Caracas helicopter incident

Police helicopter attacks supreme court with grenades

Caracas helicopter incident

Part of the Crisis in Venezuela, 2017 Venezuelan protests and 2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis

Moment of the attack on the Supreme Court of Justice building

TSJ

Interior Ministry

Caracas helicopter incident (Caracas)

Show map of Caracas

TSJ

Interior Ministry

Caracas helicopter incident (Venezuela)

Show map of Venezuela

Location| Caracas, Venezuela
Coordinates| 10°30′N 66°55′W﻿ / ﻿10.500°N 66.917°W﻿ / 10.500; -66.917
Date| 27 June 2017 (VST)

Attack type

* Helicopter attack

Weapons|

* Grenades
* Rifles

Deaths| 0
Perpetrator| Óscar Pérez and other armed individuals
Motive| Unknown
Part of a series on the

Crisis in Venezuela

Causes

* Bolivarian Revolution
* Chavismo
* Economic policy under Hugo Chávez
* Economic policy under Nicolás Maduro

* * *

Effects

* Refugee crisis
* Energy crisis
* 2019 blackouts
* 2024 blackouts
* Zulia energy collapse
* Defections
* International sanctions
* U.S. sanctions
* Interventions of political parties
* Piracy
* Shortages
* Venezuela–Colombia migrant crisis
* Hyperinflation
* Catatumbo campaign
* Xenophobic incidents
* Pemon conflict
* Siege of the Argentine Embassy in Venezuela

* * *

Events

* Dakazo
* La Salida
* Arrest of Antonio Ledezma
* 2016 recall movement
* 2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis
* Lima Group
* 2018 re-election campaign of Nicolás Maduro
* Venezuelan presidential crisis
* 2019 shipping of humanitarian aid to Venezuela
* Venezuela Aid Live
* COVID-19 pandemic
* 2022 recall movement
* 2023 Unitary Platform presidential primaries
* 2024 Venezuelan political crisis

* * *

Elections

* 2013 presidential election
* 2015 parliamentary election
* 2017 referendum
* 2017 Constituent Assembly election
* 2018 presidential election
* 2020 parliamentary election
* 2023 referendum
* 2024 presidential election

* * *

Protests

* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019
* 2024

* * *

Timeline

* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019

* * *

Armed violence

* Caracas helicopter incident
* 2017 National Assembly attack
* Attack on Fort Paramacay
* El Junquito raid
* Caracas drone attack
* 2019 uprising attempt
* 2020 Barquisimeto shooting
* Operation Gideon (2020)
* 2021 Apure clashes
* 2022 Arauca clashes

Venezuela portal

* v
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On 27 June 2017, there was an incident involving a police helicopter at the Supreme Tribunal of Justice (TSJ) and Interior Ministry in Caracas, Venezuela. Claiming to be a part of an anti-government coalition of military, police and civilians,[1] the occupants of the helicopter allegedly launched several grenades and fired at the building, although no one was injured or killed. President Nicolás Maduro called the incident a "terrorist attack".[2][3][4] The helicopter escaped and was found the next day in a rural area. On 15 January 2018, Óscar Pérez, the pilot and instigator of the incident, was killed during a military raid by the Venezuelan army[5] that was met with accusations of extrajudicial killing.[6][7]

## Attacks

[edit]

Further information: 2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis

Attorney General Luisa Ortega Díaz had recently defected from the Bolivarian government, condemning its response to the 2017 Venezuelan protests and its plan to rewrite the 1999 constitution drafted by President Maduro's predecessor, Hugo Chávez.[8] The pro-Maduro Supreme Tribunal had convened to judge matters involving Ortega Díaz. The judicial body approved motions to ban Ortega from leaving the country, to freeze her assets and to relieve her of her duties, transferring her prosecutorial powers to ombudsman Tarek William Saab, who had close ties to President Maduro.[9]

On 27 June 2017, Maduro stated that if his government were to fail, he and his supporters would use force to reestablish the Venezuelan government.[10]

> We would never give up, and what couldn't be done with votes, we would do with weapons, we would liberate the fatherland with weapons.

