Capitalization in English

When to use capital letters in English

The capital letter "A" in the Latin alphabet followed by its lower case equivalent.

Capitalization or capitalisation in English is the use of a capital letter at the start of an English word. English usage varies from capitalization in other languages.

## History of English capitalization

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Capitalization in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (Ellesmere Manuscript, about 1400)

Old English did not always make a distinction between uppercase and lowercase, and at best had embossed or decorated letters indicating sections. Middle English capitalization in manuscripts remained haphazard, and was often done for visual aesthetics more than grammar; in poetry, the first letter of each line of verse is often capitalized. With the development of the printing press in Europe and England capitalization of initial letters and proper nouns became more regularized,[1] perhaps partly to distinguish new sentences in a time where punctuation remained sparse and irregularly used. The plays of Shakespeare show capitalization both of new lines and sentences, proper nouns, and some significant common nouns and verbs.[2]

Capitalization in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar (Bodleian First Folio)

By the era of Early Modern English, with the influence of continental printing practices after the English Restoration in 1660, printing began to favor more and more capitalization of nouns following German typography. The first lines of the U.S. Constitution of 1787 show major capitalization of most nouns:

> We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, ensure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.[3]

But by the end of the 18th century with the growth of prescriptive dictionaries and style manuals for English usage, the practice faded in Britain so that by the beginning of the 19th century common nouns were only occasionally capitalized, such as in advertisements. Yet the style lasted as late as the Civil War era in the United States, as some of Emily Dickinson's poems still capitalize many common nouns.[4]

## When to capitalize

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Capital letters are used:

1. at the beginning of a sentence. In printing this is known as sentence case, where the first letter of the sentence is capitalized, and all others are lower case with the exception of proper nouns. In printing, normal sentence case may be substituted by UPPER CASE or "all caps" (all letters are capitalized), and Title Case (where the first letter of each word is capitalized). Capitals are sometimes used and sometimes not used after a colon,[5] although they are used in some citation systems such as APA style when beginning an independent clause.
2. with some nouns, pronouns and adjectives, usually if a noun indicates a proper noun.[6][7]
* pronoun "I". One theory for this unusual usage is that in early printing lowercase i was confused with words using i as a past participle marker or first letter.
* personal and place names: "John", "Mr. Smith", "Amsterdam", "Europe", "Mount Everest", "the Ganges".
* compass directions when referring to geographical regions: "Western Canada", "I was raised in the South", but not for points on a compass: "London is west of Berlin".[8]
* nouns and adjectives referring to races, tribes, nationalities, and languages: "Arabic", "Inuit", "French".[9]
* national and regional adjectives: "an American" (noun), "an American man" (adjective).
* school subjects and courses: "He passed History this term", "She is taking Chemistry 101".[10]
* religions: "an Anglican curate", "a Catholic church" (adjective), but not "a catholic diet" in which catholic simply means "all-encompassing" or "universal."
* the Supreme Being, deities and personifications: "God", "Providence", "Fame".[11][12][13]
* reverential pronouns: "His, Him" when referring to God or Christ.[14][15]
* days and months: "Monday", "January", but not seasons such as "autumn".
* brand names: "Toyota", "Nike", "Coca-Cola", unless the brand itself is purposely not capitalized or unusually capitalized: "iPhone", "eBay".
* royal titles: "King George III" but "kings and queens of England",[16][17] but only sometimes 'sir' or 'madam'.[18]
* planets and other celestial bodies: "Jupiter", "the Crab Nebula"; and "the Earth", "the Sun", or "the Moon" should be capitalized according to the International Astronomical Union based on its manual of style, but style guides may suggest differently.[19]
* words which change their meaning between capitalized and uncapitalized usage, such as "liberal" and "Liberal", are called capitonyms: Compare "A man of liberal tastes" and "The leader of the Liberal Party" (as with "catholic" above).
* in legal documents, where the full name of an individual or body is later referred to in short form, in order to avoid ambiguity: "John Smith (the Plaintiff)", "Exxon-Mobil Corporation (the Company)".

### Title capitalization in different styles

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Depending on which style guide is used for capitalization, certain rules regarding specific words, such as prepositions, nouns, and pronouns, apply. In titles, the following words need to be capitalized according to each of the following style guides:[20]

#### American Psychological Association

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APA style is a "down" style, meaning that words are lowercase unless there is specific guidance to capitalize them such as words beginning a sentence; proper nouns and trade names; job titles and positions; diseases, disorders, therapies, theories, and related terms; titles of works and headings within works; titles of tests and measures; nouns followed by numerals or letters; names of conditions or groups in an experiment; and names of study factors, variables, and effects. [21]

#### Modern Language Association

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* Capitalize words that are four letters or longer.
* Capitalize nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns.
* Capitalize the second part of hyphenated words.

#### Chicago Manual of Style

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* Capitalize nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and subordinate conjunctions.
* Lowercase articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions.[22]

#### Associated Press (AP)

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* Capitalize words with three or more letters.
* Capitalize nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and subordinate conjunctions.
* Lowercase articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions.

