Cao Wei family trees

This article contains the family trees of members of the Cao clan, who ruled the state of Cao Wei (220– February 266) in the Three Kingdoms period (220–280) in China. Only Cao Cao's lineage is shown in this article. The lineages of his relatives, such as Cao Ren, Cao Zhen and others, are not included here.

## Cao Song

[edit]

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cao Meng1

Yuanwei

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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cao Teng2

Jixing

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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cao Song

Jugao

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Xiahou Yuan
夏侯淵
Miaocai
妙才| | Marquis Ai of Haiyang
海陽哀侯
(name unknown)| | Cao Bin
曹彬| | Cao Cao

Mengde
孟德| | Cao De3
曹德| | Cao Yu6
曹玉| | Son
(name unknown)| | Son4
(name unknown)| | Sun Jian

Wentai

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Xiahou Heng
夏侯衡
Boshu
伯叔| | Daughter
(name unknown)| | Cao Jun5
曹均| | | | | | | | | | Cao Hui7
曹徽| | Cao Anmin6
曹安民| | Daughter
(name unknown)| | Sun Kuang

Jizuo

Cao Song was a foster son of the eunuch Cao Teng and he had at least four sons: Cao Cao, Cao Bin, Cao De,[1] and a fourth one whose personal name was not recorded and was only known by his posthumous title "Marquis Ai of Haiyang". The marquis's daughter married Xiahou Yuan's eldest son Xiahou Heng.[2]

* 1 The name of Cao Teng's father was given as either "Cao Meng" (曹萌) or "Cao Jie" (曹節) in various commentated versions of the Houhanshu. Since Cao Jie is also the name of Cao Cao's daughter, Rafe de Crespigny considers the name Cao Jie unlikely to be that of Cao Teng's father due to the naming taboo against using an ancestor's name.[3]
* 2 Cao Teng was a eunuch. He adopted Cao Song as his foster son. See Cao Song#Family background for information on Cao Song's heritage.
* 3 Cao De's name was recorded as "Cao Ji" (曹疾) in the Houhanshu.[4]
* 4 The Sanguozhi mentioned that Sun Kuang married the daughter of Cao Cao's younger brother, whose name was not recorded.[5] It might be possible that this younger brother of Cao Cao was the same person as either of Cao Cao's three other younger brothers.
* 5 Cao Jun was actually Cao Cao's son. He was adopted by his uncle Cao Bin because the latter had no heir.[6]
* 6 Cao Cao had a nephew, Cao Anmin, who was killed at the Battle of Wancheng in 197. Cao Anmin was stated to be a son of Cao Cao's younger brother, whose name was not recorded.[7] It might be possible that this younger brother of Cao Cao was the same person as either of Cao Cao's three other younger brothers.
* 7 Cao Yu (曹玉), also known by his posthumous title "Marquis Ai of Langling" (朗陵哀侯), was mentioned in the Sanguozhi as a granduncle of Cao Cao's son Cao Hui, whom he adopted as his heir.[8] However, this is likely to be an error since there is no record of Cao Song having any brothers; therefore, Cao Yu was most probably an uncle of Cao Hui.
* 8 Cao Hui was actually Cao Cao's son. He was adopted by his (grand)uncle Cao Yu because the latter had no heir.[8]

## Cao Cao, his wives, and his children

[edit]

### Lady Bian

[edit]

| | | | Cao Cao

Mengde
孟德| | Lady Bian

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Cao Pi

Zihuan
子桓| | Cao Zhang

Ziwen
子文| | Cao Zhi

Zijian
子建| | Cao Xiong

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| | | | | | | | | | | | Cao Bing

Cao Cao and Lady Bian had four sons: Cao Pi, Cao Zhang, Cao Zhi and Cao Xiong.[9]

Cao Xiong was succeeded by his son Cao Bing. Cao Bing had no heir.[10]

#### Cao Zhang

[edit]

| | | | | | | | Sun Ben

Boyang

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| | Cao Zhang

Ziwen
子文| | | | Lady Sun

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Cao Kai
曹楷| | Daughter
(name unknown)| | | Wang Chang

Gongbo

Cao Zhang married Sun Ben's daughter (personal name unknown).[5] Cao Zhang's son was Cao Kai.[11] Cao Zhang also had a daughter (personal name unknown) who married Wang Chang.[12] It is not known whether Cao Zhang's two children were born to Lady Sun (Sun Ben's daughter) or not.

