Camphora officinarum

Species of tree

"Camphor tree" redirects here. For the tree native to the Malay Archipelago also known as Camphor tree, see Dryobalanops aromatica.

"Camphorwood" redirects here. For the Australian tree also known as Camphorwood, see Cinnamomum oliveri.

Camphora officinarum

An ancient camphor tree (estimated to be over 1,000 years old) in Japan
Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Plantae
Clade:  | Tracheophytes
Clade:  | Angiosperms
Clade:  | Magnoliids
Order:  | Laurales
Family:  | Lauraceae
Genus:  | Camphora
Species:  |

C. officinarum

Binomial name
Camphora officinarum

Nees

Synonyms

* Laurus camphora L.
* Persea camphora (L.) Spreng.
* Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl.
* Camphora officinalis Steud.
* Camphora camphora (L.) H. karst.

Camphora officinarum is a species of evergreen tree indigenous to warm temperate to subtropical regions of East Asia, including countries such as China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Korea, and Japan. It is known by various names, most notably the camphor tree, camphorwood or camphor laurel.[1][2][3]

## Description

[edit]

Camphora officinarum grows up to 20–30 m (66–98 ft) tall.[4] In Japan, where the tree is called kusunoki, five camphor trees are known with a trunk circumference above 20 m (66 ft), with the largest individual, Kamō no Ōkusu (蒲生の大楠, "Great camphor of Kamō"), reaching 24.22 m (79+1⁄2 ft).[5]

The leaves have a glossy, waxy appearance and smell of camphor when crushed. In spring, it produces bright green foliage with masses of very small white fragrant flowers from which its common namesake "smells good tree" in Chinese 香樟 xiang zhang was given. It produces clusters of black, berry-like fruit around 1 cm (3⁄8 in) in diameter. Its pale bark is very rough and fissured vertically.

* Foliage and fruit in Sydney, Australia

Camphor grove in Hong Kong

## Distribution and habitat

[edit]

The species is native to China south of the Yangtze River, Taiwan, southern Japan, Korea, India, and Vietnam, and has been introduced to many other countries.[4]

## Ecology

[edit]

In Australia, the larval stages of two native butterflies, the purple brown-eye and common red-eye feed on camphor despite it being an introduced plant.[6]

### As an invasive species

[edit]

Public gardens in Adelaide, South Australia

### In Australia

[edit]

Camphor laurel was introduced to Australia in 1822 as an ornamental tree for use in gardens and public parks. It has become a noxious weed throughout Queensland and central to northern New South Wales, where it is suited to the wet, subtropical climate. The camphor content of the leaf litter helps prevent other plants from germinating successfully, helping to ensure the camphor's success against any potentially competing vegetation,[7] and the seeds are attractive to birds and pass intact through the digestive system, ensuring rapid distribution. Camphor laurel invades rainforests and pastures, and also competes against eucalyptus trees, certain species of which are the sole food source of koalas. In its favour, however, younger camphor laurel trees can quickly develop hollows, which can be utilised by wildlife, whereas natives can take hundreds of years to develop hollows.[8]

### In the United States

[edit]

Introduced to the contiguous United States around 1875, the species has become naturalized in portions of Alabama, California, Florida, Virginia, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Texas, and South Carolina.[9] It has been declared a category I invasive species in Florida.[10]

## Uses

[edit]

The species is cultivated for camphor and timber production. The production and shipment of camphor, in a solid, waxy form, was a major industry in Taiwan prior to and during the Japanese colonial era (1895–1945). It was used medicinally and was also an important ingredient in the production of smokeless gunpowder and celluloid. Primitive stills were set up in the mountainous areas in which the tree is usually found. The wood was chipped; these chips were steamed in a retort, allowing the camphor to crystallize on the inside of a crystallization box after the vapour had passed through a cooling chamber. It was then scraped off and packed out to government-run factories for processing and sale. Camphor was one of the most lucrative of several important government monopolies under the Japanese.

