Camp (style)

Ostentatious style

"Campy" redirects here. For other uses, see Campy (disambiguation).

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Camp is an aesthetic style and sensibility that regards something as appealing or amusing because of its heightened level of artifice, affectation and exaggeration,[1][2][3] especially if in a playful or intentional manner.[4] It is often associated with LGBTQ+ culture and especially gay men.[2][5][6][7] Camp aesthetics disrupt modernist understandings of high art by inverting traditional aesthetic judgements of beauty, value, and taste, and inviting a different kind of aesthetic engagement.[5] Camp may be sophisticated,[8] but subjects deemed camp may also be perceived as being ironic or in bad taste.[9] Camp is also sometimes divided into high and low camp (i.e., camp arising from serious versus unserious matters), or alternatively into naive and deliberate camp (i.e., accidental versus intentional camp).[3][8][10][11]

Author and academic Moe Meyer has defined camp as "queer parody".[6][7] It can also be a particular style or set of mannerisms that serve as a marker of identity. This style is associated with queerness, extravagance and humor, and appears in entertainment such as film, cabaret, and pantomime. Where high art incorporates beauty and value, camp often strives to be lively, audacious and dynamic.[5] Camp can also be tragic, sentimental and ironic, finding beauty or black comedy, even in suffering.[12] Both high and low forms of culture may be camp.[3][13][7]

Camp art is related to and often confused with kitsch, and may sometimes be described as cheesy. In 1909, Oxford English Dictionary defined camp as "ostentatious, exaggerated, affected, theatrical; effeminate or homosexual"[14] behavior, and by the mid-1970s, camp was defined by the college edition of Webster's New World Dictionary as "banality, mediocrity, artifice, [and] ostentation ... so extreme as to amuse or have a perversely sophisticated appeal".[15] The American writer Susan Sontag's essay Notes on "Camp" (1964) emphasized its key elements as embracing frivolity, excess and artifice.[16]

## Origins and development

[edit]

Susan Sontag and Paul Baker place the "soundest starting point" for camp, then meaning flamboyant, as the late 17th and early 18th centuries.[17][18] By 1870, British crossdresser Frederick Park referred to his "campish undertakings" in a letter produced in evidence at his examination before a magistrate at Bow Street, London, on suspicion of illegal homosexual acts; the letter does not make clear what these were.[19] In 1909, the Oxford English Dictionary gave the first print citation of camp, described as an "etymologically obscure" use of the word, as:

> ostentatious, exaggerated, affected, theatrical; . So as a noun, 'camp' behaviour, mannerisms, et cetera. (cf. quot. 1909); a man exhibiting such behaviour.

Carmen Miranda in the trailer for The Gang's All Here (1943)

Camp may have derived from the gay slang Polari, which borrowed the term from the Italian campare,[20][13] or from the French term se camper, meaning "to pose in an exaggerated fashion".[21][22] A similar sense is found in French as early as 1671, in Moliere's play Les Fourberies de Scapin.[11] Later, it evolved into a general description of the aesthetic choices and behavior of working-class gay men.[23][24] The concept of camp was described by Christopher Isherwood in 1954 in his novel The World in the Evening, and later by Susan Sontag in her 1964 essay 'Notes on "Camp"'.[25]

The camp perspective was originally a distinctive aspect of pre-gay liberation gay culture, where it was the dominant idiom and was associated with gay modes of effeminacy.[23] Two key components of camp were originally feminine performances: swish and drag. With swish's extensive use of superlatives and drag's exaggerated female impersonation, camp occasionally became extended to all things "over the top", including women posing as female impersonators (faux queens) such as Carmen Miranda, while also retaining its meaning as "queer parody".[6][7] The rise of postmodernism and queer theory made camp a common perspective on aesthetics, not solely identified with gay men, but also with women (especially lesbians).[5]

## Contemporary culture

[edit]

### Television

[edit]

The Comedy Central television show Strangers with Candy (1999–2000), starring comedian Amy Sedaris, was a camp spoof of the ABC Afterschool Special genre.[26][27][28] Inspired by the work of George Kuchar and his brother Mike Kuchar, ASS Studios began making a series of short, no-budget camp films. Their feature film Satan, Hold My Hand (2013) features many elements recognized in camp pictures.[29][30]

