Cardinals created by John Paul II

Pope John Paul II (1920–2005) with Cardinal Alfonso López Trujillo (1935–2008)

Pope John Paul II (r. 1978–2005) created 231 cardinals in nine consistories held at roughly three-year intervals. Three of those cardinals were first created in pectore, that is, without their names being announced, and only identified by the pope later. He named a fourth in pectore as well but never revealed that name. At his 2001 consistory, where he elevated 42 prelates and announced the names of two created in pectore earlier, he created more cardinals at one time than ever before or since. His consistories in 1985, 1994, and 2003 were among the largest ever.

In his first three consistories, John Paul adhered to the limit of 120 that Pope Paul VI set on the number of cardinal electors in 1975.[1] and he included that maximum when he reformed the papal conclave procedures in 1996.[2][3] His appointments exceeded that number for the first time in 1988 when the number of electors rose to 121, and then again in 1998 when it reached 122. In each of his last two consistories, in 2001 and 2003, he raised the number to 135,[4] a record figure only exceeded once, by Pope Francis in 2023.[5]

He was the first pope to allow someone not a bishop to become a cardinal since Pope John XXIII mandated that cardinals be bishops in 1962.[6] His appointments included one future pope, Pope Francis.

## 30 June 1979

[edit]

John Paul created fourteen cardinals at his first consistory[7] and he announced he was withholding the name of a fifteenth.[8] That additional cardinal's name was not made public until 1991.[9] All those named were archbishops, including six Italians and two Poles. These appointments, excluding the name withheld, brought the number of cardinals who had not passed their 80th birthday to 120, the maximum set by Pope Paul VI, while the entire membership of the College of Cardinals reached 135.[8]

Name  | Country

|

Agostino Casaroli (1914–1998)  |  Italy
Giuseppe Caprio (1914–2005)  |  Italy
Marco Cé (1925–2014)  |  Italy
Egano Righi-Lambertini (1906–2000)  |  Italy
Joseph-Marie Trịnh Văn Căn (1921–1990)  |  Vietnam
Ernesto Civardi (1906–1989)  |  Italy
Ernesto Corripio y Ahumada (1919–2008)  |  Mexico
Joseph Asajiro Satowaki (1904–1996)  |  Japan
Roger Etchegaray (1922–2019)  |  France
Anastasio Ballestrero (1913–1998)  |  Italy
Tomás Ó Fiaich (1923–1990)  |  Ireland
Gerald Emmett Carter (1912–2003)  |  Canada
Franciszek Macharski (1927–2016)  |  Poland
Władysław Rubin (1917–1990)  |  Poland

### Cardinal "in pectore"

[edit]

Name  | Country  | Revealed as Cardinal

|
|

Ignatius Kung Pin-mei (1901–2000)  |  China | 29 May 1991[10]

## 2 February 1983

[edit]

Józef Glemp (1929–2013), made a cardinal on 2 February 1983.

John Paul created 18 cardinals on 2 February 1983, including the first resident of the Soviet Union (Vaivods of Latvia)[11] and four others from countries with Communist governments. This brought the College to 138 members, of whom 120 were young enough to serve as electors in a papal conclave. Another cardinal was created in pectore or secretly.[12] John Paul granted a dispensation from the requirement that all cardinals be bishops to Henri de Lubac, the first such dispensation since Pope John XXIII established the rule in 1962.[13]

Name  | Country

|

Anthony Peter Khoraish (1907–1994)  |  Lebanon
Bernard Yago (1916–1997)  |  Ivory Coast
Aurelio Sabattani (1912–2003)  |  Italy
Franjo Kuharić (1919–2002)  |  Croatia
Giuseppe Casoria (1908–2001)  |  Italy
José Lebrún Moratinos (1919–2001)  |  Venezuela
Joseph Bernardin (1928–1996)  |  United States
Michael Michai Kitbunchu (b. 1929)  |  Thailand
Alexandre do Nascimento (b. 1925)  |  Angola
Alfonso López Trujillo (1935–2008)  |  Colombia
Godfried Danneels (1933–2019)  |  Belgium
Thomas Williams (1930–2023)  |  New Zealand
Carlo Maria Martini (1927–2012)  |  Italy
Jean-Marie Lustiger (1926–2007)  |  France
Józef Glemp (1929–2013)  |  Poland
Julijans Vaivods (1895–1990)  |  Latvia
Joachim Meisner (1933–2017)  |  West Germany
Henri de Lubac (1896–1991)  |  France