The wood has an insect-repellent quality.[11]

### Camphor

[edit]

Main article: Camphor

Camphor is a white crystalline substance, obtained from the tree C. camphora. Camphor has been used for many centuries as a culinary spice, a component of incense, and as a medicine. It is also an insect repellent and a flea-killing substance.

### Chemical constituents

[edit]

The species contains volatile chemical compounds in all plant parts, and the wood and leaves are steam distilled for the essential oils. Camphor laurel has six different chemical variants called chemotypes, which are camphor, linalool, 1,8-cineole, nerolidol, safrole, and borneol. In China, field workers avoid mixing chemotypes when harvesting by their odour.[12][13]

Camphor type
This type is dominant in India and Sri Lanka.[14] The wood oil is separated into four fractions after camphor is removed by filtration, termed white, yellow, brown, and blue camphor oil.[15] Oil contains 54-97% camphor.[16]
Linalool type
This type is commonly found in Taiwan and Japan. Oil contains 80-85 linalool[14] (another source gives a wider range of 58-92%).[16] The leaf oil is called "ho leaf oil", the wood oil "ho wood oil" (after removal of safrole), and the mixture of both "shiu oil".[15]
Cineole (eucalyptol) type
This type is dominant in Madagascar. The oil contains 40-50% cineole[14] (another source gives 32-52%).[16] The essential oil from the Madagascar tree leaves is commercially known as ravintsara.[14][15]
The cineole fraction of camphor laurel is used in China to manufacture fake "eucalyptus oil".[17]
Nerolidol type
Oil contains 16-57% nerolidol.[16]
Safrole type
This type is mentioned by few recent sources.
Borneol type
This type is commercially useful in China, as borneol is used in medicine. Oil contains 67-82% (-)-borneol.[16] Increased monoterpene production can be induced by mechanical damage.[18]
Isoborneol type
At least two sources mention this type.[19][20]

## In culture

[edit]

Sacred camphor tree at Kayashima Station

Certain trees in Japan are considered sacred. An example of the importance of a sacred tree is the enshrined 700-year old camphor growing in the middle of Kayashima Station. Locals protested against moving the tree when the railway station had to be expanded, so the station was built around it.[21]

## See also

[edit]

* Sandalwood – Class of woods from trees in the genus Santalum
* My Neighbor Totoro – 1988 film by Hayao Miyazaki