### Film

[edit]

Famous representatives of camp films are, for example, John Waters (Pink Flamingos, 1972) and Rosa von Praunheim (The Bed Sausage, 1971), who mainly used this style in the 1970s, created films which achieved a cult status.[31][32] The 1972 musical Cabaret is also seen as an example of the aesthetic, with film critic Esther Leslie describing the camp in the film thus:

> Camp thrives on tragic gestures, on lament at the transience of life, on an excess of sentiment, an ironic sensibility that art and artifice is preferable to nature and health, in a Wildean sense.[12]

### Music

[edit]

Camp costuming worn by American pop singers Cher, Madonna, and Katy Perry

American singer and actress Cher is one of the artists who received the title of "Queen of Camp" through her outrageous on-stage fashion and live performances.[33] She gained this status in the 1970s when she launched her variety shows in collaboration with the costume designer Bob Mackie and became a constant presence on American prime-time television.[34][35] Madonna is another example of camp and according to educator Carol Queen, her "whole career up to and including Sex has depended heavily on camp imagery and camp understandings of gender and sex".[36] By some point of her career, Madonna was also named "Queen of Camp".[37]

In public and on stage, Dusty Springfield developed an image supported by her peroxide blonde beehive hairstyle, evening gowns, and heavy make-up that included her much-copied "panda eye" look.[38][39][40][41][42] Springfield borrowed elements of her look from blonde glamour queens of the 1950s, such as Brigitte Bardot and Catherine Deneuve.[43][44] This and her singing style made her a "camp icon" and won her a following in the gay community.[42][44] Besides the prototypical female drag queen, she was presented in the roles of the "Great White Lady" of pop and soul and the "Queen of Mods".[40][45]

South Korean rapper Psy, known for his viral internet music videos full of flamboyant dance and visuals, has come to be seen as a 21st-century incarnation of camp style.[46][47] Geri Halliwell is recognised as a camp icon for her high camp aesthetics, performance style and kinship with the gay community during her time as a solo artist.[48][49] Lady Gaga, a contemporary exemplar of camp, uses music and dance to make social commentary on pop culture, as in the Judas video. Her clothes, makeup, and accessories, created by high-end fashion designers, are integral to the narrative structure of her performances.[50] Katy Perry is another example of camp with outlets like Vogue describing her as the "Queen of Camp".[51]

## Distinguishing between kitsch and camp

[edit]

The words "camp" and "kitsch" are often used interchangeably; both may relate to art, literature, music, or any object that carries an aesthetic value. However, "kitsch" refers specifically to the work itself, whereas "camp" is a mode of performance. Thus, a person may consume kitsch intentionally or unintentionally. Camp, as Susan Sontag observed, is always a way of consuming or performing culture "in quotation marks".[17]

Sontag also distinguishes between "naive" and "deliberate" camp,[52] and examines Christopher Isherwood's distinction between low camp, which he associated with cross-dressing practices and drag performances, and high camp, which included "the whole emotional basis of the Ballet, for example, and of course of Baroque art".[53]

According to sociologist Andrew Ross, camp combines outmoded and contemporary forms of style, fashion, and technology. Often characterized by the reappropriation of a "throwaway Pop aesthetic", camp works to intermingle the categories of "high" and "low" culture.[54] Objects may become camp objects because of their historical association with a power now in decline. As opposed to kitsch, camp reappropriates culture in an ironic fashion, whereas kitsch is indelibly sincere. Additionally, kitsch may be seen as a quality of an object, while camp "tends to refer to a subjective process".[55] Those who identify objects as "camp" commemorate the distance mirrored in the process through which "unexpected value can be located in some obscure or exorbitant object."[56]

## In the Western World

[edit]

