocene amber of Tadkeshwar, Gujarat, India". Palaeoentomology. 5 (4). doi:10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.4.4.
18. ^ Kania, Iwona; Krzemiński, Wiesław; Stebner, Frauke; Singh, Hukam (June 2016). "The first representative of Tipulomorpha (Diptera) from Early Eocene Cambay amber (India)". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 107 (2–3): 263–269\. doi:10.1017/S1755691017000433.2–3&rft.pages=263-269&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017/S1755691017000433&rft.aulast=Kania&rft.aufirst=Iwona&rft.au=Krzemiński,+Wiesław&rft.au=Stebner,+Frauke&rft.au=Singh,+Hukam&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cambay+Shale+Formation" class="Z3988">
19. ^ Engel, Michael S.; Grimaldi, David A (6 August 2014). "Whipspiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi) in amber from the Early Eocene and mid-Cretaceous, including maternal care". Novitates Paleoentomologicae (9): 1. doi:10.17161/np.v0i9.4765. hdl:1808/15287.