Cardinal (train)

Amtrak service from Chicago, IL to New York, NY

Cardinal

Cardinal passing through Orange, Virginia in 2021.

Overview
Service type| Inter-city rail
Higher speed rail (Northeast Corridor only)
Locale| Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern and Southeastern United States
Predecessor| James Whitcomb Riley
First service| October 30, 1977
Current operator(s)| Amtrak
Annual ridership| 82,705 (FY23) 3.0%[a][1]
Route
Termini| Chicago, Illinois
New York
Stops| 36
Distance travelled| 1,146 miles (1,844 km)
Average journey time| 27 hours, 45 minutes[2]
Service frequency| Three round trips per week
Train number(s)| 50/51
On-board services
Class(es)| Coach Class
Sleeper Service
Disabled access| All train cars, most stations
Sleeping arrangements|

* Roomette (2 beds)
* Bedroom (2 beds)
* Bedroom Suite (4 beds)
* Accessible Bedroom (2 beds)

Catering facilities| Café/Dinette (combined car)
Baggage facilities| Overhead racks, checked baggage available at selected stations
Technical
Rolling stock|

* GE Genesis
* Siemens ALC-42
* Amfleet
* Viewliner

Track gauge| 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Operating speed| 41 mph (66 km/h) (avg.)
125 mph (201 km/h) (top)
Track owner(s)| AMTK, BB, CN, CSX, METX, NS, UP
| Route map

Show interactive map

Legend

|  |  |

|  |

| Northeast Corridor

to Boston South

|  |

0mi

| New York City |

|  |

|  |

| North River Tunnels

under Hudson River

|  |

| 10 mi

16 km

Newark Penn |

|  |

| 58 mi

93 km

Trenton |

|  |

|  |

| NJ

across

Delaware River

|  |

| 91 mi

146 km

Philadelphia–30th Street |

|  |

|  |

| PA

|  |

| 116 mi

187 km

Wilmington |

|  |

|  |

| DE

|  |

| 185 mi

298 km

Baltimore |

|  |

|  |

| MD

|  |

| 225 mi

362 km

Washington, D.C. |

|  |

|  |

Potomac River | DC

|  |

| 233 mi

375 km

Alexandria |

|  |

| 258 mi

415 km

Manassas |

|  |

| 293 mi

472 km

Culpeper
|  |

| 340 mi

547 km

Charlottesville
|  |

| 379 mi

610 km

Staunton
|  |

| 437 mi

703 km

Clifton Forge
|  |

|  |

| VA

|  |

| 472 mi

760 km

White Sulphur Springs
|  |

| 496 mi

798 km

Alderson

|  |

| 517 mi

832 km

Hinton
|  |

| 540 mi

869 km

Prince
|  |

| 551 mi

887 km

Thurmond

|  |

| 592 mi

953 km

Montgomery
|  |

| 619 mi

996 km

Charleston
|  |

| 668 mi

1075 km

Huntington
|  |

|  |

Big Sandy River | WV

|  |

|  | Tri-State |

| closed

1998

|  |

| 683 mi

1099 km

Ashland
|  |

| 712 mi

1146 km

| South Portsmouth–

South Shore
|  |

| 766 mi

1233 km

Maysville
|  |

|  |

Ohio River | KY

|  |

| 828 mi

1333 km

Cincinnati
|  |

| 851 mi

1370 km

Hamilton |

| closed

2005

|  |

|  |

pre-1986 route

|  |

| 864 mi

1390 km

Oxford
|  |

|  |

| OH

|  |

| 893 mi

1437 km

Connersville
|  |

| 951 mi

1530 km

Indianapolis
|  |

| 998 mi

1606 km

Crawfordsville

|  |

| 1025 mi

1650 km

Lafayette
|  |

|  |

| Eastern Time

Central Time

|  |

| 1072 mi

1725 km

Rensselaer
|  |

| 1118 mi

1799 km

Dyer
|  |  |  |

|  |

|
|
|
|
|
|

|  |  |  |

|  | Richmond |

|

|  |

|  | Muncie
|  |

|  | Marion
|  |

|  | Peru
|  |

|  |

| Eastern Time

Central Time

|  |

|  | Gary
|  |

|  |

| IN

|  |

| 1147 mi

1846 km

Chicago |

|  |

|  |

| Empire Builder, Borealis, and

Hiawatha Service

|  |  |  |  |  |

This diagram:

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The Cardinal is a long-distance passenger train operated by Amtrak between New York Penn Station and Chicago Union Station via Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., Charlottesville, Charleston, Huntington, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. Along with the Capitol Limited and Lake Shore Limited, it is one of three trains linking the Northeast and Chicago. Its 1,146-mile (1,844 km) trip between New York and Chicago takes 281⁄4 hours.[3]

The Cardinal has three round trips each week, departing New York City on Sundays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, and departing Chicago on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays. Prior to being discontinued in 2019, the Hoosier State provided service on the portion of the Cardinal's route between Indianapolis and Chicago on the other four days of the week.[3][4]

The Cardinal's ridership was 82,705 in fiscal year 2023, a 3.0% increase from FY2022,[5] but approximately 25% below its pre-COVID-19 pandemic ridership of about 109,000 in FY2019. In the two fiscal years prior to the pandemic (FY2018 and FY2019), ridership had increased 12.5%.[6][7][8] In FY2020, the Cardinal earned $7.1 million on expenses of $22.6M—a revenue-to-cost ratio of 31%, the second lowest among all Amtrak routes.[9]

## History

[edit]

Main articles: James Whitcomb Riley (train) and George Washington (train)

The Cardinal is the successor of several previous trains, primarily the New York Central (later Penn Central) James Whitcomb Riley and the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) George Washington. The James Whitcomb Riley was a daytime all-coach train which operated between Chicago and Cincinnati (via Indianapolis). The George Washington, the C&O's flagship train, was a long-distance sleeper that ran between Cincinnati and—via a split in Charlottesville, Virginia—Washington, D.C. and Newport News, Virginia. Until the late 1950s, the Riley carried the Washington's sleeper cars between Cincinnati and Chicago.[10] Both routes survived until the formation of Amtrak in 1971.[11]: 51, 93

Amtrak kept service mostly identical through the spring and summer of 1971.[12] It slowly began integrating the trains that summer. The two trains began exchanging through Washington—Chicago and Newport News—Chicago coaches at Cincinnati on July 12, and a through sleeping car began September 8.[13] On November 14, the Riley and George Washington merged into a single long-distance Chicago-Washington train, with the eastbound train (train 50) known as the George Washington and the westbound train (train 51) known as the Riley.[14]: 38 The eastern terminus was briefly extended to Boston, giving the Northeast Corridor a one-seat ride to Chicago. However, it was truncated back to Washington in 1972. On May 19, 1974, Amtrak fully merged the George Washington into the Riley.

During the early Amtrak era, the Riley was plagued by the poor condition of ex-New York Central track in Indiana. In 1973, it was moved to ex-Pennsylvania Railroad track through Indianapolis.[14]: 256 By 1974, Amtrak rerouted it off Penn Central track altogether; by then, the trackage had deteriorated so badly that the Riley was limited to 10 mph (16 km/h) for much of its route through Indiana.[13] The Newport News section ended in 1976, replaced by the Boston-Newport News Colonial.[15] A number of long-distance trains running along former Penn Central trackage in the Midwest were plagued by similar problems.

The former station in Muncie, Indiana, before the realignment via Indianapolis

The James Whitcomb Riley was renamed the Cardinal on October 30, 1977, as the cardinal was the state bird of all six states through which it ran. However, due to poor track conditions in Indiana, the train was rerouted numerous times, first over various Penn Central/Conrail routings that had once been part of the Pennsylvania Railroad, then ultimately over the former Baltimore and Ohio route via Cottage Grove by 1980.[16]: 121

