Cape Verde

Island country in West Africa

For other uses, see Cape Verde (disambiguation).

"Cabo Verde" redirects here. For other uses, see Cabo Verde (disambiguation).

Republic of Cabo Verde

República de Cabo Verde (Portuguese)

Flag

Emblem

Motto:

* Unidade, Trabalho, Progresso (Portuguese)
* (English: "Unity, Work, Progress")

Anthem: Cântico da Liberdade (Portuguese)
(English: "Chant of Freedom")

Show globe

Show map of Africa

Capital

and largest city

| Praia
14°54′59″N 23°30′34″W﻿ / ﻿14.91639°N 23.50944°W﻿ / 14.91639; -23.50944
Official languages| Portuguese[1]
Recognised national languages| Cape Verdean Creole[1]
Religion

(2021)

*     * 81.7% Christianity
* 72.5% Catholicism
* 9.2% other Christian

* 15.6% no religion
* 1.3% Islam
* 1.2% others[2]

Demonym(s)| Cape Verdean or Cabo Verdean[3]
Government| Unitary semi-presidential republic[4]

• President

| José Maria Neves

• Prime Minister

| Ulisses Correia e Silva
Legislature| National Assembly
Independence from Portugal

• Granted

| 5 July 1975
Area

• Total

| 4,033 km2 (1,557 sq mi) (166th)

• Water (%)

| negligible
Population

• 2022 census

| 593,149[5] (172nd)

• Density

| 147.1/km2 (381.0/sq mi) (89th)
GDP (PPP)| 2023 estimate

• Total

|  $5.717 billion[6] (170th)

• Per capita

|  $9,909[6] (125th)
GDP (nominal)| 2023 estimate

• Total

|  $2.598 billion[6] (181st)

• Per capita

|  $4,502[6] (117th)
Gini (2015)|  42.4[7]
medium inequality
HDI (2023)|  0.668[8]
medium (135th)
Currency| Cape Verdean escudo (CVE)
Time zone| UTC–01:00 (CVT)
Date format| dd/mm/yyyy
ISO 3166 code| CV
Internet TLD| .cv

Cape Verde[a] or Cabo Verde,[b][c] officially the Republic of Cabo Verde,[d] is an island country and archipelagic state of West Africa in the central Atlantic Ocean, consisting of ten volcanic islands with a combined land area of about 4,033 square kilometres (1,557 sq mi).[9] These islands lie between 600 and 850 kilometres (320 and 460 nautical miles) west of Cap-Vert, the westernmost point of continental Africa. The islands form part of the Macaronesia ecoregion, along with the Azores, the Canary Islands, Madeira and the Savage Isles.

The archipelago was uninhabited until the 15th century, when Portuguese explorers colonized the islands, establishing one of the first European settlements in the tropics. Its strategic position made it a significant location in the transatlantic slave trade during the 16th and 17th centuries. The islands experienced economic growth during this period, driven by their role by the rapid emergence of merchants, privateers, and pirates. It declined economically in the 19th century, and many of its inhabitants emigrated during that period. However, Cape Verde gradually recovered economically by becoming an important commercial centre and useful stopover point along major shipping routes.

Cape Verde became independent in 1975. Since the early 1990s, it has been a stable representative democracy and has remained one of the most developed and democratic countries in Africa. Lacking natural resources, its developing economy is mostly service-oriented, with a growing focus on tourism and foreign investment. Its population of around 596,000 (as of 2022) is of mostly Sub-Saharan African and minor European heritage, and predominantly Catholic, reflecting the legacy of Portuguese rule. A sizeable Cape Verdean diaspora community exists across the world, especially in the United States and Portugal, considerably outnumbering the inhabitants on the islands. Cape Verde is a member state of the African Union.

The official language is Portuguese.[10] The recognized national language is Cape Verdean Creole, which is spoken by the vast majority of the population. As of the 2021 census the most populated islands were Santiago, where the capital Praia is located (269,370), São Vicente (74,016), Santo Antão (36,632), Fogo (33,519) and Sal (33,347). The largest cities are Praia (137,868), Mindelo (69,013), Espargos (24,500) and Assomada (21,297).[11]

## Etymology

[edit]

The country is named after the Cap-Vert peninsula, on the Senegalese coast.[12] The name Cap-Vert, in turn, comes from the Portuguese language Cabo Verde ('green cape'), the name that Portuguese explorers gave the cape in 1444, a few years before they discovered the islands. Speakers of English have historically used the name Cape Verde for both the archipelago and country.[citation needed] In 2013, the country's delegation informed the United Nations that only Cabo Verde and not other translations should be used for official purposes.[9][13]

## History

[edit]

Main article: History of Cape Verde

Insulae Capitis Viridis (1598), showing Cape Verde

The archipelago was formed approximately 40–50 million years ago during the Eocene era. Before the arrival of Europeans, the Cape Verde Islands were uninhabited.[14][15][16] They were discovered by Genoese and Portuguese navigators around 1456. According to Portuguese official records,[17] the first discoveries were made by Genoa-born António de Noli, who was afterwards appointed governor of Cape Verde by Portuguese King Afonso V. Other navigators mentioned as contributing to discoveries on the Cape Verde archipelago are Diogo Dias, Diogo Afonso, Venetian Alvise Cadamosto and Diogo Gomes (who had accompanied António de Noli on his voyage of discovery, and who claimed to have been the first to land on Santiago and the first to name that island).

In 1462, Portuguese settlers arrived at Santiago and founded a settlement they called Ribeira Grande. Today it is called Cidade Velha ("Old City"), to distinguish it from Ribeira Grande. The original Ribeira Grande was the first permanent European settlement in the tropics.[18]

A view of Monte Cara from Mindelo

In the 16th century, the archipelago prospered from the Atlantic slave trade.[18] Pirates occasionally attacked the Portuguese settlements. Francis Drake, an English privateer, twice sacked Ribeira Grande in 1585 when it was a part of the Iberian Union.[18] After a French attack in 1712, the town declined in importance relative to nearby Praia, which became the capital in 1770.[18]

The decline in the slave trade in the 19th century resulted in an economic crisis. Cape Verde's early prosperity slowly vanished. However, the islands' position astride mid-Atlantic shipping lanes made Cape Verde an ideal location for re-supplying ships. Because of its excellent harbour Mindelo, located on the island of São Vicente, became an important commercial centre.[18] Diplomat Edmund Roberts visited Cape Verde in 1832.[19] Cape Verde was the first stop of Charles Darwin's voyage with HMS Beagle in 1832.[20]

The Scottish-built grain-ship Garthpool, wrecked at Boa Vista, in 1928

With few natural resources and inadequate sustainable investment from the Portuguese, the citizens grew increasingly discontented with the colonial masters, who refused to provide the local authorities with more autonomy. In 1951, Portugal changed Cape Verde's status from a colony to an overseas province in an attempt to blunt growing nationalism.[18]

In 1956, Amílcar Cabral and a group of fellow Cape Verdeans and Guineans organized (in Portuguese Guinea) the clandestine African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC).[18] It demanded improvement in economic, social and political conditions in Cape Verde and Portuguese Guinea and formed the basis of the two nations' independence movement. Moving its headquarters to Conakry, Guinea, in 1960, the PAIGC began an armed rebellion against Portugal in 1961. Acts of sabotage eventually grew into a war in Portuguese Guinea that pitted 10,000 Soviet Bloc-supported PAIGC soldiers against 35,000 Portuguese and African troops.[18]

By 1972, the PAIGC controlled much of Portuguese Guinea despite the presence of the Portuguese troops, but the organization did not attempt to disrupt Portuguese control in Cape Verde. Portuguese Guinea declared independence in 1973 and was granted de jure independence in 1974. A budding independence movement—originally led by Amílcar Cabral who was assassinated in 1973—passed on to his half-brother Luís Cabral and culminated in independence for the archipelago in 1975.

