Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip

This article is about the Gaza Strip. For the West Bank and East Jerusalem, see Human rights in Palestine § Capital punishment.

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Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip has been enforced by multiple governments, militaries, and irregular militias throughout the area's history. A large proportion of the killings have been associated with broader violent conflicts. Many of the executions have be described as extrajudicial killings due to an incomplete or unaccountable court procedures.

According to Palestinian law, there are 77 crimes that are punishable by the death penalty. From 1994 to 2022, approximately 260 death sentences have been issued: around 230 in Gaza and 30 in the West Bank. In total, during this period, 41 executions were carried out, with the vast majority occurring in Gaza.[1]

## History

[edit]

### The Palestinian Authority in the Gaza Strip

[edit]

See also: Palestinian Authority

The State Security Court in Gaza (Arabic: محكمة أمن الدولة في غزة), which was formed in 1995, issued several death sentences against eight people, as follows: 3 in 1995, 3 in 1997, and 2 in 1999, all of which were in murder cases. Not all sentences were carried out.[2]

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## Courts in the Gaza Strip after 2007

[edit]

From the Battle of Gaza (2007) until the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip, The Hamas movement had control of the interior of the Gaza Strip on the ground, but did not control the airspace, maritime borders, or land borders.[3] Two parallel Palestinian judicial systems carried out executions in the Gaza Strip, civil and military.[4] The judiciary of the Hamas-led civilian government and the military courts of the Ezzedeen al Qassam Brigades. The West Bank and Gaza Strip governments collaborate closely on issues such as health, but on other issues the Gaza Strip authorities act more autonomously. Palestinian law requires approval from the Palestinian National Authority president (currently Mahmoud Abbas) for the death penalty,[5] but authorities in the Gaza Strip have disregarded this rule on multiple occasions.[6]

## Executions by Gaza's government and military (2007-2024)

[edit]

See also: Hamas government in the Gaza Strip and Fatah–Hamas reconciliation process

### Executions during the 2014 Gaza war

[edit]

Further information: 2014 Gaza War and Alleged murders of political rivals

During the 2014 Gaza War,[7][8] Hamas executed more than 20 Palestinians in the Gaza Strip.[9]

According to an Amnesty International report, 23 Palestinians were executed by Al-Qassam in the course of the 2014 conflict, and 16 of those people had been in prison since before the war began.[10][11] Some were on trial for espionage, but those trials were suddenly cut short. From among the executed, 6 were killed by a firing squad outside a mosque in front of hundreds of spectators, including children. Amnesty claimed that Hamas used the cover of the war, which had a very heavily death toll,[7] to carry out summary executions, to settle scores against opponents under the pretext they were collaborators with Israel.[12][9] They were also accused of torture.[8]

Most of these executions of alleged collaborators occurred in response to the IDF assassinating Muhammad Abu Shamala [ar] and Raed Attar, and the unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Mohammed Deif, which instead killed his 27-year-old wife, Widad, and his 7-month-old son Ali Deif. The following day, 18 of the suspected collaborators were executed by firing squad.[13][14][15][16] The day after that, the body of Deif's 3-year-old daughter, Sarah, was recovered from the rubble of the same home.[16][14][15]

### 2015 and January 2016 sentencing

[edit]

The Palestinian Center for Human Rights reported in December 2015 that Hamas issued nine death sentences in 2015. Hamas had sentenced four Gazans to death during the first weeks of 2016, all on suspicion of spying.[17]

### Mahmoud Eshtewi (February 2016)

[edit]

See also: Hamas murders of political rivals and Sinwar torture allegations

In February 2016, Al Qassam claimed they had executed of Mahmoud Rushdi Eshtewi [ar] (Arabic: محمود رشدي اشتيوي),[a][19][20] one of the group's leading commanders, for very ambiguous reasons. Eshtewi was survived by his two widows and his three children.[better source needed][21] Most reliable sources at the time described the charges as unnamed or undefined.[22][23][19][24] The stated reason was "for behavioral and moral violations to which he confessed" (Arabic: تجاوزاته السلوكية والأخلاقية التي أقر بها).[19][20][24] Whatever it may refer to, the confession was probably obtained by torture.[24][23] Before his death, his family had been told that the death penalty charge - treason (giving information to Israel that causes the deaths of Palestinians) - had been dropped.[24] There is some suspicion that Eshtewi died in custody and was shot after death, from reports of people who saw his body before burial and thought the bullet wounds looked suspicious.[19][24] The New York Times and other media from the USA interpreted the vague charges as a reference to a "homosexual relationship".[21][17]

### May 2016 executions

[edit]

In May 2016, Hamas reportedly executed three men by firing squad and hanging.[25] The execution was performed in the al-Katiba prison. The executed men were convicted for murder. Reportedly, the execution defied protests from the United Nations and "will likely" deepen tensions with the Palestinian government in the West Bank.[25] Hamas defied an agreement with Fatah, the ruling party in the West Bank, by carrying out the executions without the approval of Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas. Hamas later announced that 13 additional prisoners are to be executed.[26]

### April 2017 executions

[edit]

