Cardinals created by John Paul II

Catholic appointments from 1979 to 2003

Pope John Paul II (1920–2005) with Cardinal Alfonso López Trujillo (1935–2008)

Pope John Paul II (r. 1978–2005) created 231 cardinals in nine consistories held at roughly three-year intervals. Three of those cardinals were first created in pectore, that is, without their names being announced, and only identified by the pope later. He named a fourth in pectore as well but never revealed that name. At his 2001 consistory, where he elevated 42 prelates and announced the names of two created in pectore earlier, he created more cardinals at one time than ever before or since. His consistories in 1985, 1994, and 2003 were among the largest ever.

In his first three consistories, John Paul adhered to the limit of 120 that Pope Paul VI set on the number of cardinal electors in 1975.[1] and he included that maximum when he reformed the papal conclave procedures in 1996.[2][3] His appointments exceeded that number for the first time in 1988 when the number of electors rose to 121, and then again in 1998 when it reached 122. In each of his last two consistories, in 2001 and 2003, he raised the number to 135,[4] a record figure only exceeded once, by Pope Francis in 2023.[5]

He was the first pope to allow someone not a bishop to become a cardinal since Pope John XXIII mandated that cardinals be bishops in 1962.[6] His appointments included one future pope, Pope Francis.

## 30 June 1979

[edit]

John Paul created fourteen cardinals at his first consistory[7] and he announced he was withholding the name of a fifteenth.[8] That additional cardinal's name was not made public until 1991.[9] All those named were archbishops, including six Italians and two Poles. These appointments, excluding the name withheld, brought the number of cardinals who had not passed their 80th birthday to 120, the maximum set by Pope Paul VI, while the entire membership of the College of Cardinals reached 135.[8]

Name  | Title when named cardinal  | Country

|
|

Agostino Casaroli (1914–1998)  | Pro-Secretary of State of Secretariat of State |  Italy
Giuseppe Caprio (1914–2005)  | Pro-President of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See |  Italy
Marco Cé (1925–2014)  | Patriarch of Venice |  Italy
Egano Righi-Lambertini (1906–2000)  | Apostolic Nuncio to France |  Italy
Joseph-Marie Trịnh Văn Căn (1921–1990)  | Archbishop of Hanoi |  Vietnam
Ernesto Civardi (1906–1989)  | Secretary of the Congregation for Bishops |  Italy
Ernesto Corripio y Ahumada (1919–2008)  | Archbishop of Mexico |  Mexico
Joseph Asajiro Satowaki (1904–1996)  | Archbishop of Nagasaki |  Japan
Roger Etchegaray (1922–2019)  | Archbishop of Marseille |  France
Anastasio Ballestrero (1913–1998)  | Archbishop of Turin |  Italy
Tomás Ó Fiaich (1923–1990)  | Archbishop of Armagh |  Ireland
Gerald Emmett Carter (1912–2003)  | Archbishop of Toronto |  Canada
Franciszek Macharski (1927–2016)  | Archbishop of Kraków |  Poland
Władysław Rubin (1917–1990)  | Secretary General of the Synod of Bishops |  Poland

### Cardinal in pectore

[edit]

Name  | Title when named cardinal  | Country  | Revealed as Cardinal

|
|
|

Ignatius Kung Pin-mei (1901–2000)  | Bishop of Shanghai |  China | 29 May 1991[10]

## 2 February 1983

[edit]

Józef Glemp (1929–2013), made a cardinal on 2 February 1983.