### Independence (1975)

[edit]

Following the April 1974 revolution in Portugal, the PAIGC became an active political movement in Cape Verde. In December 1974, the PAIGC and Portugal signed an agreement providing for a transitional government composed of Portuguese and Cape Verdeans. On 30 June 1975, Cape Verdeans elected a National Assembly which received the instruments of independence from Portugal on 5 July 1975.[18]

On 2 February 2024, Cape Verde became the third African country to be free of malaria.[21]

## Government and politics

[edit]

Main article: Politics of Cape Verde

Cape Verdean President Jorge Carlos Fonseca and Lígia Fonseca meet with US President Barack Obama and Michelle Obama at the White House in 2014. Palácio da Justiça – Palace of Justice, in Praia

### Government

[edit]

Cape Verde is a stable semi-presidential representative democratic republic.[4][22] In 2020 it was the most democratic nation in Africa, ranking 2023 as 45th in the world, according to the electoral democracy score of the V-Dem Democracy indices.[23]

The constitution – adopted in 1980 and revised in 1992, 1995 and 1999 – defines the basic principles of its government. The president is the head of state and is elected by popular vote for a five-year term.[18] The prime minister is the head of government and proposes other ministers and secretaries of state. The prime minister is nominated by the National Assembly and appointed by the president.[24] Members of the National Assembly are elected by popular vote for five-year terms. In 2016, three parties held seats in the National Assembly – MpD (36), PAICV (25), and the Cape Verdean Independent Democratic Union (UCID) (3).[25] The two main political parties are PAICV and MpD.[25]

The judicial system consists of a Supreme Court of Justice – whose members are appointed by the president, the National Assembly, and the Board of the Judiciary – and regional courts. Separate courts hear civil, constitutional, and criminal cases. Appeals are to the Supreme Court.[18]

### International recognition

[edit]

In 2013 then United States President Barack Obama said Cape Verde is "a real success story".[26] Among other achievements, it has been recognized with the following assessments:

Index  | Score  | PALOP rank  | CPLP rank  | African rank  | World rank  | Year

|
|
|
|
|
|

Human Development Index | 0.654  | 1 (top 17%) | 3 (top 38%) | 10 (top 19%)[A] | 125 (top 62%) | 2017[27]
Ibrahim Index of African Governance | 71.1  | 1 (top 17%) | —  | 3 (top 6%) | —  | 2018[28]
Freedom of the Press  | 27 (Free)  | 1 (top 17%) | 2 (top 25%) | 1 (top 2%) | 48 (top 24%) | 2014
Freedom in the World | 1/1[B] | 1 (top 17%) | 1 (top 13%)[C] | 1 (top 2%)[D] | 1 (top 1%)[E] | 2016
Press Freedom Index | 18.02  | 1 (top 17%) | 2 (top 25%) | 3 (top 6%) | 27 (top 14%) | 2017
Democracy Index | 7.88 (Flawed democracy) | 1 (top 17%) | 1 (top 13%) | 2 (top 4%) | 26 (top 13%) | 2018
Corruption Perceptions Index | 62  | 1 (top 17%) | 2 (top 25%) | 2 (top 4%) | 35 (top 18%) | 2024[29]
e-Government Readiness Index | 0.62  | 1 (top 17%) | 3 (top 38%) | 7 (top 13%) | 111 (top 55%) | 2024[30]
Fragile States Index | 57.2  | 1 (top 17%) | 2 (top 25%) | 4 (top 8%) | 61 (top 30%)[F] | 2024[31]
Networked Readiness Index | 3.8  | 1 (top 17%) | 3 (top 38%) | 7 (top 13%) | 87 (top 43%) | 2015[32]

* A See List of countries by Human Development Index § Africa
* B 1/1 is the highest possible rating.
* C With the maximum score, Cape Verde shares first place with Portugal.
* D Cape Verde was the only African country to reach the maximum rating.
* E With the maximum score, Cape Verde shares first place with 48 other countries.
* F The rank on this list is expressed in reverse order. To be comparable with the other rankings on this table, the actual rank of 116 was inverted, by subtracting it from the number of countries on the list, currently 177.

### Foreign relations

[edit]

Further information: Foreign relations of Cape Verde

Map of countries with Cape Verdean embassies

Cape Verde follows a policy of nonalignment and seeks cooperative relations with all friendly states.[18] Angola, Brazil, China, Libya, Cuba, France, Guinea-Bissau, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Russia, Luxembourg, and the United States maintain embassies in Praia.[18] Cape Verde maintains a vigorously active foreign policy especially in Africa.[18]

Cape Verde is a founding member state of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organization and political association of Lusophone nations across four continents, where Portuguese is an official language. Cape Verde has bilateral relations with some Lusophone nations and holds membership in a number of international organizations.[18] It also participates in most international conferences on economic and political issues.[18] Since 2007, Cape Verde has a special partnership status[33] with the EU, under the Cotonou Agreement, and might apply for special membership, in particular because the Cape Verdean escudo, the country's currency, is indexed to the euro.[34] In 2011 Cape Verde ratified the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.[35] In 2017 Cape Verde signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[36]

In November 2021, Cape Verde opened its first embassy in Nigeria.[37]

### Military

[edit]

Main article: Cape Verdean Armed Forces

Marines of the Cape Verdean Coast Guard

The military of Cape Verde consists of the National Guard and the Coast Guard; 0.7% of the country's GDP was spent on the military in 2005. Having fought their only battles in the war for independence against Portugal between 1974 and 1975, the efforts of the Cape Verdean armed forces have turned to combating international drug trafficking. In 2007, together with the Cape Verdean Police, they carried out Operation Flying Launch (Operacão Lancha Voadora), a successful operation to put an end to a drug trafficking group which smuggled cocaine from Colombia to the Netherlands and Germany using the country as a reorder point. The operation took more than three years, being a secret operation during the first two years, and ended in 2010. In 2016, Cape Verdean Armed Forces were involved in the Monte Tchota massacre, a green-on-green incident that resulted in 11 deaths.[38]

## Geography

[edit]

Main article: Geography of Cape Verde

A topographic map of Cape Verde A satellite photo of the Cape Verde islands, 2010

The Cape Verde archipelago is in the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 570 kilometres (350 mi) off the western coast of the African continent, near Senegal, The Gambia, and Mauritania as well as part of the Macaronesia ecoregion. It lies between latitudes 14° and 18°N, and longitudes 22° and 26°W. The country is a horseshoe-shaped cluster of ten islands (nine inhabited) and eight islets,[39] that constitute an area of 4033 km2 (1557 sq mi).[39]

The islands are spatially divided into two groups:

* The Barlavento Islands (windward islands): Santo Antão, São Vicente, Santa Luzia, São Nicolau, Sal, Boa Vista;[39] and
* The Sotavento Islands (leeward): Maio, Santiago, Fogo, Brava.[39]

The largest island, both in size and population, is Santiago, which hosts the nation's capital, Praia, the principal urban agglomeration in the archipelago.[39] Sal, Boa Vista, and Maio, are fairly flat, sandy, and dry; the other islands are generally rockier with more vegetation.

The beach of Calhau, with Monte Verde in the background, on São Vicente

### Physical geography and geology

[edit]

Main article: Geology of Cape Verde

The countryside in Estrada Baía das Gatas Beach east of Curral Velho, Boa Vista

Geologically, the islands are principally composed of igneous rocks, with volcanic structures and pyroclastic debris comprising the majority of the archipelago's total volume. The volcanic and plutonic rocks are distinctly basic; the archipelago is a soda-alkaline petrographic province, with a petrologic succession similar to that found in other Macaronesian islands. The islands lie on a bathymetric swell known as the Cape Verde Rise.[40] The rise is one of the largest protuberances in the world's oceans, rising 2.2 kilometres (1.4 miles) in a semi-circular region of 1200 km2 (460 sq mi), associated with a rise of the geoid.[41]

Magnetic anomalies identified in the vicinity of the archipelago indicate that the structures forming the islands date back 125–150 million years: the islands date from 8 million (in the west) to 20 million years (in the east).[41] The oldest exposed rocks occurred on Maio and the northern peninsula of Santiago and are 128–131 million-year-old pillow lavas. The first stage of volcanism in the islands began in the early Miocene and reached its peak at the end of this period when the islands reached their maximum sizes.

Historical volcanism (within human settlement) has been restricted to Fogo.[42] Pico do Fogo, the largest active volcano in the region, erupted in 2014. It has an eight-kilometre-diameter (five-mile) caldera, the rim of which is at an elevation of 1,600 metres (5,249 feet) and an interior cone that rises to 2,829 metres (9,281 feet) above sea level. The caldera resulted from subsidence, following the partial evacuation (eruption) of the magma chamber, along a cylindrical column from within the magma chamber (at a depth of 8 kilometres (5 miles)).

Extensive salt flats are found on Sal and Maio.[39] On Santiago, Santo Antão, and São Nicolau, arid slopes give way in places to sugarcane fields or banana plantations spread along the base of towering mountains.[39] Ocean cliffs have been formed by catastrophic debris landslides.[43]

### Climate

[edit]

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Further information: Geography of Cape Verde § Climate

Cape Verde's climate is milder than that of the African mainland because the surrounding sea moderates temperatures and cold Atlantic currents produce an arid atmosphere. Conversely, the islands do not receive the upwelling (cold streams) that affect the West African coast, so the air temperature is cooler than in Senegal, but the sea is warmer. Due to the relief of some islands, such as Santiago with its steep mountains, the islands can have orographically induced precipitation, allowing rich woods and luxuriant vegetation to grow where the humid air condenses soaking the plants, rocks, soil, logs, moss, etc. On the higher islands and somewhat wetter islands, the climate is suitable for the development of dry monsoon forests and laurel forests.[39] Cape Verde lies in the Cape Verde Islands dry forests ecoregion.[44] Average temperatures range from 22 °C (72 °F) in February to 27 °C (80.6 °F) in September.[45] Cape Verde is part of the Sahelian semi-arid belt, with nothing like the rainfall levels of nearby West Africa.[39] It rains irregularly between August and October, with frequent brief heavy downpours.[39] A desert is usually defined as terrain that receives less than 250 mm (9.8 in) of annual rainfall. Sal's total of 145 mm (5.7 in) confirms this classification. Most of the year's rain falls in September.[45]

The small valley (or dale) of Principal, Santiago

Because of the infrequent occurrence of rainfall where not mountainous, the landscape is so arid that less than two percent of it is arable.[46] The archipelago can be divided into four broad ecological zones – arid, semiarid, sub-humid and humid, according to altitude and average annual rainfall ranging from less than 100 millimetres (3.9 inches) in the arid areas of the coast as in the Deserto de Viana (67 millimetres (2.6 inches) in Sal Rei) to more than 1,000 millimetres (39 inches) in the humid mountain. Most rainfall precipitation is due to condensation of the ocean mist. In some islands, like Santiago, the wetter climate of the interior and the eastern coast contrasts with the drier one on the south/southwest coast.