* Note that Cao Zhang's name was erroneously recorded as 曹章 in Sun Ce's biography in the Sanguozhi.

#### Cao Zhi

[edit]

| | | | | | Cui Yan

Jigui
季珪| | | Cui Yan's brother

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| | | | | | Cao Zhi

Zijian
子建| | | Lady Cui

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Cao Miao
曹苗| | Cao Zhi

Yungong
允恭| | Cao Jinhu
曹金瓠| | Cao Xingnü
曹行女

Cao Zhi married the daughter of Cui Yan's elder brother.[13] He had two sons — Cao Miao and Cao Zhi (courtesy name "Yungong").[14][15][16] He also had two daughters — Cao Jinhu and Cao Xingnü.[17][18] It is not known whether Cao Zhi's three children were born to Lady Cui or not; Cao Zhi was recorded to be a son of a concubine.[19]

### Lady Liu

[edit]

| | Cao Cao

Mengde
孟德| | Lady Liu
劉氏| | | | | Xiahou Dun
夏侯惇
Yuanrang

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Cao Ang

Zixiu
子脩| | Cao Shuo
曹鑠| | Princess Qinghe
清河公主
(name unknown)| | | Xiahou Mao
夏侯楙
Zilin

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Cao Wan1
曹琬| | Cao Song2

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Cao Lian

Cao Cao and Lady Liu had two sons and a daughter: Cao Ang, Cao Shuo and Princess Qinghe (personal name unknown).[20][21] Princess Qinghe married Xiahou Dun's son Xiahou Mao.[22]

Cao Ang's successor was Cao Wan, a son of his half-brother Cao Jun (曹均). Cao Wan's son was Cao Lian.[23] Cao Shuo's successor was Cao Song, a son of his half-brother Cao Mao (曹茂).[24]

* 1 Cao Wan was actually a son of Cao Ang's half-brother Cao Jun. Cao Ang died without an heir so Cao Wan was chosen to be his successor.
* 2 Cao Song was actually a son of Cao Shuo's half-brother Cao Mao. Cao Shuo died without an heir so Cao Song was chosen to be his successor.

### Lady Huan

[edit]

| | Lady Huan
環氏| | Cao Cao

Mengde
孟德| | | Lady Bian
卞氏| | Bian Bing

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Cao Chong

Cangshu
倉舒| | Cao Ju
曹據| | Cao Yu

Pengzu
彭祖| | | | | Bian Lin

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Cao Cong1
曹琮| | | | | | Cao Huan

Jingming
景明| | | | | Empress Bian
卞皇后
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Cao Cao and Lady Huan had three sons: Cao Chong, Cao Ju and Cao Yu.[25]

Cao Chong's successor was Cao Cong, a son of his brother Cao Ju.[26] Cao Yu's son was Cao Huan.[27][28] Cao Huan married Bian Lin's daughter Empress Bian. Bian Lin was a son of Bian Bing, a younger brother of Lady Bian (another of Cao Cao's wives).[29]

* 1 Cao Cong was actually a son of Cao Chong's brother Cao Ju. Cao Chong died without an heir so Cao Cong was chosen to be his successor.

### Lady Du

[edit]

| Cao Cao

Mengde
孟德| | Lady Du
杜氏| | | | | | Qin Yilu
秦宜祿

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Cao Gun
曹袞| | | | Cao Lin
曹林| | Qin Lang

Yuanming

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Cao Fu
曹孚| | Cao Wei
曹緯| | Daughter
(name unknown)| | Ji Kang

Shuye

Cao Cao and Lady Du had two sons: Cao Lin and Cao Gun.[30] Lady Du and her ex-husband Qin Yilu had a son, Qin Lang, who was adopted by Cao Cao after his mother's remarriage.[31]

Cao Gun's son was Cao Fu.[32] Cao Lin had a son (Cao Wei)[33] and a daughter (personal name unknown). The daughter married Ji Kang.[34]

### Lady Qin

[edit]

| Cao Cao

Mengde
孟德| | Lady Qin

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Cao Jun

Zi'an
子安| | | | Cao Xuan

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Cao Ao
曹澳| | Cao Zan1
曹贊| | Cao Yi2

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| | | | | | | | Cao Heng

Cao Cao and Lady Qin had two sons: Cao Xuan and Cao Jun.[35]

Cao Xuan's successor was Cao Zan, a son of his half-brother Cao Lin. Cao Zan's successor was his younger brother Cao Yi. Cao Yi's son was Cao Heng.[36]

Cao Jun's son was Cao Ao.[37]

* 1 Cao Zan was actually a son of Cao Xuan's half-brother Cao Lin. Cao Xuan died without an heir so Cao Zan was chosen to be his successor.
* 2 Cao Zan also died without an heir so his younger brother Cao Yi was chosen to be his successor. Cao Yi was hence the successor to Cao Xuan's line.