## 25 May 1985

[edit]

Francis Arinze (born 1932), made a cardinal on 25 May 1985 Henryk Gulbinowicz (1923–2020), made a cardinal on 25 May 1985

John Paul created 28 cardinals on 25 May 1985 in a ceremony held outdoors for the first time in St. Peter's Square. They included the first from Ethiopia and Nicaragua and an archbishop of the Ukrainian Rite. It raised the College's membership to 152, with 120 eligible to vote for a new pope.[14]

Name  | Country

|

Luigi Dadaglio (1914–1990)  |  Italy
Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy (1924–2014)  |  India
Francis Arinze (b. 1932)  |  Nigeria
Juan Francisco Fresno (1914–2004)  |  Chile
Antonio Innocenti (1915–2008)  |  Italy
Miguel Obando y Bravo (1926–2018)  |  Nicaragua
Paul Mayer (1911–2010)  |  West Germany
Ángel Suquía Goicoechea (1916–2006)  |  Spain
Jean Jérôme Hamer (1916–1996)  |  Belgium
Ricardo Vidal (1931–2017)  |  Philippines
Henryk Gulbinowicz (1923–2020)  |  Poland
Paulos Tzadua (1921–2003)  |  Ethiopia
Jozef Tomko (1924–2022)  |  Slovakia
Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky (1914–2000)  |  Ukrainian SSR
Andrzej Maria Deskur (1924–2011)  |  Poland
Paul Poupard (b. 1930)  |  France
Louis-Albert Vachon (1912–2006)  |  Canada
Albert Decourtray (1923–1994)  |  France
Rosalio Lara (1922–2007)  |  Venezuela
Friedrich Wetter (b. 1928)  |  West Germany
Silvano Piovanelli (1924–2016)  |  Italy
Adrianus Johannes Simonis (1931–2020)  |  Netherlands
Édouard Gagnon (1918–2007)  |  Canada
Alfons Maria Stickler (1910–2007)  |  Austria
Bernard Francis Law (1931–2017)  |  United States
John Joseph O'Connor (1920–2000)  |  United States
Giacomo Biffi (1928–2015)  |  Italy
Pietro Pavan (1903–1994)  |  Italy

## 28 June 1988

[edit]

José Freire Falcão (1925-2021), made a cardinal on 28 June 1988.

On 29 May 1988 John Paul announced he would create 25 new cardinals in 28 June, though the death of Hans Urs von Balthasar of Switzerland reduced that number to 24.[15] This consistory took the number of cardinal electors from 97 to 121, which fell within a month to the maximum of 120, a majority of them appointed by John Paul.[a] It brought the total number of cardinals to a new high of 160, of whom John Paul named 84.[16]

Name  | Country

|

Eduardo Martínez Somalo (1927–2021)  |  Spain
Achille Silvestrini (1923–2019)  |  Italy
Angelo Felici (1919–2007)  |  Italy
Paul Grégoire (1911–1993)  |  Canada
Antony Padiyara (1921–2000)  |  India
José Freire Falcão (1925–2021)  |  Brazil
Michele Giordano (1930–2010)  |  Italy
Alexandre José Maria dos Santos (1924–2021)  |  Mozambique
Giovanni Canestri (1918–2015)  |  Italy
Antonio María Javierre Ortas (1921–2007)  |  Spain
Simon Pimenta (1920–2013)  |  India
Mario Revollo Bravo (1919–1995)  |  Colombia
Edward Bede Clancy (1923–2014)  |  Australia
Lucas Moreira Neves (1925–2002)  |  Brazil
James Aloysius Hickey (1920–2004)  |  United States
Edmund Szoka (1927–2014)  |  United States
László Paskai (1927–2015)  |  Hungary
Christian Tumi (1930–2021)  |  Cameroon
Hans Hermann Groër (1919–2003)  |  Austria
Jacques-Paul Martin (1908–1992)  |  France
Franz Hengsbach (1910–1991)  |  West Germany
Vincentas Sladkevičius (1920–2000)  |  Lithuanian SSR
Jean Margéot (1916–2009)  |  Mauritius
John Wu (1925–2002)  |  Hong Kong

## 28 June 1991

[edit]

Angelo Sodano (1927–2022), made a cardinal on 28 June 1991.