— Nicolás Maduro, [11]

That afternoon, a video was released showing men with assault rifles flanking Óscar Pérez, who was a film actor and CICPC investigator (Venezuela's criminal investigation agency); men in the video stated "We are nationalists, patriots, and institutionalists. This fight is not with the rest of the state forces, it is against the tyranny of this government."[12][13] Pérez was later seen piloting a MBB Bo 105 helicopter[14] of the CICPC over the Baruta Municipality. Blank firearm cartridges were fired near the Interior Ministry building to draw attention to his message[15]—a banner on the helicopter read "350 Liberty", a reference to Article 350 of the Constitution of Venezuela, which states that "The people of Venezuela ... shall disown any regime, legislation or authority that violates democratic values, principles and guarantees or encroaches upon human rights".[16][17]

### Interior Ministry

[edit]

Communications and Information Minister Ernesto Villegas said the helicopter fired fifteen shots at the Interior Ministry as a reception for 80 people celebrating National Journalists' Day was taking place. Pérez stated that non-lethal stun grenades were thrown from the helicopter onto the building to draw attention to the banner,[15] though the Bolivarian government argued that they were four "Israeli-made grenades of Colombian origin", with two of them targeting government bodyguards outside the building.[18] While the helicopter was near the Interior Ministry, gunfire was also heard in the area.[19] Like the stun grenades, non-lethal blank cartridges were fired near the building to draw attention to the message on Pérez's banner.[15]

Pérez later explained his actions, stating: "It was meant as a wake-up call that they shouldn’t lose hope ... And not just to the people but also to the public workers that they wake up as well."[15] He also said, "There was no collateral damage because it was planned and because we are not murderers like you, Mr. Nicolás Maduro, as well as you, Diosdado Cabello; they mourn every day in Venezuelan homes."[20]

Still speaking to the public, President Maduro abruptly announced, "I saw a little video on social media" before turning to the Minister of Communications, Ernesto Villegas, stating "You look like you have news for us."[citation needed] Villegas replied, saying that a "rebellious action, an armed attack from a helicopter" had occurred, with Maduro quickly responding saying that air defenses had already been deployed and telling reporters "If I have to decree, what I have to decree, I will. If I have to bring Plan Zamora to the next phase, I will".[citation needed] Maduro then singled out former intelligence chief and former interior minister Miguel Rodríguez Torres, claiming that Pérez was his helicopter pilot,[21] and accusing Rodríguez Torres of working with the CIA.[22] Like other defectors, Rodríguez had recently criticized the Maduro government for not holding a referendum prior to the Constituent Assembly.[23]

Rodríguez replied that he only flew in SEBIN aircraft and that his pilot's name was Pedro Pérez.[24] Hugo Carvajal, a prominent Chavista official, also defended Rodríguez stating that the CIA document allegedly linking Rodríguez to the United States agency "was garbage, bad information, and was dismissed" by Chávez in 2011.[25]

### National Assembly

[edit]

National Guardsmen storming the National Assembly

Shortly after, Bolivarian National Guardsmen stormed the National Assembly, assaulting the largely opposition legislative body.[19] Images were seen of a Colonel Vladimir Lugo Armas of the National Guard snapping his hand in the face of National Assembly speaker Julio Borges before later forcibly pushing the speaker through a door.[26] Supporters of the Bolivarian government then gathered outside of the National Assembly building shooting fireworks toward individuals and damaging vehicles in the area.[27] Some members of the press were beaten while government supporters threatened to cut water and power supply to the building.[27] Journalists and members of the media were held captive by the pro-government public for more than four hours without any intervention from the National Guard in the area.[28]

## Aftermath

[edit]

Further information: Timeline of the 2017 Venezuelan protests and 2017 Venezuelan National Assembly attack

The next day on 28 June, Vice President Tareck El Aissami reported that the helicopter used in the attack had been found in Osma, Vargas, a rural town northeast of Caracas, and that although special forces were deployed into the area, no perpetrators were arrested.[29] The aircraft was only located after a local farmer, Reinaldo Reyes Castillo, reported that he found the helicopter had landed on his land.[30] Reyes Castillo was later arrested and sentenced in a military court to be imprisoned in Ramo Verde Prison, a military prison where several opposition members and protesters are held prisoner.[30]

Colonel Vladimir Lugo Armas, the National Guardsman who had confronted National Assembly speaker Julio Borges shortly after the helicopter incident, was decorated with the Cross of the Presidential Guard and the National Guard Medal of Merit Honor by President Maduro on 29 June. While speaking during the ceremony at the Theater of the Military Academy in Caracas, Maduro acknowledged Colonel Lugo's "security services within the facilities of the Federal Legislative Palace".[26]