### Lady Yin

[edit]

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | He Jin

Suigao

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Cao Cao

Mengde
孟德| | | | Lady Yin
尹氏| | | | | | He Xian

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| | | | Cao Ju
曹矩| | | | | | |
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| | | | Cao Min1
曹敏| | | | | | |
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| | | | Cao Kun
曹焜| | | | | | |
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Princess Jinxiang2
金鄉公主
(name unknown)| | | | | | | | He Yan

Pingshu

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Cao Cao and Lady Yin had a son: Cao Ju.[38] Lady Yin and her ex-husband He Xian,[39] a son of He Jin, had a son, He Yan, who was adopted by Cao Cao after his mother's remarriage. He Yan married Cao Cao's daughter Princess Jinxiang (personal name unknown).[40][41]

Cao Ju's successor was Cao Min, a son of his half-brother Cao Jun (曹均). Cao Min's son was Cao Kun.[42]

* 1 Cao Min was actually a son of Cao Ju's half-brother Cao Jun. Cao Ju died without an heir so Cao Min was chosen to be his successor.
* 2 The identity of Princess Jinxiang's mother is not confirmed. The Wei Mo Zhuan (魏末傳) claimed that Princess Jinxiang was He Yan's half-sister and that she was born to the same mother as the Prince of Pei (Cao Lin). Pei Songzhi pointed out that the Sanguozhi stated that Cao Lin's mother was Lady Du. He Yan's mother was Lady Yin. Therefore, if Princess Jinxiang shared the same mother as Cao Lin, she could not have been He Yan's half-sister.[41][43]

### Consort Sun

[edit]

| | Cao Cao

Mengde
孟德| | Consort Sun

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Cao Biao

Zhuhu
朱虎| | Cao Zishang
曹子上| | Cao Ziqin
曹子勤
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Cao Jia

Cao Cao and Consort Sun had three sons: Cao Zishang, Cao Ziqin and Cao Biao.[44]

Both Cao Zishang[45] and Cao Ziqin[46] died without heirs. Cao Biao was succeeded by his son Cao Jia.[47]

### Consort Li

[edit]

| | | | Cao Cao

Mengde
孟德| | Consort Li

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| | Cao Zizheng
曹子整| | Cao Zicheng
曹子乘| | Cao Zijing
曹子京
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Cao Fan1
曹範| | Cao Chan2

Cao Cao and Consort Li had three sons: Cao Zicheng, Cao Zizheng and Cao Zijing.[48]

Both Cao Zicheng[49] and Cao Zijing[50] died without heirs. Cao Zizheng's successor was Cao Fan, a son of his half-brother Cao Ju (曹據). Cao Fan was succeeded by his younger brother Cao Chan.[51]

* 1 Cao Fan was actually a son of Cao Zizheng's half-brother Cao Ju. Cao Zizheng died without an heir so Cao Fan was chosen to be his successor.
* 2 Cao Fan also died without an heir so his younger brother Cao Chan was chosen to be his successor. Cao Chan was hence the successor to Cao Zizheng's line.

### Cao Cao's other wives and children

[edit]

| | | | | Lady Wang
王昭儀| | |

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丁氏| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cao Cao

Mengde
孟德| | | | | | Xun Yu

Wenruo

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Consort Zhou
周姬| | Consort Song
宋姬| | Consort Liu
劉姬| | Consort Zhao
趙姬| | Lady Chen
陳妾| | | | | | Princess Anyang
安陽公主
(name unknown)| | | Xun Yun

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Cao Jun
曹均| | Cao Hui
曹徽| | Cao Ziji
曹子棘| | Cao Mao
曹茂| | Cao Gan
曹幹| | | |
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Cao Kang
曹抗| | Cao Xi
曹翕| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Cao Chen
曹諶| | Cao Kun
曹琨| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | Liu Xie