On 29 May 1991, John Paul announced he would create 22 cardinals at a consistory on 28 June and revealed the name of one he had created in pectore in 1979, Ignatius Kung Pin-mei. This increased the number of cardinal electors to 120 from 100. It also raised to 13 the number cardinals from the Soviet Union and nations of the recently dissolved Warsaw Pact.[9][17] The total number of cardinals reached 162 after the consistory.[b]

Name  | Country

|

Angelo Sodano (1927–2022)  |  Italy
Alexandru Todea (1912–2002)  |  Romania
Pio Laghi (1922–2009)  |  Italy
Edward Cassidy (1924–2021)  |  Australia
Robert-Joseph Coffy (1920–1995)  |  France
Frédéric Etsou-Nzabi-Bamungwabi (1930–2007)  |  Zaire
Nicolás de Jesús López Rodríguez (b. 1936)  |  Dominican Republic
Jose Tomas Sanchez (1920–2012)  |  Philippines
Virgilio Noè (1922–2011)  |  Italy
Antonio Quarracino (1923–1998)  |  Argentina
Fiorenzo Angelini (1916–2014)  |  Italy
Roger Mahony (b. 1936)  |  United States
Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo (1926–1993)  |  Mexico
Anthony Bevilacqua (1923–2012)  |  United States
Giovanni Saldarini (1924–2011)  |  Italy
Cahal Daly (1917–2009)  |  Ireland
Camillo Ruini (b. 1931)  |  Italy
Ján Chryzostom Korec (1924–2015)  |  Slovakia
Henri Schwery (1932–2021)  |  Switzerland
Georg Sterzinsky (1936–2011)  |  Germany
Guido del Mestri (1911–1993)  |  Italy
Paolo Dezza (1901–1999)  |  Italy

## 26 November 1994

[edit]

On 30 October 1994, John Paul announced the names of 30 new cardinals from 24 countries, scheduling the consistory for 26 November. He said others were deserving but he "thought it appropriate to adhere to the limit set by my Predecessor Paul VI".[18] The total number of cardinals reached 167 after the consistory.[c]

Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir (1920–2019), made a cardinal on 26 November 1994 Jan Pieter Schotte (1928–2005), made a cardinal on 26 November 1994 Kazimierz Świątek (1914–2011), made a cardinal on 26 November 1994

Name  | Country

|

Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir (1920–2019)  |  Lebanon
Miloslav Vlk (1932–2017)  |  Czech Republic
Luigi Poggi (1917–2010)  |  Italy
Peter Shirayanagi (1928–2009)  |  Japan
Vincenzo Fagiolo (1918–2000)  |  Italy
Carlo Furno (1921–2015)  |  Italy
Carlos Oviedo Cavada (1927–1998)  |  Chile
Thomas Winning (1925–2001)  |  Scotland
Adolfo Suárez Rivera (1927–2008)  |  Mexico
Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino (1936–2019)  |  Cuba
Julius Darmaatmadja (b. 1934)  |  Indonesia
Jan Pieter Schotte (1928–2005)  |  Belgium
Pierre Eyt (1934–2001)  |  France
Gilberto Agustoni (1922–2017)  |  Switzerland
Emmanuel Wamala (b. 1926)  |  Uganda
William Henry Keeler (1931–2017)  |  United States
Augusto Vargas Alzamora (1922–2000)  |  Peru
Jean-Claude Turcotte (1936–2015)  |  Canada
Ricardo María Carles Gordó (1926–2013)  |  Spain
Adam Maida (b. 1930)  |  United States
Vinko Puljić (b. 1945)  |  Bosnia and Herzegovina
Armand Razafindratandra (1925–2010)  |  Madagascar
Phạm Đình Tụng (1919–2009)  |  Vietnam
Juan Sandoval Íñiguez (b. 1933)  |  Mexico
Bernardino Echeverría Ruiz (1912–2000)  |  Ecuador
Kazimierz Świątek (1914–2011)  |  Belarus
Ersilio Tonini (1914–2013)  |  Italy
Mikel Koliqi (1900–1997)  |  Albania
Yves Congar (1905–1995)  |  France
Aloys Grillmeier (1910–1998)  |  Germany

## 21 February 1998

[edit]

Dionigi Tettamanzi (1927–2017), made a cardinal on 21 February 1998. Christoph Schönborn (born 1945), made a cardinal on 21 February 1998.

