Cannabis in Nebraska

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Cannabis in Nebraska is legal for medical use.[1] First offense for possession of small amounts was reduced to a civil infraction in 1979.

## History

[edit]

### Industrial hemp (1887)

[edit]

According to the USDA, the first crop of industrial hemp in Nebraska was grown in Fremont in 1887 by men from Champaign, Illinois.[2]

### Prohibition (1927) and partial decriminalization (1979)

[edit]

Amidst an early 20th century trend of limiting the drug, Nebraska first restricted cannabis in 1927.[3]

In 1969, Nebraska eased penalties for cannabis possession in the state, limiting the penalty for first-time possession to no more than 7 days in jail.[4] Marijuana was decriminalized to a civil infraction for first-time offenders in 1978 or 1979.[5]

Testimony given by Nebraska prosecutors and local law enforcement officials before the Nebraska Legislature Judiciary Committee in 2014 showed the different counties in Nebraska respond to marijuana in significantly differing ways. Some county attorneys and sheriffs take an approach emphasizing strict enforcement, while others take an approach that deemphasizes prosecution for minor offenses.[6]

### Unsuccessful lawsuit against Colorado

[edit]

In 2013 and 2014, after the neighboring state of Colorado legalized the use of marijuana, the marijuana arrest rate in Nebraska increased by 11 percent. The amount spent by Nebraska to enforce its marijuana laws also increased by 11 percent (to an estimated $10.2 million). Most of the increase in arrests and enforcement spent came in western Nebraska (the "Nebraska Panhandle") next to the Colorado border, and particularly along Interstate 80 which traverses the entire state. Experts expressed uncertainty whether the spike was caused by the change in Colorado law, by increased enforcement by Nebraska police, or some combination of factors.[7]

In December 2014, Nebraska and Oklahoma sought permission from the Supreme Court of the United States to file an original action against the State of Colorado, asking to Court to strike down Colorado's legalization of cannabis.[8][9] Nebraska and Oklahoma argued that it had resulted in a spillover of cannabis activity into their states, and thus increasing enforcement expenses and social harm.[8] They argued that the Colorado legislation was "preempted by federal law, and therefore unconstitutional and unenforceable under the Supremacy Clause."[9]

In March 2016, the Court denied Nebraska and Oklahoma's request to proceed with its suit. Justice Clarence Thomas, joined by Justice Samuel Alito, dissented, writing that they would have heard the claim against Colorado.[9][10]

### Unsuccessful 2015 medical cannabis proposal

[edit]

In 2015, LB643, the "Cannabis Compassion and Care Act," was proposed in the unicameral state legislature. The legislation would have allowed certain patients with prescriptions to use marijuana in liquid or pill form (but not smoked leaf form) for medical purposes. Patients would only be eligible if they suffered from certain serious illnesses, such as cancer, glaucoma, HIV/AIDS, and hepatitis C. Following an initial 27–12 vote in favor, the bill's sponsor, Senator Tommy Garrett of Bellevue requested the bill be held until 2016, due to conflicting priorities as the senators dealt with the fallout from the legislature's 2015 prohibition of capital punishment.[11][12]

In 2016 the bill was blocked by a Senate filibuster, falling three votes short of the number failed to advance. The bill encountered the "stiff opposition" of Governor Pete Ricketts and Attorney General Doug Peterson.[13]

### Unsuccessful 2020 medical cannabis ballot measure

[edit]

A medical cannabis ballot measure was invalidated by the Nebraska Supreme Court for containing more than one question.[14]

### 2024 medical cannabis legalization and lawsuit

[edit]

On November 5th, 2024, measures 437 and 438 were both approved by voters initially legalizing medical use, but the validity of both of these measures are being challenged by opponents and the measures could potentially be overturned pending a decision by lawmakers.

Former Republican state senator and State Board of Health member John Kuehn sued the campaign that put medical cannabis on the ballot over the validity of the signatures it had collected. Current Secretary of State Bob Evnen (R) and Attorney General Mike Hilgers (R) both filed court documents contesting the legitimacy of almost 49,000 signatures on the two petitions. They said that more than half involved “notary malfeasance.” Evnen requested that the court ascertain the exact number of legitimate signatures and void the results if there aren't enough.[15] The lawsuit was resolved on December 11, 2024, when Lancaster County District Court Judge Susan Strong ruled she would not issue an injunction, allowing the law to go into effect on December 12.[16]

The ballot measures legalized the sale and possession of up to 5 ounces of cannabis for medical use, and established a Nebraska Medical Cannabis Commission as the state regulatory agency.[17] These measures would not legalize the cultivation of cannabis.