In April 2017, it was reported that three Palestinians were executed by Hamas in Gaza Strip over alleged collaboration with Israel.[27] Reportedly, the men were hanged at a Hamas police compound, as dozens of Hamas leaders and officials watched the killing.[28][29]

### January–August 2022 sentencing

[edit]

According to B'Tselem, Hamas courts handed down 13 death sentences in January-August 2022, but had not carried out any since 2017.[6]

### September 2022 executions

[edit]

On 4 September 2022, Hamas announced they had executed five men, including two men condemned over collaboration with the occupation (Israel), and three others in criminal cases.[30] A resident of Khan Younis born 1968 was convicted of supplying Israel in 1991 with “information on men of the resistance, their residence… and the location of rocket launchpads”; a second man, born 1978, was for supplying Israel in 2001 with intelligence “that led to the targeting and martyrdom of citizens” by Israeli forces, according to Hamas.[6] The other three men had been convicted for murder.

## Death sentences and executions in the Gaza Strip

[edit]

See also: Executions and assassinations during the Gaza war

This table is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Executed
during  | Person(s)  | Detained  | Death sentence  | Execution  | Sources

|
|
|
|
|

Name or number  | Age  | Date  | Charge(s)  | Date  | Method
2014 Gaza War | Ayman Taha |  |  |  | Treason [A] | 2014-08-04
[disputed][B] | Firing squad
[disputed][B] | [31]
25 or more people  |  |  | summary
executions | Treason [C] | 2014-08-21
to 24 August  | Various[D] | [32]
Atta Najjar |  |  |  | Treason  | 2014-08-22  | Unknown  | [33]
| Mahmoud Eshtewi [ar]
(also spelled "Ishtiwi") | 34  | January
2015 | Undisclosed  | Undefined[E]
(see above) | 2016-02-07  | Firing squad
[disputed][F] | [23][24][34]
| 3 people  |  |  |  | Murder (3)  | September
2022 |
| 1 person[G] |  | 1991  |  | Treason [H] |
| 1 person  | 44[I] | 2001 or after[J] |  | Treason [J] |
| 5 people  |  |  | 2023-08-06  | Treason[K] | Sentenced to hanging.[L] | [35]

1. ^ Spying for Egypt.
2. ^ a b c Israel sat he was executed by Gaza, but Gaza say he died in an Israeli airstrike months later that killed his entire family.
3. ^ Collaborating with Israel.
4. ^ Including some public executions.
5. ^ The stated reason was “for behavioral and moral violations to which he confessed” (Arabic: تجاوزاته السلوكية والأخلاقية التي أقر بها)[19][20][24]
6. ^ Firing squad alleged by Al-Qassam,[34][24] or prior death in custody alleged by others.[23][24]
7. ^ Described only as a Khan Younis resident.
8. ^ convicted of supplying Israel in 1991 with “information on men of the resistance, their residence… and the location of rocket launchpads”.[6]
9. ^ born 1978
10. ^ a b c supplying Israel in 2001 with intelligence “that led to the targeting and martyrdom of citizens” by Israeli forces, according to Hamas.[6]
11. ^ a b Officially "collaboration with hostile entities" as defined by Article 131 of the 1979 Palestinian Revolutionary Penal Code.[35]
12. ^ a b No reports of the sentence being implemented.

## Misinformation about executions in the Hamas-run Gaza Strip

[edit]

See also: Misinformation in the Gaza war

Hamas' Al-Qassam Brigades militant wing have been credibly accused of numerous war crimes including various extrajudicial killings, but commonly told stories about executions in the Gaza Strip have been over simplified, exaggerated, distorted, or completely fabricated.[36] For example, during the Gaza war, a video described as “Hamas executes people by throwing them off a roof of a building!” circulated on social media, but the video was from 2015 and not from Palestine.[36] A July 2015 report from Al Arabiya, included identical images and stated that they were originally shared by the Islamic State, and showed the execution of four gay men in Fallujah, Iraq.[36]

### Allegations of capital punishment for homosexuality

[edit]

See also: LGBTQ rights in the State of Palestine and Capital punishment for homosexuality § Palestine

Same sex sexual behaviour is not officially or typically a capital crime in the Gaza Strip.[37][38] The only crimes that routinely attract the death penalty are treason and murder. No laws currently in place in the occupied Palestinian territory directly prohibit sex between consenting adult women.[39] But there are differences between the Gaza Strip and West Bank governments regarding the legal status of sex between consenting adult men. The laws against homosexual behavior between men in Palestine that are currently in place in the Gaza Strip are a relic of British colonial rule in Mandatory Palestine.[37][38] There is some ambiguity and debate about whether homosexuality was decriminalized in 1858, during the Ottoman period that preceded Mandatory Palestine.[40] The British colonial laws that are currently on place in the Gaza Strip specify a maximum sentence of 10 or 14 years in prison.[37][38] There is very little evidence that these laws are actually enforced in Gaza.[37] Some interpretations of the laws say that it does not outlaw consensual gay sex between adults at all. In 2018, Anis. F. Kassim (editor-in-chief of the Palestinian Yearbook of International Law) said that Palestinian law (even in Gaza) could be interpreted as allowing non-commercial sex between consenting adult men.[38]