Bohe
伯和| | Cao Xian
曹憲| | Cao Jie
曹節| | Cao Hua

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Cao Cao had five other sons who were born to five different mothers: Consort Zhou bore Cao Jun;[52] Consort Liu bore Cao Ziji;[53] Consort Song bore Cao Hui;[54] Consort Zhao bore Cao Mao;[55] Lady Chen bore Cao Gan. Cao Cao also had two other wives: Lady Wang, who raised Cao Gan after Lady Chen's death;[56][57] Lady Ding, who raised Cao Ang after the death of Lady Liu (Cao Ang's biological mother).[58] Cao Cao also had four daughters whose mothers were not known: Cao Xian, Cao Jie, Cao Hua and Princess Anyang (personal name unknown). Cao Xian, Cao Jie and Cao Hua married Liu Xie (Emperor Xian of Han)[59] while Princess Anyang married Xun Yu's son Xun Yun.[60]

Cao Ziji died without an heir.[61] Cao Jun was succeeded by his son Cao Kang, who in turn was succeeded by his son Cao Chen.[62] Cao Hui was succeeded by his son Cao Xi.[63] Cao Xi's son was Cao Kun.[64]

## Cao Pi, his wives, and his children

[edit]

### Lady Zhen

[edit]

Cao Pi

Zihuan
子桓| | Lady Zhen

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Cao Rui

Yuanzhong
元仲| | Princess Dongxiang
東鄉公主
(name unknown)

Cao Pi and Lady Zhen had a son and a daughter: Cao Rui and Princess Dongxiang (personal name unknown).[65][66]

### Consort Xu

[edit]

| | Cao Pi

Zihuan
子桓| | Consort Xu

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Cao Li
曹禮|
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Cao Ti1

Cao Pi and Consort Xu had a son: Cao Li.[67] Cao Li's successor was Cao Ti, a son of his cousin Cao Kai (Cao Zhang's son).[68]

* 1 Cao Ti was actually a son of Cao Li's cousin Cao Kai (Cao Zhang's son). Cao Li died without an heir so Cao Ti was chosen to be his successor.

### Ladies Pan, Zhu, and Qiu

[edit]

| | | | | | | | | | Cao Cao

Mengde
孟德| | | | Lady Bian
卞氏| | Bian Bing

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Zihuan
子桓| | | | | Bian Lan

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Lady Pan
潘淑媛| | Lady Zhu
朱淑媛| | Lady Qiu
仇昭儀| | | | | | | | | | | |
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Cao Rui
曹蕤| | Cao Jian
曹鑒| | Cao Lin
曹霖| | | | | | | | | | | |
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Cao Zan1
曹贊| | | | Cao Qi
曹啟| | Cao Mao

Yanshi
彥士| | | | | | | | Empress Bian
卞皇后
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Three of Cao Pi's wives: Lady Pan, Lady Zhu and Lady Qiu - bore him children as such: Lady Pan bore Cao Rui;[69] Lady Zhu bore Cao Jian;[70] Lady Qiu bore Cao Lin.[71]

Cao Rui's successor was Cao Zan, a son of Cao Min, Cao Ju's heir and Prince of Langya.[72] Cao Jian had no heir.[73] Cao Lin had two sons: Cao Qi and Cao Mao.[74] Cao Mao married Empress Bian, Bian Long's daughter. Bian Long was Bian Lan's son, Bian Lan was Bian Bing's son. Bian Bing was a younger brother of Cao Pi's mother Lady Bian.[75]

* 1 Cao Zan was actually a son of Cao Min. Cao Rui died without an heir so Cao Zan was chosen to be his successor.

### Consorts Li, Su, Zhang, and Song

[edit]

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cao Pi

Zihuan

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Consort Li
李貴人| | Consort Su
蘇姬| | Consort Zhang
張姬| | Consort Song

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Cao Xie
曹協| | Cao Yong
曹邕| | Cao Gong
曹貢| | Cao Yan

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Cao Xun
曹尋| | Cao Wen1

Four of Cao Pi's wives – Consorts Li, Su, Zhang and Song – bore him children as such: Consort Li bore Cao Xie;[76] Consort Su bore Cao Yong;[77] Consort Zhang bore Cao Gong;[78] Consort Song bore Cao Yan.[79]

Cao Xie's son was Cao Xun.[80] Cao Yong's successor was Cao Wen, a son of his cousin Cao Kai (Cao Zhang's son).[81] Both Cao Gong[73] and Cao Yan[73] died without heirs.

