Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip

This article is about the Gaza Strip. For the West Bank and East Jerusalem, see Human rights in Palestine § Capital punishment.

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Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip has been enforced by multiple governments, militaries, and irregular militias throughout the area's history. A large proportion of the killings have been associated with broader violent conflicts. Many of the executions have be described as extrajudicial killings due to an incomplete or unaccountable court procedures.

## History

[edit]

### The Palestinian Authority in the Gaza Strip

[edit]

See also: Palestinian National Authority

The State Security Court in Gaza (Arabic: محكمة أمن الدولة في غزة), which was formed in 1995, issued several death sentences against eight people, as follows: 3 in 1995, 3 in 1997, and 2 in 1999, all of which were in murder cases. Not all sentences were carried out.[1]

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## Courts in the Gaza Strip after 2007

[edit]

From the Battle of Gaza (2007) until the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip (2023–present), The Hamas movement had control of the interior of the Gaza Strip on the ground, but did not control the airspace, maritime borders, or land borders.[2] Two parallel Palestinian judicial systems carried out executions in the Gaza Strip, civil and military.[3] The judiciary of the Hamas-led civilian government and the military courts of the Ezzedeen al Qassam Brigades. The West Bank and Gaza Strip governments collaborate closely on issues such as health, but on other issues the Gaza Strip authorities act more autonomously. Palestinian law requires approval from the Palestinian National Authority president (currently Mahmoud Abbas) for the death penalty, but authorities in the Gaza Strip have disregarded this rule on multiple occasions.[4]

## Executions by Gaza's government and military (2007-2024)

[edit]

See also: Hamas government in the Gaza Strip and Fatah–Hamas reconciliation process

### Executions during the 2014 Gaza war

[edit]

Further information: Operation Protective Edge and Alleged murders of political rivals

During the 2014 Gaza War,[5][6] Hamas executed more than 20 Palestinians in the Gaza Strip.[7]

According to an Amnesty International report, 23 Palestinians were executed by Al-Qassam in the course of the 2014 conflict, and 16 of those people had been in prison since before the war began.[8][9] Some were on trial for espionage, but those trials were suddenly cut short. From among the executed, 6 were killed by a firing squad outside a mosque in front of hundreds of spectators including children. Amnesty claimed that Hamas used the cover of the war, which had a very heavily death toll,[5] to carry out summary executions, to settle scores against opponents under the pretext they were collaborators with Israel.[10][7] They were also accused of torture.[6]

Most of these executions of alleged collaborators occurred in response to the IDF assassinating Muhammad Abu Shamala [ar] and Raed Attar, and the unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Mohammed Deif, which instead killed his 27-year-old wife, Widad, and his 7-month-old son Ali Deif. The following day, 18 of the suspected collaborators were executed by firing squad.[11][12][13][14] The day after that, the body of Deif's 3 year old daughter, Sarah, was recovered from the rubble of the same home.[14][12][13]

### 9 sentenced to death in 2015 and 4 in January 2016

[edit]

The Palestinian Center for Human Rights reported in December 2015 that Hamas issued nine death sentences in 2015. Hamas had sentenced four Gazans to death during the first weeks of 2016, all on suspicion of spying.[15]

### Mahmoud Eshtewi - February 2016

[edit]

See also: Hamas murders of political rivals and Sinwar torture allegations

In February 2016, Al Qassam claimed they had executed of Mahmoud Rushdi Eshtewi [ar] (Arabic: محمود رشدي اشتيوي),[a][17][18] one of the group's leading commanders, for very ambiguous reasons. Eshtewi was survived by his two widows and his three children.[better source needed][19] Most reliable sources at the time described the charges as unnamed or undefined.[20][21][17][22] The stated reason was “for behavioral and moral violations to which he confessed” (Arabic: تجاوزاته السلوكية والأخلاقية التي أقر بها)[17][18][22] Whatever it may refer to, the confession was probably obtained by torture.[22][21] Before his death, his family had been told that the death penalty charge - treason (giving information to Israel that causes the deaths of Palestinians) - had been dropped.[22] There is some suspicion that Eshtewi died in custody and was shot after death, from reports of people who saw his body before burial and thought the bullet wounds looked suspicious.[17][22] The New York Times and other media from the USA interpreted the vague charges as a reference to a "homosexual relationship".[19][15]

### 3 convicts executed in May 2016

[edit]

In May 2016, Hamas reportedly executed three men by firing squad and hanging.[23] The execution was performed in the al-Katiba prison. The executed men were convicted for murder. Reportedly, the execution defied protests from the United Nations and "will likely" deepen tensions with the Palestinian government in the West Bank.[23] Hamas defied an agreement with Fatah, the ruling party in the West Bank, by carrying out the executions without the approval of Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas. Hamas later announced that 13 additional prisoners are to be executed.[24]

### 3 alleged collaborators executed in April 2017

[edit]

In April 2017, it was reported that three Palestinians were executed by Hamas in Gaza Strip over alleged collaboration with Israel.[25] Reportedly, the men were hanged at a Hamas police compound, as dozens of Hamas leaders and officials watched the killing.[26][27]

### 13 sentenced between January and August 2022

[edit]

According to B'Tselem, Hamas courts handed down 13 death sentences in January-August 2022, but had not carried out any since 2017.[4]

### 5 executed in September 2022

[edit]

On 4 September 2022, Hamas announced they had executed five men, including two men condemned over collaboration with the occupation (Israel), and three others in criminal cases.[28] A resident of Khan Younis born 1968 was convicted of supplying Israel in 1991 with “information on men of the resistance, their residence… and the location of rocket launchpads”; a second man, born 1978, was for supplying Israel in 2001 with intelligence “that led to the targeting and martyrdom of citizens” by Israeli forces, according to Hamas.[4] The other three men had been convicted for murder.