## Botany

[edit]

Cannabis growing wild in a ditch in Buffalo County

Nebraska is noted for the presence of feral hemp plants, low in psychoactive THC and generally known as "ditch weed" (or more rarely "Nebraska Nonsense").[18] A 1987 study noted that 12.4 million cannabis plants were eradicated in Nebraska annually.[19] Hemp researcher David West recommended that farmers store feral hemp seed prior to legalization, in hopes of rebuilding a stock of landrace strain of indigenous cannabis.[20]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Greta Cross (November 6, 2024). "Nebraska voters approve legalization of medical marijuana. Here's what to know". USA Today - via MSN. "Medical marijuana is now legal in the state of Nebraska, approved by voters on Tuesday."
2. ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture (1914). Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture. p. 293.
3. ^ Richard Davenport-Hines (November 29, 2012). The Pursuit of Oblivion: A Social History of Drugs. Orion Publishing Group. pp. 126–. ISBN 978-1-78022-542-5.
4. ^ Chester Nelson Mitchell (1990). The Drug Solution. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 122–. ISBN 978-0-88629-116-7.
5. ^ F. LaMond Tullis (January 1, 1991). Handbook of Research on the Illicit Drug Traffic: Socioeconomic and Political Consequences. Greenwood. p. 535. ISBN 978-0-313-27846-4.
6. ^ Bill Kelly, How Tough is Nebraska on Pot Possession? Depends on the County, Nebraska Educational Telecommunications (September 18, 2014).
7. ^ Riley Johnson, Marijuana arrests up in Nebraska after Colorado made pot legal, but experts can't pinpoint why, Lincoln Journal Star (September 20, 2016).
8. ^ a b John Ingold (December 18, 2014). "Nebraska and Oklahoma sue Colorado over marijuana legalization". Denver Post.
9. ^ a b c Nebraska and Oklahoma v. Colorado, SCOTUSblog (motion for leave to file a bill of complaint denied on March 21, 2016).
10. ^ Richard Wolf & Trevor Hughes, Justices won't hear Nebraska, Oklahoma marijuana dispute with Colorado, USA Today (March 21, 2016).
11. ^ "Medical Marijuana Scrapped For Now in Nebraska". WOWT.
12. ^ "Legal pot in Nebraska? Medical marijuana bill introduced". The Cannabist.
13. ^ Anna Gronewold (April 6, 2016). "Medical marijuana bill fails in Nebraska". Associated Press.
14. ^ "Nebraska Supreme Court bars medical marijuana question from November ballot".
15. ^ Moment, Marijuana (October 8, 2024). "Nebraska Medical Marijuana Initiative Sponsors Push Back Against State Officials' Signature Fraud Claims". Marijuana Moment. Retrieved November 7, 2024.
16. ^ Brian Mastre. "Judge rejects lawsuit filed to block Nebraska medical marijuana initiatives from becoming law". Omaha: WOWT - via MSN.
17. ^ James Powel; Greta Cross; Julia Gomez (November 6, 2024). "Follow marijuana election results across Florida, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota". USA TODAY - via MSN.
18. ^ Martin A. Lee (August 13, 2013). Smoke Signals: A Social History of Marijuana - Medical, Recreational and Scientific. Simon & Schuster. pp. 416–. ISBN 978-1-4391-0261-9.
19. ^ Domestic Cannabis Eradication Suppression Program. The Section. 1987. p. 3.
20. ^ Doug Fine (2014). Hemp Bound: Dispatches from the Front Lines of the Next Agricultural Revolution. Chelsea Green Publishing. pp. 11–. ISBN 978-1-60358-543-9.

## Further reading

[edit]

* United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Crime (1970). Crime in America--views on Marijuana: Hearings ..., 91-1, Pursuant to H. Res. 17 ... Oct. 14, 15, 1969. pp. 20–21.
* Baum, Barbara Ely (1972). Historical Review of Two Nebraska Marijuana Bills.
* Gallieher, J. R. "Nebraska's Marijuana Law: A Case of Unexpected Legislative Innovation." Law and Society Review 8 (1974): 441-55
* David L. Suggs (1980). A Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Impact of Nebraska's Decriminalization of Marijuana. University of Nebraska--Lincoln.

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Cannabis in the United States

Federal law|

| Laws and bills|

* Marihuana Tax Act of 1937
* Controlled Substances Act (1970)
* Solomon–Lautenberg amendment (1990)
* Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act (2011)
* Cole Memorandum (2013)
* Rohrabacher–Farr amendment (2014)
* STATES Act (2018)
* Marijuana Justice Act (2019)
* Marijuana Freedom and Opportunity Act (2019)
* SAFE Banking Act (2019)
* MORE Act (2019)
* Cannabis Administration and Opportunity Act (2022)
* Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act (2022)

|

Court cases|

* Leary v. United States (1969)
* Ravin v. State (1975)
* Conant v. Walters (2000)
* United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative (2001)
* Gonzales v. Raich (2005)
* Moncrieffe v. Holder (2013)
* Americans for Safe Access v. Drug Enforcement Administration (2013)

Legality by
jurisdiction|

| Recreational use|

* Alaska
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* New York
* Ohio
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* Vermont
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* District of Columbia

|

Medical use|

* Alabama
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* Florida
* Hawaii
* Kentucky
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* Mississippi
* Nebraska
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Decriminalized|

* Hawaii
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Illegal|

* Georgia
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Regulation|

* List of United States cannabis regulatory agencies
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Related|

* Timeline
* Congressional Cannabis Caucus
* Politicians who have admitted use
* Cannabis on American Indian reservations
* Cannabis and the U.S. military
* Marijuana Policy Project
* NORML
* Harry J. Anslinger
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