* 1 Cao Wen was actually a son of Cao Kai (Cao Zhang's son). Cao Yong died without an heir so Cao Wen was chosen to succeed him.

### Cao Pi's other wives and children

[edit]

| | Liu Xie

Bohe

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Lady Liu
劉氏| | Lady Liu
劉氏| | | |
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郭永| | | | Lady Dong

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Consort Yin
陰貴人| | Consort Chai
柴貴人| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Cao Pi

Zihuan
子桓| | | | Guo Nüwang
郭女王
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Lady Ren
任氏| | Lady Li
李氏| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | Cao Jie

Zhongyong

Cao Pi had seven other wives: the two Ladies Liu, Consort Yin, Consort Chai,[82] Lady Ren,[83] Lady Li[84] and Guo Nüwang.[85][86] The two Ladies Liu were the daughters of Liu Xie (Emperor Xian of Han).[85] Guo Nüwang was the daughter of Guo Yong and Lady Dong.[87]

Cao Pi had a son, Cao Jie.[88] The identity of Cao Jie's mother is not known.

## Cao Rui

[edit]

| | Mao Jia
毛嘉| | | | | | | | | Guo Man
郭滿| | | | Lady Du

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Mao Zeng
毛曾| | Empress Mao
毛皇后| | | | | | | | | | | | Empress Guo
郭皇后
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Lady Zhang
張才人| | Lady He
何才人| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Cao Rui

Yuanzhong
元仲| | | | | Lady Yu

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Cao Jiong
曹冏| | Cao Mu
曹穆| | Cao Yin
曹殷| | Cao Fang1

Lanqing
蘭卿| | Cao Xun2
曹詢| | |
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| | | | | | | | Ren Kai3

Yuanbao
元褒| | First Princess of Qi
齊長公主
(name unknown)| | Cao Shu
曹淑| | |
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Cao Rui had five wives: Empress Mao, Empress Guo, Lady Zhang,[89] Lady He[89] and Lady Yu.[90] Empress Mao was Mao Jia's daughter and she had a younger brother, Mao Zeng.[91] Empress Guo was the daughter of Guo Man and Lady Du.[92]

Cao Rui had three sons (Cao Jiong,[93] Cao Mu[94] and Cao Yin[95]) and two daughters (Cao Shu[96] and the First Princess of Qi). The First Princess of Qi (personal name unknown) married Li Feng's son Li Tao (李韜) initially, but was later remarried to Ren Kai.[97][98]

Cao Rui also had two adoptive sons: Cao Fang and Cao Xun,[99][100] who were allegedly the sons of Cao Zhang's son, Cao Kai (曹楷).[101]

* 1 Cao Fang was Cao Rui's adoptive son. His biological father was alleged to be Cao Zhang's son Cao Kai.
* 2 Cao Xun was Cao Rui's adoptive son.
* 3 The First Princess of Qi married Li Tao initially, but she was later remarried to Ren Kai.

## Cao Fang

[edit]

Zhen Yan
甄儼| | Zhang Ji

Derong

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|

| | | | | | | |
Gentleman Zhen
(name unknown)| | Zhang Ji

Jingzhong
敬仲| | | | | | | | Wang Kui

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Empress Zhen
甄皇后| | Empress Zhang
張皇后| | | | | | | | Empress Wang
王皇后| | | Lady Zhang
張美人
| | | | | | | | | | | Cao Fang

Lanqing
蘭卿| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Li Hua
李華| | Liu Xun
劉勳| | | | | | | | Yuwan
禺婉| | | Lady Xing

Cao Fang had eight wives: Empress Zhen, a granddaughter of Zhen Yan (Lady Zhen's elder brother);[102] Empress Zhang, a daughter of Zhang Ji (Jingzhong);[103] Empress Wang, Wang Kui's daughter;[104] Lady Zhang;[105] Lady Xing, who later remarried Sun Huan's son Sun Yi (孫壹);[106] Li Hua,[107] Liu Xun;[107] Yuwan.[105]

## See also

[edit]

* Eastern Wu family trees
* Shu Han family trees
* Family tree of Sima Yi

## References

[edit]