## Death sentences and executions in the Gaza Strip

[edit]

See also: Executions and assassinations during the Israel–Hamas war

This table is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Executed
during  | Person(s)  | Detained  | Death sentence  | Execution  | Sources

|
|
|
|
|

Name or number  | Age  | Date  | Charge(s)  | Date  | Method
Operation
Protective
Edge | Ayman Taha |  |  |  | Treason [A] | 2014-08-04
[disputed][B] | Firing squad
[disputed][B] | [29]
25 or more people  |  |  | summary
executions | Treason [C] | 2014-08-21
to 24 August  | Various[D] | [30]
Atta Najjar |  |  |  | Treason  | 2014-08-22  | Unknown  | [31]
| Mahmoud Eshtewi [ar]
(also spelled "Ishtiwi") | 34  | January
2015 | Undisclosed  | Undefined[E]
(see above) | 2016-02-07  | Firing squad
[disputed][F] | [21][22][32]
| 3 people  |  |  |  | Murder (3)  | September
2022 |
| 1 person[G] |  | 1991  |  | Treason [H] |
| 1 person  | 44[I] | 2001 or after[J] |  | Treason [J] |
| 5 people  |  |  | 2023-08-06  | Treason[K] | Sentenced to hanging.[L] | [33]

1. ^ Spying for Egypt.
2. ^ a b c Israel sat he was executed by Gaza, but Gaza say he died in an Israeli airstrike months later that killed his entire family.
3. ^ Collaborating with Israel.
4. ^ Including some public executions.
5. ^ The stated reason was “for behavioral and moral violations to which he confessed” (Arabic: تجاوزاته السلوكية والأخلاقية التي أقر بها)[17][18][22]
6. ^ Firing squad alleged by Al-Qassam,[32][22] or prior death in custody alleged by others.[21][22]
7. ^ Described only as a Khan Younis resident.
8. ^ convicted of supplying Israel in 1991 with “information on men of the resistance, their residence… and the location of rocket launchpads”.[4]
9. ^ born 1978
10. ^ a b c supplying Israel in 2001 with intelligence “that led to the targeting and martyrdom of citizens” by Israeli forces, according to Hamas.[4]
11. ^ a b Officially "collaboration with hostile entities" as defined by Article 131 of the 1979 Palestinian Revolutionary Penal Code.[33]
12. ^ a b No reports of the sentence being implemented.

## Misinformation about executions in the Hamas-run Gaza Strip

[edit]

See also: Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war

Hamas' Al-Qassam Brigades militant wing have been credibly accused of numerous war crimes including various extrajudicial killings, but commonly told stories about executions in the Gaza Strip have been over simplified, exaggerated, distorted, or completely fabricated.[34] For example, during the Israel–Hamas war, a video described as “Hamas executes people by throwing them off a roof of a building!” circulated on social media, but the video was from 2015 and not from the State of Palestine.[34] A July 2015 report from Al Arabiya, included identical images and states that they were originally shared by the so-called Islamic State, and showed the execution of four gay men in Fallujah, Iraq.[34]

### Allegations of capital punishment for homosexuality

[edit]

See also: LGBT rights in Palestine and Capital punishment for homosexuality § Palestine

Same sex sexual behaviour is not officially or typically a capital crime in the Gaza Strip.[35][36] The only crimes that routinely attract the death penalty are treason and murder. No laws currently in peace in the Occupied Palestinian territory directly prohibit sex between consenting adult women.[37] But there are differencees between the Gaza Strip and West Bank governments regarding the legal status of sex between consenting adult men. The laws against homosexual behavior between men in Palestine that are currently in peace in the Gaza Strip are a relic of British colonial rule in Mandatory Palestine.[35][36] There is some ambiguity and debate about whether homosexuality was decriminalised in 1858 during the period Ottoman role that preceded Mandatory Palestine.[38] The British colonial laws that are currently on place in the Gaza Strip specify a sentences of a maximum of 10 or 14 years years in prison.[35][36] There in very little evidence that these laws are actually enforced in Gaza.[35] Some interpretations of the laws say that it does not outlaw consensual gay sex between adults at all. In 2018, Anis. F. Kassim (editor-in-chief of the Palestinian Yearbook of International Law) said that Palestinian law (even in Gaza) could be interpreted as allowing non-commercial sex between consenting adult men.[36]

## See also

[edit]

* Capital punishment in Israel
* Executions during the Israel–Hamas war
* Extrajudicial killings by Hamas and Al Qassam
* Hamas war crimes
* Human rights in Israel § Human rights in the occupied territories
* Human rights in Palestine § Capital punishment
* LGBT rights in Palestine  and Pinkwashing (LGBT) § Israel
* Palestinian land laws