John Paul created 18 cardinals on 2 February 1983, including the first resident of the Soviet Union (Vaivods of Latvia)[11] and four others from countries with Communist governments. This brought the College to 138 members, of whom 120 were young enough to serve as electors in a papal conclave. Another cardinal was created in pectore or secretly.[12] John Paul granted a dispensation from the requirement that all cardinals be bishops to Henri de Lubac, the first such dispensation since Pope John XXIII established the rule in 1962.[13]

Name  | Title when named cardinal  | Country

|
|

Anthony Peter Khoraish (1907–1994)  | Patriarch of Antioch of the Maronites |  Lebanon
Bernard Yago (1916–1997)  | Archbishop of Abidjan |  Ivory Coast
Aurelio Sabattani (1912–2003)  | Pro-Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura |  Italy
Franjo Kuharić (1919–2002)  | Archbishop of Zagreb |  Yugoslavia
Giuseppe Casoria (1908–2001)  | Pro-Prefect of Sacred Congregation for Sacraments and Divine Worship |  Italy
José Lebrún Moratinos (1919–2001)  | Archbishop of Caracas |  Venezuela
Joseph Bernardin (1928–1996)  | Archbishop of Chicago |  United States
Michael Michai Kitbunchu (b. 1929)  | Archbishop of Bangkok |  Thailand
Alexandre do Nascimento (1925-2024)  | Archbishop of Lubango |  Angola
Alfonso López Trujillo (1935–2008)  | Archbishop of Medellín |  Colombia
Godfried Danneels (1933–2019)  | Archbishop of Mechelen–Brussels |  Belgium
Thomas Williams (1930–2023)  | Archbishop of Wellington |  New Zealand
Carlo Maria Martini (1927–2012)  | Archbishop of Milan |  Italy
Jean-Marie Lustiger (1926–2007)  | Archbishop of Paris |  France
Józef Glemp (1929–2013)  | Archbishop of Warsaw and Archbishop of Gniezno |  Poland
Julijans Vaivods (1895–1990)  | Apostolic Administrator of Riga and Apostolic Administrator of Liepāja |  Soviet Union
Joachim Meisner (1933–2017)  | Bishop of Berlin |  West Germany
Henri de Lubac (1896–1991)  | Theologian  |  France

## 25 May 1985

[edit]

Francis Arinze (born 1932), made a cardinal on 25 May 1985 Henryk Gulbinowicz (1923–2020), made a cardinal on 25 May 1985

John Paul created 28 cardinals on 25 May 1985 in a ceremony held outdoors for the first time in St. Peter's Square. They included the first from Ethiopia and Nicaragua and an archbishop of the Ukrainian Rite. It raised the College's membership to 152, with 120 eligible to vote for a new pope.[14]

Name  | Title when named cardinal  | Country

|
|

Luigi Dadaglio (1914–1990)  | Major Pro-Penitentiary of the Apostolic Penitentiary |  Italy
Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy (1924–2014)  | Secretary of Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith |  India
Francis Arinze (b. 1932)  | Pro-President of Secretariat for Non-Christians |  Nigeria
Juan Francisco Fresno (1914–2004)  | Archbishop of Santiago |  Chile
Antonio Innocenti (1915–2008)  | Apostolic Nuncio to Spain |  Italy
Miguel Obando y Bravo (1926–2018)  | Archbishop of Managua |  Nicaragua
Paul Mayer (1911–2010)  | Pro-Prefect of Congregation for Divine Worship and Pro-Prefect of Congregation for the Sacraments |  West Germany
Ángel Suquía Goicoechea (1916–2006)  | Archbishop of Madrid |  Spain
Jean Jérôme Hamer (1916–1996)  | Pro-Prefect of Congregation for the Religious and Secular Institutes |  Belgium
Ricardo Vidal (1931–2017)  | Archbishop of Cebu |  Philippines
Henryk Gulbinowicz (1923–2020)  | Archbishop of Wrocław |  Poland
Paulos Tzadua (1921–2003)  | Archbishop of Addis Abeba |  Ethiopia
Jozef Tomko (1924–2022)  | Pro-Prefect of Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith |  Czechoslovakia
Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky (1914–2000)  | Major-Archbishop of Lviv-Galicia |  Soviet Union
Andrzej Maria Deskur (1924–2011)  | President emeritus of Pontifical Commission for Social Communications |  Poland
Paul Poupard (b. 1930)  | Pro-President of Secretariat for Non-Believers |  France
Louis-Albert Vachon (1912–2006)  | Archbishop of Quebec |  Canada
Albert Decourtray (1923–1994)  | Archbishop of Lyon |  France
Rosalio Lara (1922–2007)  | President of Disciplinary Commission of the Roman Curia |  Venezuela
Friedrich Wetter (b. 1928)  | Archbishop of Munich and Freising |  West Germany
Silvano Piovanelli (1924–2016)  | Archbishop of Firenze |  Italy
Adrianus Johannes Simonis (1931–2020)  | Archbishop of Utrecht |  Netherlands
Édouard Gagnon (1918–2007)  | Pro-President of Pontifical Council for the Family |  Canada
Alfons Maria Stickler (1910–2007)  | Librarian of the Vatican Apostolic Library & Archivist of the Vatican Secret Archives |  Austria
Bernard Francis Law (1931–2017)  | Archbishop of Boston |  United States
John Joseph O'Connor (1920–2000)  | Archbishop of New York |  United States
Giacomo Biffi (1928–2015)  | Archbishop of Bologna |  Italy
Pietro Pavan (1903–1994)  | Rector Magnificus Emeritus of the Pontifical Lateran University |  Italy