1. ^ (世語曰：嵩在泰山華縣。太祖令泰山太守應劭送家詣兗州，劭兵未至，陶謙密遣數千騎掩捕。嵩家以為劭迎，不設備。謙兵至，殺太祖弟德於門中。) Shiyu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 1.
2. ^ (長子衡，尚太祖弟海陽哀侯女，恩寵特隆。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
3. ^ de Crespigny, Rafe (2010). Imperial warlord : a biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. p. 17 note 17. ISBN 9789004185227.
4. ^ (及子操起兵，不肯相隨，乃與少子疾避亂琅邪，為徐州刺史陶謙所殺。) Houhanshu vol. 78.
5. ^ a b (是時哀紹方彊，而策并江東，曹公力未能逞，且欲撫之。乃以弟女配策小弟匡，又為子章取賁女， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 46.
6. ^ (樊安公均，奉叔父薊恭公彬後。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
7. ^ (二年春正月，公到宛。張繡降，旣而悔之，復反。公與戰，軍敗，為流矢所中，長子昂、弟子安民遇害。) Sanguozhi vol. 1.
8. ^ a b (東平靈王徽，奉叔公朗陵哀侯玉後。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
9. ^ (... 卞皇后生文皇帝、任城威王彰、陳思王植、蕭懷王熊， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
10. ^ (子哀王炳嗣，食邑二千五百戶。六年薨，無子，國除。) Sanguozhi vol. 19.
11. ^ (子楷嗣，徙封中牟。) Sanguozhi vol. 19.
12. ^ (王昌，字公伯，為東平相散騎常侍，早卒。婦任城王曹子文女。) Xi Zuochi. Xiangyang Ji (襄陽記), vol. 2, Biographies of Wang Chang and his mother.
13. ^ (植，琰之兄女壻也。) Sanguozhi vol. 12.
14. ^ (詔書封臣息男苗為高陽鄉公，志為穆鄉公。) Cao Zijian collection (曹子建集), vol. 7, Memorial to express gratitude for the enfeoffment of my two sons as dukes (封二子為公謝恩章).
15. ^ (子志嗣，徙封濟北王。) Sanguozhi vol. 19.
16. ^ (志別傳曰：志字允恭， ...) Zhi Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 19.
17. ^ (金瓠，予之首女， ...) Cao Zijian collection (曹子建集), vol. 10, Lamenting Jinhu (金瓠哀辭).
18. ^ (行女生於季秋，而終於首夏。) Cao Zijian collection (曹子建集), vol. 10, Lamenting Xingnü (行女哀辭).
19. ^ (曹志，字允恭，谯国谯人，魏陈思王植之孽子也。) Jin Shu, vol.50
20. ^ (... 劉夫人生豐愍王昂、相殤王鑠， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
21. ^ (魏略曰：太祖始有丁夫人，又劉夫人生子脩及清河長公主。) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 5.
22. ^ (初，太祖以女妻楙，即清河公主也。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
23. ^ (三年，以樊安公均子琬奉昂後， ... 琬薨，謚曰恭王。子廉嗣。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
24. ^ (無子，國除。正元二年，以樂陵王茂子陽都鄉公竦繼鑠後。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
25. ^ (... 環夫人生鄧哀王沖、彭城王據、燕王宇， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
26. ^ (... 命宛侯據子琮奉沖後。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
27. ^ (常道鄉公奐，宇之子，入繼大宗。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
28. ^ (陳留王諱奐，字景明，武帝孫，燕王宇子也。) Sanguozhi vol. 4.
29. ^ (初，太后弟秉， ... 秉薨，子蘭嗣。 ... 封蘭弟琳為列侯， ... 琳女又為陳留王皇后， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 5.
30. ^ (... 杜夫人生沛穆王林、中山恭王衮， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
31. ^ (獻帝傳曰：朗父名宜祿， ... 朗隨母氏畜于公宮，太祖甚愛之，每坐席，謂賔客曰：「豈有人愛假子如孤者乎？」) Xiandi Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 3.
32. ^ (子孚嗣。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
33. ^ (林薨，子緯嗣。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
34. ^ (案嵇氏譜：嵇康妻，林子之女也。) Ji Shipu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 20.
35. ^ (... 秦夫人生濟陽懷王玹、陳留恭王峻， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
36. ^ (早薨，無子。二十年，以沛王林子贊襲玹爵邑，早薨，無子。文帝復以贊弟壹紹玹後。 ... 壹薨，謚曰悼公。子恒嗣。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