The Cardinal was eventually extended to run along the Northeast Corridor again in an effort to improve the Cardinal's cost recovery ratio, but this time with the eastern terminus moved to New York. Previously, the Broadway Limited ran from New York to Chicago along the Northeast Corridor, but only as far south as Philadelphia. The train was discontinued on September 30, 1981, but revived on January 8, 1982, per a mandate initiated by Senator Robert C. Byrd. While the Cardinal and its predecessors had run daily,[17] the revived Cardinal ran only three times per week.[18] The revived train followed another new route, via Richmond and Muncie, Indiana. This arrangement lasted until April 27, 1986, when the train was finally moved to its current route via Indianapolis.[16]: 121 [19] On October 29, 1995, the Cardinal was truncated to Washington, D.C. after the consist was updated with Superliners. On October 27, 2002, after derailments on other routes depleted available Superliner cars, the Superliners were replaced with Viewliners. The Cardinal continued to operate the Chicago-Washington D.C. schedule. Service to New York was restored on Sunday's westbound Cardinal on October 27, 2003. Full service to New York resumed on April 26, 2004.

From March 29, 2018, to November 8, 2018, due to continuing construction at New York Penn Station, the Cardinal's eastern terminus was temporarily moved to Washington. Cardinal passengers needing to travel to or from points north of Washington were transferred to a Northeast Regional.[20]

### Hoosier State

[edit]

Main articles: Hoosier State (train) and Kentucky Cardinal (Amtrak)

With the Indianapolis routing, the Cardinal began operating jointly with the Chicago–Indianapolis Hoosier State. The Hoosier State operated to Indianapolis on the days the Cardinal did not, assuring seven-day service between Chicago and Indianapolis. This pattern ceased on October 25, 1987, when the Hoosier State became a full-fledged daily train once again. The Hoosier State was dropped on September 8, 1995, but resumed again on July 19, 1998, again running on days that the Cardinal did not run.

On December 17, 1999, Amtrak extended the Hoosier State to Jeffersonville, Indiana, (and later to Louisville, Kentucky) and renamed the train the Kentucky Cardinal. This new train was a daily service; on days when the Cardinal operated, the two trains ran combined between Indianapolis and Chicago. Amtrak ultimately discontinued the Kentucky Cardinal on July 4, 2003, and brought back the Hoosier State on the pre-1999 schedule.

After Indiana discontinued its subsidy, Amtrak suspended the Hoosier State as of June 30, 2019. Passengers who booked trips after that date were compensated with Cardinal tickets.

### Plans

[edit]

In the July 2010 issue of Trains magazine, the Cardinal was noted as being one of five routes under consideration for performance improvement. For the Cardinal, the proposed changes included increasing service from thrice-weekly to daily operation, and changing the western terminus to St. Louis, Missouri. Railfan and Railroad magazine also suggested that the train be rerouted to St. Louis, with a separate section bound for Chicago.[21]

In early October 2010, Amtrak released a report detailing plans to increase the Cardinal's service from thrice-weekly to daily service, as well as increasing the train's on-time performance and food service.[22] The January 2011 issue of Trains later revealed that Amtrak would scrap re-routing and Superliner conversion and instead adopt not only daily service, but also purchasing dome cars to be used along the Chicago-Washington, D.C., portion of the trip. In addition, the routing into Chicago Union Station would be changed and station platforms along the route containing coal dust would be scrubbed and cleaned.[23]

However, obstacles to a daily Cardinal persist. Track capacity is limited on the Buckingham Branch Railroad, a short line railroad between Orange and Clifton Forge, Virginia where the Cardinal operates along former C&O/CSX trackage, preventing frequent freight trains from passing a daily Cardinal. This problem also applied to the planned-but-failed Greenbrier Presidential Express train, which would also have traversed the Buckingham Branch on a weekly basis. The Buckingham Branch requires additional funding to expand several sidings before allowing additional service.[24] Another obstacle is freight congestion in Chicago particularly at the 75th Street Corridor on Chicago's South Side.[25] The third obstacle is capacity at the Long Bridge in Washington, D.C.[26] Infrastructure improvements are being made at all three. The Orange Branch between Orange and Gordonsville raised train speed after the completion of a track and signal project in 2017.[27] The Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program (CREATE) has received funding under a public–private partnership (P3) for the 75th Street Corridor with construction beginning in October 2018 and is scheduled to be finished by 2025.[25][28] A parallel span of the Long Bridge is full funded and moving towards engineering design and financing.[26]