John Paul announced on 18 January 1998 that he would create 22 new cardinals, but withheld the names of two of them. He had also planned to include Josip Uhač, a Vatican diplomat and curial official who died that morning. The consistory was scheduled for 21 February.[19] Excluding the two not named, this brought the membership of the College of Cardinals to 165, of whom 122 were eligible to vote in a conclave.[20][d]

Name  | Country

|

Jorge Medina Estévez (1926–2021)  |  Chile
Alberto Bovone (1922–1998)  |  Italy
Darío Castrillón Hoyos (1929–2018)  |  Colombia
Lorenzo Antonetti (1922–2013)  |  Italy
James Stafford (b. 1932)  |  United States
Salvatore De Giorgi (b. 1930)  |  Italy
Serafim Fernandes de Araújo (1924–2019)  |  Brazil
Antonio María Rouco Varela (b. 1936)  |  Spain
Aloysius Ambrozic (1930–2011)  |  Canada
Jean Marie Balland (1934–1998)  |  France
Dionigi Tettamanzi (1934–2017)  |  Italy
Polycarp Pengo (b. 1944)  |  Tanzania
Christoph Schönborn (b. 1945)  |  Austria
Norberto Rivera Carrera (b. 1942)  |  Mexico
Francis George (1937–2015)  |  United States
Paul Shan Kuo-Hsi (1924–2012)  |  Taiwan
Adam Kozłowiecki (1911–2007)  |  Poland
Giovanni Cheli (1918–2013)  |  Italy
Francesco Colasuonno (1925–2003)  |  Italy
Dino Monduzzi (1922–2006)  |  Italy

### Cardinal created "in pectore"

[edit]

Name  | Country  | Revealed as Cardinal

|
|

Marian Jaworski (1926–2020)  |  Ukraine | 29 January 2001[21]
Jānis Pujats (b. 1930)  |  Latvia

## 21 February 2001

[edit]

Jorge Mario Bergoglio (born 1936), made a cardinal on 21 February 2001, elected Pope on 13 March 2013

On 21 January 2001, Pope John Paul II announced plans to raise 37 prelates to the rank on cardinal at a consistory in February. He also said that at the consistory he would announce the names of two cardinals he named in pectore in 1998.[22] He followed that by announcing the names of five more on 28 January and revealed the two made cardinals secretly in 1998, Marian Jaworski and Janis Pujats.[23] The 44 cardinals created at this consistory was the largest ever created at a consistory.[24] It increased the number of cardinals eligible to vote in a papal election to 135, despite the maximum of 120 set by Pope Paul VI in 1975 and reiterated by John Paul II in 1996; he said in each of his announcements that he was setting aside this limit.[23][22][24] The total number of cardinals reached 183 after the consistory.[e]

Cardinals Walter Kasper (born 1933) and Godfried Danneels (1933–2019) Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga (born 1942), made a cardinal on 21 February 2001 Name  | Country