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Sometimes spelled "Mahmoud Ishtiwi".[16]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "عقوبة الإعدام في مناطق السلطة الوطنية الفلسطينية بين التشريعات السارية والمعايير الدولية The death penalty in the areas of the Palestinian National Authority between applicable legislation and international standards". مركز المعلومات الوطني الفلسطيني Palestinian National Information Center. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
2. ^ "What is Gaza Strip, the besieged Palestinian enclave under Israeli assault?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
3. ^ Esveld, Bill Van (3 October 2012). "Abusive System". Human Rights Watch.
4. ^ a b c d e "Hamas executes 5 Palestinians in Gaza, including 2 for 'collaborating' with Israel". Times of Israel . 4 September 2022. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
5. ^ a b c "PHOTOS: The Gaza families obliterated in just 51 days". +972 Magazine. 26 August 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
6. ^ a b c Kershner, Isabel (27 May 2015). "Hamas accused of killing and torturing Palestinians". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
7. ^ a b Beaumont, Peter (27 May 2015). "Hamas executed 23 Palestinians under cover of Gaza conflict, says Amnesty". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
8. ^ "Hamas tortured and killed Palestinian 'collaborators' during Gaza conflict - new report". Amnesty International. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
9. ^ "'Strangling Necks': Abduction, torture and summary killings of Palestinians by Hamas forces during the 2014 Gaza/Israel conflict" (PDF). Amnesty International. p. 5, 15, 19. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
10. ^ "Gaza: Palestinians tortured, summarily killed by Hamas forces during 2014 conflict". Amnesty International. 27 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
11. ^ Gold, Shabtai (22 August 2014). "Hamas executes 18 'collaborators' in Gaza". Haaretz. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
12. ^ a b "Body of Deif's daughter, 3, pulled from Gaza rubble". The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
13. ^ a b "The body of the child Sarah Al-Deif was recovered from under the rubble". palinfo.com (in Arabic). 21 August 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
14. ^ a b "Gaza: Thousand mourn death of Hamas chief's wife, baby son". Firstpost. 20 August 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
15. ^ a b Moore, Jack (2 March 2016). "Hamas executed a prominent commander after accusations of gay sex". Newsweek. Retrieved 6 April 2016. "Hamas announced that the man in charge of a number of the group's tunnels used for smuggling and surprise attacks had been executed for moral turpitude, a Hamas term for homosexuality[better source needed] … a Hamas[who?] investigation alleged that Ishtiwi had hidden money designated for his unit's weapons, before an unnamed man claimed to have had sex with him, providing details about their meetings. The investigation concluded that the money Ishtiwi had stolen had been used to pay the man for sexual relations or to bribe him to keep Ishtiwi's secret." Note: The phrase translated by this source as "moral turpitude" is translated in other sources as "moral transgressions" and can also be read as "ethics violations", and there is no evidence of it being used by Hamas in any other context to specifically refer to Men who have Sex with Men (MSM).
16. ^ a b Pfeffer, Anshel (13 May 2024). "Hamas leader's torture tactics revealed in IDF tunnel raid". The Times. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
17. ^ a b c d e "تعذيب وموت محتجز لدى حماس في غزة". Human Rights Watch (in Arabic). 16 February 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2024. "لتجاوزاته السلوكية والأخلاقية التي أقر بها - For his behavioral and moral transgressions that he acknowledged."
18. ^ a b c "Implementation of the death sentence issued against Phalange member Mahmoud Eshtewi". Military Information Department of EQB. 7 February 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
19. ^ a b Hadid, Diaa; Waheidi, Majd Al (1 March 2016). "Hamas Commander, Accused of Theft and Gay Sex, Is Killed by His Own". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023. "Adding a layer of scandal to the story, he was accused of moral turpitude, by which Hamas meant homosexuality." … "Mr. Ishtiwi, who is survived by two wives and three children…"
20. ^ "Hamas kills a local commander for unnamed 'violations'". AP News. AP. 7 February 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
21. ^ a b c d "פלסטין: עציר עונה ומת בידי חמאס - Human Rights Watch" (in Hebrew). 15 February 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
22. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Palestine: Torture, Death of Hamas Detainee - Human Rights Watch". Human Rights Watch. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2024. "His family said they discovered that Qassam operatives held him in secret locations until February 7, when the group's Military Information Department issued a statement saying it had executed Eshtewi after sentencing him to death "for behavioral and moral violations to which he confessed"."
23. ^ a b Sanchez, Raf (31 May 2016). "Hamas begins executions in Gaza". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
24. ^ Dearden, Lizzie (2 June 2016). "Hamas resumes executions in Gaza". The Independent. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
25. ^ "Hamas executes 3 Palestinians over Israel ties". Associated Press via USA Today. 6 April 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
26. ^ "Palestine: Hamas executes three civilians tried in Gaza military courts". Amnesty International. 6 April 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
27. ^ Jack Moore (6 April 2017). "Hamas Hangs Three in Gaza For Israel 'Collaboration'". Newsweek. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
28. ^ "Execution of Gaza prisoners condemned by UN rights office | UN News". news.un.org. 5 September 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
29. ^ Alroy Menezes (8 August 2014). "Mystery Surrounds Death of Ayman Taha, Former Hamas Spokesperson". International Business Times. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
30. ^ "B'Tselem strongly condemns executions of individuals suspected of collaborating with Israel". B’Tselem. 24 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
31. ^ "'Strangling Necks': Abductions, torture and summary killings of Palestinians by Hamas forces during the 2014 Gaza/Israel conflict - occupied Palestinian territory". ReliefWeb. 27 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
32. ^ a b "تعذيب وموت محتجز لدى حماس في غزة". Human Rights Watch (in Arabic). 16 February 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2024. "لتجاوزاته السلوكية والأخلاقية التي أقر بها - For his behavioral and moral transgressions that he acknowledged."
33. ^ a b "Deeply concerned by the continued issuance of death sentences in Gaza, Al Mezan urges the complete abolition of this practice". 15 August 2023. ""convicted of collaboration with hostile entities in violation of Article 131 of the 1979 Palestinian Revolutionary Penal Code."
34. ^ a b c "Fact Check: Video of people thrown from roof shows punishment by IS, not Hamas". Reuters. 15 December 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
35. ^ a b c d "Palestine". Human Dignity Trust. 15 February 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
36. ^ a b c d Abusalim, Dorgham (7 March 2018). "The Real Oppressors of Gaza's Gay Community: Hamas or Israel?". Retrieved 26 June 2024.
37. ^ "Palestine". Human Dignity Trust. 15 February 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2024. "Only men are criminalised under this law."
38. ^ Ozsoy, Elif Ceylan (15 October 2021). "Decolonizing Decriminalization Analyses: Did the Ottomans Decriminalize Homosexuality in 1858?". Journal of Homosexuality. 68 (12): 1979–2002. doi:10.1080/00918369.2020.1715142. hdl:10871/120331. PMID 32069182. Retrieved 31 August 2024.