Starting on October 1, 2019, traditional dining car services were removed and replaced with a reduced menu of "Flexible Dining" options. As a result, the changes to the consist of the train will have the dining car serve as a lounge car for the exclusive use of sleeping car passengers.[29]

In June 2021, Senator Jon Tester of Montana added an amendment to the Surface Transportation Investment Act of 2021 which would require the Department of Transportation (not Amtrak itself) to evaluate daily service on all less frequent long-distance trains, meaning the Cardinal and Sunset Limited.[30] The bill passed the Senate Commerce Committee with bipartisan support,[31][32] and was later rolled into President Biden's Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA), which Congress passed on November 5, 2021.[33] The report is known as the Amtrak Daily Long-Distance Service Study and must be delivered to Congress within two years.[34] In mid-2023, Amtrak applied for a federal grant to operate the Cardinal daily and increase speeds between Indianapolis and Dyer.[35] In December 2023 the daily Cardinal project was granted $500,000 from the IIJA through the Federal Railroad Administration's Corridor Identification and Development Program.[36]

## Train consist

[edit]

In the early 1990s, the Cardinal ran with the usual Amtrak long-distance consist of two EMD F40PHs or one GE E60, plus several material handling cars (MHC) and baggage cars, followed by several Amfleet coaches, an Amfleet lounge, a Heritage diner, two or three Heritage 10-6 sleepers, a slumbercoach, and finally, a baggage dormitory car. Following the delivery of the Superliner II fleet, however, the Cardinal was re-equipped with Superliner cars in 1995.[37] As a result, its route was truncated to end in Washington D.C., as Superliners cannot operate on the Northeast Corridor due to low tunnel clearances in Baltimore and New York City. With the Superliner equipment, the consist would usually be two Superliner sleeping cars, a diner, a Sightseer Lounge, a baggage coach, and a coach.

In 2002, two derailments on other routes took numerous Superliner cars out of service. Because of this, insufficient Superliner equipment was available for use on the Cardinal. The Cardinal was re-equipped with a consist of single-level long-distance cars, including dining, lounge, sleeping, and dormitory cars, although service to New York was not restored until 2004. Subsequent fleet shortages shortened the Cardinal further, and at one point, the train was running with two or three Amfleet II coaches and a combined diner-lounge car. While the sleeping car was later restored, the Cardinal has not had a dormitory car or a diner since. Similarly, though the baggage car was also removed, it was restored in response to an upturn in patronage in mid-2010. In 2016, Amtrak added business class service to the Cardinal.[38] The Cardinal seasonally included a dome car prior to the car's retirement.[39][40]

Amtrak began replacing the older P40DC and P42DC locomotives with Siemens ALC-42 locomotives in 2023.[41]

The Cardinal's typical consist as of July 2024 is made up of:

* P42DC or ALC-42 locomotive
* Amfleet II Coach
* Amfleet II Coach
* Amfleet II Café/Lounge Car
* Viewliner II Sleeping Car
* Viewliner II Baggage/Dorm Car

## Route overview

[edit]

Amtrak bills the Cardinal's route as one of the most scenic in its system. After an early morning departure from New York and traveling south down the Northeast Corridor, the train passes through Virginia's rolling horse country, across the Blue Ridge and the Shenandoah Valley. It then climbs the Allegheny Mountains and stops at the resort town of White Sulphur Springs, home to The Greenbrier, a famous luxury resort. The Cardinal descends on tracks through New River Gorge National Park and Preserve, a unit of the National Park Service protecting the longest deepest river gorge in the Eastern U.S. The river is popular for white water rafting, and the cliffs attract rock climbers. The forests blaze with autumn foliage and the train usually sells out during the peak season.