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Camphor - The Wood Database
2. ^ Yang, Zhi; Liu, Bing; Yang, Yong; Ferguson, David K. (2022). "Phylogeny and taxonomy of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae)". Ecology and Evolution. 12 (10): e9378. Bibcode:2022EcoEv..12E9378Y. doi:10.1002/ece3.9378. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 9526118. PMID 36203627.
3. ^ CABI (2022-01-07). Cinnamomum camphora (camphor laurel) (Report). doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.13519.
4. ^ a b Xi-wen Li; Jie Li; Henk van der Werff. "Cinnamomum camphora". Flora of China. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
5. ^ "Kamou no Ohkusu". Wondermondo. 2014-07-04.
6. ^ Wells, A., Edwards, E.D., Houston, W.W.K., Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea, Volume 31, CSIRO, 2001.
7. ^ "NSW Department of Primary Industries, NSW WeedWise". 2024-08-06. Retrieved 2024-08-06.
8. ^ Noxious weed declaration for NSW
9. ^ "Plants Profile: Cinnamomum camphora". Natural Resources Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
10. ^ Forest Starr; Kim Starr; Lloyd Loope (January 2003). "Cinnamomum camphora" (PDF). United States Geological Survey: Biological Resources Division. Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
11. ^ Little, Elbert L. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Knopf. p. 449\. ISBN 0-394-50760-6.
12. ^ Hirota, N. and Hiroi, M., 1967. ‘The later studies on the camphor tree, on the leaf oil of each practical form and its utilisation’, Perfumery and Essential Oil Record 58, 364–367.
13. ^ Lawrence, B. M., 1995. ‘Progress in essential oils’, Perfumer and Flavorist, 20, 29–41.
14. ^ a b c d Behra, Burfield (May 2009). "Ravensara/Ravintsara Bibliography v1.01" (PDF). Compiled by CropWatch v1.01. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2011.
15. ^ a b c Institute, Tisserand. "Cinnamomum Camphora: It's Many Names and Chemotypes". Tisserand Institute.
16. ^ a b c d e Chen, C; Zheng, Y; Zhong, Y; Wu, Y; Li, Z; Xu, LA; Xu, M (24 July 2018). "Transcriptome analysis and identification of genes related to terpenoid biosynthesis in Cinnamomum camphora". BMC Genomics. 19 (1): 550. doi:10.1186/s12864-018-4941-1. PMC 6057064. PMID 30041601.
17. ^ Ashurst, P.R., Food Flavorings, 1999
18. ^ Yang, Z; Xie, C; Huang, Y; An, W; Liu, S; Huang, S; Zheng, X (2021). "Metabolism and transcriptome profiling provides insight into the genes and transcription factors involved in monoterpene biosynthesis of borneol chemotype of Cinnamomum camphora induced by mechanical damage". PeerJ. 9: e11465. doi:10.7717/peerj.11465. PMC 8255067. PMID 34249483.
19. ^ Lee, SH; Kim, DS; Park, SH; Park, H (22 April 2022). "Phytochemistry and Applications of Cinnamomum camphora Essential Oils". Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 27 (9): 2695. doi:10.3390/molecules27092695. PMC 9102863. PMID 35566046.
20. ^ Guo, Xiali; Cui, Meng; Deng, Min; Liu, Xingxing; Huang, Xueyong; Zhang, Xinglei; Luo, Liping (20 April 2017). "Molecular differentiation of five Cinnamomum camphora chemotypes using desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry of raw leaves". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 46579. Bibcode:2017NatSR...746579G. doi:10.1038/srep46579. PMC 5397862. PMID 28425482.
21. ^ "Japanese Train Station Protectively Built Around a 700-Year-Old Tree". 27 January 2017.

## External links

[edit]

* Camphor laurel fact sheet—Produced by the Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries
* Campaign to stop the spread of camphor laurels in Australia
* Yang, Zerui; Zhan, Ting; Xie, Chunzhu; Huang, Song; Zheng, Xiasheng (March 2023). "Genome-wide analyzation and functional characterization on the TPS family provide insight into the biosynthesis of mono-terpenes in the camphor tree". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 196: 55–64\. Bibcode:2023PlPB..196...55Y. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.039. PMID 36696798.

* v
* t
* e

TRP channel modulators

TRPA|

| Activators|

* 4-Hydroxynonenal
* 4-Oxo-2-nonenal
* 5,6-EET
* 12S-HpETE
* 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2
* α-Sanshool (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers)
* Acrolein
* Allicin (garlic)
* Allyl isothiocyanate (mustard, radish, horseradish, wasabi)
* AM404
* ASP-7663
* Bradykinin
* Cannabichromene (cannabis)
* Cannabidiol (cannabis)
* Cannabigerol (cannabis)
* Cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon)
* CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO)
* CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile)
* Cuminaldehyde (cumin)
* Curcumin (turmeric)
* Dehydroligustilide (celery)
* Diallyl disulfide
* Dicentrine (Lindera spp.)
* Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid
* Formalin
* Gingerols (ginger)
* Hepoxilin A3
* Hepoxilin B3
* Hydrogen peroxide
* Icilin
* Isothiocyanate
* JT-010
* Ligustilide (celery, Angelica acutiloba)
* Linalool (Sichuan pepper, thyme)
* Methylglyoxal
* Methyl salicylate (wintergreen)
* N-Methylmaleimide
* Nicotine (tobacco)
* Oleocanthal (olive oil)
* Paclitaxel (Pacific yew)
* Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
* PF-4840154
* Phenacyl chloride
* Polygodial (Dorrigo pepper)
* Shogaols (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers)
* Tear gases
* Tetrahydrocannabinol (cannabis)
* Tetrahydrocannabiorcol
* Thiopropanal S-oxide (onion)
* Umbellulone (Umbellularia californica)
* WIN 55,212-2

|

Blockers|

* A-967079
* AM-0902
* Dehydroligustilide (celery)
* HC-030031
* Nicotine (tobacco)
* PF-04745637
* Ruthenium red