|

Giovanni Battista Re (b. 1934)  |  Italy
Nguyen Van Thuan (1928–2002)  |  Vietnam
Agostino Cacciavillan (1926–2022)  |  Italy
Sergio Sebastiani (1931–2024)  |  Italy
Zenon Grocholewski (1939–2020)  |  Poland
José Saraiva Martins (b. 1932)  |  Portugal
Crescenzio Sepe (b. 1943)  |  Italy
Jorge María Mejía (1923–2014)  |  Argentina
Ignatius Moses I Daoud (1930–2012)  |  Syria
Mario Francesco Pompedda (1929–2006)  |  Italy
Walter Kasper (b. 1933)  |  Germany
Johannes Joachim Degenhardt (1926–2002)  |  Germany
Antonio José González Zumárraga (1925–2008)  |  Ecuador
Ivan Dias (1936–2017)  |  India
Geraldo Majella Agnelo (1933–2023)  |  Brazil
Pedro Rubiano Sáenz (1932–2024)  |  Colombia
Theodore Edgar McCarrick (b. 1930)[f] |  United States
Desmond Connell (1926–2017)  |  Ireland
Audrys Bačkis (b. 1937)  |  Lithuania
Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa (b. 1933)  |  Chile
Julio Terrazas Sandoval (1936–2015)  |  Bolivia
Wilfrid Napier (b. 1941)  |  South Africa
Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga (b. 1942)  |  Honduras
Bernard Agré (1926–2014)  |  Ivory Coast
Louis-Marie Billé (1938–2002)  |  France
Ignacio Velasco (1929–2003)  |  Venezuela
Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne (b. 1943)  |  Peru
Francisco Álvarez Martínez (1925–2022)  |  Spain
Cláudio Hummes (1934–2022)  |  Brazil
Varkey Vithayathil (1927–2011)  |  India
Jorge Mario Bergoglio (b. 1936) [g] |  Argentina
José Policarpo (1936–2014)  |  Portugal
Severino Poletto (1933–2022)  |  Italy
Cormac Murphy-O'Connor (1932–2017)  |  England
Edward Egan (1932–2015)  |  United States
Lubomyr Husar (1933–2017)  |  Ukraine
Karl Lehmann (1936–2018)  |  Germany
Stéphanos II Ghattas (1920–2009)  |  Egypt
Jean Marcel Honoré (1920–2013)  |  France
Roberto Tucci (1921–2015)  |  Italy
Leo Scheffczyk (1920–2005)  |  Germany
Avery Dulles (1918–2008)  |  United States

## 21 October 2003

[edit]

Attilio Nicora (1937–2017), made a cardinal on 21 October 2003 Josip Bozanić (born 1949), made a cardinal on 21 October 2003

Pope John Paul II announced on 28 September 2003 that he would create 31 new cardinals in an October consistory, but withheld the name of one of them, apparently a resident of a country where Catholicism was the object of government persecution.[h] Twenty-six of those publicly named were young enough to vote in a papal conclave, and seven of those were members of the Roman Curia.[26][27][28] This consistory increased the number of cardinal electors from 109 to 135.[29][30] The total number of cardinals reached 194 after the consistory.[i] Because the withheld name was never published, that cardinal's appointment expired when the Pope died.

Name  | Country

|

Jean-Louis Tauran (1943–2018)  |  France
Renato Martino (b. 1932)  |  Italy
Francesco Marchisano (1929–2014)  |  Italy
Julián Herranz Casado (b. 1930)  |  Spain
Javier Lozano Barragán (1933–2022)  |  Mexico
Stephen Fumio Hamao (1930–2007)  |  Japan
Attilio Nicora (1937–2017)  |  Italy
Angelo Scola (b. 1941)  |  Italy
Anthony Olubunmi Okogie (b. 1936)  |  Nigeria
Bernard Panafieu (1931–2017)  |  France
Gabriel Zubeir Wako (b. 1941)  |  Sudan
Carlos Amigo Vallejo (1934–2022)  |  Spain
Justin Francis Rigali (b. 1935)  |  United States
Keith Michael Patrick O'Brien (1938–2018)  |  Scotland
Eusébio Scheid (1932–2021)  |  Brazil
Ennio Antonelli (b. 1936)  |  Italy
Tarcisio Bertone (b. 1934)  |  Italy
Peter Turkson (b. 1948)  |  Ghana
Telesphore Toppo (1939–2023)  |  India
George Pell (1941–2023)  |  Australia
Josip Bozanić (b. 1949)  |  Croatia
Phạm Minh Mẫn (b. 1934)  |  Vietnam
Rodolfo Quezada Toruño (1932–2012)  |  Guatemala
Philippe Barbarin (b. 1950)  |  France
Péter Erdő (b. 1952)  |  Hungary
Marc Ouellet (b. 1944)  |  Canada
Georges Cottier (1922–2016)  |  Switzerland
Gustaaf Joos (1923–2004)  |  Belgium
Tomáš Špidlík (1919–2010)  |  Czech Republic
Stanisław Nagy (1921–2013)  |  Poland