Amtrak train 51 arriving at Thurmond

The schedules are timed to provide a daylight transit of the New River Gorge nearly all year. Westbound, the train travels at night from Charleston, West Virginia, on to Indianapolis, where it arrives at about dawn, reaching Chicago mid-morning. Eastbound, the Cardinal departs late afternoon, reaching Indianapolis before midnight, Charleston mid-morning, and New York City in the late evening. While Cincinnati is served both directions with stops after midnight, about 15,000 passengers a year arrive or depart from this station.

The Cardinal is one of only two of Amtrak's 15 long-distance trains to operate only three days a week, the other being the Sunset Limited. Like other long-distance trains, passengers are not allowed to travel only between stations on the Northeast Corridor on the Cardinal. Eastbound trains only stop to discharge passengers from Alexandria northward, and westbound trains only stop to receive passengers from Newark to Washington. This policy aims to keep seats available for passengers making longer trips; passengers traveling between Northeast Corridor stations can use the more frequent Acela Express or Northeast Regional services.

## Route details

[edit]

Cardinal route map

The Cardinal operates over Amtrak, CSX Transportation, Norfolk Southern Railway, Buckingham Branch Railroad, Canadian National Railway, Union Pacific Railroad, and Metra trackage:

* Amtrak Northeast Corridor, New York to Washington
* CSX RF&P Subdivision, Washington to Alexandria
* NS Washington District, Alexandria to Orange
* BB Orange Subdivision and North Mountain Subdivision, Orange to Clifton Forge
* CSX Alleghany Subdivision, New River Subdivision, Kanawha Subdivision, Russell Subdivision, Northern Subdivision, Cincinnati Subdivision, Cincinnati Terminal Subdivision, Indianapolis Subdivision, Indianapolis Terminal Subdivision, Crawfordsville Branch Subdivision, and Monon Subdivision, Clifton Forge to Munster
* CN Elsdon Subdivision, Munster to Thornton
* UP Villa Grove Subdivision, Thornton to 81st Street
* BRC Kenton Line Subdivision, 81st Street to 74th Street
* Metra SouthWest Service, 74th Street to Chicago
* NS Chicago Line, CP 518 to Chicago (Depending on Dispatcher preference, The Cardinal often runs between CP 518 and 21st Street on NS)

The Buckingham Branch trackage is one of the few Class III railroad used in the Amtrak system.

## Station stops

[edit]