* v
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Gaza Strip

| History|

* Gaza Strip
* History of Gaza
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* see also: Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula
* All-Palestine Government
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* Gaza Subdistrict in Mandatory Palestine
* Gaza District
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* Jerusalem Sanjak
* Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
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|

Places in
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Palestine|

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* Yasur

| Refugee camps|

* Al-Shati (Beach camp)
* Bureij
* Deir al-Balah
* Jabalia
* Khan Yunis
* Maghazi
* Nuseirat
* Rafah
* Canada

|

| Cities|

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* Gaza City
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* Bani Suheila
* Beit Hanoun
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* Deir al-Balah
* Jabalia
* Khan Yunis
* Rafah

|

| Governorates of the Gaza Strip|

* Gaza
* Khan Yunis
* North Gaza
* North Gaza
* Deir al-Balah
* North Gaza
* Khan Yunis
* Rafah

|

Historic|

* Hamam al-Sammara
* Qasr al-Basha
* Qissariya Market
* Ancient Gaza synagogue
* Archaeological sites destroyed during the Gaza genocide  [ar; simple]

Cemeteries|

* Gaza War Cemetery
* Israeli razing of cemeteries and necroviolence against Palestinians

Mosques|

* Gaza City:
* Aybaki Mosque
* Great Mosque of Gaza (Great Omari Mosque)
* Ibn Marwan Mosque
* Ibn Uthman Mosque
* Katib al-Wilaya Mosque
* Mahkamah Mosque†
* Ibrahim al-Maqadma Mosque attack
* Sayed al-Hashim Mosque
* Sham'ah Mosque
* Shaykh Zakariyya Mosque
* elsewhere:
* Abu Khadra Mosque
* Aybaki Mosque
* Great Mosque of Gaza
* Ibn Marwan Mosque
* Ibn Uthman Mosque
* Katib al-Wilaya Mosque
* Sayed al-Hashim Mosque
* Al-Shamah Mosque†
* Umm al-Nasr Mosque

Churches|

* Gaza City:
* Saint Porphyrius Orthodox Church
* Church of Saint Porphyrius airstrike
* Holy Family Catholic Church
* Gaza Baptist Church†
* elsewhere in the Gaza Strip:

Institutions|

* Palestinian Legislative Council (destroyed in 2023)
* Palestinian Centre for Human Rights
* Al Mezan Center for Human Rights

Police
and courts|

* Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip
* Capital punishment in Palestine
* Faiq al-Mabhouh
* Police in the Israel–Hamas war
* Societal breakdown in the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war

Economy|

* Economy of the Gaza Strip
* Taxation in Palestine

Education|

* Education in Gaza
* UNWRA schools
* Christian schools
* Gaza City:
* Al-Azhar University
* Islamic University
* Al-Aqsa University

Health care|

* Gaza Ministry of Health
* Gaza City:
* Al-Ahli Arab Hospital
* Al-Aqsa Hospital
* Al-Rantisi Hospital
* Al-Shifa Hospital
* Kamal Adwan Hospital
* Al-Awda Hospital
* Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital
* 2024 Gaza Strip polio epidemic

Recreation
and culture|

* Gaza City Gaza Museum of Archaeology
* Al-Bustan resort
* Bisan City tourist village
* Al Deira Hotel
* Faisal Equestrian Club
* Gaza Mall
* Al-Andalusia mall
* Palestine Stadium
* Rashad Shawa Cultural Center
* Roots Club
* As-Sadaka
* Gaza YMCA
* Gaza Strip

Transport
and trade|

* Yasser Arafat International Airport
* Port of Gaza
* Gaza-Israel barrier
* Erez crossing
* Kerem Shalom crossing
* Egypt-Palestine relations
* Rafah crossing
* Blockade of the Gaza Strip
* Gaza smuggling tunnels

Environment|

* Wadi Gaza
* Environmental impact of the Israel–Hamas war

Occupation|

* Gush Katif
* Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
* Netzarim Corridor
* Philadelphi Corridor

Visitors|

* Rachel Corrie
* Gaza Freedom Flotilla
* Gaza flotilla raid
* Antony Loewenstein
* The Palestine Laboratory
* World Central Kitchen

| Demographics|

* Palestinian Christians
* Palestinian clans
* Doghmush clan
* History of the Jews in Gaza City
* Israeli settlers
* Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip
* Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip
* LGBT rights in the Gaza Strip
* Al Haq
* Al Qaws

|

| Births|

* 1997
* Rouzan al-Najjar

|

Deaths|

* 2003
* March
* 16
* Rachel Corrie § Death
* 2009
* January
* 4
* Zeitoun killings
* 16
* Shurrab family
* 2012
* Al-Dalu family (12)
* 2014
* Deif and Al Dalu families (3 + 3)
* 2018
* June
* 1
* Killing of Rouzan al-Najjar
* 2023
* October
* 7
* Abu Qouta family
* November
* Bibas family (unconfirmed)
* December
* 16
* Nahida and Samar Anton
* 2024
* January
* 29
* Hind Rajab and the Hamadeh family (9)
* July
* 3
* Mohammad Bhar