## 28 June 1988

[edit]

José Freire Falcão (1925-2021), made a cardinal on 28 June 1988.

On 29 May 1988 John Paul announced he would create 25 new cardinals in 28 June, though the death of Hans Urs von Balthasar of Switzerland reduced that number to 24.[15] This consistory took the number of cardinal electors from 97 to 121, which fell within a month to the maximum of 120, a majority of them appointed by John Paul.[a] It brought the total number of cardinals to a new high of 160, of whom John Paul named 84.[16]

Name  | Title when named cardinal  | Country

|
|

Eduardo Martínez Somalo (1927–2021)  | Substitute for General Affairs emeritus of Secretariat of State |  Spain
Achille Silvestrini (1923–2019)  | Secretary of Council for the Public Affairs of the Church |  Italy
Angelo Felici (1919–2007)  | Apostolic Nuncio to France |  Italy
Paul Grégoire (1911–1993)  | Archbishop of Montreal |  Canada
Antony Padiyara (1921–2000)  | Archbishop of Ernakulam |  India
José Freire Falcão (1925–2021)  | Archbishop of Brasilia |  Brazil
Michele Giordano (1930–2010)  | Archbishop of Napoli |  Italy
Alexandre José Maria dos Santos (1924–2021)  | Archbishop of Maputo |  Mozambique
Giovanni Canestri (1918–2015)  | Archbishop of Genova–Bobbio |  Italy
Antonio María Javierre Ortas (1921–2007)  | Secretary emeritus of Congregation for Catholic Education |  Spain
Simon Pimenta (1920–2013)  | Archbishop of Genova–Bombay |  India
Mario Revollo Bravo (1919–1995)  | Archbishop of Bogota |  Colombia
Edward Bede Clancy (1923–2014)  | Archbishop of Sydney |  Australia
Lucas Moreira Neves (1925–2002)  | Archbishop of São Salvador da Bahia |  Brazil
James Aloysius Hickey (1920–2004)  | Archbishop of Washington |  United States
Edmund Szoka (1927–2014)  | Archbishop of Detroit |  United States
László Paskai (1927–2015)  | Archbishop of Esztergom |  Hungary
Christian Tumi (1930–2021)  | Archbishop of Garoua |  Cameroon
Hans Hermann Groër (1919–2003)  | Archbishop of Vienna |  Austria
Jacques-Paul Martin (1908–1992)  | Prefect emeritus of Prefecture of the Papal Household |  France
Franz Hengsbach (1910–1991)  | Bishop of Essen |  West Germany
Vincentas Sladkevičius (1920–2000)  | Apostolic Administrator of Kaišiadorys |  Soviet Union
Jean Margéot (1916–2009)  | Bishop of Port-Louis |  Mauritius
John Wu (1925–2002)  | Bishop of Hong Kong |  Hong Kong

## 28 June 1991

[edit]

Angelo Sodano (1927–2022), made a cardinal on 28 June 1991.