Comedian Kenneth Williams wrote in a diary entry for 1 January 1947: "Went to Singapore with Stan—very camp evening, was followed, but tatty types so didn't bother to make overtures."[57] Although it applies to gay men, it is a specific adjective used to describe a man who openly promotes the fact that he is gay by being outwardly garish or eccentric, for example, the character Daffyd Thomas in the English comedy skit show Little Britain. "Camp" forms a strong element in UK culture, and many so-called gay icons and objects are chosen as such because they are camp. Performers such as Elton John,[58] Kylie Minogue, John Inman, Lawrence Llewelyn Bowen, Lulu, Graham Norton, Mika, Lesley Joseph, Ruby Wax, Dale Winton, and Cilla Black, as well as the music hall tradition of the pantomime are camp elements in popular culture.[citation needed] The British tradition of the "Last Night of the Proms" has been said to glory in "nostalgia, camp, and pastiche".[59]

Thomas Dworzak published a collection of "last portrait" photographs of young Taliban soldiers about to depart for the front, found in Kabul photo studios. The book, titled Taliban,[60][61] attests to a campy esthetic, quite close to the gay movement in California or a Peter Greenaway film.[62]

The Australian theatre and opera director Barrie Kosky is renowned for his use of camp in interpreting the works of the Western canon, including Shakespeare, Wagner, Molière, Seneca and Kafka; his 2006 eight-hour production for the Sydney Theatre Company The Lost Echo was based on Ovid's Metamorphoses and Euripides's The Bacchae. In the first act ("The Song of Phaeton"), for instance, the goddess Juno takes the form of a highly stylized Marlene Dietrich, and the musical arrangements feature Noël Coward and Cole Porter. Kosky's use of camp is also effectively employed to satirize the pretensions, manners, and cultural vacuity of Australia's suburban middle class, which is suggestive of the style of Dame Edna Everage. For example, in The Lost Echo Kosky employs a chorus of high school girls and boys: one girl in the chorus takes leave from the goddess Diana, and begins to rehearse a dance routine, muttering to herself in a broad Australian accent, "Mum says I have to practice if I want to be on Australian Idol." Australian writer/director Baz Luhrmann, in particular "Strictly Ballroom", constitutes another example.[citation needed]

Since 2000, the Eurovision Song Contest, an annually televised competition of song performers from different countries, has shown an increasing element of camp—since the contest has shown an increasing attraction within the gay communities—in their stage performances, especially during the televised finale, which is screened live across Europe. As it is a visual show, many Eurovision performances attempt to attract the attention of the voters through means other than the music, which sometimes leads to bizarre onstage gimmicks, and what some critics have called "the Eurovision kitsch drive", with almost cartoonish novelty acts performing.[63]

Clothing designs from Camp: Notes on Fashion

The 2019 Met Gala's theme was Camp: Notes on Fashion, co-chaired by Anna Wintour, Serena Williams, Lady Gaga, Harry Styles, and Alessandro Michele.[64] Lady Gaga's entrance took 16 minutes, as she arrived to the gala alongside an entourage of five dancers carrying umbrellas, a make up artist, and a personal photographer to snap pictures of Gaga's poses.[65] Gaga arrived in a hot pink Brandon Maxwell gown with a 25-foot train[66] and went through a series of four "reveals," paying homage to drag culture,[65] debuting a new outfit each time, until reaching her final look: a bra and underwear with fishnets and platform heels.[67] Other notable ensembles included Katy Perry wearing a gown that looked like a chandelier, designed by Moschino, and Kacey Musgraves appearing as a life-size Barbie, also by Moschino.[68]

## Literature

[edit]

The first post-World War II use of the word in print may be Christopher Isherwood's 1954 novel The World in the Evening, where he comments: "You can't camp about something you don't take seriously. You're not making fun of it; you're making fun out of it. You're expressing what's basically serious to you in terms of fun and artifice and elegance." In the American writer Susan Sontag's 1964 essay Notes on "Camp", Sontag emphasized artifice, frivolity, naïve middle-class pretentiousness, and shocking excess as key elements of camp. Examples cited by Sontag included Tiffany lamps, the drawings of Aubrey Beardsley, Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake, and Japanese science fiction films such as Rodan, and The Mysterians of the 1950s.[citation needed]