Category:Gaza Strip

* v
* t
* e

Capital punishment

Current judicial methods|

* Hanging
* Shooting
* firing squad
* Lethal injection
* Nitrogen hypoxia
* Electrocution
* Gas chamber
* Beheading
* Stoning

Ancient and
Post-classical
methods|

* Damnatio ad bestias
* Blood eagle
* Blowing from a gun
* Brazen bull
* Boiling
* Breaking wheel
* Burial
* Burning
* Crucifixion
* Crushing
* Decimation
* Disembowelment
* Dismemberment
* Drowning
* Republican marriage
* Elephant
* Falling
* Flaying
* Garrote
* Gibbeting
* Guillotine
* Hanged, drawn and quartered
* Immurement
* Impalement
* Ishikozume
* Mazzatello
* Sawing
* Scaphism
* Slow slicing
* Stoning
* Suffocation in ash
* Upright jerker
* Waist chop

Related topics|

* Enforcement or use by country
* Most recent executions by country
* Crime
* Death row
* Executioner
* list
* Scharfrichter
* Final statement
* Last meal
* Penology
* List of methods
* Religion and capital punishment
* Wrongful execution
* Botched execution
* Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations
* Capital punishment for drug trafficking
* Capital punishment for homosexuality

* v
* t
* e

Capital punishment in the Middle East

* Bahrain
* Cyprus
* Egypt
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Oman
* Palestine (Gaza Strip, West Bank)
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Syria
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates
* Yemen

* v
* t
* e

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Participants

| Israelis|

* Israel Defense Forces
* Israel Police
* Mossad
* Shabak (Shin Bet)

|

Palestinians|

| Principals|

* All-Palestine Protectorate
* Palestine Liberation Organization
* Fatah
* Hamas
* Palestinian Authority

|

Other groups|

* al-Aqsa Brigades
* Children
* DFLP
* Jenin Brigades
* Lions' Den
* PIJ
* PLF
* PPSF
* PFLP
* PFLP-GC
* PRC
* Sabireen Movement
* Sons of Zouari

Third-party groups|

* Arab League
* Hezbollah

Individuals

| Israelis|

* Moshe Arens
* Ami Ayalon
* Ehud Barak
* David Ben-Gurion
* Naftali Bennett
* Menachem Begin
* Meir Dagan
* Moshe Dayan
* Avi Dichter
* Yuval Diskin
* Benny Gantz
* Efraim Halevy
* Dan Halutz
* Tzipi Livni
* Golda Meir
* Shaul Mofaz
* Yitzhak Mordechai
* Benjamin Netanyahu
* Ehud Olmert
* Shimon Peres
* Yaakov Peri
* Yitzhak Rabin
* Amnon Lipkin-Shahak
* Yitzhak Shamir
* Ariel Sharon
* Shabtai Shavit
* Moshe Ya'alon
* Danny Yatom
* Zvi Zamir

|

Palestinians|

* Abu Abbas
* Mahmoud Abbas
* Moussa Arafat
* Yasser Arafat
* Yahya Ayyash
* Marwan Barghouti
* Mohammed Dahlan
* Mohammed Deif
* George Habash
* Wadie Haddad
* Ismail Haniyeh
* Nayef Hawatmeh
* Amin al-Husayni
* Ghazi Jabali
* Ahmed Jibril
* Abu Jihad
* Salah Khalaf
* Leila Khaled
* Sheikh Khalil
* Khaled Mashal
* Zuheir Mohsen
* Abu Ali Mustafa
* Abu Nidal
* Izz ad-Din al-Qassam
* Jibril Rajoub
* Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi
* Ali Hassan Salameh
* Salah Shehade
* Ramadan Shalah
* Fathi Shaqaqi
* Ahlam Tamimi
* Ahmed Yassin

* Timeline
* military operations

| Background|

| 1920–1948|

* 1920
* Nebi Musa riots
* Battle of Tel Hai
* 1921 Jaffa riots
* 1929 Palestine riots
* Hebron massacre
* 1936–1939 Arab revolt
* 1944–1947 Jewish insurgency
* 1947–1948 Civil War

|

| 1948–1970|

* 1948 Arab–Israeli War
* massacres
* 1948–present Fedayeen insurgency
* 1951–1967 Attacks against Israeli civilians
* 1950s–1960s Reprisal operations
* 1953 Qibya massacre
* 1956 Kafr Qasim / Khan Yunis / Rafah massacres
* 1967 Six-Day War
* 1967–1970 War of Attrition
* 1968 Battle of Karameh

|

Palestinian
insurgency

| 1968–1982|

* 1970 Avivim school bus bombing
* 1972 Sabena Flight 571 / Munich massacre / "Bayonet" (1973 Lillehammer affair)
* 1974 Kiryat Shmona massacre / Ma'alot massacre
* 1975 Savoy Hotel attack
* 1976 Entebbe raid
* 1978 Coastal Road massacre / South Lebanon conflict
* 1980 Misgav Am hostage crisis