On 29 May 1991, John Paul announced he would create 22 cardinals at a consistory on 28 June and revealed the name of one he had created in pectore in 1979, Ignatius Kung Pin-mei. This increased the number of cardinal electors to 120 from 100. It also raised to 13 the number cardinals from the Soviet Union and nations of the recently dissolved Warsaw Pact.[9][17] The total number of cardinals reached 162 after the consistory.[b]

Name  | Title when named cardinal  | Country

|
|

Angelo Sodano (1927–2022)  | Pro-Secretary of State of Secretariat of State |  Italy
Alexandru Todea (1912–2002)  | Major Archbishop of Făgăraș and Alba Iulia |  Romania
Pio Laghi (1922–2009)  | Pro-Prefect of Congregation for Catholic Education (for Seminaries and Educational Institutions) |  Italy
Edward Cassidy (1924–2021)  | President of Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity and President of Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews |  Australia
Robert-Joseph Coffy (1920–1995)  | Archbishop of Marseille |  France
Frédéric Etsou-Nzabi-Bamungwabi (1930–2007)  | Archbishop of Kinshasa |  Zaire
Nicolás de Jesús López Rodríguez (b. 1936)  | Archbishop of Santo Domingo |  Dominican Republic
Jose Tomas Sanchez (1920–2012)  | Secretary of Congregation for the Evangelisation of Peoples |  Philippines
Virgilio Noè (1922–2011)  | Coadjutor Vicar General for the Vatican City State of Rome, Coadjutor President of Fabric of Saint Peter and Coadjutor Archpriest of Papal Basilica of Saint Peter |  Italy
Antonio Quarracino (1923–1998)  | Archbishop of Buenos Aires |  Argentina
Fiorenzo Angelini (1916–2014)  | President of Pontifical Council for Health Care Workers |  Italy
Roger Mahony (b. 1936)  | Archbishop of Los Angeles |  United States
Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo (1926–1993)  | Archbishop of Guadalajara |  Mexico
Anthony Bevilacqua (1923–2012)  | Archbishop of Philadelphia |  United States
Giovanni Saldarini (1924–2011)  | Archbishop of Turin |  Italy
Cahal Daly (1917–2009)  | Archbishop of Armagh |  Ireland
Camillo Ruini (b. 1931)  | Pro-Archpriest of Papal Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran and Pro-Vicar General for the Vicariate of Rome |  Italy
Ján Chryzostom Korec (1924–2015)  | Bishop of Nitra |  Czechoslovakia
Henri Schwery (1932–2021)  | Bishop of Sion |  Switzerland
Georg Sterzinsky (1936–2011)  | Archbishop of Berlin |  Germany
Guido del Mestri (1911–1993)  | Apostolic Nuncio (retired)  |  Italy
Paolo Dezza (1901–1999)  | Pontifical Delegate emeritus for Society of Jesus |  Italy

## 26 November 1994

[edit]

Jan Pieter Schotte (1928–2005), made a cardinal on 26 November 1994 Kazimierz Świątek (1914–2011), made a cardinal on 26 November 1994 Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir (1920–2019), made a cardinal on 26 November 1994

On 30 October 1994, John Paul announced the names of 30 new cardinals from 24 countries, scheduling the consistory for 26 November. He said others were deserving but he "thought it appropriate to adhere to the limit set by my Predecessor Paul VI".[18] The total number of cardinals reached 167 after the consistory.[c]