## See also

[edit]

* Capital punishment in Israel
* Extrajudicial killings by Hamas and Al Qassam
* Palestinian war crimes
* Human rights in Israel § Human rights in the occupied territories
* Human rights in Palestine § Capital punishment
* LGBT rights in Palestine  and Pinkwashing (LGBTQ) § Israel
* Palestinian land laws

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Sometimes spelled "Mahmoud Ishtiwi".[18]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Palestine: Death penalty in a forgotten country". Prison Insider. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
2. ^ "عقوبة الإعدام في مناطق السلطة الوطنية الفلسطينية بين التشريعات السارية والمعايير الدولية The death penalty in the areas of the Palestinian National Authority between applicable legislation and international standards". مركز المعلومات الوطني الفلسطيني Palestinian National Information Center. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
3. ^ "What is Gaza Strip, the besieged Palestinian enclave under Israeli assault?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
4. ^ Esveld, Bill Van (3 October 2012). "Abusive System". Human Rights Watch.
5. ^ The Advocates for Human Rights (29 May 2023). "State of Palestine's Compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Death Penalty" (PDF). theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/.
6. ^ a b c d e "Hamas executes 5 Palestinians in Gaza, including 2 for 'collaborating' with Israel". Times of Israel . 4 September 2022. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
7. ^ a b c "PHOTOS: The Gaza families obliterated in just 51 days". +972 Magazine. 26 August 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
8. ^ a b c Kershner, Isabel (27 May 2015). "Hamas accused of killing and torturing Palestinians". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
9. ^ a b Beaumont, Peter (27 May 2015). "Hamas executed 23 Palestinians under cover of Gaza conflict, says Amnesty". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
10. ^ "Hamas tortured and killed Palestinian 'collaborators' during Gaza conflict - new report". Amnesty International. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
11. ^ "'Strangling Necks': Abduction, torture and summary killings of Palestinians by Hamas forces during the 2014 Gaza/Israel conflict" (PDF). Amnesty International. p. 5, 15, 19. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
12. ^ "Gaza: Palestinians tortured, summarily killed by Hamas forces during 2014 conflict". Amnesty International. 27 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
13. ^ Gold, Shabtai (22 August 2014). "Hamas executes 18 'collaborators' in Gaza". Haaretz. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
14. ^ a b "Body of Deif's daughter, 3, pulled from Gaza rubble". The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
15. ^ a b "The body of the child Sarah Al-Deif was recovered from under the rubble". palinfo.com (in Arabic). 21 August 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
16. ^ a b "Gaza: Thousand mourn death of Hamas chief's wife, baby son". Firstpost. 20 August 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
17. ^ a b Moore, Jack (2 March 2016). "Hamas executed a prominent commander after accusations of gay sex". Newsweek. Retrieved 6 April 2016. "Hamas announced that the man in charge of a number of the group's tunnels used for smuggling and surprise attacks had been executed for moral turpitude, a Hamas term for homosexuality[better source needed] ... a Hamas[who?] investigation alleged that Ishtiwi had hidden money designated for his unit's weapons, before an unnamed man claimed to have had sex with him, providing details about their meetings. The investigation concluded that the money Ishtiwi had stolen had been used to pay the man for sexual relations or to bribe him to keep Ishtiwi's secret." Note: The phrase translated by this source as "moral turpitude" is translated in other sources as "moral transgressions" and can also be read as "ethics violations", and there is no evidence of it being used by Hamas in any other context to specifically refer to Men who have Sex with Men (MSM).
18. ^ a b Pfeffer, Anshel (13 May 2024). "Hamas leader's torture tactics revealed in IDF tunnel raid". The Times. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
19. ^ a b c d e "تعذيب وموت محتجز لدى حماس في غزة". Human Rights Watch (in Arabic). 16 February 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2024. "لتجاوزاته السلوكية والأخلاقية التي أقر بها - For his behavioral and moral transgressions that he acknowledged."
20. ^ a b c "Implementation of the death sentence issued against Phalange member Mahmoud Eshtewi". Military Information Department of EQB. 7 February 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
21. ^ a b Hadid, Diaa; Waheidi, Majd Al (1 March 2016). "Hamas Commander, Accused of Theft and Gay Sex, Is Killed by His Own". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023. "Adding a layer of scandal to the story, he was accused of moral turpitude, by which Hamas meant homosexuality." … "Mr. Ishtiwi, who is survived by two wives and three children…"
22. ^ "Hamas kills a local commander for unnamed 'violations'". AP News. AP. 7 February 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
23. ^ a b c d "פלסטין: עציר עונה ומת בידי חמאס - Human Rights Watch" (in Hebrew). 15 February 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
24. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Palestine: Torture, Death of Hamas Detainee - Human Rights Watch". Human Rights Watch. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2024. "His family said they discovered that Qassam operatives held him in secret locations until February 7, when the group's Military Information Department issued a statement saying it had executed Eshtewi after sentencing him to death "for behavioral and moral violations to which he confessed"."
25. ^ a b Sanchez, Raf (31 May 2016). "Hamas begins executions in Gaza". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
26. ^ Dearden, Lizzie (2 June 2016). "Hamas resumes executions in Gaza". The Independent. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
27. ^ "Hamas executes 3 Palestinians over Israel ties". Associated Press via USA Today. 6 April 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
28. ^ "Palestine: Hamas executes three civilians tried in Gaza military courts". Amnesty International. 6 April 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
29. ^ Jack Moore (6 April 2017). "Hamas Hangs Three in Gaza For Israel 'Collaboration'". Newsweek. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
30. ^ "Execution of Gaza prisoners condemned by UN rights office | UN News". news.un.org. 5 September 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
31. ^ Alroy Menezes (8 August 2014). "Mystery Surrounds Death of Ayman Taha, Former Hamas Spokesperson". International Business Times. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
32. ^ "B'Tselem strongly condemns executions of individuals suspected of collaborating with Israel". B’Tselem. 24 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
33. ^ "'Strangling Necks': Abductions, torture and summary killings of Palestinians by Hamas forces during the 2014 Gaza/Israel conflict - occupied Palestinian territory". ReliefWeb. 27 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
34. ^ a b "تعذيب وموت محتجز لدى حماس في غزة". Human Rights Watch (in Arabic). 16 February 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2024. "لتجاوزاته السلوكية والأخلاقية التي أقر بها - For his behavioral and moral transgressions that he acknowledged."
35. ^ a b "Deeply concerned by the continued issuance of death sentences in Gaza, Al Mezan urges the complete abolition of this practice". 15 August 2023. ""convicted of collaboration with hostile entities in violation of Article 131 of the 1979 Palestinian Revolutionary Penal Code."
36. ^ a b c "Fact Check: Video of people thrown from roof shows punishment by IS, not Hamas". Reuters. 15 December 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
37. ^ a b c d "Palestine". Human Dignity Trust. 15 February 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
38. ^ a b c d Abusalim, Dorgham (7 March 2018). "The Real Oppressors of Gaza's Gay Community: Hamas or Israel?". Retrieved 26 June 2024.
39. ^ "Palestine". Human Dignity Trust. 15 February 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2024. "Only men are criminalised under this law."
40. ^ Ozsoy, Elif Ceylan (15 October 2021). "Decolonizing Decriminalization Analyses: Did the Ottomans Decriminalize Homosexuality in 1858?". Journal of Homosexuality. 68 (12): 1979–2002\. doi:10.1080/00918369.2020.1715142. hdl:10871/120331. PMID 32069182.