On 2 July, Pérez's helicopter mechanic, Juan Carlos Cutilla, was arrested by SEBIN officers, with authorities saying he was the last known person to have contact with Pérez before the incident.[31]

On 4 July, Oscar Pérez, the helicopter's pilot, reappeared on social media commenting on the flight, protests and potential actions in the future. Pérez began by stating that the attack was planned to only strike fear as a "first phase" because the group did not consist of "murderers", further saying that President Maduro and his fellow government official Diosdado Cabello were the ones who murdered Venezuelans.[20] He stated that he had to make an emergency landing and spend days in El Ávila National Park, eventually making it back to Caracas. Pérez then called for further protests, explaining that a "second phase" was to begin in collaboration with Venezuelans, telling them that they "are not alone" in the streets.[20]

Colectivos attacking lawmakers

The day after Pérez reappeared from hiding, Venezuela's Independence Day, the National Assembly congregated on 5 July to commemorate the signing of the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence. Their event was interrupted by Vice President Tareck El Aissami, who led government supporters to the Palacio Federal Legislativo.[32] El Aissami made a fifteen-minute speech calling for more supporters to arrive, stating they needed "to forge independence in the streets", leaving shortly thereafter.[33]

Hundreds of government supporters and colectivos arrived in the succeeding hours, storming the Federal Legislative Palace after the National Guard opened the facility. Pro-government individuals then attacked opposition lawmakers with pipes, firearms and fireworks, leaving at least 12 injured, with the National Guard refusing to intervene in the violence.[34]

## Reaction

[edit]

> The mysterious helicopter became a symbol of hope ... That something was at last happening. Unfortunately, once the dust settled and the farce was exposed, it became quite clear that the status quo prevailed. Nothing, in the end, had really changed for Venezuela.

— Andrés Miguel Rondón in The Atlantic[35]

President Maduro stated that a military rebellion had occurred and called the incident a "terrorist attack".[19] Opposition officials said that the actions were staged so Maduro could justify a crackdown on those who oppose his government and the constituent assembly.[19] Others described the events as a "Reichstag fire" incident, comparing it to the situation which helped establish the Nazi party in Germany.[36] Venezuelans were especially concerned with why the country's air force and its military's 5,000 Russian-made Igla-S MANPADS weapons – the largest stockpile in Latin America[37] – were not deployed during the incident.[35]

Control Ciudadano, a Venezuelan NGO, stated that it made no sense that an aircraft taking off from a military base had not been intercepted after abandoning its flight plan.[38] The NGO also noted that the Venezuelan armed forces had the responsibility for pursuing the helicopter after it had flown across Caracas and left the area.[38]

Representatives from Brazil,[39] Colombia,[40] Cuba,[41] Ecuador,[citation needed] Mexico,[42] and the United States[43] issued statements about the incident, condemning the perpetrators of the incident, the government actions, or the general atmosphere of violence and disorder.[citation needed]

## See also

[edit]