Name  | Title when named cardinal  | Country

|
|

Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir (1920–2019)  | Patriarch of Antioch of the Maronites |  Lebanon
Miloslav Vlk (1932–2017)  | Archbishop of Prague |  Czech Republic
Luigi Poggi (1917–2010)  | Librarian of the Vatican Apostolic Library & Archivist of the Vatican Secret Archives |  Italy
Peter Shirayanagi (1928–2009)  | Archbishop of Tokyo |  Japan
Vincenzo Fagiolo (1918–2000)  | President of Pontifical Council for the Interpretation of Legislative Texts and President of Disciplinary Commission of the Roman Curia |  Italy
Carlo Furno (1921–2015)  | Apostolic Nuncio to Italy |  Italy
Carlos Oviedo Cavada (1927–1998)  | Archbishop of Santiago |  Chile
Thomas Winning (1925–2001)  | Archbishop of Glasgow |  United Kingdom
Adolfo Suárez Rivera (1927–2008)  | Archbishop of Monterrey |  Mexico
Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino (1936–2019)  | Archbishop of La Habana |  Cuba
Julius Darmaatmadja (b. 1934)  | Archbishop of Semarang |  Indonesia
Jan Pieter Schotte (1928–2005)  | Secretary General of General Secretariat of the Synod of Bishops |  Belgium
Pierre Eyt (1934–2001)  | Archbishop of Bordeaux |  France
Gilberto Agustoni (1922–2017)  | Pro-Prefect of Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura |  Switzerland
Emmanuel Wamala (b. 1926)  | Archbishop of Kampala |  Uganda
William Henry Keeler (1931–2017)  | Archbishop of Baltimore |  United States
Augusto Vargas Alzamora (1922–2000)  | Archbishop of Lima |  Peru
Jean-Claude Turcotte (1936–2015)  | Archbishop of Montreal |  Canada
Ricardo María Carles Gordó (1926–2013)  | Archbishop of Barcelona |  Spain
Adam Maida (b. 1930)  | Archbishop of Detroit |  United States
Vinko Puljić (b. 1945)  | Archbishop of Vrhbosna |  Bosnia and Herzegovina
Armand Razafindratandra (1925–2010)  | Archbishop of Antananarivo |  Madagascar
Phạm Đình Tụng (1919–2009)  | Archbishop of Hanoi |  Vietnam
Juan Sandoval Íñiguez (b. 1933)  | Archbishop of Guadalajara |  Mexico
Bernardino Echeverría Ruiz (1912–2000)  | Archbishop Emeritus of Guayaquil |  Ecuador
Kazimierz Świątek (1914–2011)  | Archbishop of Minsk–Mohilev |  Belarus
Ersilio Tonini (1914–2013)  | Archbishop Emeritus of Ravenna-Cervia |  Italy
Mikel Koliqi (1902–1997)  | Priest from the Archdiocese of Shkodër–Pult |  Albania
Yves Congar (1905–1995)  | Theologian  |  France
Aloys Grillmeier (1910–1998)  | Theologian  |  Germany

## 21 February 1998

[edit]

Christoph Schönborn (born 1945), made a cardinal on 21 February 1998. Dionigi Tettamanzi (1927–2017), made a cardinal on 21 February 1998.

John Paul announced on 18 January 1998 that he would create 22 new cardinals, but withheld the names of two of them. He had also planned to include Josip Uhač, a Vatican diplomat and curial official who died that morning. The consistory was scheduled for 21 February.[19] Excluding the two not named, this brought the membership of the College of Cardinals to 165, of whom 122 were eligible to vote in a conclave.[20][d]

Name  | Title when named cardinal  | Country

|
|

Jorge Medina Estévez (1926–2021)  | Pro-Prefect of Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments |  Chile
Alberto Bovone (1922–1998)  | Pro-Prefect of Congregation for the Causes of Saints |  Italy
Darío Castrillón Hoyos (1929–2018)  | Pro-Prefect of Congregation for Clergy |  Colombia
Lorenzo Antonetti (1922–2013)  | Pro-President of Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See |  Italy
James Stafford (b. 1932)  | President of Pontifical Council for the Laity |  United States
Salvatore De Giorgi (b. 1930)  | Archbishop of Palermo |  Italy
Serafim Fernandes de Araújo (1924–2019)  | Archbishop of Belo Horizonte |  Brazil
Antonio María Rouco Varela (b. 1936)  | Archbishop of Madrid |  Spain
Aloysius Ambrozic (1930–2011)  | Archbishop of Toronto |  Canada
Jean Marie Balland (1934–1998)  | Archbishop of Lyon |  France
Dionigi Tettamanzi (1934–2017)  | Archbishop of Genoa |  Italy
Polycarp Pengo (b. 1944)  | Archbishop of Dar-es-Salaam |  Tanzania
Christoph Schönborn (b. 1945)  | Archbishop of Vienna |  Austria
Norberto Rivera Carrera (b. 1942)  | Archbishop of Mexico |  Mexico
Francis George (1937–2015)  | Archbishop of Chicago |  United States
Paul Shan Kuo-Hsi (1924–2012)  | Bishop of Kaohsiung |  Taiwan
Adam Kozłowiecki (1911–2007)  | Archbishop Emeritus of Lusaka |  Poland
Giovanni Cheli (1918–2013)  | President of Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People |  Italy
Francesco Colasuonno (1925–2003)  | Apostolic Nuncio to Italy and Apostolic Nuncio to San Marino |  Italy
Dino Monduzzi (1922–2006)  | Prefect of Prefecture of the Papal Household |  Italy