37. ^ (子澳嗣。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
38. ^ (... 尹夫人生范陽閔王矩， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
39. ^ (晏字平叔，南陽宛人，何進之孫，何咸之子也。) Siku Quanshu, Classics Section (經部), vol. 35.
40. ^ (晏，何進孫也。母尹氏，為太祖夫人。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
41. ^ a b (魏末傳曰：晏婦金鄉公主，即晏同母妹。公主賢，謂其母沛王太妃曰：「晏為惡日甚，將何保身？」母笑曰：「汝得無妬晏邪！」) Wei Mo Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 9.
42. ^ (范陽閔王矩，早薨，無子。 ... 以樊安公均子敏奉矩後， ... 敏薨，謚曰原王。子焜嗣。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
43. ^ (臣松之案：魏末傳云晏取其同母妹為妻，此搢紳所不忍言，雖楚王之妻媦，不是甚也已。設令此言出於舊史，猶將莫之或信，況厎下之書乎！案諸王公傳，沛王出自杜夫人所生。晏母姓尹，公主若與沛王同生，焉得言與晏同母？) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 9.
44. ^ (... 孫姬生臨邑殤公子上、楚王彪、剛殤公子勤， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
45. ^ (臨邑殤公子上，早薨。太和五年，追封謚。無後。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
46. ^ (剛殤公子勤，早薨。太和五年追封謚。無後。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
47. ^ (正元元年詔曰：「故楚王彪， ... 其封彪世子嘉為常山真定王。」) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
48. ^ (... 李姬生穀城殤公子乘、郿戴公子整、靈殤公子京， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
49. ^ (穀城殤公子乘，早薨。太和五年追封謚。無後。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
50. ^ (靈殤公子京，早薨。太和五年追封謚。無後。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
51. ^ (二十三年薨。無子。 ... 以彭城王據子範奉整後。 ... 無後。四年，詔以範弟東安鄉公闡為郿公，奉整後。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
52. ^ (... 周姬生樊安公均， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
53. ^ (... 劉姬生廣宗殤公子棘， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
54. ^ (... 宋姬生東平靈王徽， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
55. ^ (... 趙姬生樂陵王茂。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
56. ^ (魏略曰：幹一名良。良本陳妾子，良生而陳氏死，太祖令王夫人養之。) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 20.
57. ^ (... 王昭儀生趙王幹， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
58. ^ (魏略曰：太祖始有丁夫人，又劉夫人生子脩及清河長公主。劉早終，丁養子脩。) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 5.
59. ^ (獻穆曹皇后諱節，魏公曹操之中女也。建安十八年，操進三女憲、節、華為夫人， ...) Houhanshu vol. 10.
60. ^ (太祖以女妻彧長子惲，後稱安陽公主。) Sanguozhi vol. 10.
61. ^ (廣宗殤公子棘，早薨。太和五年追封謚。無後。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
62. ^ (子抗嗣。 ... 子諶嗣。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
63. ^ (子翕嗣。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
64. ^ (至泰始二年，翕遣世子琨奉表來朝。) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 20.
65. ^ (... 甄氏皇后生明帝， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
66. ^ (及兾州平，文帝納后於鄴，有寵，生明帝及東鄉公主。) Sanguozhi vol. 5.
67. ^ (... 徐姬生元城哀王禮， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
68. ^ (五年，以任城王楷子悌嗣禮後。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
69. ^ (... 潘淑媛生北海悼王蕤， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
70. ^ (... 朱淑媛生東武陽懷王鑒， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
71. ^ (... 仇昭儀生東海定王霖， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
72. ^ (二年，以琅邪王子贊奉蕤後，封昌鄉公。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