Western Hemisphere-bound hurricanes often have their early beginnings near the Cape Verde Islands. These Cape Verde hurricanes can become very intense as they cross warm Atlantic waters. The average hurricane season has about two Cape Verde-type hurricanes, which are usually the largest and most intense storms of the season because they often have plenty of warm open ocean over which to develop before encountering land. The five largest Atlantic tropical cyclones on record have been Cape Verde-type hurricanes. Most of the longest-lived tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin are Cape Verde hurricanes.[47]

Since 1851 the islands have been struck by hurricanes twice in recorded history: in 1892 and in 2015 (Hurricane Fred, the easternmost hurricane ever to form in the Atlantic).[48]

Climate data for Cape Verde: São Vicente, Sal and Santiago, 1981–2010 normals, 1931–1960 extremes

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 32.0
(89.6)  | 33.1
(91.6)  | 34.2
(93.6)  | 33.4
(92.1)  | 33.3
(91.9)  | 34.1
(93.4)  | 33.6
(92.5)  | 38.0
(100.4)  | 34.8
(94.6)  | 33.0
(91.4)  | 33.0
(91.4)  | 31.0
(87.8)  | 38.0
(100.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 24.9
(76.8)  | 25.1
(77.2)  | 25.8
(78.4)  | 25.9
(78.6)  | 26.6
(79.9)  | 27.3
(81.1)  | 28.2
(82.8)  | 29.4
(84.9)  | 29.9
(85.8)  | 29.5
(85.1)  | 28.2
(82.8)  | 26.3
(79.3)  | 27.3
(81.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 22.1
(71.8)  | 21.9
(71.4)  | 22.4
(72.3)  | 22.7
(72.9)  | 23.4
(74.1)  | 24.3
(75.7)  | 25.3
(77.5)  | 26.5
(79.7)  | 26.9
(80.4)  | 26.4
(79.5)  | 25.2
(77.4)  | 23.4
(74.1)  | 24.2
(75.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 19.4
(66.9)  | 19.1
(66.4)  | 19.3
(66.7)  | 19.8
(67.6)  | 20.6
(69.1)  | 21.6
(70.9)  | 22.7
(72.9)  | 23.9
(75.0)  | 24.5
(76.1)  | 23.8
(74.8)  | 22.6
(72.7)  | 20.9
(69.6)  | 21.5
(70.7)
Record low °C (°F)  | 12.0
(53.6)  | 10.0
(50.0)  | 12.0
(53.6)  | 15.0
(59.0)  | 15.0
(59.0)  | 15.0
(59.0)  | 17.0
(62.6)  | 14.5
(58.1)  | 19.0
(66.2)  | 18.5
(65.3)  | 17.0
(62.6)  | 16.0
(60.8)  | 10.0
(50.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 4.9
(0.19)  | 1.5
(0.06)  | 0.7
(0.03)  | 0.4
(0.02)  | 0.3
(0.01)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 3.9
(0.15)  | 30.2
(1.19)  | 41.7
(1.64)  | 18.8
(0.74)  | 3.7
(0.15)  | 3.1
(0.12)  | 109.2
(4.3)
Average relative humidity (%)  | 66.9  | 67.3  | 66.9  | 67.8  | 69.5  | 72.3  | 73.8  | 75.3  | 76.0  | 73.5  | 70.7  | 69.5  | 70.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 213.4  | 184.9  | 197.1  | 199.0  | 195.4  | 175.1  | 165.4  | 160.7  | 165.1  | 185.3  | 186.2  | 202.9  | 2,230.5
Source 1: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia e Geofísica[45]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes)[49][50][51]

According to the president of Nauru, in 2011 Cape Verde was ranked the eighth most endangered nation due to flooding from climate change.[52] In 2023 UN Secretary-General António Guterres arrived in Cabo Verde to raise concerns about climate change. He said that the country is on the frontlines of the existential crisis generated by climate disruptions and that world leaders need to take action to address the climate crisis.[53] Cabo Verde is a leader in renewable energy in sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, 20% of its energy comes from renewable sources, and the goal is to increase that to 50% by 2030.[54] In 2023, Portugal signed an agreement to forgive €140 million of Cape Verde's debt in exchange for the country investing in environmental projects. This agreement is one of the first debt-for-nature swaps in Africa.[55]

### Biodiversity

[edit]

Main articles: Wildlife of Cape Verde, Flora of Cape Verde, and Cape Verde Islands dry forests

Cape Verde's isolation has resulted in the islands having several endemic species, particularly birds and reptiles, many of which are endangered by human development. Endemic birds include Alexander's swift (Apus alexandri), Bourne's heron (Ardea purpurea bournei), the Raso lark (Alauda razae), the Cape Verde warbler (Acrocephalus brevipennis), and the Iago sparrow (Passer iagoensis).[56] The islands are also an important breeding area for seabirds including the Cape Verde shearwater. Reptiles include the Cape Verde giant gecko (Tarentola gigas).

Forest cover is around 11% of the total land area, equivalent to 45,720 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 15,380 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 13,680 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 32,040 hectares (ha). For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under public ownership.[57][58]

### Administrative divisions

[edit]

Main article: Administrative divisions of Cape Verde

Cape Verde is divided into 22 municipalities (concelhos) and subdivided into 32 parishes (freguesias), based on the religious parishes that existed during the colonial period:

Barlavento Islands  Island  | Municipality  | Census 2010[59] | Census 2021[60] | Parish

|
|
|
|

Santo Antão | Ribeira Grande | 18,890  | 15,022  | Nossa Senhora do Rosário
Nossa Senhora do Livramento
Santo Crucifixo
São Pedro Apóstolo
Paúl | 6,997  | 5,696  | Santo António das Pombas
Porto Novo | 18,028  | 15,014  | São João Baptista
Santo André
São Vicente | São Vicente | 76,107  | 74,016  | Nossa Senhora da Luz
Santa Luzia
São Nicolau | Ribeira Brava | 7,580  | 6,978  | Nossa Senhora da Lapa
Nossa Senhora do Rosário
Tarrafal de São Nicolau | 5,237  | 5,261  | São Francisco
Sal | Sal | 25,765  | 33,347  | Nossa Senhora das Dores
Boa Vista | Boa Vista | 9,162  | 12,613  | Santa Isabel
São João Baptista

Sotavento Islands  Island  | Municipality  | Census 2010[59] | Census 2021[60] | Parish

|
|
|
|

Maio | Maio | 6,952  | 6,298  | Nossa Senhora da Luz
Santiago | Praia | 131,602  | 142,009  | Nossa Senhora da Graça
São Domingos | 13,808  | 13,958  | Nossa Senhora da Luz
São Nicolau Tolentino
Santa Catarina | 43,297  | 37,472  | Santa Catarina
São Salvador do Mundo | 8,677  | 7,452  | São Salvador do Mundo
Santa Cruz | 26,609  | 25,004  | Santiago Maior
São Lourenço dos Órgãos | 7,388  | 6,317  | São Lourenço dos Órgãos
Ribeira Grande de Santiago | 8,325  | 7,632  | Santíssimo Nome de Jesus
São João Baptista
São Miguel | 15,648  | 12,906  | São Miguel Arcanjo
Tarrafal | 18,565  | 16,620  | Santo Amaro Abade
Fogo | São Filipe | 22,228  | 20,732  | São Lourenço
Nossa Senhora da Conceição
Santa Catarina do Fogo | 5,299  | 4,725  | Santa Catarina do Fogo
Mosteiros | 9,524  | 8,062  | Nossa Senhora da Ajuda
Brava | Brava | 5,995  | 5,594  | São João Baptista
Nossa Senhora do Monte

## Economy

[edit]

Main article: Economy of Cape Verde

Cape Verdean national flag carrier Cabo Verde Airlines, formerly known as TACV

Cape Verde's notable economic growth and improvement in living conditions despite a lack of natural resources have garnered international recognition, with other countries and international organizations often providing development aid. Since 2007, the UN has classified it as a developing nation rather than a least developed country.