In Mark Booth's 1983 book Camp, he defines camp as "to present oneself as being committed to the marginal with a commitment greater than the marginal merits". He makes a distinction between genuine camp, and camp fads and fancies, things that are not intrinsically camp, but display artificiality, stylization, theatricality, naivety, sexual ambiguity, tackiness, poor taste, stylishness, or portray camp people, and thus appeal to them.[citation needed]

## See also

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* Philosophy portal
* Society portal
* Fashion portal
* LGBT portal

* Avant-garde
* Asemic writing
* Collection de l'art brut
* David Bowie's art collection and Outside (1995)
* Glam rock
* Horror vacui
* Lille Métropole Museum of Modern, Contemporary and Outsider Art
* Lowbrow (art movement)
* Neo-pop
* Neurodiversity
* Outsider art
* Outsider music
* Pop art
* Postmodernism
* Psychedelic art
* The Rocky Horror Picture Show
* Saving and Preserving Arts and Cultural Environments
* Surrealism
* Unilalianism
* Vaporwave
* Vernacular architecture

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Definition of CAMP". www.merriam-webster.com. 1 August 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
2. ^ a b "Definition of 'camp'". Collins Dictionary. HarperCollins Publishers. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
3. ^ a b c "What does it mean to be camp?". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
4. ^ “Camp, Adj., Sense 3.” Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1024137863.
5. ^ a b c d Kerry Malla (January 2005). Roderick McGillis (ed.). "Between a Frock and a Hard Place: Camp Aesthetics and Children's Culture". Canadian Review of American Studies. 35 (1): 1–3. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
6. ^ a b c Moe Meyer (2010): An Archaeology of Posing: Essays on Camp, Drag, and Sexuality, Macater Press, ISBN 978-0-9814924-5-2.
7. ^ a b c d Moe Meyer (2011): The Politics and Poetics of Camp, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-51489-7.
8. ^ a b Sontag, Susan (15 February 2022) [1999], "Notes on 'Camp'", Camp: Queer Aesthetics and the Performing Subject: A Reader, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, p. 53, doi:10.1515/9781474465809-006, ISBN 978-1-4744-6580-9, retrieved 9 August 2024
9. ^ Babuscio (1993, 20), Feil (2005, 478), Morrill (1994, 110), Shugart and Waggoner (2008, 33), and Van Leer (1995)
10. ^ Harry Eiss (11 May 2016). The Joker. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 11\. ISBN 978-1-4438-9429-6.
11. ^ a b Dansky, Steven F. "On the persistence of camp." The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide 20, no. 2 (2013): 15-19.
12. ^ a b Leslie, Esther (2022), Storey, Mark; Shapiro, Stephen (eds.), "Schlock, Kitsch, and Camp", The Cambridge Companion to American Horror, Cambridge Companions to Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 91–104 (96), doi:10.1017/9781009071550.008, ISBN 978-1-316-51300-2, retrieved 9 August 2024
13. ^ a b Baker, Paul (2004). Fantabulosa: a dictionary of Polari and gay slang. London: Continuum. p. 18\. ISBN 978-0-8264-7343-1. OCLC 55587437.
14. ^ Gipson, Ferren (23 April 2019). "Art Matters podcast: an introduction to the camp aesthetic | Art UK". Art UK. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
15. ^ Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, 1976 edition, sense 6, [Slang, orig., homosexual jargon, Americanism] banality, mediocrity, artifice, ostentation, etc. so extreme as to amuse or have a perversely sophisticated appeal
16. ^ Harry Eiss (11 May 2016). The Joker. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 26\. ISBN 978-1-4438-9429-6.
17. ^ a b Susan Sontag (2 July 2009). Against Interpretation and Other Essays. Penguin Modern Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-119006-8. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
18. ^ Baker, Paul (2023). Camp!. London Stockholm: Footnote Press. p. 15\. ISBN 978-1-80444-032-2.
19. ^ 'My "campish undertakings" are not meeting with the success they deserve. Whatever I do seems to get me into hot water somewhere;...':The Times(London), 30 May 1870, p. 13, 'The Men in Women's Clothes'
20. ^ Luu, Chi (6 June 2018). "The Unspeakable Linguistics of Camp". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
21. ^ Harper, Douglas. "camp (adj.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