TRPC|

| Activators|

* Adhyperforin (St John's wort)
* Diacyl glycerol
* GSK1702934A
* Hyperforin (St John's wort)
* Substance P

|

Blockers|

* DCDPC
* DHEA-S
* Flufenamic acid
* GSK417651A
* GSK2293017A
* Meclofenamic acid
* N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
* Niflumic acid
* Pregnenolone sulfate
* Progesterone
* Pyr3
* Tolfenamic acid

TRPM|

| Activators|

* ADP-ribose
* BCTC
* Calcium (intracellular)
* CIM-0216
* Cold
* Coolact P
* Cooling Agent 10
* Eucalyptol (eucalyptus)
* Frescolat MGA
* Frescolat ML
* Geraniol
* Hydroxycitronellal
* Icilin
* Linalool
* Menthol (mint)
* PMD 38
* Pregnenolone sulfate
* Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens)
* Steviol glycosides (e.g., stevioside) (Stevia rebaudiana)
* Sweet tastants (e.g., glucose, fructose, sucrose; indirectly)
* Thio-BCTC
* WS-12

|

Blockers|

* AMG-333
* Capsazepine
* Clotrimazole
* DCDPC
* Elismetrep
* Flufenamic acid
* Meclofenamic acid
* Mefenamic acid
* N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
* Nicotine (tobacco)
* Niflumic acid
* Ononetin
* PF-05105679
* RQ-00203078
* Ruthenium red
* Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens)
* Tolfenamic acid
* TPPO
* TRPM4-IN-5

TRPML|

| Activators|

* EVP21
* MK6-83
* ML-SA1
* ML2-SA1
* PI(3,5)P2
* SF-22
* SN-2

|

Blockers|

* ML-SI3
* PI(4,5)P2

TRPP|

| Activators|

* Triptolide (Tripterygium wilfordii)

|

Blockers|

* Ruthenium red

TRPV|

| Activators|

* 2-APB
* 5,6-EET
* 9-HODE
* 9-oxoODE
* 12S-HETE
* 12S-HpETE
* 13-HODE
* 13-oxoODE
* 20-HETE
* α-Sanshool (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers)
* Allicin (garlic)
* AM404
* Anandamide
* Bisandrographolide (Andrographis paniculata)
* Camphor (camphor laurel, rosemary, camphorweed, African blue basil, camphor basil)
* Cannabidiol (cannabis)
* Cannabidivarin (cannabis)
* Capsaicin (chili pepper)
* Carvacrol (oregano, thyme, pepperwort, wild bergamot, others)
* DHEA
* Diacyl glycerol
* Dihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper)
* Estradiol
* Eugenol (basil, clove)
* Evodiamine (Euodia ruticarpa)
* Gingerols (ginger)
* GSK1016790A
* Heat
* Hepoxilin A3
* Hepoxilin B3
* Homocapsaicin (chili pepper)
* Homodihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper)
* Incensole (incense)
* Lysophosphatidic acid
* Low pH (acidic conditions)
* Menthol (mint)
* N-Arachidonoyl dopamine
* N-Oleoyldopamine
* N-Oleoylethanolamide
* Nonivamide (PAVA) (PAVA spray)
* Nordihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper)
* Paclitaxel (Pacific yew)
* Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
* Phenylacetylrinvanil
* Phorbol esters (e.g., 4α-PDD)
* Piperine (black pepper, long pepper)
* Polygodial (Dorrigo pepper)
* Probenecid
* Protons
* RhTx
* Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens)
* Resiniferatoxin (RTX) (Euphorbia resinifera/pooissonii)
* Shogaols (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers)
* Tetrahydrocannabivarin (cannabis)
* Thymol (thyme, oregano)
* Tinyatoxin (Euphorbia resinifera/pooissonii)
* Tramadol
* Vanillin (vanilla)
* Zucapsaicin