* 2018 Caracas drone attack

* List of attacks on high courts

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Venezuela helicopter attack: Who is pilot Oscar Pérez?". BBC News. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
2. ^ "Venezuela crisis: Helicopter launches attack on Supreme Court". BBC News. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
3. ^ Euan McKirdy; Natalie Gallón; Lonzo Cook (28 June 2017). "Venezuela's Maduro: Helicopter attacked Supreme Court". CNN. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
4. ^ Londoño, Ernesto; Casey, Nicholas (27 June 2017). "Police Officers in Helicopter Attack Venezuela's Supreme Court". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
5. ^ Charner, Flora; Hernandez, Osmary; Barnes, Taylor (16 January 2018). "Source: Rogue Venezuelan helicopter pilot killed by police". CNN. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
6. ^ Torres, Andrea. "Venezuelan deposed chief prosecutor denounces 'extrajudicial..." www.Local10.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
7. ^ "Rogue ex-cop Oscar Pérez, six others killed by police in Venezuela". PRI.org. 16 January 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
8. ^ "Could Dissent in Venezuela Military, Judiciary Crack Maduro's Criminal Regime?". InsightCrime. 12 June 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
9. ^ "Venezuela hunts rogue helicopter attackers, Maduro foes suspicious". Reuters. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
10. ^ "Helicopter attacks Venezuela court, Maduro denounces coup bid". Reuters. 27 June 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
11. ^ Krygier, Rachelle; Partlow, Joshua (27 June 2017). "Helicopter used for protest flight against Maduro, heightening Venezuela tensions". The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
12. ^ Rincón, Arminda (25 October 2015). "Funcionario del Cicpc se convirtió en protagonista de una película". Diario Panorama. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
13. ^ "Militar roba helicóptero y lanza granadas contra sede de TSJ de Venezuela". El Heraldo (in Spanish). 27 June 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
14. ^ "4 incógnitas que deja el ataque desde un helicóptero protagonizado por el inspector del CICPC Oscar Pérez en Venezuela". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). 28 June 2017. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
15. ^ a b c d "Venezuela's most-wanted rebel shared his story, just before being gunned down". The Independent. 25 January 2018.
16. ^ "Maduro Says Helicopter Fired on Venezuela's Supreme Court". NBC 6 South Florida. 27 June 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
17. ^ "INFOGRAFÍA El recorrido del helicóptero que hizo mirar al cielo a los caraqueños" (in European Spanish). 26 June 2017. Runrun.es. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
18. ^ "What do we know about the Venezuela helicopter attack?". The Guardian. 28 June 2017.
19. ^ a b c d "Maduro Says Helicopter Fired on Venezuela's Supreme Court". NBC 6 South Florida. 27 June 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
20. ^ a b c "Reapareció Oscar Pérez, el piloto que atacó el Tribunal Supremo de Venezuela". Infobae (in Spanish). 4 July 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
21. ^ "Venezuela crisis: Hunt for pilot after attack on Supreme Court". BBC News. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
22. ^ "El Nuevo Herald: ¿Golpe o autogolpe? La extraña conspiración "a la turca" con un helicóptero". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 28 June 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
23. ^ "Helicopter attacks Venezuela court, Maduro denounces coup bid". Special Broadcasting Service. 27 June 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
24. ^ "Rodríguez Torres desmintió a Maduro: Siempre volé en helicópteros del Sebin". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 27 June 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
25. ^ "Carvajal dice que documento de la CIA que busca comprometer a Rodríguez Torres "es viejo"". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 27 June 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
26. ^ a b "Tras asedio contra la AN y maltrato a Borges, Maduro condecora al coronel "gorila" Lugo (Video)". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 29 June 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
27. ^ a b "Agresiones y destrozos a vehículos de periodistas dejó asedio oficialista en la AN (Fotos)". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 27 June 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
28. ^ "Diputados y periodistas en la AN permanecieron "secuestrados" por más de cuatro horas tras asedio oficialista". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 27 June 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
29. ^ "Tareck El Aissami informa que fue localizado en Vargas el helicóptero del Cicpc "hurtado" (Video)". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 28 June 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
30. ^ a b "Agricultor que ubicó helicóptero del inspector Pérez será llevado a cárcel militar". Diario Las Américas (in Spanish). 3 July 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
31. ^ "Aseguran que mecánico del helicóptero de Óscar Pérez fue detenido". El Nacional (in Spanish). 2 July 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
32. ^ "El Gobierno le arrebata a la AN la apertura del Acta de la Independencia #5Jul". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 5 July 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
33. ^ "El Aissami desde la AN: Estamos en las instalaciones de un Poder que ha sido secuestrado por la "oligarquía"". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 5 July 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
34. ^ "Colectivos chavistas atacan Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela; al menos 12 heridos". El Nuevo Herald (in Spanish). 5 July 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
35. ^ a b Rondón, Andrés Miguel (29 June 2017). "The Long, Slow Death of Chavismo". The Atlantic. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
36. ^ Stefanini, Maurizio (28 June 2017). "Chi è il "Rambo" che ha attaccato in elicottero la Corte suprema di Caracas" [Who is the 'Rambo' who attacked the Caracas Supreme court?]. Il Foglio (in Italian). Retrieved 29 June 2017.
37. ^ Tamkin, Emily (22 May 2017). "Internal Splits, Immolations, and Burning Houses: Venezuela Gets Worse". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
38. ^ a b "Control Ciudadano: Inexplicable que no exista protección aérea tras inversiones en equipamiento militar" [Control ciudadano: unexplainable that there is no area protection after military equipment inversions]. La Patilla (in European Spanish). 28 June 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
39. ^ "Brasil condena ataque de helicóptero y "asedio" a opositores en Venezuela" [Brazil condemns helicopter attack and oppositors 'harassment' in Venezuela]. Diario Panorama (in Spanish). 28 June 2017. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
40. ^ "Cancillería rechaza ataques en Venezuela e insta a detener violencia en protestas" [Chancellery rejects attacks in Venezuela and calls for stopping violence in protests]. El Espectador (in Spanish). 28 June 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
41. ^ "Cuba condena 'ataques terroristas' en Venezuela y silencio de la OEA" [Cuba condemns 'terrorist attacks' in Venezuela and OEA's silence]. El Nuevo Herald (in Spanish). 28 June 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
42. ^ "Gobierno mexicano condena creciente violencia en Venezuela". La Patilla (in European Spanish). 28 June 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
43. ^ "EEUU pide abstenerse de la violencia en Venezuela tras ataque al TSJ" ["US asks to abstain from violence in Venezuela after attack on TSJ"]. La Patilla (in European Spanish). 29 June 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.