## Demographic adjustment

[edit]

In 2004, the birth year of Cardinal Henryk Gulbinowicz, long reported as 1928, was corrected to 1923. The adjustment meant he was past his 80th birthday and no longer counted as a cardinal elector. In 1942, as a young man, Gulbinowicz had falsified his birth records to escape being sent to a Nazi labor camp. The correct birth date was reported in the Italian press as early as March 2004[31] and printed in the Pontifical Yearbook presented to John Paul on 31 January 2005.[32][33]

## See also

[edit]

* List of current cardinals

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Cardinal Corrado Ursi turned 80 on 28 July.
2. ^ 160 cardinals at 1988 consistory minus 21 cardinals who died before the 1991 consistory (Volk, Guyot, Dearden, de Fürstenberg, Cooray, Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano, Siri, Malula, Manning, Flahiff, Civardi, Ó Fiaich, Trịnh Văn Căn, Vaivods, Maurer, Dadaglio, Rubin, Beras Rojas, Freeman, Nsubuga, Hengsbach) plus 22 newly-appointed cardinals plus 1 revealed cardinal in pectore Kung Pin-mei.
3. ^ 162 cardinals at 1991 consistory minus 25 cardinals who died before the 1994 consistory (Salazar López, de Lubac, Léger, Guerri, Colombo, Paupini, Tomášek, Martin, Picachy, Baggio, Posadas Ocampo, Antonelli, Gray, del Mestri, Carpino, Razafimahatratra, Grégoire, Garrone, Darmojuwono, Cordeiro, Marty, McCann, Muñoz Vega, Khoraish, Decourtray) plus 30 newly-appointed cardinals.
4. ^ When the consistory was announced, it would have brought the number of cardinal electors to 123, but Eduardo Francisco Pironio died on 5 February 1998 at the age of 77.
5. ^ 165 cardinals at 1998 consistory minus 26 cardinals who died before the 2001 consistory (Quarracino, Balland, Ribeiro, Bovone, Casaroli, Carberry, Ballestrero, Grillmeier, Oviedo Cavada, Silva Henríquez, Hume, Dezza, Kung Pin-mei, Padiyara, Echeverría Ruiz, O'Connor, Sladkevičius, Zoungrana, Vargas Alzamora, Fagiolo, Gouyon, Righi-Lambertini, Palazzini, Lubachivsky, Casoria, Lebrún Moratinos) plus 42 newly-appointed cardinals plus two revealed cardinals in pectore (Jaworski and Pujats).
6. ^ resigned from the College of Cardinals in 2018; laicized in 2019.
7. ^ elected as Pope Francis (2013–present).
8. ^ John Paul never revealed this name, not even in his will.[25]
9. ^ 183 cardinals at 2001 consistory minus 19 cardinals who died before the 2003 consistory (Eyt, Winning, Oddi, Sensi, Bertoli, Kuharić, Billé, Todea, Degenhardt, Moreira Neves, Nguyễn Văn Thuận, Wu Cheng-chung, Groër, Carter, Sabattani, Colasuonno, Velasco García, Ursi, Otunga) plus 30 newly-appointed cardinals.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Pope Paul VI (1 October 1975). "Romano Pontifici Eligendo". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
2. ^ Pope John Paul II (22 February 1996). "Universi Dominici Gregis". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 12 July 2018. See also: Universi Dominici Gregis.
3. ^ Allen Jr., John L. (23 July 2002). Conclave: The Politics, Personalities, and Process of the Next Papal Election. Crown Publishing. ISBN 9780385504560. Retrieved 12 July 2018.[page needed]
4. ^ Wooden, Cindy (22 May 2018). "Cardinal stats: Pope makes college more international, not much younger". Crux. Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
5. ^ O'Connell, Gerard (30 September 2023). "Pope Francis creates 21 new cardinals from 16 nations on the eve of the Synod on Synodality". America. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
6. ^ John XXIII (15 April 1962). "Cum gravissima". Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
7. ^ Tanner, Henry (1 July 1979). "Pope Installs 14 Cardinals but Keeps a 15th Secret". New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
8. ^ a b "Pope Names 14 New Cardinals, Including 6 Italians and 2 Poles". New York Times. 27 May 1979. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