|

| 1973–1987|

* 1973 Yom Kippur War
* 1975 Zion Square bombing
* 1982 Lebanon War
* Siege of Beirut
* 1983 1983 West Bank fainting epidemic
* 1984 Bus 300 affair
* 1985 Achille Lauro hijacking / "Wooden Leg"
* 1987 Night of the Gliders

|

First Intifada|

| 1987–1991|

* 1988 Tunis raid
* 1989 Bus 405 attack
* 1990 Temple Mount killings
* 1990s Palestinian suicide attacks
* list
* 1994 Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

|

Second Intifada|

| 2000–2005|

* Palestinian rocket attacks
* lists
* Palestinian suicide attacks
* list
* Israeli assassinations
* 2000 October events
* 2001 Santorini
* 2002 Karine A / "Defensive Shield" / Battle of Jenin / Battle of Nablus / "Determined Path"
* 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike
* 2004 "Rainbow" / Beit Hanoun raid / "Days of Penitence"

|

Palestinian dissident
campaigns

| 2006–present|

* 2006 "Bringing Home the Goods"
* 2008 Jerusalem yeshiva attack / Jerusalem bulldozer attack
* 2009 Al-Aqsa clashes
* 2010 Palestinian militancy campaign
* 2015–2016 violence
* 2017 Temple Mount crisis
* 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis
* 2022 Al-Aqsa clashes

|

Gaza–Israel
conflict

| 2006–present|

* 2006 Gaza beach explosion / Gaza cross-border raid / "Summer Rains" / "Autumn Clouds" / Beit Hanoun shelling
* 2008 Egypt–Gaza border breach / "Hot Winter"
* 2008–2009 Gaza War
* 2010 Gaza flotilla raid
* 2012 "Returning Echo" / "Pillar of Defense"
* 2014 "Protective Edge"
* 2015 Freedom Flotilla III
* 2018 Gaza border protests / November clashes
* 2019 May clashes / "Black Belt"
* 2021 "Guardian of the Walls"
* 2022 "Breaking Dawn"
* 2023 "Shield and Arrow" / Israel–Hamas war

|

Diplomacy/law

| Timeline|

| 1948–1991|

* 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
* depopulated towns and villages
* 1949 Lausanne Conference
* 1967–present Israeli settlement
* settler violence
* international law

|

1990s|

* 1981–1982 Fahd Plan
* 1991 Madrid Conference
* 1993–1995 Oslo Accords
* 1994 Paris Protocol
* 1994 Gaza–Jericho Agreement
* 1994–present US security assistance to the PA
* 1997 Hebron Agreement
* 1998 Wye River Memorandum
* 1999 Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum

2000s|

* 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters
* 2001 Taba Summit
* 2002 Quartet established
* 2003 Road Map
* 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza
* 2005 Agreement on Movement and Access
* 2006 Valley of Peace initiative
* 2007 Annapolis Conference
* 2009 Aftonbladet Israel controversy

2010s|

* 2010–11 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
* 2011 Palestine Papers
* 2013–2014 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks

United Nations|

* Israel and the UN
* Palestine and the UN
* 1947 UN Resolution 181
* 1948 UN Resolution 194
* 1967 UN Resolution 242
* ICJ cases
* 2004 Wall construction
* 2023–present South African allegation of genocide
* 2024 Nicaragua v. Germany
* 2023–2024 Israeli occupation

Analysis

* Anti-Palestinianism
* Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany
* Criticism
* Criticism of Hamas
* Criticism of Israel
* Israeli criticism of the occupation
* Media coverage
* Racism in Israel
* Racism in Palestine
* Timeline of anti-Zionism
* There was no such thing as Palestinians

* v
* t
* e

Gaza–Israel conflict

History|

* 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
* Palestinian refugees
* History of the Gaza Strip
* History of Ashkelon
* History of Hamas

Pre-2006|

* 1956
* Khan Yunis massacre
* Rafah massacre
* First Intifada
* Second Intifada and aftermath in 2000–2005
* Killing of Muhammad al-Durrah
* 2004 Israeli operation in Rafah
* 2004 Beit Hanoun raid
* 2004 Israeli operation
* Israeli disengagement

2006|

* Jan
* Palestinian legislative election
* Jun
* Gaza beach explosion
* Gaza cross-border raid
* Jun–Nov
* 2006 Gaza–Israel conflict
* Oct–Nov
* 2006 Israeli operation in Beit Hanoun
* Nov
* Beit Hanoun shelling

2007|

* Jun
* Battle of Gaza

2008|

* Jan–Feb
* Egypt–Gaza border breach
* Feb–Mar
* Operation Hot Winter
* Apr
* Beit Hanoun incident
* Jun–Dec
* Israel–Hamas ceasefire
* Dec
* Gaza War (2008–2009)

2009|

* Jan
* Gaza War (2008–2009)
* Timeline
* Incidents
* Casualties
* Effects
* Feb–Mar
* Israeli attacks
* Apr
* UN Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict

2010|

* Mar
* Israel–Gaza clashes
* May
* Gaza Freedom Flotilla
* Gaza flotilla raid

2011|

* Jul
* Freedom Flotilla II
* Aug
* 2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks

2012|

* Mar
* March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes
* Nov
* 2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip
* Timeline
* Reactions

2014|

* July 2014 Gaza War
* List of Israeli strikes and Palestinian casualties in the 2014 Gaza War
* August
* UN Fact Finding Mission on the 2014 conflict