22. ^ Entry "camper" Archived 14 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, in: Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, ninth edition (1992). "2. Fam: Placer avec fermeté, avec insolence ou selon ses aises.] Il me parlait, le chapeau campé sur la tête. Surtout pron. Se camper solidement dans son fauteuil. Se camper à la meilleure place. Il se campa devant son adversaire. 3. En parlant d'un acteur, d'un artiste: Figurer avec force et relief. Camper son personnage sur la scène. Camper une figure dans un tableau, des caractères dans un roman." (Familiar: To assume a defiant, insolent or devil-may-care attitude. Theatre: To perform with forcefulness and exaggeration; to overact; To impose one's character assertively into a scene; to upstage.)
23. ^ a b Esther Newton (1978): Mother Camp: Female Impersonators in America, University of Chicago Press. Mother Camp: Female Impersonators in America in libraries (WorldCat catalog).
24. ^ Leslie, Esther (2022), Storey, Mark; Shapiro, Stephen (eds.), "Schlock, Kitsch, and Camp", The Cambridge Companion to American Horror, Cambridge Companions to Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 91–104 (95), doi:10.1017/9781009071550.008, ISBN 978-1-316-51300-2, retrieved 9 August 2024
25. ^ Susan Sontag (14 June 2019). Notes on "Camp". Picador. p. 4\. ISBN 978-1-250-62134-4.
26. ^ Maasik, Sonia; Solomon, Jack Fisher (2011). Signs of Life in the USA: Readings on Popular Culture for Writers. Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN 9780312647001. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
27. ^ "'Strangers with Candy': After-school special, Sedaris style". Orange County Register. 6 July 2006. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
28. ^ "'Strangers with Candy': After-school special, Sedaris style". 6 July 2006. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
29. ^ filmmakermagazine.com/27295-courtney-fathom-sells-hi-8-hi...
30. ^ "COURTNEY FATHOM SELL: SO YOU WANNA BE AN UNDERGROUND FILMMAKER?". Filmmaker Magazine. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
31. ^ "John Waters: King of Camp and Auteur of Cult Trash". Film Daze. 12 June 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
32. ^ Kapczynski, Jennifer M.; Richardson, Michael David (2012). A New History of German Cinema. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 9781571135957. Retrieved 5 March 2022. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
33. ^ "She's Reigned Pop Land since the 70s, She's the Queen of Camp, She Believes in Life after Love. She's Cher, and She's Still Fantastic". Sunday Mirror. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
34. ^ White, Belinda (24 July 2015). "Cher is Love magazine's latest cover 'girl' at 69". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
35. ^ "Cher-ishing the Queen of Camp". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
36. ^ Gnojewski, Carol (2007). Madonna: Express Yourself. Enslow Publishing. p. 114\. ISBN 978-0-7660-2442-7. Retrieved 31 March 2022 - via Google Books.
37. ^ Drushe, Bruce E.; Peters, Brian M. (2017). Chapter 12, Camp, Androgyny, and 1990: Strike a Pose. Lexington Books. p. 216\. ISBN 978-1-4985-3777-3. Retrieved 31 March 2022 - via Google Books. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
38. ^ Peter Silverton. "Dusty Springfield (British singer) – Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
39. ^ Annie J. Randall (Fall 2005). "Dusty Springfield and the Motown Invasion". Newsletter. 35 (1). Institute for Studies in American Music, Conservatory of Music, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
40. ^ a b Laurense Cole (2008) Dusty Springfield: in the middle of nowhere, Middlesex University Press. p. 13.
41. ^ Charles Taylor (1997). Mission Impossible: The perfectionist rock and soul of Dusty Springfield, Boston Phoenix.
42. ^ a b "Springfield, Dusty". glbtq – An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer Culture. 2005. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
43. ^ Annie J. Randall, Associate Professor of Musicology Bucknell University (2008). Dusty! : Queen of the Post Mods: Queen of the Post Mods. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199716302. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
44. ^ a b Bob Gulla (2007) Icons of R&B and Soul: An Encyclopedia of the Artists Who Revolutionized Rhythm, Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 978-0-313-34044-4