* v
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Crisis in Venezuela

* Protests against Nicolás Maduro
* Venezuelan presidential crisis
* History of Venezuela (1999–present)
* COVID-19 pandemic

Events|

| Ongoing|

* Economic crisis
* Bolivarian missions
* Bolivarian Revolution
* Bolivarianism
* Censorship
* Chavismo
* Crimes against humanity
* Corruption
* Defections
* Devaluation of the Venezuelan bolívar
* Economic policies under Nicolás Maduro
* Energy crisis (Zulia energy collapse)
* Human rights abuses
* Hyperinflation
* Illegal drug trade
* International sanctions
* U.S. sanctions
* Interventions of political parties
* Negotiations
* Refugee crisis and diaspora
* Resource shortages
* State protectors
* State-sponsored terrorism
* States of emergency in Venezuela
* Catatumbo campaign
* Pemon conflict
* Coronavirus pandemic

|

2010|

* Colombian diplomatic crisis
* Death of Franklin Brito
* PDVAL affair
* Parliamentary election
* III National Assembly of Venezuela

2012|

* Amuay tragedy
* Presidential election
* Regional elections

2013|

* Death of Hugo Chávez
* Presidential election
* Dakazo
* Municipal elections

2014|

* La Salida
* 2014 protests
* timeline
* Detention of Leopoldo López
* Panama diplomatic crisis (1st)
* Defense of Human Rights and Civil Society Act

2015|

* Detention of Antonio Ledezma
* Colombian diplomatic/migration crisis
* Resolution 8610
* 2015 protests (timeline)
* Narcosobrinos affair
* Parliamentary election
* IV National Assembly of Venezuela

2016|

* Tumeremo massacre (1st)
* Recall referendum movement
* 2016 protests (timeline)

2017|

* Detention of Gilber Caro
* Constitutional crisis
* Mother of All Marches
* Caracas helicopter incident
* Referendum
* National Assembly attack
* Constituent Assembly election
* Members
* Regional elections
* Municipal elections
* Attack on Fort Paramacay
* Death of Carlos Andrés García
* Law against Hatred
* 2017 protests
* timeline

2018|

* El Junquito raid
* Presidential campaign of Nicolás Maduro
* Valencia fire
* Panama diplomatic crisis (2nd)
* Presidential election
* El Paraíso stampede
* Caracas drone attack
* Detention of Juan Requesens
* Economic reforms and Viernes Rojo
* Murder of Fernando Albán
* Tumeremo massacre (2nd)
* 2018 protests (timeline)

2019|

* Inauguration of Nicolás Maduro
* Venezuela TPS Act of 2019
* Plan País
* Humanitarian aid mission
* Amnesty Law
* Venezuela Aid Live
* Statute Governing the Transition to Democracy
* Murder of Alí Domínguez
* Widespread blackouts
* Detention of Roberto Marrero
* Disappearance of Gilber Caro
* 30 April uprising attempt
* Acarigua prison riot
* Death of Rafael Acosta Arévalo
* Attack of Rufo Chacón
* Death of Juan Carlos Márquez
* Murder of Edmundo Rada
* Operación Alacrán
* 2019 protests
* timeline

2020|

* National Assembly leadership election
* Death of Addy Valero
* Cagua fire
* Barquisimeto shooting
* COVID-19 pandemic
* Guanare prison riot
* Operation Gideon
* El Palito oil spill
* Detention of Alex Saab
* Parliamentary election
* V National Assembly of Venezuela

2021|

* La Vega raid
* Apure clashes

2022|

* Arauca clashes
* Recall referendum project

2023|

* Anti-Solidarity Law
* Barbados Agreement
* Unitary Platform presidential primaries
* Referendum
* Guyana–Venezuela crisis
* El Palito oil spill