Cape Verde has few natural resources. Only five of the ten main islands (Santiago, Santo Antão, São Nicolau, Fogo, and Brava) normally support significant agricultural production,[61] and over 90% of all food consumed is imported. Mineral resources include salt, pozzolana (a volcanic rock used in cement production), and limestone.[18] Its small number of wineries making Portuguese-style wines have traditionally focused on the domestic market, but have recently met with some international acclaim.[citation needed]

The economy is service oriented, with commerce, transport, and public services accounting for more than 70% of GDP.[citation needed] Although nearly 35% of the population lives in rural areas, agriculture and fishing contribute only about 9% of GDP. Light manufacturing accounts for most of the remainder. Fish and shellfish are plentiful, and small quantities are exported. Cape Verde has cold storage and freezing facilities and fish processing plants in Mindelo, Praia, and on Sal. Expatriate Cape Verdeans contribute an amount estimated at 20% of GDP to the domestic economy through remittances.[18] Despite having few natural resources and being semi-desert, the country has the highest living standards in the region and has attracted thousands of immigrants of different nationalities.

Since 1991, the government has pursued market-oriented economic policies, including an open welcome to foreign investors and a far-reaching privatization programme. It established as top development priorities the promotion of a market economy and the private sector; the development of tourism, light manufacturing industries, and fisheries; and the development of transport, communications, and energy facilities. From 1994 to 2000 about $407 million in foreign investments were made or planned, of which 58% were in tourism,[62] 17% in industry, 4% in infrastructure, and 21% in fisheries and services.[18]

In 2011, a wind farm was built on four islands that supplies about 30% of the electricity of the country.[63] As host to the ECOWAS Regional Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, inaugurated in 2010, Cape Verde plans to lead by example by becoming entirely reliant on renewable energy sources by 2025.[64] This policy is consistent with the host of documents adopted in 2015 paving the way to more sustainable development, including Cape Verde's Transformational Agenda to 2030, its National Renewable Energy Plan and its Low Carbon and Climate-resilient Development Strategy. Two years later, these were followed by a Strategic Plan for Sustainable Development, 2017–2021.[64]

Between 2000 and 2009, real GDP increased on average by over 7% a year, well above the average for Sub-Saharan countries and faster than most small island economies in the region. Strong economic performance was bolstered by one of the fastest-growing tourism industries in the world, as well as by substantial capital inflows that allowed Cape Verde to build up national currency reserves to the current 3.5 months of imports. Unemployment has been falling rapidly, and the country is on track to achieve most of the UN Millennium Development Goals – including halving its 1990 poverty level. In 2007, Cape Verde joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) and in 2008 the country graduated from Least Developed Country (LDC) to Middle Income Country (MIC) status.[65][66]

Cabral Avenue, one of the main symbols of Cape Verde's development

Cape Verde has significant cooperation with Portugal at every level of the economy, which has led it to link its currency first to the Portuguese escudo and, in 1999, to the euro. On 23 June 2008 Cape Verde became the 153rd member of the WTO.[67] In early January 2018, the government announced that the minimum wage would be raised to 13,000 CVE (€118) per month, from 11,000 CVE, which was effective in mid-January 2018.[68][69]

The European Commission's total allocation for the period of 2008–2013 foreseen for Cape Verde to address "poverty reduction, in particular in rural and peri-urban areas where women are heading the households, as well as good governance" amounts to €54.1 million.[70]

### Tourism

[edit]

Main article: Tourism in Cape Verde

Yachts in Porto Grande, Mindelo, on the island of São Vicente. Tourism is a growing source of income on the islands.

Cape Verde's strategic location at the crossroads of mid-Atlantic air and sea lanes has been enhanced by significant improvements at Mindelo's harbour (Porto Grande) and at Sal's and Praia's international airports. Aristides Pereira International Airport was opened in 2007, and Cesária Évora Airport was opened in 2009. Ship repair facilities at Mindelo were opened in 1983.[18]

The major ports are Mindelo and Praia, but all other islands have smaller port facilities. In addition to the international airport on Sal, airports have been built on all of the inhabited islands. All but the airports on Brava and Santo Antão enjoy scheduled air service. The archipelago has 3,050 km (1,895 mi) of roads, of which 1,010 km (628 mi) are paved, most using cobblestone.[18]

## Demographics

[edit]

Main articles: Cape Verdeans and Demographics of Cape Verde

Cape Verde's population, 1961–2003

Cape Verde's population pyramid, 2005

Cape Verde had a population of 593,149 in 2022.[5] A large proportion (236,000) of Cape Verdeans live on Santiago.[71] Cape Verdeans are descendants of Africans (free or enslaved) and Europeans of various origins. There are also Cape Verdeans who have Jewish ancestors from North Africa, mainly on Boa Vista, Santiago and Santo Antão.

The country's historical trajectory included, from the beginning, a process of social class formation. At this moment, the absence of a "bourgeoisie" can be seen, but the existence of several types of "petty bourgeoisie" is numerically significant. The majority of the population is, however, made up of the peasantry and some working class.[72]

Largest cities or towns in Cape Verde

Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Distribuição da população residente – RGPH 2010: População urbana)

Rank  | Name | Municipality | Pop.
1 | Praia | Praia | 127,832
2 | Mindelo | São Vicente | 70,468
3 | Santa Maria | Sal | 23,839
4 | Assomada | Santa Catarina | 12,026
5 | Porto Novo | Porto Novo | 9,430
6 | Pedra Badejo | Santa Cruz | 9,345
7 | São Filipe | São Filipe | 8,125
8 | Tarrafal | Tarrafal | 6,177
9 | Sal Rei | Boa Vista | 5,407
10 | Ribeira Grande | Ribeira Grande | 4,625

### Languages

[edit]

The official language is Portuguese.[1] It is the language of instruction and government. It is also used in newspapers, television, and radio. Cape Verdean Creole (Kriolu) is used colloquially and is the mother tongue of virtually all Cape Verdeans. The national constitution calls for measures to give it parity with Portuguese.[1] There is a substantial body of literature in Creole, especially in the Santiago Creole and the São Vicente Creole. Kriolu has been gaining prestige since the nation's independence from Portugal.

The differences between the forms of the language within the islands have been a major obstacle in the way of standardization of the language. Some people have advocated the development of two standards: a north (Barlavento) standard, centred on the São Vicente Creole, and a south (Sotavento) standard, centred on the Santiago Creole. Manuel Veiga, a linguist and minister of culture of Cape Verde, is the premier proponent of Kriolu's officialization and standardization.[73]

### Religion

[edit]

Further information: Religion in Cape Verde

Religion in Cape Verde (2010)[74]

1. Catholic Church (78.7%)
2. Other Christian (10.4%)
3. Other or non-religious (10.9%)

The vast majority of Cape Verdeans are Christian; reflecting centuries of Portuguese rule, Catholics make up the single largest religious community, at just under 80 percent, as of 2010 (slightly down from 85 percent of the population in 2007).[75] Most other religious groups are Protestant, with the evangelical Church of the Nazarene forming the second largest community; other sizeable denominations are the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Assemblies of God, the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.[75] Islam is the largest minority religion.[75] Judaism had a historical presence during the colonial era.[76] Atheists constitute less than 1 percent of the population.[75] Many Cape Verdeans syncretize Christianity with indigenous African beliefs and customs.[77]

### Emigration and immigration

[edit]

Main article: Cape Verdean diaspora

People in Santiago, the largest island in the country

Almost twice as many Cape Verdeans live abroad (nearly one million) than in the country itself.[78] The islands have a long history of emigration, and Cape Verdeans are highly dispersed worldwide, from Macau to Haiti and Argentina to Sweden.[79] The diaspora may be much larger than official statistics indicate, as, until independence in 1975, Cape Verdean immigrants had Portuguese passports. The majority live in the United States and Western Europe, with the former hosting the largest overseas population at 500,000. Most in the U.S. are concentrated in New England, particularly Boston, New Bedford, and Providence; Brockton, Massachusetts, has the largest community of any American city (18,832).[80]

Cape Verdeans have been migrating to Massachusetts since the 1840s, but most of the current population arrived in the 1970s.[81] They are now one of the top ten immigrant groups in Boston and the largest hailing from Africa. The first wave of immigrants came to Massachusetts to work in the whaling industry.[81] When whaling declined, they moved into maritime jobs, seasonal agricultural work (like picking cranberries), and factory work. The second wave of immigrants arrived after Cape Verde gained independence in 1975. They also found work in factories, but as manufacturing plants closed down, they moved into the service industry in the 1990s. Immigrants have developed a vibrant small business sector, including restaurants, groceries, real estate and insurance offices, and other enterprises.[81] Immigrants in the U.S. have a long history of enlistment in the U.S. military, with a presence in every major conflict from the Revolutionary War to the Vietnam War.[82]

Due to centuries of colonial ties, the second largest number of Cape Verdeans live in Portugal (150,000), with sizable communities in the former Portuguese colonies of Angola (45,000) and São Tomé and Príncipe (25,000). Major populations exist in countries with cultural and linguistic similarities, such as Spain (65,500), France (25,000), Senegal (25,000), and Italy (20,000). Other large communities live in the United Kingdom (35,500), the Netherlands (20,000, of which 15,000 are concentrated in Rotterdam), and Luxembourg and Scandinavia (7,000). Outside the U.S. and Europe, the biggest Cape Verdean populations are in Mexico (5,000) and Argentina (8,000).