|

Blockers|

* α-Spinasterol (Vernonia tweediana)
* AMG-517
* AMG-9810
* Asivatrep
* BCTC
* Cannabigerol (cannabis)
* Cannabigerolic acid (cannabis)
* Cannabigerovarin (cannabis)
* Cannabinol (cannabis)
* Capsazepine
* DCDPC
* DHEA
* DHEA-S
* Flufenamic acid
* GRC-6211
* HC-067047
* Lanthanum
* Mavatrep
* Meclofenamic acid
* N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
* NGD-8243
* Niflumic acid
* Pregnenolone sulfate
* RN-1734
* RN-9893
* Ruthenium red
* SB-366791
* SB-705498
* Tivanisiran
* Tolfenamic acid
* TRPV3-74a

See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Ion channel modulators

* v
* t
* e

Woodworking

Overviews|

* History
* Glossary
* Wood (lumber)

Occupations|

* Boat building
* Bow and arrow
* Bush carpentry
* Cabinetry
* Caning
* Carpentry
* Certosina
* Chainsaw carving
* Chip carving
* Ébéniste
* Fretwork
* Intarsia
* Japanese carpentry
* Khatam
* Kohlrosing
* Log building
* Luthier
* Marquetry
* Millwork
* Pallet crafting
* Parquetry
* Pyrography
* Relief carving
* Root carving
* Segmented turning
* Shingle weaving
* Shipbuilding
* Spindle turning
* Timber framing
* Treen
* Whittling
* Wood carving
* Woodturning

Woods|

| Soft|

* Cedar (Calocedrus, Cedrus)
* Cypress
* Douglas fir
* Fir
* Juniper
* Larch
* Kauri
* Pine
* Rimu
* Spruce
* Yew

|

Hard|

* Afromosia
* Alder
* Andiroba
* Anigre
* Ash
* Apple
* Aspen
* Avodire
* Balsa
* Beech
* Bilinga
* Birch
* African Blackwood
* Australian Blackwood
* Boxwood
* Bubinga
* Camphor
* Cedrela
* Cherry
* Chestnut
* Cocobolo
* Cumaru
* Ebony
* Elm
* Eucalyptus
* Hazel
* Hickory
* Hornbeam
* Idigbo
* Imbuia
* Ipê
* Iroko
* Jarrah
* Jelutong
* Lignum vitae
* Linden (lime, basswood)
* Lovoa
* Merbau
* Mahogany (American, African)
* Maple
* Meranti
* Oak
* Padauk
* Pear
* Plum
* Poplar
* Purpleheart
* Ovankol
* Ramin
* Red Quebracho
* Rosewood
* Rubberwood
* Sapele
* Teak
* Totara
* Utile
* Walnut
* Wenge
* Willow
* Zebrano

Engineered|

* Cross-laminated
* Glue laminated
* Hardboard
* MDF
* OSB
* Particle board
* Plywood
* Wood-plastic composite

Tools|

* Abrasives
* Axe
* Adze
* Burnisher
* Chisel
* Drawknife
* Drill
* Fence
* Float
* Gimlet
* Gauge
* Impact driver
* Janka hardness test
* Jointer
* Mallet
* Milling machine
* Mitre box
* Rasp
* Router
* Shaper
* Sandpaper
* Square (Carpenters, Combination, Miter, Speed, Try)
* Thickness planer
* Timber-framing
* Veneer hammer
* Vise
* Warrington hammer
* Winding sticks
* Wood scribe
* Workbench

Clamps|

* Band clamp
* C-clamp
* F-clamp
* Flooring clamp
* Gripe
* Holdfast
* Mitre clamp
* Pipe clamp
* Sawbuck

Saws|

* Backsaw
* Bandsaw
* Bow
* Bucksaw
* Chainsaw
* Circular
* Compass
* Coping
* Crosscut
* Frame
* Fretsaw
* Hand saw
* Jigsaw
* Keyhole
* Miter
* Ripsaw
* Scroll
* Table
* Veneer
* Whipsaw