State/Province  | Town/City  | Station  | Connections

|
|
|

Illinois | Chicago | Chicago Union Station |  Amtrak (long-distance): California Zephyr, Capitol Limited, City of New Orleans, Empire Builder, Lake Shore Limited, Southwest Chief, Texas Eagle
Amtrak (intercity): Blue Water, Borealis, Hiawatha, Illini and Saluki, Illinois Zephyr and Carl Sandburg, Lincoln Service, Pere Marquette, Wolverine
Metra: ■ BNSF, ■ Milwaukee District North, ■ Milwaukee District West, ■ North Central Service, ■ Heritage Corridor, ■ SouthWest Service
Chicago "L": Blue (at Clinton), Brown Orange Pink Purple (at Quincy)
CTA Bus, Pace Bus
Amtrak Thruway to Madison, Rockford (Van Galder), Louisville (Greyhound)
Indiana | Dyer | Dyer |
Rensselaer | Rensselaer |
Lafayette | Lafayette |  CityBus
Greyhound Lines
Crawfordsville | Crawfordsville |
Indianapolis | Indianapolis |  IndyGo
Amtrak Thruway (Burlington Trailways)
Greyhound Lines
Connersville | Connersville |
Ohio | Cincinnati | Cincinnati |  SORTA Metro
Kentucky | Maysville | Maysville |  Maysville Transit
South Shore | South Portsmouth–South Shore |
Ashland | Ashland |  Ashland Bus System
Greyhound Lines
West Virginia | Huntington | Huntington |  Tri-State Transit Authority
Charleston | Charleston |  Amtrak Thruway to Sutton/Flatwoods, Weston, Clarksburg, Fairmont, Morgantown (Barons Bus Lines)[42]
Kanawha Valley Regional Transportation Authority
Montgomery | Montgomery |  Kanawha Valley Regional Transportation Authority
Thurmond | Thurmond |
Prince | Prince |
Hinton | Hinton |
Alderson | Alderson |
White Sulphur Springs | White Sulphur Springs |
Virginia | Clifton Forge | Clifton Forge |
Staunton | Staunton |  Staunton Free Trolley, Coordinated Area Transportation Services (at Staunton Visitor Center)
Charlottesville | Charlottesville |  Amtrak: Crescent, Northeast Regional
Amtrak Thruway to Richmond (James River Transportation), Washington, D.C.
Greyhound Lines
Charlottesville Area Transit
Culpeper | Culpeper |  Amtrak: Crescent, Northeast Regional
Manassas | Manassas |  Amtrak: Crescent, Northeast Regional
VRE: ■ Manassas Line
PRTC: Manassas Metro Direct, OmniLink Manassas
Alexandria | Alexandria |  Amtrak: Crescent, Northeast Regional, Silver Meteor, Silver Star
VRE: ■ Fredericksburg Line, ■ Manassas Line
Metro:  Blue Line,  Yellow Line
Metrobus, DASH
District of
Columbia | Washington | Washington Union Station |  Amtrak: Acela, Capitol Limited, Carolinian, Crescent, Palmetto, Northeast Regional, Silver Meteor, Silver Star, Vermonter
MARC: ■ Brunswick Line, ■ Camden Line, ■ Penn Line
VRE: ■ Manassas Line, ■ Fredericksburg Line
Metro:  Red Line
DC Streetcar: H Street/Benning Road Line
Metrobus, DC Circulator, MTA Maryland, Loudoun County Transit, OmniRide
Intercity bus:  Greyhound Lines,  Megabus, BoltBus, BestBus, Peter Pan, OurBus
Maryland | Baltimore | Baltimore |  Amtrak: Acela, Carolinian, Crescent, Palmetto, Northeast Regional, Silver Meteor, Silver Star, Vermonter
MARC: ■ Penn Line
Light RailLink
MTA Maryland, Charm City Circulator
Delaware | Wilmington | Wilmington |  Amtrak: Acela, Carolinian, Crescent, Palmetto, Northeast Regional, Silver Meteor, Silver Star, Vermonter
Greyhound Lines
SEPTA Regional Rail: ■ Wilmington/​Newark Line
DART First State
Pennsylvania | Philadelphia | 30th Street Station |  Amtrak: Acela, Carolinian, Crescent, Keystone Service, Northeast Regional, Palmetto, Pennsylvanian, Silver Meteor, Silver Star, Vermonter
SEPTA Regional Rail: all lines
NJ Transit: ■ Atlantic City Line
SEPTA Metro:  Market–Frankford Line,  Subway–Surface Trolleys
SEPTA City Bus, SEPTA Suburban Bus
New Jersey | Trenton | Trenton |  Amtrak: Carolinian, Crescent, Keystone Service, Northeast Regional, Pennsylvanian, Silver Meteor, Silver Star, Vermonter
NJ Transit: ■ Northeast Corridor Line, ■ River Line
SEPTA Regional Rail: ■ Trenton Line
NJ Transit Bus, SEPTA Suburban Bus
Newark | Newark Penn Station |  Amtrak: Acela, Carolinian, Crescent, Keystone Service, Northeast Regional, Palmetto, Pennsylvanian, Silver Meteor, Silver Star, Vermonter
NJ Transit: ■ North Jersey Coast Line, ■ Northeast Corridor Line, ■ Raritan Valley Line
PATH: NWK-WTC
Newark Light Rail
NJ Transit Bus
New York | New York City | New York Penn Station |  Amtrak (long-distance): Crescent, Lake Shore Limited, Palmetto, Silver Meteor, Silver Star
Amtrak (intercity): Acela, Adirondack, Berkshire Flyer, Carolinian, Empire Service, Ethan Allen Express, Keystone Service, Maple Leaf, Northeast Regional, Pennsylvanian, Vermonter
LIRR: ■ Main Line, ■ Port Washington Branch
NJ Transit: ■ North Jersey Coast Line, ■ Northeast Corridor Line, ■ Gladstone Branch, ■ Montclair-Boonton Line, ■ Morristown Line
NYC Subway: ​​​​
PATH: HOB-33 JSQ-33 JSQ-33 (via HOB)
NYC Transit Bus