Over the years, Cape Verde has increasingly become a net recipient of migrants, due to its relatively high per capita income, political and social stability, and civil freedom.[citation needed] Chinese make up a sizeable and important segment of the foreign population, while nearby West African countries account for most immigration. In the 21st century, a few thousand Europeans and Latin Americans have settled in the country, mostly professionals, entrepreneurs, and retirees. Over 22,000 foreign-born residents are naturalized, hailing from over 90 countries.

### Health

[edit]

Main article: Health in Cape Verde

A health clinic in a residential area of Praia

The infant mortality rate among children between 0 and 5 years old is 15 per 1,000 live births according to the latest (2017) data from the National Statistics Bureau,[83] while the maternal mortality rate is 42 deaths per 100,000 live births. The HIV-AIDS prevalence rate among Cape Verdeans between 15 and 49 years old is 0.8%.[84]

According to the latest data (2017) from the National Statistics Bureau,[83] life expectancy at birth is 76.2 years; that is, 72.2 years for males and 80.2 years for females. There are six hospitals: two central hospitals (Praia and Mindelo) and four regional hospitals (in Santa Catarina, São Antão, Fogo, and Sal). In addition, there are 28 health centers, 35 sanitation centers, and a variety of private clinics.

The population is among the healthiest in Africa. Since its independence, it has greatly improved its health indicators. Besides having been promoted to the group of "medium development" countries in 2007, leaving the least developed countries category (becoming the second country to do so[85]), as of 2020 it was the 11th best ranked country in Africa in its Human Development Index. The total expenditure on health was 7.1% of GDP (2015). Cabo Verde ranks 48th out of 127 countries with sufficient data, with a GHI score of 9.2, indicating low hunger.[86]

### Education

[edit]

Main article: Education in Cape Verde

A kindergarten graduation on Santiago Island

Cape Verde has one of the best educational systems in Africa, ranked 8th by the World Education Forum in 2023.[87] Although the educational system is similar to the Portuguese system, over the years the local universities have been increasingly adopting the American educational system; for instance, all ten existing universities offer four-year bachelor's degree programs as opposed to five-year bachelor's degree programs that existed before 2010. Primary school education is mandatory and free for children between ages 6-14.[88]

In 2011, the net enrolment ratio for primary school was 85%.[88][89] Approximately 91% of the total population over 15 years of age is literate,[90] and roughly 25% of the population holds a college degree;[91] a significant number of these college graduates hold doctorate degrees in different academic fields. Textbooks have been made available to 90 percent of school children, and 98 percent of the teachers have attended in-service teacher training.[88] Although most children have access to education, some problems remain.[88] For example, there is insufficient spending on school materials, lunches, and books.[88]

University of Santiago

As of October 2016[update], there were 69 secondary schools (including 19 private secondary schools) and at least 10 universities. In 2015, 23% of the population had either attended or graduated from secondary schools. When it came to higher education, 9% of men and 8% of women held a bachelor's degree or had attended universities. The total expenditure on education was 5.6% of GDP (2010). The mean years of schooling of adults over 25 years is 12. These trends were held in 2017. Cape Verde stands out in West Africa for the quality and inclusiveness of its higher education system. As of 2017, one in four young people attended university and one-third of students opted for fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.[64] Women made up one-third of students but two-thirds of graduates in 2018.[64]

### Science and technology

[edit]

Main article: Science and technology in Cape Verde

In 2011, Cape Verde devoted just 0.07% of its GDP to research and development, among the lowest rates in West Africa. The Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Culture plan to strengthen the research and academic sectors by emphasizing greater mobility, through exchange programmes and international cooperation agreements. As part of this strategy, Cape Verde is participating in the Ibero-American academic mobility programme that expects to mobilize 200,000 academics between 2015 and 2020.[92] Cape Verde was ranked 90th in the Global Innovation Index in 2024.[93]

Cape Verde counted 25 researchers in 2011, a researcher density of 51 per million inhabitants. The world average was 1,083 per million in 2013. All 25 researchers were working in the government sector in 2011 and one in three were women (36%). There was no research being conducted in either medical or agricultural sciences. Of the eight engineers involved in research and development, one was a woman. Three of the five researchers working in natural sciences were women, as were three of the six social scientists and two of the five researchers from the humanities.[92]

In 2015, the government announced a project to build a technology park for business, research, and development. As of late 2020, the project, now named TechPark Cabo Verde, is slated for completion in June 2022. The project is funded by both the African Development Bank and the government of Cape Verde. The goal of the endeavour, according to Minister of Finance Olavo Correia, is "to attract large international companies to set up shop [in order] to help local companies and start-ups become more competitive".[94]

Cape Verde has a high rate of internet penetration and a growing mobile phone market. The government has invested in improving ICT infrastructure and has created a number of initiatives to promote the development of the digital economy. The digital economy has the potential to create jobs, boost economic growth, and improve the quality of life.[95]

### Crime

[edit]

Further information: Crime in Cape Verde

Theft and burglary are common, especially in crowded environments such as marketplaces, festivals, and celebrations.[96] Often the perpetrators of these crimes are gangs of street children.[96] Murders are concentrated in the major population centres of Praia and Mindelo.[96]

## Culture

[edit]

Cape Verdeans are a very musical people; The Chã das Caldeiras group is an example.

The culture of Cape Verde is characterized by a mixture of African and European elements, while the language and religion are of European origin, several other aspects as dance and music are a unique blend of the cultural heritage of the two different continents.

Football games and church activities are typical sources of social interaction and entertainment.[39] The traditional walk around the praça (town square) to meet friends is practised regularly in Cape Verde towns.[39]

### Media

[edit]

Further information: Media of Cape Verde

Newspapers of Cape Verde including Expresso das Ilhas, A Nação and Já

In towns with electricity, television is available on three channels; one state-owned (RTC – TCV) and three foreign-owned: RTI Cabo Verde launched by the Portuguese-based RTI in 2005; Record Cabo Verde, launched by the Brazilian-based Rede Record on 31 March 2007; and as of 2016, TV CPLP.[citation needed] Premium channels available include the Cape Verdean versions of Boom TV and Zap Cabo Verde, two channels owned by Brazil's Record.[97] Other premium channels are available in Cape Verde, especially satellite network channels which are common in hotels and villas, though availability is otherwise limited. One such channel is RDP África, the African version of the Portuguese radio station RDP.

As of early 2023, about 99% of the population own an active cellular phone, 70% have access to the Internet, 11% own a landline telephone, and 2% subscribe to local cable TV. In 2003, Cape Verde had 71,700 main line telephones with an additional 53,300 cellular phones in use throughout the country.

In 2004, there were seven radio stations, six independent and one state-owned. The media is operated by the Cape-Verdean News Agency (secondarily as Inforpress). Nationwide radio stations include RCV, RCV+, Radio Kriola, and the religious station Radio Nova. Local radio stations include Rádio Praia, the first radio station in Cape Verde; Praia FM, the first FM station in the nation; Rádio Barlavento, Rádio Clube do Mindelo and Radio Morabeza in Mindelo.[citation needed]

### Music

[edit]

Cesária Évora, Cape Verdean singer

The Cape Verdean people are known for their musicality, well expressed by popular manifestations such as the Carnival of Mindelo. Cape Verde music incorporates "African, Portuguese and Brazilian influences."[98] The national music is the morna, a melancholy and lyrical song form typically sung in Cape Verdean Creole. The most popular music genre after morna is the coladeira, followed by funaná and batuque music. Cesária Évora was the best-known Cape Verdean singer in the world, known as the "barefoot diva", because she liked to perform barefooted on stage. She was also referred to as "The Queen of Morna"[99] as opposed to her uncle Bana, who was referred to as "King of Morna". The Cape Verdean diaspora experience is reflected in many artistic and cultural expressions, such as Évora's song Sodade.[100] Other singers include Sara Tavares, Lura and Mayra Andrade.

Another great exponent of traditional music from Cape Verde was Antonio Vicente Lopes, better known as Travadinha, and Ildo Lobo, who died in 2004. The House of Culture in the center of the city of Praia is called Ildo Lobo House of Culture, in his honour.

### Dance

[edit]

Traditional dance is a mix of West and Central African influences. The most popular dance style is called “Funana” which originated on Santiago and is danced solo or in pairs with fast hip movements and a lively rhythm. Another popular dance style is “Coladeira” which is a slower dance style that originated on Sao Vicente. “Batuque” originated on Santiago and involves a lot of hip movement and percussion. Zouk and Kizomba are newer popular dance styles that originated in other countries.