* v
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Gaza Strip

| History|

* Gaza Strip
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* see also: Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula
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* Gaza Subdistrict in Mandatory Palestine
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|

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| Refugee camps|

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|

| Cities|

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|

| Governorates of the Gaza Strip|

* Gaza
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* North Gaza
* North Gaza
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* North Gaza
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|

Historic|

* Hamam al-Sammara
* Qasr al-Basha
* Qissariya Market
* Byzantine Gaza synagogue
* Archaeological sites destroyed during the Gaza genocide  [ar]

Cemeteries|

* Deir El Belah War Cemetery
* Gaza War Cemetery
* Israeli razing of cemeteries and necroviolence against Palestinians

Mosques|

* Gaza City:
* Aybaki Mosque
* Great Mosque of Gaza (Great Omari Mosque)
* Ibn Marwan Mosque
* Ibn Uthman Mosque
* Katib al-Wilaya Mosque
* Mahkamah Mosque†
* Ibrahim al-Maqadma Mosque attack
* Sayed al-Hashim Mosque
* Sham'ah Mosque
* Shaykh Zakariyya Mosque
* elsewhere:
* Abu Khadra Mosque
* Al-Shamah Mosque†
* Umm al-Nasr Mosque
* Zofor Domri Mosque

Churches|

* Gaza City:
* Saint Porphyrius Orthodox Church
* Church of Saint Porphyrius airstrike
* Holy Family Catholic Church
* Gaza Baptist Church†
* elsewhere in the Gaza Strip:

Institutions|

* Palestinian Legislative Council (destroyed in 2023)
* Palestinian Centre for Human Rights
* Al Mezan Center for Human Rights

Police
and courts|

* Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip
* Capital punishment in Palestine
* Faiq al-Mabhouh
* Police in the Israel–Hamas war
* Societal breakdown in the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war

Environment|

* Wadi Gaza
* Environmental impact of the Gaza war

Economy|

* Economy of the Gaza Strip
* Taxation in Palestine

Transport
and trade|

* Yasser Arafat International Airport
* Port of Gaza
* Gaza-Israel barrier
* Erez crossing
* Kerem Shalom crossing
* Egypt-Palestine relations
* Rafah crossing
* Blockade of the Gaza Strip
* Gaza smuggling tunnels

Culture and
recreation|

* Gaza City Gaza Museum of Archaeology
* Al-Bustan resort
* Bisan City tourist village
* Al Deira Hotel
* Faisal Equestrian Club
* Gaza Mall
* Al-Andalusia mall
* Palestine Stadium
* Rashad Shawa Cultural Center
* Roots Club
* As-Sadaka
* Gaza YMCA
* Gaza Strip