45. ^ Patricia Juliana Smith (1999) "'You Don't Have to Say You Love Me': The Camp Masquerades of Dusty Springfield", The Queer Sixties pp. 105–126, Routledge, London ISBN 978-0-415-92169-5
46. ^ "Exploring Psy's Digital Dandy Appeal In 'Gangnam Style' " Archived 22 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine (3 October 2012) Rolling Stone (retrieved 21 April 2013)
47. ^ Rauhala, Emily (13 April 2013), "Psy Unveils His New 'Gentleman' Video and Dance at Extravagant Seoul Concert", Time, archived from the original on 17 April 2013, retrieved 21 April 2013
48. ^ "Geri Horner talks Spice Girls, solo regrets and her kinship with the gay community". Attitude. 5 January 2017. Archived from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
49. ^ Kelly, Emma (11 December 2020). "Geri Horner threatened with assassination on stage by Admiral Duncan nail bomber". Metro. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
50. ^ Stan Hawkins (3 January 2014). "I'll bring You Down, Down, Down'". In Martin Iddon; Melanie L. Marshall (eds.). Lady Gaga and Popular Music: Performing Gender, Fashion, and Culture. Routledge. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-1-134-07987-2.
51. ^ Allaire, Christian (2 January 2022). "Katy Perry Is Still the Queen of Camp". Vogue. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
52. ^ Susan Sontag. "Notes On "Camp"". faculty.georgetown.edu. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
53. ^ Anna Malinowska (26 September 2014). "1, section 1: Bad Romance: Pop and Camp in Light of Evolutionary Confusion". In Justyna Stępień (ed.). Redefining Kitsch and Camp in Literature and Culture. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 11\. ISBN 978-1-4438-6779-5.
54. ^ Ross, Andrew (1989). No Respect: Intellectuals and Popular Culture. New York: Routledge. p. 136.
55. ^ Ross, Andrew (1989). No Respect: Intellectuals and Popular Culture. New York: Routledge. p. 145.
56. ^ Ross, Andrew (1989). No Respect: Intellectuals and Popular Culture. New York: Routledge. p. 146.
57. ^ Russell Davies (1993) The Kenneth Williams Diaries, Harper-Collins Publishers ISBN 978-0-00-255023-9
58. ^ Armstrong, Robert (23 May 2019). "Rock it, man — what Elton John teaches us about style". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
59. ^ Compare: Miller, W. Watts (2002), "Secularism and the sacred: is there really something called 'secular religion'?", in Idinopulos, Thomas A.; Wilson, Brian C. (eds.), Reappraising Durkheim for the study and teaching of religion today, Numen book series, vol. 92, Brill, pp. 38–39, ISBN 9004123393, archived from the original on 2 June 2013, retrieved 21 November 2010, "An English example of how the life has gone out of lieux de memoire concerns William Blake's hymn about the building of a New Jerusalem. it is still sung every year in London 's Albert Hall on the Last Night of the Proms. But it is in a fervor without faith. It brings tears to the eyes, only it is in a mixture of nostalgia, camp, 'post-modernism,' and pastiche."
60. ^ Traff, Thea (29 March 2014). "Thomas Dworzak's Taliban Glamour Shots". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 27 November 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
61. ^ "2000, Thomas Dworzak, 1st prize, Spot News stories". World Press Photo. 13 January 2014. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
62. ^ "Vom Nachttisch geräumt nachttisch 10.6.03 vom 10 June 2003 von Arno Widmann – Perlentaucher". perlentaucher.de. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
63. ^ Allatson, Paul (2007). "'Antes cursi que sencilla': Eurovision Song Contests and the Kitsch-Drive to Euro-Unity". Culture, Theory and Critique. 48 (1): 87–98. doi:10.1080/14735780701293540. S2CID 146449408.
64. ^ Yang, Lucy (7 May 2019). "The 2019 Met Gala's theme is 'camp' — here's what you should expect to see on the red carpet". Insider. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
65. ^ a b "Lady Gaga perfectly captured 'camp' at the Met Gala by paying homage to drag culture". British GQ. 7 May 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
66. ^ "See How Lady Gaga Pulled Off the Greatest Met Gala Entrance of All Time". Vogue. 10 May 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
67. ^ "Lady Gaga Just Had 4 Outfit Changes on the Met Gala Red Carpet and We're Deceased". Harper's BAZAAR. 6 May 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
68. ^ "Photos from Moschino's Most Memorable Met Gala Looks". E! Online. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2022.