### Cardinal in pectore

[edit]

Name  | Title when named cardinal  | Country  | Revealed as Cardinal

|
|
|

Marian Jaworski (1926–2020)  | Archbishop of Lviv |  Ukraine | 29 January 2001[21]
Jānis Pujats (b. 1930)  | Archbishop of Riga |  Latvia

## 21 February 2001

[edit]

Jorge Bergoglio (1936–2025), made a cardinal on 21 February 2001 and elected Pope Francis on 13 March 2013 Cardinals Walter Kasper (born 1933) and Godfried Danneels (1933–2019) Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga (born 1942), made a cardinal on 21 February 2001

On 21 January 2001, Pope John Paul II announced plans to raise 37 prelates to the rank on cardinal at a consistory in February. He also said that at the consistory he would announce the names of two cardinals he named in pectore in 1998.[22] He followed that by announcing the names of five more on 28 January and revealed the two made cardinals secretly in 1998, Marian Jaworski and Janis Pujats.[23] The 44 cardinals created at this consistory was the largest ever created at a consistory.[24] It increased the number of cardinals eligible to vote in a papal election to 135, despite the maximum of 120 set by Pope Paul VI in 1975 and reiterated by John Paul II in 1996; he said in each of his announcements that he was setting aside this limit.[23][22][24] The total number of cardinals reached 183 after the consistory.[e]