2024|

* Detention of Rocío San Miguel
* Law against Fascism, Neofascism and Similar Expressions
* Bulla Loca mine disaster
* Presidential election
* international reactions
* protests
* political crisis
* Widespread blackouts
* Argentine embassy siege

2025|

* Third inauguration of Nicolás Maduro
* Catatumbo clashes
* American deportations of Venezuelans to El Salvador
* Elections
* Parliamentary
* Municipal
* Regional

Deaths during protests|

| 2014|

* Bassil Da Costa
* Robert Redman
* Génesis Carmona
* Geraldin Moreno

|

2015|

* Kluivert Roa

2017|

* Paola Ramírez
* Juan Pablo Pernalete
* Armando Cañizales
* Miguel Castillo
* Paúl Moreno
* Orlando Figuera
* Neomar Lander
* Fabián Urbina
* David Vallenilla
* Xiomara Scott

People|

| Pro-Maduro|

* Nicolás Maduro
* F. Ameliach
* D. Cabello
* A. Chávez
* T. El Aissami
* arrested in 2024
* H. Escarrá
* T. W. Saab
* C. Flores
* A. Istúriz
* E. Jaua
* T. Lucena
* I. Alfonzo
* N. Maduro Guerra
* C. Mata Figueroa
* C. Meléndez
* C. Alcalá Cordones
* until 2013
* L. Ortega Díaz
* until 2017
* V. Padrino López
* R. Ramírez
* until 2018
* L. Parra
* H. Rangel Silva
* D. Rodríguez
* J. Rodríguez
* J. Arreaza
* I. Rodríguez
* T. W. Saab
* I. Varela
* D. Vivas
* E. Amoroso
* B. Lugo
* M. C. Figuera
* until 2019
* E. Farías
* F. Bernal
* I. Alfonzo
* Y. Gil

|

Anti-Maduro|

* Juan Guaidó
* E. González
* Óscar Pérez
* C. Alcalá Cordones
* since 2013
* J. Borges
* L. Ortega Díaz
* since 2017
* Rafael Ramírez
* since 2018
* María Corina Machado
* H. Capriles
* H. Falcón
* Adrián
* Arria
* Aveledo
* Caro
* F. Guevara
* A. Ledezma
* L. López
* Mantilla
* Mendoza
* Pérez Álvarez
* Pérez Vivas
* Ramos Allup
* J. Requesens
* R. Requesens
* F. Rosales
* M. Rosales
* H. Salas Feo
* V. S. Scarano
* L. Tintori
* J. Torrealba
* A. Velásquez
* J. L. Silva
* M. C. Figuera
* since 2019
* D. Solórzano
* O. Barboza
* J. J. Rendón
* J. P. Guanipa
* T. Guanipa

Organizations|

| Pro-Maduro|

* Union of South American Nations
* Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas
* Political parties
* Great Patriotic Pole
* United Socialist Party of Venezuela
* PODEMOS
* People's Electoral Movement
* Media outlets
* Agencia Venezolana de Noticias
* Telesur
* Venezolana de Televisión
* Asamblea Nacional Televisión
* State organizations
* Supreme Tribunal of Justice
* National Electoral Council
* Constituent National Assembly
* Bolivarian Intelligence Service
* Bolivarian National Guard
* Mission Barrio Adentro
* Local Committees for Supply and Production
* Carnet de la Patria
* Colectivos

|

Anti-Maduro|

* Organization of American States
* Mercosur
* Political parties
* Democratic Unity Roundtable
* Popular Will
* Justice First
* Democratic Action
* Un Nuevo Tiempo
* Come Venezuela
* Copei
* Movimiento al Socialismo
* Progressive Advance
* Agreement for Change
* National Assembly (majority)
* Media outlets
* Armando.Info
* Capitolio TV
* DolarToday
* Efecto Cocuyo
* El Chigüire Bipolar
* El Nacional
* La Patilla
* Runrunes
* TV Venezuela
* VIVOplay
* VPItv

Related|

* Enforced disappearances in Venezuela
* Guaire miners
* Human rights in Venezuela
* International Criminal Court investigation
* Orinoco Mining Arc
* Perrera
* Political prisoners in Venezuela
* Revolving door effect
* Torture in Venezuela

In popular culture|

* Simón (2023)
* Bolivarian Revolution in film

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