2015|

* May–Jun
* Freedom Flotilla III

2018|

* Mar
* Gaza border protests
* Palestinian airborne arson attacks
* Nov
* Gaza–Israel clashes

2019|

* May
* Gaza–Israel clashes
* November
* Gaza–Israel clashes

2020|

* Feb
* Killing of Muhammad al-Na'im

2021|

* May
* Israel–Palestine crisis

2022|

* Aug
* 2022 Gaza–Israel clashes

2023|

* Apr
* Al-Aqsa clashes
* May
* Clashes
* October
* Israel–Hamas war

2024|

Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip

Lists|

* Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel
* Lists
* 2001
* 2002–2006
* 2007
* 2008
* 2009
* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024

Related
topics|

* Gaza Strip
* Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* Gaza–Israel barrier
* Hamas government in the Gaza Strip
* Fatah–Hamas conflict
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Gaza Strip blockade (since 2007)
* Israeli support for Hamas
* Divide and rule

* v
* t
* e

Hamas and the Ezzedeen Al-Qassam Brigades

| History|

* History of Hamas
* Muslim Brotherhood
* 2017 Charter
* 1988 Charter
* 25th anniversary of Hamas (2012)
* 35th anniversary of Hamas (2022)

|

Political wing and Hamas Government in the Gaza Strip

Symbols|

* Emblem of Hamas
* Flag of Hamas
* compare Flag of Palestine

Yassin \+ Haniyeh

Rantisi

Mashal

Sinwar \+ Issa

Deif

Mabhouh

Khan Yunis

Beit Hanoun

Jabalia

Leaders|

* List of leaders of Hamas
* deceased
* Ahmed Yassin
* assassination of Ahmed Yassin
* Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi
* assassination of Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi
* Ismail Haniyeh
* assassination of Ismail Haniyeh
* deceased deputy
* Saleh al-Arouri
* assassination of Saleh al-Arouri
* living
* Khaled Mashal
* current
* Yahya Sinwar

Politicians|

| Men|

* Basem Naim
* Ali Baraka
* Mousa Abu Marzook
* Ahmad Bahar
* Fathi Hamad
* Ghazi Hamad
* Abu Omar Hassan
* Ismail Abu Shanab
* Imad al-Alami
* Salah al-Bardawil
* Wissam Farhat
* Essam al-Da'alis
* Sheikh Abu Salah Taha
* Hassan Yousef
* Mahmoud al-Zahar

|

Women|

* Jamila al-Shanti

Elections|

* Palestinian elections
* 2005 presidential
* 2006 legislative
* see also: The Islamic Salvation Party
* Fatah–Hamas conflict
* Battle of Gaza (2007)
* First Haniyeh Government
* Second Haniyeh Government

Health|

* Gaza Ministry of Health
* Health Ministry spokesperson Ashraf al-Qidra
* COVID-19

Society|

* Queer issues
* Qawasameh tribe

Education|

* Islamic University of Gaza
* Attacks on schools during the Israeli invasion of Gaza
* Destruction of cultural heritage
* Demolitions in the Gaza Strip

Religion|

* Islamism in the Gaza Strip
* Islamist anti-Hamas groups in the Gaza Strip
* Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice
* Destruction of cultural heritage in the Gaza Strip

Economics|

* Blockade of the Gaza Strip
* Palestinian Authority Martyrs Fund
* Taxation in the State of Palestine
* Israeli support for Hamas
* Marxist allies (PFLP, Ahmad Saadat, DFLP)
* Charities
* Mujama al-Islamiya
* Union of Good

Media|

* Al-Aqsa TV
* Tomorrow's Pioneers
* Al-Aqsa Voice Radio
* Al-Quds TV
* Shehab News Agency
* Al-Watan (defunct)
* Killing of journalists in the Israel–Hamas war
* Destruction of the al-Jalaa Building

Policing|

* Faiq Al-Mabhouh
* Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip

Lebanon|

* Hamas in Lebanon
* Spokesperson: Osama Hamdan

Other biography pages |

* Ayman Taha
* Abdel Rahman Al Jamal
* Abdul Fatah Dukhan
* Abu Omar Hassan
* Adly Yaish
* Ahmad Abu Holi
* Ahmad Kurd
* Ahmed Yassin
* Ahmed Yousef
* Ali Baraka
* Amal Syam
* Atef Adwan
* Aziz Dweik
* Fadi Mohammad al-Batsh
* Hadem Rida Jarrar
* Hatem Qafisha
* Husam Badran
* Ibrahim al-Makadmeh
* Ibrahim Ghosheh
* Imad Abbas
* Issa Batran
* Jamal Akal
* Jamila Abdallah Taha al-Shanti
* Kamal Ghanaja
* Khaled Tafesh
* Khalil al-Hayya
* Mazen Faqha
* Mohammad Barghouti
* Mohammad Taha
* Mohiyedine Sharif
* Mosab Hassan Yousef
* Mousa Abu Marzook
* Muhammad Abu Tir
* Muhammad Sawalha
* Nasser al-Shaer
* Nayef Rajoub
* Nidal Farahat
* Nizar Awadallah
* Nizar Rayan
* Omar Abd al-Razaq
* Osama Mazini
* Raad Thabet
* Reem Riyashi
* Said Seyam
* Samar Sabih
* Samer al-Hajj
* Sami Abu Zuhri
* Samir Abu Eisheh
* Samira Abdullah Halaykah
* Tawfik Jaber
* Umm Nidal
* Wael Al Zard
* Wasfi Kabha
* Wissam Farhat
* Yahya Ayyash
* Yousef al-Mansi
* Yunis Al Astal
* Ziad Al-Zaza
* Imad Abbas
* Emad Akel
* Yahya Ayyash
* Abdullah Barghouti
* Mohammed Dababish
* Ahmed Ghandour
* Adnan al-Ghoul
* Hamza Abu al-Haija
* Walid Hamdiya
* Ibrahim Hamed
* Ahmed Jabari
* Abu Zakaria al-Jamal
* Fursan Khalifa
* Ezzedeen Sheikh Khalil
* Wa'el Nassar
* Ayman Nofal
* Ali Al Qadi
* Rafa Salama
* Samar Sabih
* Mohiyedine Sharif
* Salah Shehade
* Alaa Shreiteh
* Tito Masoud
* Mahmoud Khalil Zakzuk
* Mohamed Zouari