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Amtrak Fiscal Year 2023 Ridership" (PDF). Amtrak. November 27, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
2. ^ "Amtrak Timetable Results". www.amtrak.com. Retrieved December 20, 2021.
3. ^ a b "Cardinal / Hoosier State" (PDF). Amtrak. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
4. ^ "Amtrak suspends ticket sales for Hoosier State line after June 30". Indianapolis Business Journal. April 8, 2019.
5. ^ "Amtrak FY23 Ridership" (PDF).
6. ^ "Amtrak Route Ridership FY21 vs FY19" (PDF). Amtrak.
7. ^ "Amtrak Route Ridership" (PDF). amtrak.com. November 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
8. ^ "Amtrak® FY18 Ridership" (PDF). Retrieved June 25, 2023.
9. ^ "General and Legislative Annual Report & FY2020 Grant Request" (PDF). Amtrak. March 19, 2019. p. 43\. "Table 36: Amtrak FY 2018 Annual Operations Report"
10. ^ Schafer, Mike; Welsh, Joe (1997). Classic American Streamliners. Osceola, Wisconsin: MotorBooks International. ISBN 978-0-7603-0377-1.
11. ^ Sanders, Craig (2003). Limiteds, Locals, and Expresses in Indiana, 1838–1971. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34216-4.
12. ^ "Amtrak's First Trains and Routes". Mark D. Bej. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
13. ^ a b Lynch, Peter E. (2004). Penn Central Railroad. Saint Paul, MN: MBI. ISBN 0760317631. OCLC 53356627.
14. ^ a b Sanders, Craig (2006). Amtrak in the Heartland. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34705-3.
15. ^ "PRR CHRONOLOGY 1976" (PDF). The Pennsylvania Railroad Technical & Historical Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
16. ^ a b Schafer, Mike (1991). All Aboard Amtrak: 1971–1991. Piscataway, New Jersey: Railpace Co. ISBN 978-0-9621-5414-0. OCLC 24545029.
17. ^ "The Museum of Railway Timetables (timetables.org)".
18. ^ "The Museum of Railway Timetables (timetables.org)".
19. ^ "Peru Amtrak Stop Lost In Routing". Logansport Pharos-Tribune. March 26, 1986. p. 1 - via Newspapers.com.
20. ^ "Amtrak shortening Cardinal route to allow for track renovations in NYC". The News Leader. March 10, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
21. ^ "Amtrak Trains Under the Microscope". Trains. July 2010. p. 20.
22. ^ "More trains: Amtrak plans to dailify the Cardinal". The Hook. October 2, 2010. Archived from the original on December 4, 2010. Retrieved October 5, 2010.
23. ^ "Amtrak's Improvement Wish List". Trains. January 2011. pp. 20–21.
24. ^ "Bob Bryant's Big Little Railroad". Trains. January 2012. p. 51.
25. ^ a b "P2, P3, EW2, GS19 75th Street Corridor Improvement Project" (PDF). CREATE. November 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
26. ^ a b Lazo, Luz (December 19, 2019). "Virginia to build Long Bridge and acquire CSX right of way to expand passenger train service". Washington Post. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
27. ^ "Picking Up Speed in Orange". Buckingham Branch Railroad. April 17, 2017. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
28. ^ "Preckwinkle, Partners Mark 75th Street Rail Corridor Improvement Project". The Chicago Crusader. October 1, 2018. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
29. ^ "AMTRAK INTRODUCES ENHANCED MENU AND FLEXIBLE DINING EXPERIENCE ON FIVE ROUTES" (Press release). Amtrak. September 13, 2019.
30. ^ "Manchin Secures Language To Evaluate Ways To Restore Cardinal Train Daily Service Through West Virginia". www.manchin.senate.gov. June 16, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
31. ^ "Key Policy Victories in Senate Rail Title". www.railpassengers.org. Rail Passengers Association. June 16, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
32. ^ Luczak, Marybeth (June 17, 2021). "Senate Commerce Committee's Bipartisan $78B Surface Transportation Bill Advances". Railway Age. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
33. ^ "What's in the Investment in Infrastructure and Jobs Act (IIJA)?". www.railpassengers.org. Rail Passengers Association. November 8, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
34. ^ "Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act" (PDF). pp. 285–256. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
35. ^ "Amtrak Applies for Federal Grants to Improve Long Distance Network" (Press release). Amtrak. June 5, 2023.
36. ^ "FY22 Corridor Identification and Development Program Selections" (PDF). railroads.dot.gov. Federal Railroad Administration. December 2023. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
37. ^ "Central Virginia Railfan Page--Amtrak Service". TrainWeb. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
38. ^ Steelhammer, Rick (January 13, 2016). "Amtrak Launches Business Class Service for Cardinal Passengers". Charleston Gazette-Mail.
39. ^ "Fall Travel Made Brilliant on the Great Dome Car". Amtrak. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012.
40. ^ Cotey, Angela (November 3, 2020) [September 3, 2019]. "Analysis: Amtrak surrenders valuable tool with retirement of last dome car". Trains Newswire. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
41. ^ Paul, Joe Sr.; Welsh, Michael; Kraft, Michael (February 2024). "Amtrak New Fleet Acquisition Updates" (PDF). Next Generation Corridor Equipment Pool Committee. p. 7.
42. ^ "Amtrak Launches Thruway Bus Connection in West Virginia" (Press release). July 17, 2017. Archived from the original on August 13, 2017. Retrieved July 19, 2017.