73. ^ a b c (無子。國除。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
74. ^ (子啟嗣。 ... 高貴鄉公髦，霖之子也，入繼大宗。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
75. ^ (初，太后弟秉， ... 秉薨，子蘭嗣。 ... 蘭子隆女為高貴鄉公皇后， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 5.
76. ^ (... 李貴人生贊哀王恊， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
77. ^ (... 蘇姬生邯鄲懷王邕， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
78. ^ (... 張姬生清河悼王貢， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
79. ^ (... 宋姬生廣平哀王儼。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
80. ^ (三年，子殤王尋嗣。 ... 無子。國除。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
81. ^ (五年，以任城王楷子溫嗣邕後。) Sanguozhi vol. 20.
82. ^ (是時柴貴人亦有寵，后教訓獎導之。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 5.
83. ^ (其後帝欲遣任氏，后請於帝曰：「任旣鄉黨名族，德、色，妾等不及也，如何遣之？」帝曰：「任性狷急不婉順，前後忿吾非一，是以遣之耳。」后流涕固請曰：「妾受敬遇之恩，衆人所知，必謂任之出，是妾之由。上懼有見私之譏，下受專寵之罪，願重留意！」帝不聽，遂出之。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 5.
84. ^ (魏略曰：明帝旣嗣立，追痛甄后之薨，故太后以憂暴崩。甄后臨沒，以帝屬李夫人。) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 5.
85. ^ a b (黃初元年十月，帝踐阼。踐阼之後，山陽公奉二女以嬪于魏，郭后、李、陰貴人並愛幸， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 5.
86. ^ (文帝定為嗣，后有謀焉。太子即王位，后為夫人，及踐阼，為貴嬪。) Sanguozhi vol. 5.
87. ^ (魏書曰：父永，官至南郡太守，謚敬侯。母姓董氏， ...) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 5.
88. ^ (曹喈字仲雍，魏太子之仲子也。) Cao Zijian collection (曹子建集), vol. 10, Lamenting Zhongyong (仲雍哀辭).
89. ^ a b (初，張當私以所擇才人張、何等與爽。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
90. ^ (初，明帝為王，始納河內虞氏為妃， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 5.
91. ^ (明悼毛皇后，河內人也。 ... 后父嘉，拜騎都尉，后弟曾，郎中。) Sanguozhi vol. 5.
92. ^ (明元郭皇后， ... 追封謚太后父滿為西都定侯，以立子建紹其爵。封太后母杜為郃陽君。) Sanguozhi vol. 5.
93. ^ (辛巳，立皇子冏為清河王。) Sanguozhi vol. 3.
94. ^ (乙酉，立皇子穆為繁陽王。) Sanguozhi vol. 3.
95. ^ (乙酉，皇子殷生，大赦。) Sanguozhi vol. 3.
96. ^ (太和六年，明帝愛女淑薨，追封謚淑為平原懿公主，為之立廟。) Sanguozhi vol. 5.
97. ^ (初，豐自以身處機密，息韜又以列侯給事中，尚齊長公主，) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 9.
98. ^ (愷少有識量，尚魏明帝女， ... 有司收太官宰人檢覈，是愷妻齊長公主得賜魏時御器也。) Jin Shu vol. 45.
99. ^ (齊王諱芳，字蘭卿。明帝無子，養王及秦王詢；宮省事祕，莫有知其所由來者。) Sanguozhi vol. 4.
100. ^ (秋七月，洛陽崇華殿災，八月庚午，立皇子芳為齊王，詢為秦王。) Sanguozhi vol. 3.
101. ^ (魏氏春秋曰：或云任城王楷子。) Wei Shi Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 4.
102. ^ (后兄儼孫女為齊王皇后， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 5.
103. ^ (緝以中書郎稍遷東莞太守。嘉平中，女為皇后， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 15.
104. ^ (夏四月，立皇后王氏，大赦。五月，封后父奉車都尉王夔為廣明鄉侯、 ...) Sanguozhi vol. 4.
105. ^ a b (甄后崩後，帝欲立王貴人為皇后。 ... 後卒待張皇后疏薄。太后遭郃陽君喪，帝日在後園，倡優音樂自若，不數往定省。 ... 皇太后還北宮，殺張美人及禺婉，帝恚望， ...) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 4.
106. ^ (魏以壹為車騎將軍、儀同三司，封吳侯，以故主芳貴人邢氏妻之。) Sanguozhi vol. 51.
107. ^ a b (於陵雲臺曲中施帷，見九親婦女，帝臨宣曲觀，呼懷、信使入帷共飲酒。懷、信等更行酒，婦女皆醉，戲侮無別。使保林李華、劉勳等與懷、信等戲，清商令令狐景呵華、 ...) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 4.

* Chen, Shou. Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
* Fan, Ye. Book of the Later Han (Houhanshu).
* Fang, Xuanling. Book of Jin (Jin Shu).
* Pei, Songzhi. Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).