### Capitalization of multi-word place names, institutions, and titles of works

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English usage is not consistent, but generally prepositions and articles are not capitalized: "the Forest of Dean", "Gone with the Wind", "University of Southampton". With some publications "The" forms part of the title: "reading The Times".[23] For a more detailed explanation see Capitalization § Titles.

### Capitalization of acronyms and initialisms

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See also: Acronym § Case

Generally acronyms and initialisms are capitalized, e.g., "NASA" or "SOS". Sometimes, a minor word such as a preposition is not capitalized within the acronym, such as "WoW" for "World of Warcraft". In some British English style guides, only the initial letter of an acronym is capitalized if the acronym is read as a word, e.g., "Nasa" or "Unesco."[24]

## See also

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* Capitalization
* All caps (used to shout, and on some signage)
* Alternating caps (used to express a sarcastic or mocking tone)
* Capitalization of Internet
* Letter case: Headings and publication titles

## References

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1. ^ Millward, C. M. (1989). A Biography of the English Language. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 225.
2. ^ "LUNA: Folger First Folio Image Collection". luna.folger.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-26.
3. ^ "Constitution of the United States - We the People". 10 September 2020.
4. ^ "The rise and fall of capital letters". Grammarphobia. 2014-10-15. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
5. ^ Mallett, Margaret (2012). The Primary English Encyclopedia: The Heart of the Curriculum (4th ed.). Routledge. p. 51\. ISBN 978-0-415-58952-9 - via Google Books. "But are the rules for capitalisation in English clear cut? In his detailed account, Tom McArthur (1992) comments that while some people prefer to capitalise the first letter of the first word of a phrase following a colon others keep to lower case."
6. ^ Hand, L. R. "Simple Capitalisation Guide". learnenglish.de. Retrieved 2018-09-28.
7. ^ L. Sue Baugh Essentials of English Grammar: A Practical Guide to the Mastery of English (9780844258218) Second Edition 1994 p59 "Religious Names and Terms: The names of all religions, denominations, and local groups are capitalized."
8. ^ Government Printing Office Style Manual, sect 3.21, 3.22
9. ^ The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing (2nd ed.). Toronto: Dundurn Press in co-operation with Public Works and Government Services Canada (Translation Bureau). 1997. §4.11. ISBN 1-55002-276-8.
10. ^ The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing (2nd ed.). Toronto: Dundurn Press in co-operation with Public Works and Government Services Canada (Translation Bureau). 1997. §4.12. ISBN 1-55002-276-8.
11. ^ English Grammar For Dummies® Lesley J. Ward, Geraldine Woods - 2010 Capitalizing the deity - Words referring to God require a special capitalization rule.
12. ^ Hart, John Seely (1875). A Manual of Composition and Rhetoric : a Text-book for Schools and Colleges. Eldredge & Brother. "When any name usually applied to the Supreme Being is used for a created being, it does not begin with a capital; as, "The Lord is a great God above all gods.""
13. ^ Hart, John Seely (1875). A Manual of Composition and Rhetoric : a Text-book for Schools and Colleges. Eldredge & Brother. "Providence is sometimes used to mean God, that is, the One who provides for us; Heaven likewise is used to mean the One who reigns in heaven. In such cases the word should begin with a capital. But if only God's providential care, or his place of abode is meant, a capital is not needed."
14. ^ Shewan, Ed (2003). Applications of Grammar: Principles of Effective Communication. Liberty Press. p. 112\. ISBN 1930367287.
15. ^ Elwell, Celia (1996). Practical Legal Writing for Legal Assistants. Cengage Learning. p. 71\. ISBN 0314061150.
16. ^ Franklincovey, Stephen R. Covey Style Guide: For Business and Technical Communication - Page 317 2012 "Capitalize the first letter of titles when they immediately precede personal names, but do not capitalize the first letter when ... 3: Titles used in a general sense are not capitalized: a U.S. representative a king a prime minister an ambassador"
17. ^ Homer L. Hall, Logan H. Aimone -High School Journalism 2008" 11. Capitalize King and Queen when used before a name. Otherwise, do not capitalize."
18. ^ Servais, Erin (2013-02-18). "When to capitalize "sir" and "madam"". Grammar Party. Retrieved 2018-09-28.
19. ^ "International Astronomical Union | IAU".
20. ^ "Title Capitalization Rules". Capitalize My Title. Retrieved 2019-04-27.
21. ^ "Capitalization". APA Style. Retrieved 2020-07-01.
22. ^ "Title Capitalization". The Chicago Manual of Style Online. Retrieved 2019-04-27.
23. ^ The New Law Journal: 142 1992 "Mr. Justice Rose has never got out of the habit of reading The Times since he was at Oxford and obtained it at a special ... "I finish the day by reading The Times, usually in bed."
24. ^ Plush, Hazel. Revealed: The 21 new Unesco World Heritage sites for 2016, The Telegraph. 19 July 2016; retrieved 27 August 2016.

## External links

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* Capitalization in English at the UnitedNations.org