Planes|

* Bedrock plane
* Block plane
* Chamfer plane
* Compass plane
* Finger plane
* Fore plane
* Grooving plane
* Jack plane
* Japanese plane
* Jointer plane
* Moulding plane
* Razee plane
* Rebate plane
* Router plane
* Scrub plane
* Shoulder plane
* Smoothing plane
* Spokeshave
* Surform

Geometry|

| Joints|

* Birdsmouth
* Biscuit
* Box
* Bridle
* Butt
* Butterfly
* Coping
* Crown of thorns
* Dado
* Dovetail
* Finger
* Groove
* Halved
* Hammer-headed tenon
* Knee
* Lap
* Mason's mitre
* Miter
* Mortise and tenon
* Rabbet/Rebate
* Scarf
* Splice
* Tongue and groove

|

Profiles|

* Bead
* Bevel
* Chamfer
* Ogee
* Ogive
* Ovolo

Surface piecing|

* Binding
* Edge banding
* Intarsia
* Marquetry
* Oystering
* Parquetry
* Purfling

Treatments|

* Adhesive
* French polish
* Heat bending
* Lacquer
* Oil
* Paint
* Paint stripper
* Steam bending
* Thermal
* Varnish
* Wax
* Wood drying
* Wood preservation
* Wood stain
* Wood finishing

Organizations|

* American Association of Woodturners
* Architectural Woodwork Institute
* British Woodworking Federation
* Building and Wood Workers' International
* Caricature Carvers of America
* International Federation of Building and Wood Workers
* National Wood Carvers Association
* Society of Wood Engravers
* Timber Framers Guild

Conversion|

* Chainsaw mill
* Hewing
* Sawmill
* Whipsaw
* Wood splitting
* Flat sawing
* Quarter sawing
* Rift sawing

Techniques|

* Frame and panel
* Frameless construction
* Green woodworking

* Category
* WikiProject
* Commons

Taxon identifiers

Camphora officinarum|

* Wikidata: Q110692156
* AoFP: 442
* APA: 2521
* GBIF: 4180758
* iNaturalist: 1591063
* IPNI: 463143-1
* NatureServe: 2.132610
* POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77328940-1

Cinnamomum camphora|

* Wikidata: Q158722
* Wikispecies: Cinnamomum camphora
* APDB: 48879
* APNI: 169993
* ATRF: Cinnamomum_camphora
* Calflora: 8626
* CoL: 5YVHF
* Ecocrop: 699
* EoL: 596902
* EPPO: CINCA
* FloraBase: 18303
* FNA: 200008697
* FoAO2: Cinnamomum camphora
* FoC: 200008697
* GBIF: 3033991
* GISD: 291
* GRIN: 10578
* iNaturalist: 76341
* IPA: 3014
* IPNI: 463336-1
* IRMNG: 11303858
* ISC: 13519
* ITIS: 18175
* IUCN: 15441072
* NCBI: 13429
* NZOR: 78b0c1ed-c959-4794-beb6-3c56065c9eef
* Observation.org: 457225
* Open Tree of Life: 849188
* PalDat: Cinnamomum_camphora
* Plant List: kew-2721183
* PLANTS: CICA
* POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:463336-1
* SANBI: 1021-2
* Tropicos: 17805257
* VicFlora: 10149a56-cf6d-47ba-8e6c-96b30a4addce
* WFO: wfo-0000604955

Laurus camphora|

* Wikidata: Q21975977
* Wikispecies: Laurus camphora
* APDB: 180158
* APNI: 192786
* GBIF: 3033993
* GRIN: 21651
* IPNI: 464803-1
* IRMNG: 10975002
* ITIS: 515712
* POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:464803-1
* Tropicos: 17805258
* WFO: wfo-0000364294

Authority control databases

National|

* Japan

Other|

* NARA

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[TRP]: Transient receptor potential
*[TRPA]: Transient receptor potential ankyrin channel
*[TRPC]: Transient receptor potential canonical channel
*[TRPM]: Transient receptor potential melastatin channel
*[TRPML]: Transient receptor potential mucolipin channel
*[TRPP]: Transient receptor potential polycystin channel
*[TRPV]: Transient receptor potential vanilloid channel