### Literature

[edit]

Fundação Amílcar Cabral, in Praia

Cape Verdean literature is one of the richest of Lusophone Africa. Poets include Paulino Vieira, Manuel de Novas, Sergio Frusoni, Eugénio Tavares, and B. Léza, and authors include Baltasar Lopes da Silva, António Aurélio Gonçalves, Manuel Lopes, Orlanda Amarílis, Henrique Teixeira de Sousa, Arménio Vieira, Kaoberdiano Dambará, Dr. Azágua, and Germano Almeida.[citation needed] The first novel written by a woman from Cape Verde was A Louca de Serrano by Dina Salústio; its translation, as The Madwoman of Serrano, was the first translation of any Cape Verdean novel to English.[101][102]

### Cinema

[edit]

The carnival and the island of São Vicente are portrayed in the 2015 feature documentary Tchindas, nominated at the 12th Africa Movie Academy Awards. It was the location for the 2023 French film Ama Gloria by Marie Amachoukeli.[103]

### Cuisine

[edit]

Cachupa, typical Cape Verdean dish

Cape Verdean cuisine is mostly based on fish and staple foods like corn and rice. Vegetables available during most of the year are potatoes, onions, tomatoes, manioc, cabbage, kale, and dried beans. Fruits such as bananas and papayas are available year-round, while others like mangoes and avocados are seasonal.[39]

A popular dish is cachupa, a slow-cooked stew of corn (hominy), beans, and fish or meat. A common appetizer is the pastel, a pastry shell filled with fish or meat that is then fried.[39]

### Sports

[edit]

Estádio Nacional de Cabo Verde in Praia

The most successful sports team is the Cape Verde national basketball team, which won the bronze medal at the FIBA Africa Championship 2007 after beating Egypt in its last game. They made their first appearance at the FIBA Basketball World Cup in 2023. The country's most well-known player is Walter Tavares, who plays for Real Madrid of Spain.

Cape Verde is famous for "wave sailing"[104] (a type of windsurfing) and kiteboarding.[105] Josh Angulo, a Hawaiian and 2009 PWA Wave World Champion, has done much to promote the archipelago as a windsurfing destination.[104] Mitu Monteiro, a local kite-surfer was the 2008 Kite Surfing World Champion in the wave discipline.

The Cape Verde national football team, nicknamed the Tubarões Azuis (Blue Sharks), is the national team of Cape Verde and is controlled by the Cape Verdean Football Federation. The team has played at four Africa Cup of Nations, in 2013, 2015, 2021 and 2023.[106]

The country has competed at every Summer Olympics since 1996; they had never won a medal until 2024, when Daniel Varela de Pina won a bronze medal in boxing. In 2016, Gracelino Barbosa became the first Cape Verdean to win a medal at the Paralympic Games.[107]

## Transport

[edit]

Main article: Transport in Cape Verde

### Ports

[edit]

Porto Novo harbour in Santo Antão

There are four international ports: Mindelo, Praia, Palmeira and Sal Rei. Mindelo on São Vicente is the main port for cruise ships and the terminus for the ferry service to Santo Antão. Praia on Santiago is the main hub for local ferry services to other islands. Palmeira on Sal supplies fuel for the main airport on the island, Amílcar Cabral International Airport, and is important for the hotel construction taking place on the island. Porto Novo on Santo Antão is the only source for imports and exports of produce from the island as well as passenger traffic since the closure of the airstrip at Ponta do Sol.

There are smaller harbours, essentially single jetties at Tarrafal on São Nicolau, Sal Rei on Boa Vista, Vila do Maio (Porto Inglês) on Maio, São Filipe on Fogo and Furna on Brava. These act as terminals for the inter-island ferry services, which carry both freight and passengers. The pier at Santa Maria on Sal used by both fishing and dive boats has been rehabilitated.

### Airports

[edit]

Main article: List of airports in Cape Verde

Aristides Pereira International Airport in Boa Vista island

There were seven operational airports as of 2014[update] – four international and three domestic. Two others were non-operational, one on Brava and the other on Santo Antão closed for safety reasons.

Due to its geographical location, Cape Verde is often flown over by transatlantic airliners. It is part of the conventional air traffic route from Europe to South America, which goes from southern Portugal via the Canary Islands and Cape Verde to northern Brazil.

#### International airports

[edit]

* Amílcar Cabral International Airport, Sal Island
* Nelson Mandela International Airport, Santiago Island
* Aristides Pereira International Airport, Boa Vista Island
* Cesária Évora Airport, São Vicente Island

### Aerial drones

[edit]

Small unmanned flying drones able to carry up to 5 kg were being used experimentally for tasks such as delivering medicines between the islands in 2021.[108]

## See also

[edit]

* Africa portal

* Outline of Cape Verde
* Islands of Macaronesia
* Azores
* Madeira

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ /ˈvɜːrd(i)/ ⓘ, VURD(-ee)
2. ^ /ˌkɑːboʊ ˈvɜːrdeɪ/ ⓘ KAH-boh VUR-day, /ˌkæboʊ -/ KAB-oh -⁠, local [ˈkabu ˈveɾdɨ]
3. ^ Cape Verdean Creole: Kabu Verdi
4. ^ Portuguese: República de Cabo Verde