## Sources

[edit]

* Babuscio, Jack (1993) "Camp and the Gay Sensibility" in Camp Grounds: Style and Homosexuality, David Bergman Ed., U of Massachusetts, Amherst ISBN 978-0-87023-878-9
* Feil, Ken (2005) "Queer Comedy", in Comedy: A Geographic and Historical Guide Vol. 2. pp. 19–38, 477–492, Maurice Charney Ed., Praeger, Westport, CN ISBN 978-0-313-32715-5
* Levine, Martin P. (1998) Gay Macho, New York UP, New York ISBN 0-8147-4694-2
* Meyer, Moe, Ed. (1994) The Politics and Poetics of Camp, Routledge, London and New York ISBN 978-0-415-08248-8
* Morrill, Cynthia (1994) "Revamping the Gay Sensibility: Queer Camp and dyke noir" (In Meyer pp. 110–129)
* Helene A. Shugart and Catherine Egley Waggoner (2008) Making Camp: Rhetorics of Transgression in U.S. Popular Culture, U of Alabama P., Tuscaloosa ISBN 978-0-8173-5652-1
* Van Leer, David (1995) The Queening of America: Gay Culture in Straight Society, Routledge, London and New York ISBN 978-0-415-90336-3

## Further reading

[edit]

* Baker, Paul (2023). Camp! The Story of the Attitude that Conquered the World. London: Footnote Press. ISBN 978-1804440339
* Core, Philip (1984/1994). CAMP, The Lie That Tells the Truth, foreword by George Melly. London: Plexus Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-85965-044-8
* Cleto, Fabio, editor (1999). Camp: Queer Aesthetics and the Performing Subject. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-06722-2.
* Padva, Gilad (2008). "Educating The Simpsons: Teaching Queer Representations in Contemporary Visual Media". Journal of LGBT Youth 5(3), 57–73.
* Padva, Gilad and Talmon, Miri (2008). "Gotta Have An Effeminate Heart: The Politics of Effeminacy and Sissyness in a Nostalgic Israeli TV Musical". Feminist Media Studies 8(1), 69–84.
* Padva, Gilad (2005). "Radical Sissies and Stereotyped Fairies in Laurie Lynd's The Fairy Who Didn't Want To Be A Fairy Anymore". Cinema Journal 45(1), 66–78.
* Padva, Gilad (2000). "Priscilla Fights Back: The Politicization of Camp Subculture". Journal of Communication Inquiry 24(2), 216–243.
* Meyer, Moe, editor (1993). The Politics and Poetics of Camp. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08248-X.
* Sontag, Susan (1964). "Notes on Camp" in Against Interpretation and Other Essays. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. ISBN 0-312-28086-6.

## External links

[edit]

* Notes on "Camp" by Susan Sontag

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Concepts|

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Works|

* Hippias Major (c. 390 BC)
* Poetics (c. 335 BC)
* The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons (c. 100)
* On the Sublime (c. 500)
* A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757)
* Lectures on Aesthetics (1835)
* "The Critic as Artist" (1891)
* In Praise of Shadows (1933)
* Art as Experience (1934)
* "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" (1935)
* "Avant-Garde and Kitsch" (1939)
* Critical Essays (1946)
* The Aesthetic Dimension (1977)
* Why Beauty Matters (2009)

Related|

* Aestheticization of politics
* Applied aesthetics
* Arts criticism
* Axiology
* Evolutionary aesthetics
* Mathematical beauty
* Neuroesthetics
* Patterns in nature
* Philosophy of design
* Philosophy of film
* Philosophy of music
* Psychology of art
* Theory of art

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