Education|

* Education in Gaza
* UNWRA schools
* Christian schools
* Gaza City:
* Al-Azhar University
* Islamic University
* Al-Aqsa University

Libraries|

* Deir al-Balah Municipality Public Library [ar]
* Gaza Municipality Public Library [ar]
* Khan Yunis Municipality Public Library [ar]
* Rafah Municipality Public Library [ar]
* Samir Mansour Library

Health care|

* Gaza Ministry of Health
* Gaza City:
* Al-Ahli Arab Hospital
* Al-Aqsa Hospital
* Al-Rantisi Hospital
* Al-Shifa Hospital
* Kamal Adwan Hospital
* Al-Awda Hospital
* Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital
* 2024 Gaza Strip polio epidemic

Occupation|

* Gush Katif
* Israeli unilateral disengagement
* Israeli occupation
* 2023 Israeli invasion
* Morag Corridor
* Netzarim Corridor
* Philadelphi Corridor

Visitors|

* Rachel Corrie
* Gaza Freedom Flotilla
* Gaza flotilla raid
* Antony Loewenstein
* Walkley Book Award #The Palestine Laboratory
* World Central Kitchen

| Demographics|

* Palestinian Christians
* Palestinian clans
* Doghmush clan
* History of the Jews in Gaza City
* Israeli settlers
* Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip
* Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip
* LGBT rights in the Gaza Strip
* Al Haq
* Al Qaws

|

| Births|

* 1985
* Ahmed Moor
* 1997
* Rouzan al-Najjar

|

Deaths|

* 2003
* March
* 16
* Rachel Corrie § Death
* MV Rachel Corrie
* 2009
* January
* 4
* Zeitoun killings
* 16
* Shurrab family
* 2012
* Al-Dalu family (12)
* 2014
* Deif and Al Dalu families (3 + 3)
* 2018
* June
* 1
* Killing of Rouzan al-Najjar
* 2023
* October
* 7
* Abu Qouta family
* November
* Bibas family (unconfirmed)
* December
* 15
* Samer Abu Daqqa
* 16
* Nahida and Samar Anton
* 2024
* January
* 29
* Hind Rajab and the Hamadeh family (9)
* July
* 3
* Mohammad Bhar

Category:Gaza Strip

* v
* t
* e

Capital punishment

Current judicial methods|

* Hanging
* Shooting
* firing squad
* Lethal injection
* Nitrogen hypoxia
* Electrocution
* Gas chamber
* Beheading
* Stoning

Ancient and
post-classical
methods|

* Damnatio ad bestias
* Blood eagle
* Blowing from a gun
* Brazen bull
* Boiling
* Breaking wheel
* Burial
* Burning
* Crucifixion
* Crushing
* Decimation
* Disembowelment
* Dismemberment
* Drowning
* Republican marriage
* Elephant
* Falling
* Flaying
* Garrote
* Gibbeting
* Guillotine
* Hanged, drawn and quartered
* Immurement
* Impalement
* Ishikozume
* Mazzatello
* Sawing
* Scaphism
* Seppuku
* Slow slicing
* Stoning
* Suffocation in ash
* Upright jerker
* Waist chop

Related topics|

* Enforcement or use by country
* Most recent executions by country
* Crime
* Death row
* Executioner
* list
* Scharfrichter
* Final statement
* Last meal
* Penology
* List of methods
* Nine familial exterminations
* Religion and capital punishment
* Wrongful execution
* Botched execution
* Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations
* Capital punishment for drug trafficking
* Capital punishment for homosexuality
* Trial by ordeal

* v
* t
* e

Capital punishment in the Middle East

* Bahrain
* Cyprus
* Egypt
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Oman
* Palestine (Gaza Strip, West Bank)
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Syria
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates
* Yemen

* v
* t
* e

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

History

Participants

| Israelis|

* Israel Defense Forces
* Israel Police
* Mossad
* Shabak (Shin Bet)

|

Palestinians|

| Principals|

* All-Palestine Protectorate
* Palestine Liberation Organization
* Fatah
* Hamas
* Palestinian Authority

|

Other groups|

* al-Aqsa Brigades
* Children
* DFLP
* Jenin Brigades
* Lions' Den
* PIJ
* PLF
* PPSF
* PFLP
* PFLP-GC
* PRC
* Sabireen Movement
* Sons of Zouari
* Tulkarm Brigade