Name  | Title when named cardinal  | Country

|
|

Giovanni Battista Re (b. 1934)  | Prefect of Congregation for Bishops |  Italy
Nguyen Van Thuan (1928–2002)  | President of Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace |  Vietnam
Agostino Cacciavillan (1926–2022)  | President of Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See |  Italy
Sergio Sebastiani (1931–2024)  | President of Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See |  Italy
Zenon Grocholewski (1939–2020)  | Prefect of Congregation for Catholic Education (for Educational Institutions) |  Poland
José Saraiva Martins (b. 1932)  | Prefect of Congregation for the Causes of Saints |  Portugal
Crescenzio Sepe (b. 1943)  | President of Peregrinatio ad Petri Sedem |  Italy
Jorge María Mejía (1923–2014)  | Librarian of the Vatican Apostolic Library & Archivist of the Vatican Secret Archives |  Argentina
Ignatius Moses I Daoud (1930–2012)  | Prefect of Congregation for the Oriental Churches |  Syria
Mario Francesco Pompedda (1929–2006)  | Prefect of Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura |  Italy
Walter Kasper (b. 1933)  | Secretary of Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity |  Germany
Johannes Joachim Degenhardt (1926–2002)  | Archbishop of Paderborn |  Germany
Antonio José González Zumárraga (1925–2008)  | Archbishop of Quito |  Ecuador
Ivan Dias (1936–2017)  | Archbishop of Bombay |  India
Geraldo Majella Agnelo (1933–2023)  | Archbishop of São Salvador da Bahia |  Brazil
Pedro Rubiano Sáenz (1932–2024)  | Archbishop of Bogota |  Colombia
Theodore Edgar McCarrick (1930–2025)[f] | Archbishop of Washington |  United States
Desmond Connell (1926–2017)  | Archbishop of Dublin |  Ireland
Audrys Bačkis (b. 1937)  | Archbishop of Vilnius |  Lithuania
Francisco Javier Errázuriz Ossa (b. 1933)  | Archbishop of Santiago |  Chile
Julio Terrazas Sandoval (1936–2015)  | Archbishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra |  Bolivia
Wilfrid Napier (b. 1941)  | Archbishop of Durban |  South Africa
Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga (b. 1942)  | Archbishop of Tegucigalpa |  Honduras
Bernard Agré (1926–2014)  | Archbishop of Abidjan |  Ivory Coast
Louis-Marie Billé (1938–2002)  | Archbishop of Lyon |  France
Ignacio Velasco (1929–2003)  | Archbishop of Caracas |  Venezuela
Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne (b. 1943)  | Archbishop of Lima |  Peru
Francisco Álvarez Martínez (1925–2022)  | Archbishop of Toledo |  Spain
Cláudio Hummes (1934–2022)  | Archbishop of São Paolo |  Brazil
Varkey Vithayathil (1927–2011)  | Archbishop of Ernakulam |  India
Jorge Bergoglio (1936–2025)[g] | Archbishop of Buenos Aires |  Argentina
José Policarpo (1936–2014)  | Patriarch of Lisbon |  Portugal
Severino Poletto (1933–2022)  | Archbishop of Turin |  Italy
Cormac Murphy-O'Connor (1932–2017)  | Archbishop of Westminster |  United Kingdom
Edward Egan (1932–2015)  | Archbishop of New York |  United States
Lubomyr Husar (1933–2017)  | Major-Archbishop of Lviv-Galicia |  Ukraine
Karl Lehmann (1936–2018)  | Bishop of Mainz |  Germany
Stéphanos II Ghattas (1920–2009)  | Patriarch of Alexandria of the Copts |  Egypt
Jean Marcel Honoré (1920–2013)  | Archbishop Emeritus of Tours |  France
Roberto Tucci (1921–2015)  | President Emeritus of Vatican Radio |  Italy
Leo Scheffczyk (1920–2005)  | Theologian  |  Germany
Avery Dulles (1918–2008)  | Theologian  |  United States

## 21 October 2003

[edit]

Attilio Nicora (1937–2017), made a cardinal on 21 October 2003 Josip Bozanić (born 1949), made a cardinal on 21 October 2003

Pope John Paul II announced on 28 September 2003 that he would create 31 new cardinals in an October consistory, but withheld the name of one of them, apparently a resident of a country where Catholicism was the object of government persecution.[h] Twenty-six of those publicly named were young enough to vote in a papal conclave, and seven of those were members of the Roman Curia.[26][27][28] This consistory increased the number of cardinal electors from 109 to 135.[29][30] The total number of cardinals reached 194 after the consistory.[i] Because the withheld name was never published, that cardinal's appointment expired when the Pope died.