9. ^ a b Haberman, Clyde (30 May 1991). "Pope Names 22 Cardinals; Chinese Prelate Is Identified". New York Times. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
10. ^ Haberman, Clyde (30 May 1991). "Pope Names 22 Cardinals; Chinese Prelate Is Identified". New York Times. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
11. ^ Burns, John F. (9 January 1983). "Latvian Cardinal Surprise to Soviet". New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
12. ^ Kamm, Henry (3 February 1983). "Pope John Paul Installs 18 as Cardinals". New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
13. ^ Goulding, Gill K. (2015). A Church of Passion and Hope: The Formation of An Ecclesial Disposition from Ignatius Loyola to Pope Francis and the New Evangelization. Bloomsbury T&T Clark. ISBN 9780567664686. Retrieved 15 December 2017.[page needed]
14. ^ Dionne Jr., E.J. (26 May 1985). "28 Consecrated 'Princes of the Church'". New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
15. ^ "24 New Cardinals Installed by Pope". New York Times. 29 June 1988. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
16. ^ Suro, Roberto (30 May 1988). "Pope Chooses 25 New Cardinals, Including Two American Prelates". New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
17. ^ "Cardinals Named by Pope". New York Times. 30 May 1991. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
18. ^ "Angelus, 30 October 1994". Libreria Editrice Vatican. 30 October 1994. Retrieved 2 September 2017. "ho ritenuto opportuno attenermi al limite fissato dal mio Predecessore Paolo VI"
19. ^ "Angelus, 18 January 1998". Libreria Editrice Vatican. 18 January 1998. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
20. ^ "Messa solenne del Papa con i nuovi cardinali". La Repubblica (in Italian). 23 February 1998. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
21. ^ Stanley, Alexandra (29 January 2001). "Pope Adds 7 Cardinals to a Record 37 Chosen Last Week". New York Times. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
22. ^ a b Stanley, Alexandra (22 January 2001). "37 New Cardinals Selected by Pope; Egan is Elevated". New York Times. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
23. ^ a b Stanley, Alexandra (29 January 2001). "Pope Adds 7 Cardinals to a Record 37 Chosen Last Week". New York Times. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
24. ^ a b Stanley, Alexandra (22 February 2001). "Shaping a Legacy, Pope Installs 44 Cardinals". New York Times. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
25. ^ Boudreaux, Richard (7 April 2005). "Mystery Cardinal Will Never Be Able to Join Peers". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
26. ^ Bruni, Frank (29 September 2003). "Pope Names 31 Cardinals, Future Voters on Succession". New York Times. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
27. ^ "List of the 31 New Cardinals". New York Times. Reuters. 28 September 2003. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
28. ^ "The New Cardinals and Their Duties". Zenit. 21 October 2003. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
29. ^ Bruni, Frank (22 October 2003). "Pope Confirms Cardinals, As Talk Turns to Succession". New York Times. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
30. ^ Magister, Sandro (10 October 2003). "Il papa è malato. Ma anche il Vaticano non sta tanto bene". L'Espresso (in Italian). Retrieved 27 July 2018.
31. ^ "Le dimissioni di Gulbinowicz". 30 Giorni (in Italian). 1 March 2004. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
32. ^ "Vatican Corrects Cardinal's Date of Birth". Zenit. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
33. ^ Bedoya, Juan G. (12 February 2005). "Arrepentimiento tardío". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 July 2018.

See also

* Lentz III, Harris M. (2002). Popes and Cardinals of the 20th Century: A Biographical Dictionary. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-4101-3.