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d "Constituição da República de Cabo Verde" (PDF). ICRC databases on international humanitarian law. Article 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
2. ^ "INE APRESENTA OS RESULTADOS DEFINITIVOS DO V RECENSEAMENTO GERAL DA POPULAÇÃO E HABITAÇÃO (RGPH-2021)". Instituto Nacional de Estatística - INE. 4 April 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
3. ^ John Kerry (8 July 2014). "On the Occasion of the Republic of Cabo Verde's National Day". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2014. "On behalf of President Obama and the people of the United States, I send best wishes to Cabo Verdeans as you celebrate 39 years of independence on July 5."
4. ^ a b Amorim Neto, Octávio; Costa Lobo, Marina (2010). "Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries". SSRN 1644026.
5. ^ a b "Population, total - Cabo Verde". World Bank. Archived from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
6. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Cape Verde)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
7. ^ "GINI index". World Bank. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
8. ^ "Human Development Report 2023/2024". United Nations Development Programme. 26 May 2025. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
9. ^ a b Tanya Basu (12 December 2013). "Cape Verde Gets New Name: 5 Things to Know About How Maps Change". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
10. ^ "Constituição da República de Cabo Verde" (PDF). ICRC databases on international humanitarian law. Article 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
11. ^ "Cape Verde: Islands, Municipalities, Cities & Urban Localities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
12. ^ Lobban, p. 4 Archived 25 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
13. ^ "Cabo Verde põe fim à tradução da sua designação oficial" [Cabo Verde puts an end to translation of its official designation] (in Portuguese). Panapress. 31 October 2013. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
14. ^ "Cabo Verde – Cultural life". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021. "Although there is no conclusive evidence that the islands were inhabited before the arrival of the Portuguese, cases may be made for visits by Phoenicians, Moors, and Africans in previous centuries."
15. ^ "Cape Verde, Country on the West Coast of Africa | South African History Online". South Africa History Online. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021. "The early settlement in Cape Verde by Arab and African fishermen has only been related through oral history, and remains a part of the mythological stories of origin of the archipelago. It is generally agreed that the Islands where [sic] uninhabited when the Portuguese first landed in 1456."
16. ^ Halter, Marilyn (2013). "Cape Verdeans and Cape Verdean Americans, 1870–1940". In Barkan, Elliott Robert (ed.). Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO Publisher. p. 269\. ISBN 978-1-59884-219-7. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2021. "Although Cape Verdean folklore includes stories of landings by Arab and African fishermen prior to the sighting of the archipelago by Portuguese navigators in the mid-fifteenth century, most historians concur that it was uninhabited when the Portuguese began to settle there."
17. ^ Carta regia (royal letter) of 19 September 1462
18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Cape Verde background note Archived 4 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine . United States Department of State (July 2008).
19. ^ Roberts, Edmund (1837). Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 17\. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
20. ^ Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of HMS Beagle round the world – Chapter 1 at Wikisource, top part
21. ^ "WHO certifies Cabo Verde as malaria-free, marking a historic milestone in the fight against malaria". www.who.int.
22. ^ "Constitution of Cape Verde" (PDF). 1992. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
23. ^ Coppedge, Michael; Gerring, John; Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Lindberg, Staffan I.; Teorell, Jan; Alizada, Nazifa; Altman, David; Bernhard, Michael; Cornell, Agnes; Fish, M. Steven; Gastaldi, Lisa; Gjerløw, Haakon; Glynn, Adam; Hicken, Allen; Hindle, Garry; Ilchenko, Nina; Krusell, Joshua; Luhrmann, Anna; Maerz, Seraphine F.; Marquardt, Kyle L.; McMann, Kelly; Mechkova, Valeriya; Medzihorsky, Juraj; Paxton, Pamela; Pemstein, Daniel; Pernes, Joseﬁne; von Römer, Johannes; Seim, Brigitte; Sigman, Rachel; Skaaning, Svend-Erik; Staton, Je rey; Sundström, Aksel; Tzelgov, Ei-tan; Wang, Yi-ting; Wig, Tore; Wilson, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel (2021). "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. doi:10.23696/vdemds21. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023.
24. ^ "Cabo Verde: Freedom in the World 2024 Country Report". Freedom House.
25. ^ a b "Opposition returns to power in Cape Verde after 15 years". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
26. ^ "Remarks by the President After Meeting with African Leaders". Obama White House Archives. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
27. ^ "2016 Human Development Report" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
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33. ^ Percival, Debra (25 May 2008). "Cape Verde-EU 'Special Partnership' takes shape". The Courier. European Commission. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011.
34. ^ "Cape Verde could seek EU membership this year". Eubusiness.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
35. ^ "Cape Verde becomes the 119th State to join the Rome Statute system". icc-cpi.int. International Criminal Court. 13 October 2011. Archived from the original on 17 October 2011.
36. ^ "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons". United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
37. ^ "Cape Verde opens first embassy in Nigeria | Premium Times Nigeria". 20 November 2021. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
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39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "The Peace Corps Welcomes You to Cape Verde" (PDF). Peace Corps. April 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
40. ^ R. Ramalho et al., 2010
41. ^ a b Pim et al., 2008, p. 422
42. ^ Carracedo, Juan Carlos; Troll, Valentin R. (2021), "North-East Atlantic Islands: The Macaronesian Archipelagos", Encyclopedia of Geology, Elsevier, pp. 674–699, doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102908-4.00027-8, ISBN 978-0-08-102909-1, S2CID 226588940, archived from the original on 7 August 2023, retrieved 16 March 2021
43. ^ Le Bas, T.P. (2007), "Slope Failures on the Flanks of Southern Cape Verde Islands", in Lykousis, Vasilios (ed.), Submarine mass movements and their consequences: 3rd international symposium, Springer, ISBN 978-1-4020-6511-8
44. ^ Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist, Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017). "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545\. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.
45. ^ a b c "Normais Climatológicas". www.inmg.gov.cv (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
46. ^ Halter, Marilyn (2013). "Cape Verdeans and Cape Verdean Americans, 1870–1940". In Barkan, Elliott Robert (ed.). Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO Publisher. p. 269\. ISBN 978-1-59884-219-7. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2021. "The Cape Verde Islands...chain...was named after the westernmost tip of mainland Africa, the Cape Vert, and[,] while the term "Verde" (green) gives the impression of a lush and verdant landscape, nothing could be further from the truth. The islands are essentially a maritime extension of the dry and dusty Sahel semi-desert region, and the terrain is so arid and mountainous that less than 2 percent of the land is suitable for farming."
47. ^ "First Cabo Verde Missions Explore Earliest Roots of Atlantic Hurricanes". 14 September 2022.
48. ^ "Wait, a hurricane formed where in the Atlantic?". Climate.gov. 3 September 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2025.
49. ^ "Klimatafel von Santa Maria / Sal (Int.Flugh.) / Kapverden (Rep. Kap Verde)" (PDF). DwD. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
50. ^ "Klimatafel von Praia / Sao Tiago / Kapverden (Rep. Kap Verde)" (PDF). DwD. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
51. ^ "Klimatafel von Mindelo / Sao Vicente / Kapverden (Rep. Kap Verde)" (PDF). DwD. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 September 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
52. ^ "A sinking feeling: why is the president of the tiny Pacific island nation of Nauru so concerned about climate change?". New York Times Upfront. 14 November 2011. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
53. ^ Philip Andrew Churm (22 January 2023). "UN chief arrives in Cabo Verde to raise concerns about climate change". Africanews. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
54. ^ "Cabo Verde 'on the frontlines' of climate crisis, says Guterres ahead of Ocean Summit | UN News". news.un.org. 21 January 2023. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
55. ^ "Portugal leads way for Europe with Cape Verde debt-for-nature swap". euronews. 26 January 2023. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
56. ^ "Endemic Bird Areas: Cape Verde Islands". Birdlife.org. Archived from the original on 2 January 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
57. ^ Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023.
58. ^ "Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Cabo Verde". Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
59. ^ a b 2010 Census — source: Instituto Nacional de Estatistica.
60. ^ a b 2021 Census — source: Instituto Nacional de Estatistica.
61. ^ See Carlos Ferreira Couto, Incerteza, adaptabilidade e inovação na sociedade rural da Ilha de Santiago de Cabo Verde, Lisbon: Fundação Galouste Gulbenkian, 2010
62. ^ See now Brígida Rocha Brito and others, Turismo em Meio Insular Africano: Potencialidades, constrangimentos e impactos, Lisbon: Gerpress, 2010
63. ^ "Turbines arrive for ground-breaking wind farm in Africa – InfraCo Limited". Infracoafrica.com. Archived from the original on 11 June 2012.
64. ^ a b c d Schneegans, S.; Straza, T.; Lewis, J., eds. (2021). UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-100450-6. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
65. ^ "MFW4A". MFW4A. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
66. ^ "Cabo Verde – Data". World Bank. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
67. ^ "Cape Verde to join WTO on 23 July 2008". WTO News. Archived from the original on 8 July 2008. Retrieved 4 July 2008.
68. ^ "Cape Verde government raises minimum wage to 13,000 escudos". MacauHub. 8 January 2018. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
69. ^ "Governo vai aumentar salário mínimo nacional de 11 para 13 mil escudos". A Semana (in Portuguese). 6 January 2018. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
70. ^ "European Commission". Ec.europa.eu. 21 December 2012. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
71. ^ "Cape Verde: Population". caperverde.com. Archived from the original on 14 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
72. ^ "Michel Lesourd, État et société aux îles du Cap Vert, Paris: Karthala, 1995".
73. ^ Amado, Abel D. (2015), The Illegible State in Cape Verde: Language Policy and the Quality of Democracy Archived 15 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Boston University, a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
74. ^ (CABO VERDE) Archived 19 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
75. ^ a b c d "State.gov". State.gov. 14 September 2007. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
76. ^ "Jews in Cape Verde Archived 8 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine", by Louise Werlin
77. ^ "Background Note: Cape Verde". State.gov. 15 June 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
78. ^ Jorgen Carling, 2004, pp. 113–132
79. ^ Cape Verdean Americans – History, Modern era, The first cape verdeans in america, Everyculture.com
80. ^ "Cape Verdeans in Brockton". Boston Planning & Development Agency. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
81. ^ a b c "A History of Immigration to Boston: Eras, Ethnic Groups, and Places". Brewminate: A Bold Blend of News and Ideas. 28 May 2019. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
82. ^ "Cape Verdeans: Cape Verdean Veterans". Sites.google.com. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012.
83. ^ a b "Início – INE". Ine.cv. 20 June 2014. Archived from the original on 20 February 2001. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
84. ^ "The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
85. ^ "UN advocate salutes Cape Verde's graduation from category of poorest States" Archived 24 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, UN News Centre, 14 June 2007.
86. ^ "Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank". Global Hunger Index (GHI) - peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
87. ^ Chukwuemeka, Edeh Samuel (9 January 2023). "Countries With The Best Education System in Africa 2023: Top 15". BScholarly. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
88. ^ a b c d e "Cape Verde", Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor (2001), Bureau of International Labor Affairs, United States Department of Labor, 2002, archived from the original on 28 August 2008 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
89. ^ "World Development Indicators | Data". Data.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
90. ^ "Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) - Cabo Verde". The World Bank. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
91. ^ "Instituto Nacional de Estatística Cabo Verde". Archived from the original on 20 February 2001.
92. ^ a b UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (PDF). UNESCO. 2015. ISBN 978-92-3-100129-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
93. ^ World Intellectual Property Organization (2024). Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship. World Intellectual Property Organization. p. 18\. doi:10.34667/tind.50062. ISBN 978-92-805-3681-2. Retrieved 6 October 2024. `{{cite book}}`: `|website=` ignored (help)
94. ^ Murphy (26 November 2021). "Cape Verde: small country, big digital ambitions". Resilient Digital Africa. resilient.digital-africa.co. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
95. ^ "Cabo Verde – Digital Economy". www.trade.gov. 31 July 2022. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
96. ^ a b c "Cape Verde" Archived 25 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. United States Bureau of Consular Affairs (5 May 2008). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
97. ^ "TV Record Cabo Verde disponível também nos canais a cabo em Cabo Verde". ZAP TV and BOOM TV. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016.
98. ^ Peter Manuel (1988). Popular Musics of the Non-Western World. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 95–97. ISBN 978-0-19-506334-9. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
99. ^ Pareles, Jon (19 December 2011). "Cesária Évora, Singer From Cape Verde, Dies at 70 (Published 2011)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 19 December 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
100. ^ Kimeria, Ciku (13 April 2019). "Cesaria, the unlikely heroine for the country that treasures her indomitable spirit". Quartz Africa. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
101. ^ "The Madwoman of Serrano by Dina Salústio : Our Books :: Dedalus Books, Publishers of Literary Fiction". www.dedalusbooks.com. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
102. ^ Soutar, Jethro (19 July 2017). "Translating Dina Salústio, Cape Verde's First Female Novelist". Brittle Paper. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
103. ^ AlloCine. àma Gloria (in French). Retrieved 19 June 2024 - via www.allocine.fr.
104. ^ a b "Cape Verde windsurfing Holidays". www.planetwindsurfholidays.com. Planet Travel Ltd, Brighton (United Kingdom). Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
105. ^ "Become a Waver Rider Kiteboarding in Cape Verde | 57hours". 57hours - Discover amazing outdoor adventures. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
106. ^ "Africa Cup of Nations: Cape Verde and Ethiopia qualify". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
107. ^ "Rio 2016: Cabo-verdiano conquista primeira medalha dos PALOP na Paralimpíada". Deutsche Welle (in Portuguese). 2016. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
108. ^ "Drone delivers medical supplies to remote islands". BBC News. 31 December 2021. Archived from the original on 25 August 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2021.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Pim, J.; Pierce, C.; Watts, A. B.; Grevemeyer, I.; Krabbenhoeft, A. (5 May 2008). "Crustal structure and origin of the Cape Verde Rise" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 272 (1–2): 422–428\. Bibcode:2008E&PSL.272..422P. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.05.012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2011.1–2&rft.pages=422-428&rft.date=2008-05-05&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.05.012&rft_id=info:bibcode/2008E&PSL.272..422P;&rft.aulast=Pim&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Pierce,+C.&rft.au=Watts,+A.+B.&rft.au=Grevemeyer,+I.&rft.au=Krabbenhoeft,+A.&rft_id=http://www.earth.ox.ac.uk/~tony/watts/downloads/Pim_etal_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cape+Verde" class="Z3988">
* Carling, Jorgen (2004). "Emigration, Return and Development in Cape Verde: The Impact of Closing Borders". Population, Space and Place. 55 (10): 113–132\. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199901)55:1<117::AID-JCLP12>3.0.CO;2-A. PMID 10100838.
* Ramalho, R.; Helffrich, G.; Schmidt, D.; Vance, D. (2010). "Tracers of Uplift and Subsidence in the Cape Verde Archipelago". Journal of the Geological Society. 167 (3): 519–538\. Bibcode:2010JGSoc.167..519R. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.173.3419. doi:10.1144/0016-76492009-056. S2CID 140566236.