Third-party groups|

* Arab League
* Hezbollah

Individuals

| Israelis|

* Moshe Arens
* Ami Ayalon
* Ehud Barak
* David Ben-Gurion
* Naftali Bennett
* Menachem Begin
* Meir Dagan
* Moshe Dayan
* Avi Dichter
* Yuval Diskin
* Benny Gantz
* Efraim Halevy
* Dan Halutz
* Tzipi Livni
* Golda Meir
* Shaul Mofaz
* Yitzhak Mordechai
* Benjamin Netanyahu
* Ehud Olmert
* Shimon Peres
* Yaakov Peri
* Yitzhak Rabin
* Amnon Lipkin-Shahak
* Yitzhak Shamir
* Ariel Sharon
* Shabtai Shavit
* Moshe Ya'alon
* Danny Yatom
* Zvi Zamir

|

Palestinians|

* Abu Abbas
* Mahmoud Abbas
* Moussa Arafat
* Yasser Arafat
* Yahya Ayyash
* Marwan Barghouti
* Mohammed Dahlan
* Mohammed Deif
* George Habash
* Wadie Haddad
* Ismail Haniyeh
* Nayef Hawatmeh
* Amin al-Husayni
* Ghazi Jabali
* Ahmed Jibril
* Abu Jihad
* Salah Khalaf
* Leila Khaled
* Sheikh Khalil
* Khaled Mashal
* Zuheir Mohsen
* Abu Ali Mustafa
* Abu Nidal
* Izz ad-Din al-Qassam
* Jibril Rajoub
* Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi
* Ali Hassan Salameh
* Salah Shehade
* Ramadan Shalah
* Fathi Shaqaqi
* Ahlam Tamimi
* Ahmed Yassin

* Timeline
* military operations

| Background|

| 1920–1948|

* 1920
* Nebi Musa riots
* Battle of Tel Hai
* 1921 Jaffa riots
* 1929 Palestine riots
* Hebron massacre
* 1936–1939 Arab revolt
* 1944–1947 Jewish insurgency
* 1947–1948 Civil War / Nakba

|

| 1948–1970|

* 1948 Arab–Israeli War
* massacres
* 1948–present Fedayeen insurgency
* 1951–1967 Attacks against Israeli civilians
* 1950s–1960s Reprisal operations
* 1949–1956 Palestinian expulsions
* 1953 Qibya massacre
* 1956 Suez Crisis / Kafr Qasim / Khan Yunis / Rafah massacres
* 1967 Six-Day War / Naksa
* 1967–1970 War of Attrition
* 1968 Battle of Karameh

|

Palestinian
insurgency

| 1968–1982|

* 1970 Avivim school bus bombing
* 1972 Sabena Flight 571 / Munich massacre / "Bayonet" (1973 Lillehammer affair)
* 1974 Kiryat Shmona massacre / Ma'alot massacre
* 1975 Savoy Hotel attack
* 1976 Entebbe raid
* 1978 Coastal road massacre / South Lebanon conflict
* 1980 Misgav Am hostage crisis

|

| 1973–1987|

* 1973 Yom Kippur War
* 1975 Zion Square bombing
* 1982 Lebanon War
* Siege of Beirut
* 1983 1983 West Bank fainting epidemic
* 1984 Bus 300 affair
* 1985 Achille Lauro hijacking / "Wooden Leg"
* 1987 Night of the Gliders

|

First Intifada|

| 1987–1991|

* 1988 Tunis raid
* 1989 Bus 405 attack
* 1990 Temple Mount killings
* 1990s Palestinian suicide attacks
* list
* 1994 Cave of the Patriarchs massacre

|

Second Intifada|

| 2000–2005|

* Palestinian rocket attacks
* Palestinian suicide attacks
* list
* Israeli assassinations
* 2000 October events
* 2001 Santorini
* 2002 Karine A / "Defensive Shield" / Battle of Jenin / Battle of Nablus / "Determined Path"
* 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike
* 2004 "Rainbow" / Beit Hanoun raid / "Days of Penitence"

|

Palestinian dissident
campaigns

| 2006–present|

* 2006 "Bringing Home the Goods"
* 2008 Jerusalem yeshiva attack / Jerusalem bulldozer attack
* 2009 Al-Aqsa clashes
* 2010 Palestinian militancy campaign
* 2015–2016 violence
* 2017 Temple Mount crisis
* 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis
* 2022 Al-Aqsa clashes

|

Gaza–Israel
conflict

| 2006–present|

* 2006 Gaza beach explosion / Gaza cross-border raid / "Summer Rains" / "Autumn Clouds" / Beit Hanoun shelling
* 2008 Egypt–Gaza border breach / "Hot Winter"
* 2008–2009 Gaza War
* 2010 Gaza flotilla raid
* 2012 "Returning Echo" / "Pillar of Defense"
* 2014 "Protective Edge"
* 2015 Freedom Flotilla III
* 2018 Gaza border protests / November clashes
* 2019 May clashes / "Black Belt"
* 2021 "Guardian of the Walls"
* 2022 "Breaking Dawn"
* 2023 "Shield and Arrow" / Gaza war

|

Diplomacy/law

| Timeline|

| 1948–1991|

* 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
* depopulated towns and villages
* 1949 Lausanne Conference
* 1967–present Israeli settlement
* settler violence
* international law

|

1990s|

* 1981–1982 Fahd Plan
* 1991 Madrid Conference
* 1993–1995 Oslo Accords
* 1994 Paris Protocol
* 1994 Gaza–Jericho Agreement
* 1994–present US security assistance to the PA
* 1997 Hebron Agreement
* 1998 Wye River Memorandum
* 1999 Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum

2000s|

* 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters
* 2001 Taba Summit
* 2002 Quartet established
* 2003 Road Map
* 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza
* 2005 Agreement on Movement and Access
* 2006 Valley of Peace initiative
* 2007 Annapolis Conference
* 2009 Aftonbladet Israel controversy

2010s|

* 2010–11 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
* 2011 Palestine Papers
* 2013–2014 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks
* 2023–present Gaza genocide

United Nations|

| General|

* Israel and the UN
* Palestine and the UN
* UNRWA

|

Resolutions|

* List concerning Israel
* List concerning Palestine
* 1947 UNGA Resolution 181
* 1948 UNGA Resolution 194
* 1967 UNSC Resolution 242
* 1980 UNSC Resolution 478
* 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701
* 2012 UNGA Resolution 67/19
* 2023 UNSC Resolution 2720

Investigations|

* 2009 Goldstone Report
* 2015 UNHRC Report

ICJ cases|

* 2004 Wall construction
* 2023–present South African allegation of genocide
* 2024 Nicaragua v. Germany
* 2023–2024 Israeli occupation
* 2024–2025 UNRWA ban

ICC|

* Palestine investigation
* arrest warrants

Analysis

* Anti-Palestinianism
* Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany
* Criticism
* Criticism of Hamas
* Criticism of Israel
* Israeli criticism of the occupation
* Media coverage
* Racism in Israel
* Racism in Palestine
* Timeline of anti-Zionism
* There was no such thing as Palestinians

* v
* t
* e

Gaza–Israel conflict

History|

* 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
* Palestinian refugees
* History of the Gaza Strip
* History of Ashkelon
* History of Hamas

Pre-2006|

* 1956
* Khan Yunis massacre
* Rafah massacre
* First Intifada
* Second Intifada and aftermath in 2000–2005
* Killing of Muhammad al-Durrah
* 2004 Israeli operation in Rafah
* 2004 Beit Hanoun raid
* 2004 Israeli operation
* Israeli disengagement

2006|

* Jan
* Palestinian legislative election
* Jun
* Gaza beach explosion
* Gaza cross-border raid
* Jun–Nov
* 2006 Gaza–Israel conflict
* Oct–Nov
* 2006 Israeli operation in Beit Hanoun
* Nov
* Beit Hanoun shelling

2008|

* Jan–Feb
* Egypt–Gaza border breach
* Feb–Mar
* Operation Hot Winter
* Apr
* Jun–Dec
* Israel–Hamas ceasefire
* Dec
* Gaza War (2008–2009)

2009|

* Jan
* Gaza War (2008–2009)
* Timeline
* Incidents
* Casualties
* Effects
* Feb–Mar
* Israeli attacks
* Apr
* UN Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict

2010|

* Mar
* Israel–Gaza clashes
* May
* Gaza Freedom Flotilla
* 2010 Gaza flotilla raid

2011|

* Jul
* Freedom Flotilla II
* Aug
* 2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks

2012|

* Mar
* March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes
* Nov
* 2012 Gaza War
* Timeline
* Reactions

2014|

* July 2014 Gaza War
* List of Israeli strikes and Palestinian casualties in the 2014 Gaza War
* August
* UN Fact Finding Mission on the 2014 conflict

2015|

* May–Jun
* Freedom Flotilla III

2018|

* Mar
* Gaza border protests
* Palestinian airborne arson attacks
* Nov
* Gaza–Israel clashes

2019|

* May
* Gaza–Israel clashes
* November
* Gaza–Israel clashes

2020|

* Feb
* Killing and dismemberment of Muhammad al-Na'im

2021|

* May
* Israel–Palestine crisis

2022|

* Aug
* 2022 Gaza–Israel clashes

2023|

* Apr
* Al-Aqsa clashes
* May
* Clashes
* October
* Gaza war

2024|

Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip

Lists|

* Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel
* 2001
* 2002–2006
* 2007
* 2008
* 2009
* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024

Related
topics|

* Gaza Strip
* Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* Gaza–Israel barrier
* Gaza Strip under Hamas
* Fatah–Hamas conflict
* Iran–Israel proxy war
* Gaza Strip blockade (since 2007)
* Israeli support for Hamas
* Gaza genocide
* International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine

* v
* t
* e

Hamas

History|

| General|

* Original Charter
* Revised Charter
* 1992 deportations
* UNRWA Holocaust dispute
* 25th anniversary of Hamas (2012)

|

Fatah–Hamas conflict|

* Takeover of the Gaza Strip
* 2009 Hamas political violence in Gaza
* Reconciliation process
* Mecca Agreement
* Doha Agreement
* Cairo Agreement
* Algiers Declaration

Gaza–Israel conflict|

* First Intifada
* Second Intifada
* Gaza war
* Hostage crisis
* 2023 ceasefire
* 2025 ceasefire