## Notes

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1. ^ Amtrak's Fiscal Year (FY) runs from October 1 of the prior year to September 30 of the named year.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Mike Schafer, Amtrak's atlas, Trains, June 1991
* Schwieterman, Joseph P. (2001). When the Railroad Leaves Town: American Communities in the Age of Rail Line Abandonment, Eastern United States. Kirksville, Missouri: Truman State University Press. ISBN 978-0-943549-97-2.
* Solomon, Brian; Schafer, Mike (2007). New York Central Railroad. Saint Paul, MN: MBI and Voyageur Press. ISBN 9780760329283. OCLC 85851554.
* Amtrak October 2010 report on the Cardinal

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Cardinal (train) at Wikimedia Commons
* Cardinal – Amtrak

KML file (edit • help)

Template:Attached KML/Cardinal (train)

KML is from Wikidata

* v
* t
* e

Amtrak routes

Long
distance|

| West|

* California Zephyr
* Coast Starlight
* Empire Builder
* Southwest Chief
* Sunset Limited
* Texas Eagle

|

East|

* Auto Train
* Capitol Limited
* Cardinal
* City of New Orleans
* Crescent
* Floridian (planned)
* Lake Shore Limited
* Palmetto

| Silver Service|

* Silver Meteor
* Silver Star

|

Corridor|

| West|

* Amtrak Cascades
* Heartland Flyer
* Winter Park Express (seasonal)

Amtrak California|

* Capitol Corridor
* Pacific Surfliner
* San Joaquins

Midwest|

* Borealis
* Hiawatha Service
* Missouri River Runner
* Northern Lights Express (planned)

Illinois Service|

* Illini and Saluki
* Illinois Zephyr and Carl Sandburg
* Lincoln Service
* Quad Cities (planned)

Michigan Services|

* Blue Water
* Pere Marquette
* Wolverine

East|

* Downeaster
* Mardi Gras Service (planned)

| Northeast Corridor|

* Acela
* Northeast Regional
* Amtrak Virginia

|

Knowledge Corridor|

* Hartford Line
* Valley Flyer
* Vermonter

Empire Corridor|

* Adirondack
* Berkshire Flyer (seasonal)
* Empire Service
* Ethan Allen Express
* Maple Leaf (with Via Rail Canada)

Keystone Corridor|

* Keystone Service
* Pennsylvanian

NC By Train|

* Carolinian
* Piedmont

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*[e]: Edit this template