## External links

[edit]

Cape Verde at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Definitions from Wiktionary
* Media from Commons
* News from Wikinews
* Travel information from Wikivoyage

Scholia has a country profile for Cape Verde.

* Wikimedia Atlas of Cape Verde
* Official website, Government of Cape Verde
* Country Profile from BBC News
* Cape Verde entry on Encyclopædia Britannica
* Cabo Verde profile from ECOWAS
* News headline links from Al Jazeera.

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Cape Verde articles

History|

* Colonial era
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Countries and territories of Africa

Sovereign states|

* Algeria
* Angola
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States with limited
recognition

* Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (unclear sovereignty)
* Somaliland

Dependent
territories

| France|

* Îles Éparses

|

United Kingdom|

Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

African territories
fully part of
non-African states|

| France|

* Mayotte
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|

Italy|

* Pantelleria
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Portugal|

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Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)

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Portuguese Empire

North Africa

15th century

|  1415–1640|  Ceuta

|

1458–1550|  Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir)
1471–1550|  Arzila (Asilah)
1471–1662|  Tangier
1485–1550|  Mazagan (El Jadida)
1487–16th century|  Ouadane
1488–1541|  Safim (Safi)
1489|  Graciosa

16th century

|  1505–1541|  Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir)

|

1506–1525|  Mogador (Essaouira)
1506–1525|  Aguz (Souira Guedima)
1506–1769|  Mazagan (El Jadida)
1513–1541|  Azamor (Azemmour)
1515–1541|  São João da Mamora (Mehdya)
1577–1589|  Arzila (Asilah)

Sub-Saharan Africa

15th century

|  1455–1633|  Arguim

|

1462–1975|  Cape Verde
1470–1975|  São Tomé1
1471–1975|  Príncipe1
1474–1778|  Annobón
1478–1778|  Fernando Poo (Bioko)
1482–1637|  Elmina (São Jorge da Mina)
1482–1642|  Portuguese Gold Coast
1498–1540|  Mascarene Islands

16th century

|  1500–1630|  Malindi

|

1501–1975|  Portuguese Mozambique
1502–1659|  Saint Helena
1503–1698|  Zanzibar
1505–1512|  Quíloa (Kilwa)
1506–1511|  Socotra
1508–15472|  Madagascar3
1557–1578|  Accra
1575–1975|  Portuguese Angola
1588–1974|  Cacheu4
1593–1698|  Mombassa (Mombasa)

17th century

|  1645–1888|  Ziguinchor

|

1680–1961|  São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin
1687–1974|  Bissau4

18th century

1728–1729|  Mombassa (Mombasa)

|

1753–1975|  Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe

19th century

1879–1974|  Portuguese Guinea

|

1885–1974|  Portuguese Congo5

* 1 Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753.
* 2 Or 1600.
* 3 A factory (Anosy Region) and small temporary coastal bases.
* 4 Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879.
* 5 Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s.

Middle East [Persian Gulf]

16th century

|  1506–1615|  Gamru (Bandar Abbas)

|

1507–1643|  Sohar
1515–1622|  Hormuz (Ormus)
1515–1648|  Quriyat
1515–?|  Qalhat
1515–1650|  Muscat
1515?–?|  Barka
1515–1633?|  Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)
1521–1602|  Bahrain (Muharraq • Manama)
1521–1529?|  Qatif
1521?–1551?|  Tarut Island
1550–1551|  Qatif
1588–1648|  Matrah

17th century

|  1620–?|  Khor Fakkan

|

1621?–?|  As Sib
1621–1622|  Qeshm
1623–?|  Khasab
1623–?|  Libedia
1624–?|  Kalba
1624–?|  Madha
1624–1648|  Dibba Al-Hisn
1624?–?|  Bandar-e Kong

South Asia

15th century

|  1498–1545|

Laccadive Islands
(Lakshadweep)

|

16th century
Portuguese India

• 1500–1663|  Cochim (Kochi)

|

• 1501–1663|  Cannanore (Kannur)

• 1502–1658
1659–1661

Quilon
(Coulão / Kollam)

• 1502–1661|  Pallipuram (Cochin de Cima)
• 1507–1657|  Negapatam (Nagapatnam)
• 1510–1961|  Goa

• 1512–1525
1750

Calicut
(Kozhikode)

• 1518–1619|  Portuguese Paliacate outpost (Pulicat)
• 1521–1740|  Chaul
|  |  (Portuguese India)

|

• 1523–1662|  Mylapore
• 1528–1666|

Chittagong
(Porto Grande De Bengala)

• 1531–1571|  Chaul
• 1531–1571|  Chalé
• 1534–1601|  Salsette Island
• 1534–1661|  Bombay (Mumbai)
• 1535|  Ponnani
• 1535–1739|  Baçaím (Vasai-Virar)
• 1536–1662|  Cranganore (Kodungallur)
• 1540–1612|  Surat
• 1548–1658|  Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)
• 1559–1961|  Daman and Diu
• 1568–1659|  Mangalore
|  |  (Portuguese India)

|

• 1579–1632| Hugli
• 1598–1610| Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam)
1518–1521|  Maldives

|

1518–1658|  Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
1558–1573|  Maldives

17th century
Portuguese India

• 1687–1749|  Mylapore

|

18th century
Portuguese India

• 1779–1954|  Dadra and Nagar Haveli

|

East Asia and Oceania

16th century

|  1511–1641|  Portuguese Malacca [Malaysia]

|

1512–1621|  Maluku [Indonesia]
• 1522–1575|  Ternate
• 1576–1605|  Ambon
• 1578–1650|  Tidore
1512–1665|  Makassar [Indonesia]
1515–1859|  Larantuka [Indonesia]
1557–1999|  Macau [China]
1580–1586|  Nagasaki [Japan]

17th century

1642–1975|  Portuguese Timor (East Timor)1

|

19th century
Portuguese Macau

|  • 1864–1999|  Coloane

|

• 1851–1999|  Taipa
• 1890–1999|  Ilha Verde

20th century
Portuguese Macau

• 1938–1941|  Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin)

|

* 1 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.

North America and North Atlantic

15th century [Atlantic islands]

|  1420|  Madeira

|

1432|  Azores

16th century [Canada]

|  1500–1579?|  Terra Nova (Newfoundland)

|

1500–1579?|  Labrador
1516–1579?|  Nova Scotia

South America and Caribbean

16th century

|  1500–1822|  Brazil

|

• 1534–1549|  Captaincy Colonies of Brazil
• 1549–1572|  Brazil
• 1572–1578|  Bahia
• 1572–1578|  Rio de Janeiro
• 1578–1607|  Brazil
• 1621–1815|  Brazil
1536–1620|  Barbados

17th century

|  1621–1751|  Maranhão

|

1680–1777|  Nova Colónia do Sacramento

18th century

1751–1772|  Grão-Pará and Maranhão

|

1772–1775|  Grão-Pará and Rio Negro
1772–1775|  Maranhão and Piauí

19th century

|  1808–1822|  Cisplatina (Uruguay)

|

1809–1817|  Portuguese Guiana (Amapá)
1822|  Upper Peru (Bolivia)

* Armorial of Portuguese colonies
* Evolution of the Portuguese Empire
* Lusotropicalism
* Pluricontinentalism
* Portuguese colonial architecture
* Portuguese colonization of the Americas
* Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago
* Portuguese India
* Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia

15°18′N 23°42′W﻿ / ﻿15.3°N 23.7°W﻿ / 15.3; -23.7

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
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* 2
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
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* Czech Republic
* 2
* Greece
* Israel

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area

Artists|

* KulturNav

People|

* UK Parliament

Other|

* IdRef
* Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
* NARA
* Yale LUX

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