Capital punishment in Missouri

Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Missouri. On a per capita basis, it ranks third in executions, behind Oklahoma and Texas.[1]

## History

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Capital punishment in Missouri was first used in 1810 in the form of hanging. From 1810 to 1965, 285 people were executed. From 1966-1988 none were executed, and from 1989-2024, 101 persons were executed.[2] From 1937 until 1987 lethal gas inhalation was used. By 1987, inmates could choose lethal injection as opposed to lethal gas.[2]

After the execution of Christopher Leroy Collings for the 2007 rape and murder of a young girl, only eight inmates remain on death row in Missouri as of December 2024.[3]

## Legal process

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When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, the judge decides the sentence.[4] The power of clemency belongs to the governor of Missouri after receiving a non-binding advice from the Board of Probation and Parole.[5]

Executions are carried out by lethal injection or lethal gas, as determined by the department of corrections.[6][7]

### Capital crimes

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First-degree murder is punishable by death when it involves one of the 17 following aggravating factors:[8]

1. The offense was committed by a person with a prior record of conviction for murder in the first degree, or the offense was committed by a person who has one or more serious assaultive criminal convictions;
2. The murder was committed while the offender was engaged in the commission or attempted commission of another unlawful homicide;
3. The offender by his act of murder in the first degree knowingly created a great risk of death to more than one person by means of a weapon or device which would normally be hazardous to the lives of more than one person;
4. The offender committed the offense of murder in the first degree for himself or another, for the purpose of receiving money or any other thing of monetary value from the victim of the murder or another;
5. The murder was committed against a judicial officer, former judicial officer, prosecuting attorney or former prosecuting attorney, circuit attorney or former circuit attorney, assistant prosecuting attorney or former assistant prosecuting attorney, assistant circuit attorney or former assistant circuit attorney, peace officer or former peace officer, elected official or former elected official during or because of the exercise of his official duty;
6. The offender caused or directed another to commit murder in the first degree or committed murder in the first degree as an agent or employee of another person;
7. The murder was outrageously or wantonly vile, horrible or inhuman in that it involved torture, or depravity of mind;
8. The murder was committed against any peace officer, or fireman while engaged in the performance of his official duty;
9. The murder was committed by a person in, or who has escaped from, the lawful custody of a peace officer or place of lawful confinement;
10. The murder was committed for the purpose of avoiding, interfering with, or preventing a lawful arrest or custody in a place of lawful confinement, of himself or another;
11. The murder was committed while the defendant was engaged in the perpetration or was aiding or encouraging another person to perpetrate or attempt to perpetrate a felony of any degree of rape, sodomy, burglary, robbery, kidnapping, or any drug felony;
12. The murdered individual was a witness or potential witness in any past or pending investigation or past or pending prosecution, and was killed as a result of his status as a witness or potential witness;
13. The murdered individual was an employee of an institution or facility of the department of corrections of this state or local correction agency and was killed in the course of performing his official duties, or the murdered individual was an inmate of such institution or facility;
14. The murdered individual was killed as a result of the hijacking of an airplane, train, ship, bus or other public conveyance;
15. The murder was committed for the purpose of concealing or attempting to conceal any drug felony;
16. The murder was committed for the purpose of causing or attempting to cause a person to refrain from initiating or aiding in the prosecution of a drug felony;
17. The murder was committed during the commission of a crime which is part of a pattern of criminal street gang activity.

Missouri law also provides the death penalty for treason, and placing a bomb near a bus terminal. Statute books also provide it for aggravating kidnapping, but capital punishment for this crime is no longer constitutional since the 2008 U.S. Supreme Court case Kennedy v. Louisiana.[9]

## Death row

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See also: List of death row inmates in the United States § Missouri

Male death row offenders are housed at Potosi Correctional Center (PCC), while female death row offenders are housed at Women's Eastern Reception, Diagnostic and Correctional Center (WERDCC). Eastern Reception, Diagnostic and Correctional Center (ERDCC) houses the State of Missouri execution chamber.[2]

The first person executed in the modern era was George Mercer who was executed at the Missouri State Penitentiary in Jefferson City, Missouri on January 6, 1989.[10] The next 61 executions starting with Gerald Smith were done at the Potosi Correctional Center in Mineral Point, Missouri.[11] Since April 2005, executions have been 25 miles east of Potosi at the Eastern Reception, Diagnostic and Correctional Center in Bonne Terre, Missouri. The first execution at Bonne Terre was #63 Donald Jones.

## See also

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* List of people executed in Missouri
* List of death row inmates in Missouri
* Crime in Missouri
* Law of Missouri

## References

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1. ^ State Execution Rates
2. ^ a b c "Missouri". Death Penalty Information Center. n.d. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
3. ^ "Missouri's death row had nearly 100 inmates in the 1990s. Now, it has 8". Associated Press. December 16, 2024.
4. ^ "Trial procedure, first degree murder". moga.mo.gov. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
5. ^ "Executive Clemency". doc.mo.gov. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
6. ^ "§546.720. Death penalty - manner of execution - execution team to be selected, members, confidentiality". law.justia.com. Retrieved February 21, 2025.
7. ^ See also: Bucklew v. Precythe, 587 U.S. 119 (2019)
8. ^ Missouri Revised Statutes § 565.032
9. ^ "Missouri Capital Punishment Laws". statelaws.findlaw.com. Retrieved April 9, 2017. (Code Section)
10. ^ "Missouri Death Row: History". Archived from the original on December 26, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
11. ^ "Potosi Correctional Center | Missouri Department of Corrections". doc.mo.gov.

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Capital punishment in the United States

Jurisdictions|

* Federal government
* Military
* Alabama
* Alaska
* Arizona
* Arkansas
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming
* American Samoa
* Guam
* Puerto Rico
* Washington, D.C.

People executed by state|

* Federal government
* Military
* Alabama (pre-1972)
* Arizona
* Arkansas (pre-1972)
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida (pre-1972)
* Georgia (pre-1972)
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky (pre-1972)
* Louisiana (pre-1972)
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Ohio
* Oklahoma (pre-1972)
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* 2020–present
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wyoming
* Washington, D.C.

People executed by year|

* 1949
* 1950
* 1951
* 1952
* 1953
* 1954
* 1955
* 1956
* 1957
* 1958
* 1959
* 1960
* 1961
* 1962
* 1963
* 1964
* 1965–1972
* 1976–1983
* 1984
* 1985
* 1986
* 1987
* 1988
* 1989
* 1990
* 1991
* 1992
* 1993
* 1994
* 1995
* 1996
* 1997
* 1998
* 1999
* 2000
* 2001
* 2002
* 2003
* 2004
* 2005
* 2006
* 2007
* 2008
* 2009
* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024
* 2025
* Scheduled executions

Issues and ethics|

* Botched executions
* Death-qualified jury
* Debate
* Dual sovereignty doctrine
* Execution drug shortage
* Exonerations
* Juveniles
* Last meal
* Participation of medical professionals
* Race and capital punishment
* White defendants executed for killing a black victim
* Wrongful executions

Other|

* Death row inmates
* Death row inmates who have exhausted their appeals
* Death Penalty Information Center
* Most recent executions by state
* National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty
* Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment
* Women executed since 1976
* Women on death row

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