Governance|

| Palestinian Authority|

* First Haniyeh Government
* Second Haniyeh Government
* Economic Sanctions

|

Gaza Strip|

* 2007
* 2012
* 2016
* Supreme Administrative Committee

Political wing|

| People|

* List of leaders of Hamas
* Khaled Mashal
* Ismail Haniyeh
* Yahya Sinwar
* Mohammed Sinwar
* Basem Naim
* Ali Baraka
* Mousa Abu Marzook
* Zaher Jabarin
* Issam al-Da'alis
* Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi
* hospital
* Women: Jamila Abdallah Taha al-Shanti
* Umm Nidal

|

Elections|

* 2005 presidential
* 2006 legislative

Other|

* Hamas temporary committee
* Islamic Salvation Party

Law and order|

* Interior Minister of the Gaza Strip
* Ihab al-Ghussein
* Police
* Faiq Mabhouh
* Palestinian Executive Force [ar]
* Said Seyam
* Palestinian law
* Executions

Military wing|

| Units|

* Palestinian Joint Operations Room
* Al-Qassam Brigades
* Nukbha
* Ayman Nofal
* Tulkarm Brigade
* al-Aqsa Flood Vanguards unit

|

People|

* Leader: Izz al-Din al-Haddad
* Spokesperson: Abu Ubaida
* Saleh al-Arouri
* Emad Akel
* Yahya Ayyash
* Salah Shehade
* Mohammed Deif
* Marwan Issa
* Adnan al-Ghoul
* Mazen Faqha
* Wa'el Nassar
* Ahmed Jabari
* Imad Abbas
* Mahmoud al-Mabhouh
* Nidal Farahat
* Yunis Al Astal
* Ahmed Ghandour
* Women
* Reem Riyashi
* Fatma Omar An-Najar

Operations|

* 1989: Killing of Avi Sasportas and Ilan Saadon
* 1992: Abduction and killing of Nissim Toledano
* 1993: Mehola Junction bombing
* Killing of Yaron Chen
* 1994: Afula bus suicide bombing
* Hadera bus station suicide bombing
* Abduction and killing of Nachshon Wachsman
* Dizengoff Street bus bombing
* Afula axe attack
* 1995: Ramat Gan bus bombing
* Ramat Eshkol bus bombing
* 1996: Jaffa Road bus bombings
* Dizengoff Center suicide bombing
* Murder of Yaron and Efrat Ungar
* 1997: Café Apropo bombing
* Mahane Yehuda Market bombings
* Ben Yehuda Street Bombing
* 2001: Azor attack
* Netanya bombing
* HaSharon Mall suicide bombing
* Dolphinarium discotheque
* Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing
* Nahariya train station suicide bombing
* Haifa bus 16 suicide bombing
* Immanuel bus attack
* 2002: Atzmona attack
* Café Moment bombing
* Park Hotel suicide bombing
* Kiryat HaYovel supermarket bombing
* Matza restaurant suicide bombing
* Yagur Junction bombing
* Rishon LeZion bombing
* Netanya Market bombing
* Patt Junction bus bombing
* Hebrew University bombing
* Meron Junction Bus 361 attack
* Allenby Street bus bombing
* Sonol gas station bombing
* Kiryat Menachem bus bombing
* 2003: Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing
* Mike's Place suicide bombing
* French Hill suicide bombings
* Davidka Square bus bombing
* Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing
* Tzrifin bus stop attack
* Café Hillel bombing
* 2004: Erez Crossing bombing
* Gaza Street bus bombing
* Ashdod Port bombings
* Beersheba bus bombings
* IDF outpost bombing
* 2005: Karni border crossing attack
* 2006: "Operation Dispersive Illusion"
* 2008: Breach of the Egypt–Gaza border
* Dimona suicide bombing
* Battle of al-Furqan
* 2009: Battle of Rafah
* 2010: August 2010 West Bank shooting attack
* 2011: School bus attack
* 2012: "Operation Stones of Baked Clay"
* 2014: "Operation Devouring Storm"
* Battle of Shuja'iyya
* 2021: Unity Intifada
* 2023–present: Battle of al-Aqsa Flood
* "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood"
* Givat Shaul shooting
* Shuja'iyya ambush
* Ra'anana attack
* "Ambush of the Righteous"
* Tal al-Sultan Ambush
* Jaffa shooting
* al-Funduq shooting

Weapons|

* Al-Bana
* Batar
* Qassam rocket
* Yasin (RPG)
* Al-Ghoul rifle

Social services|

* Islamic University of Gaza
* Mujama al-Islamiya
* Palestinian Authority Martyrs Fund

Media|

* Al-Aqsa TV
* Tomorrow's Pioneers
* Al-Aqsa Voice Radio
* Al-Quds TV
* Shehab News Agency
* Al-Watan (defunct)

Foreign relations|

* Support from (Iran
* Israel
* Qatar
* Turkey)
* Russia
* Lebanon

Protests|

* 2011–2012 Palestinian protests
* 2019 Gaza economic protests
* 2023 Gaza economic protests
* 2025 Gaza Strip anti-Hamas protests

Related articles|

* Baby beheading hoax
* Criticism of Hamas
* Hamas war crimes
* Hamas most wanted playing cards
* Do you condemn Hamas?
* Palestinian Prisoners' Document

Category:Hamas
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