* v
* t
* e

Pope John Paul II

* Born Karol Józef Wojtyła, 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005
*     * Pope (1978–2005)
* Archbishop of Kraków (1963–1978)

| Timeline|

* Emilia Wojtyła (mother)
* Karol Wojtyła (father)
* Early life
* Papal conclave
* Assassination attempt
* Death and funeral
* dignitaries
* Beatification and canonization

Coat of arms Pope John Paul II

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|

Acts as pope|

* Apologies
* Cardinals created
* People venerated
* People beatified
* Saints canonized
* Papal mediation in the Beagle conflict
* Pastoral visits
* Ireland
* Nicaragua
* United Kingdom
* World Day of the Sick
* World Youth Day

Relations|

* Eastern Orthodox Church
* Judaism

Other topics|

* Abbà Pater
* Criticism
* Family home (historic house)
* Health
* John Paul II Foundation
* Monuments
* Totus tuus

* Bibliography
* Teachings

| Apostolic constitutions|

* Sacrae disciplinae leges
* Pastor bonus
* Ex corde Ecclesiae
* Fidei depositum
* Universi Dominici gregis

|

Apostolic exhortations|

* Catechesi tradendae
* Familiaris consortio
* Redemptionis Donum
* Reconciliatio et paenitentia
* Christifideles laici
* Redemptoris custos
* Pastores dabo vobis
* Ecclesia in Africa
* Vita consecrata
* Une espérance nouvelle pour le Liban
* Ecclesia in America
* Ecclesia in Asia
* Ecclesia in Oceania
* Ecclesia in Europa
* Pastores gregis

Ecclesiastical letters|

* Dominicae cenae
* Salvifici doloris
* Mulieris dignitatem
* Ordinatio sacerdotalis
* Tertio millennio adveniente
* Letter to Women
* Ad tuendam fidem
* Novo millennio ineunte
* Misericordia Dei
* Rosarium Virginis Mariae
* The Rapid Development

Encyclicals|

* Redemptor hominis
* Dives in misericordia
* Laborem exercens
* Slavorum Apostoli
* Dominum et vivificantem
* Redemptoris Mater
* Sollicitudo rei socialis
* Redemptoris missio
* Centesimus annus
* Veritatis splendor
* Evangelium vitae
* Ut unum sint
* Fides et ratio
* Ecclesia de Eucharistia

Books|

* Love and Responsibility
* Crossing the Threshold of Hope
* Memory and Identity

Other writings|

* The Jeweler's Shop
* Theology of the Body
* "Roman Triptych"
* Testament

Documents endorsed|

* Catechism of the Catholic Church
* Quattuor abhinc annos
* We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah
* Dominus Iesus

Related|

* Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah
* Political views
* Scriptural Way of the Cross

* Eponymous places
* In popular culture

| Secondary schools|

| United States|

* Huntsville, AL
* Boca Raton, FL
* Tallahassee, FL
* Slidell, LA
* Hyannis, MA
* Greenville, NC
* Royersford, PA
* Hendersonville, TN
* Corpus Christi, TX
* Plano, TX
* Schertz, TX
* Dumfries, VA
* Lacey, WA

|

Other countries|

* Australia: Sydney
* Canada: London
* Canada: Toronto
* New Zealand: Greymouth
* New Zealand: Rotorua
* Poland: Tarnów

* Colleges
* Universities

* John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
* John Paul II Institute
* John Paul II Minor Seminary
* John Paul the Great Catholic University
* Pontifical University of John Paul II
* Pope John Paul II College of Education

Airports|

* Bari Karol Wojtyła Airport
* João Paulo II Airport
* John Paul II International Airport Kraków–Balice

Bridges|

* El Puente del Papa
* John Paul II Bridge, Puławy
* Juan Pablo II Bridge
* Third Millennium John Paul II Bridge

Other places|

* Saint John Paul II National Shrine
* Ioannes Paulus II Peninsula
* John Paul II Center for the New Evangelization
* John Paul II Center for Interreligious Dialogue
* John Paul II Foundation for Research and Treatment
* Museum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszyński
* Museum of John Paul II Collection
* Pope John Paul II Park Reservation

Films|

* Pope John Paul II
* The Papal Chase
* Have No Fear: The Life of Pope John Paul II
* The Pope's Toilet
* Nine Days that Changed the World

TV miniseries|

* Pope John Paul II
* Karol: A Man Who Became Pope
* Karol: The Pope, The Man
* In Search of the Pope's Children

Other media|

* The Planet Is Alive...Let It Live!
* Red Rabbit
* The Pope's Children
* Credo: John Paul II

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