Opponents and foreign relations

Fatah|

* Fatah–Hamas conflict
* 2006 Palestinian legislative election
* Battle of Gaza (2007)

Global|

* Foreign relations
* Basem Naim
* Support from (Iran
* Israel
* Qatar
* Turkey)
* Russia
* Lebanon
* Osama Hamdan

Egypt|

* Egypt–Palestine relations
* Ayman Taha
* allegedly executed
* Rafah crossing

| religious extremists|

* Islamist anti-Hamas groups in the Gaza Strip
* Battle of Rafah (2009)
* Swords of Truth
* Sinai insurgency
* Otzma Yehudit

|

Israel|

| support|

* Israeli support for Hamas

|

violence|

* list of Israeli assassinations
* Operation Bringing Home the Goods
* see also: Ahmad Sa'adat
* Operation Cast Lead
* 2014 Gaza War
* Israel–Hamas war

criticism|

* Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war
* IDF Spokesperson's Unit
* Daniel Hagari
* Nukbha
* Accusations of genocide
* Propaganda
* Hamas most wanted playing cards
* Public diplomacy of Israel
* Queer issues
* Screams Before Silence

Ezzedeen Al-Qassam Brigades (EQB)

topics|

* Palestinian right to resist
* Palestinian right of armed resistance
* Palestinian political violence
* Alleged military use of al-Shifa hospital
* First Geneva Convention

allies|

* Palestinian Joint Operations Room
* Saraya Al-Quds
* Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades
* Al-Ansar Brigades
* Lions' Den militant group

militants|

* Leader: Mohammed Deif
* Deputy: Marwan Issa
* Spokesperson: Abu Obaida
* Raed al Atar
* Muhammad Abu Shamala [ar]
* Mahmoud Rushdi Eshtewi [ar]
* Adnan al-Ghoul
* Yahya Ayash
* Salah Shehade
* Wa'el Nassar
* Ahmed Jabari
* Imad Abbas
* Imad Akel
* Ibrahim al-Makadmeh
* Ibrahim Hamed
* Ismail Abu Shanab
* Nidal Fat'hi Rabah Farahat
* Yunis al-Astal
* Ahmed Ghandour
* Units
* Al-Aqsa Flood Vanguards unit
* Nukba

weapons|

* Explosive belt (1994‑2006,2008,2024)
* rocket attacks
* Qassam rocket
* Rajum rocket [ar]
* Shawaaz [ar]
* Al-Bana
* Batar
* Yasin (RPG)
* Ghoul sniper rifle [ar]
* drones
* Al-Zawari [ar]
* Ababeel1

Intifadas|

* First Intifada
* Second Intifada

battles|

* 2006 Gaza cross-border raid
* Gaza War (2008–2009)
* 2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip
* 2014 Gaza War
* 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis
* Israel–Hamas war
* 2023 attack on Israel
* Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip

attacks|

* Sbarro restaurant
* Café Moment
* Matza restaurant
* Passover massacre
* Hebrew University
* Allenby Street
* Kiryat Menachem
* Haifa bus 37
* Davidka Square
* Shmuel HaNavi
* Tzrifin bus stop
* Café Hillel
* Beersheba bus
* Meron Junction Bus 361

suicide
bombings|

* …
* 1997
* Mahane Yehuda Market
* 2001
* HaSharon Mall
* 2002
* Rishon LeZion
* 2003
* French Hil
* 2004
* Ashdod Port

* civilian targets
* 1994
* Dizengoff Street
* 1996
* Jaffa Road
* 2001
* Dolphinarium discotheque
* 2001
* Haifa bus 16
* 2002
* Patt Junction

* Military targets
* 2008
* 2008 Kerem Shalom attack

* 2024
* August
* Lehi Street bombing

military base raids |

* 2014 Gaza war
* 8 July 2014 Zikim attack
* 28 July 2014 Nahal Oz attack
* 2024 Nahal Oz attack
* with Saraya al Quds

shootings|

* 2008 Jerusalem yeshiva attack
* August 2010 West Bank shooting attack

hostages|

* 7 October attacks
* Nahal Oz military base

civil war|

* Battle of Gaza (2007)
* with Fatah
* see also Fatah–Hamas conflict
* 2006 Palestinian legislative election
* Battle of Rafah (2009)
* with local Islamic extremists

criticisms|

* Hamas war crimes
* War crimes in the Israel–Hamas war
* Israeli war crimes
* Allegations of genocide in the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
* See also: Gaza genocide
* Palestinian genocide accusation
* Accusation in a mirror

military
media|

* Al-Qassam Military Media
* red triangle
* Platforms
* Telegram
* Former platforms
* Twitter
* choir

Category:Hamas military members

Category:Hamas
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