Name  | Title when named cardinal  | Country

|
|

Jean-Louis Tauran (1943–2018)  | Secretary for Relations with States of Secretariat of State |  France
Renato Martino (1932–2024)  | President of Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace |  Italy
Francesco Marchisano (1929–2014)  | Vicar General for the Vatican City State of Rome, President of Fabric of Saint Peter and Archpriest of Papal Basilica of Saint Peter |  Italy
Julián Herranz Casado (b. 1930)  | President of Pontifical Council for Legislative Text |  Spain
Javier Lozano Barragán (1933–2022)  | President of Pontifical Council for Pastoral Assistance to Health Care Workers |  Mexico
Stephen Fumio Hamao (1930–2007)  | President of Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People |  Japan
Attilio Nicora (1937–2017)  | President of Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See |  Italy
Angelo Scola (b. 1941)  | Patriarch of Venice |  Italy
Anthony Olubunmi Okogie (b. 1936)  | Archbishop of Lagos |  Nigeria
Bernard Panafieu (1931–2017)  | Archbishop of Marseille |  France
Gabriel Zubeir Wako (b. 1941)  | Archbishop of Khartoum |  Sudan
Carlos Amigo Vallejo (1934–2022)  | Archbishop of Sevilla |  Spain
Justin Francis Rigali (b. 1935)  | Archbishop of Philadelphia |  United States
Keith Michael Patrick O'Brien (1938–2018)  | Archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh |  United Kingdom
Eusébio Scheid (1932–2021)  | Archbishop of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro |  Brazil
Ennio Antonelli (b. 1936)  | Archbishop of Firenze |  Italy
Tarcisio Bertone (b. 1934)  | Archbishop of Genoa |  Italy
Peter Turkson (b. 1948)  | Archbishop of Cape Coast |  Ghana
Telesphore Toppo (1939–2023)  | Archbishop of Ranchi |  India
George Pell (1941–2023)  | Archbishop of Sydney |  Australia
Josip Bozanić (b. 1949)  | Archbishop of Zagreb |  Croatia
Phạm Minh Mẫn (b. 1934)  | Archbishop of Ho Chi Minh City |  Vietnam
Rodolfo Quezada Toruño (1932–2012)  | Archbishop of Guatemala |  Guatemala
Philippe Barbarin (b. 1950)  | Archbishop of Lyon |  France
Péter Erdő (b. 1952)  | Archbishop of Esztergom–Budapest |  Hungary
Marc Ouellet (b. 1944)  | Archbishop of Quebec |  Canada
Georges Cottier (1922–2016)  | Theologian of Prefecture of the Papal Household |  Switzerland
Gustaaf Joos (1923–2004)  | Priest from the Diocese of Gent |  Belgium
Tomáš Špidlík (1919–2010)  | Theologian  |  Czech Republic
Stanisław Nagy (1921–2013)  | Theologian  |  Poland

## Demographic adjustment

[edit]

In 2004, the birth year of Cardinal Henryk Gulbinowicz, long reported as 1928, was corrected to 1923. The adjustment meant he was past his 80th birthday and no longer counted as a cardinal elector. In 1942, as a young man, Gulbinowicz had falsified his birth records to escape being sent to a Nazi labor camp. The correct birth date was reported in the Italian press as early as March 2004[31] and printed in the Pontifical Yearbook presented to John Paul on 31 January 2005.[32][33]

## See also

[edit]

* List of current cardinals

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Cardinal Corrado Ursi turned 80 on 28 July.
2. ^ 160 cardinals at 1988 consistory minus 21 cardinals who died before the 1991 consistory (Volk, Guyot, Dearden, de Fürstenberg, Cooray, Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano, Siri, Malula, Manning, Flahiff, Civardi, Ó Fiaich, Trịnh Văn Căn, Vaivods, Maurer, Dadaglio, Rubin, Beras Rojas, Freeman, Nsubuga, Hengsbach) plus 22 newly-appointed cardinals plus 1 revealed cardinal in pectore Kung Pin-mei.
3. ^ 162 cardinals at 1991 consistory minus 25 cardinals who died before the 1994 consistory (Salazar López, de Lubac, Léger, Guerri, Colombo, Paupini, Tomášek, Martin, Picachy, Baggio, Posadas Ocampo, Antonelli, Gray, del Mestri, Carpino, Razafimahatratra, Grégoire, Garrone, Darmojuwono, Cordeiro, Marty, McCann, Muñoz Vega, Khoraish, Decourtray) plus 30 newly-appointed cardinals.
4. ^ When the consistory was announced, it would have brought the number of cardinal electors to 123, but Eduardo Francisco Pironio died on 5 February 1998 at the age of 77.
5. ^ 165 cardinals at 1998 consistory minus 26 cardinals who died before the 2001 consistory (Quarracino, Balland, Ribeiro, Bovone, Casaroli, Carberry, Ballestrero, Grillmeier, Oviedo Cavada, Silva Henríquez, Hume, Dezza, Kung Pin-mei, Padiyara, Echeverría Ruiz, O'Connor, Sladkevičius, Zoungrana, Vargas Alzamora, Fagiolo, Gouyon, Righi-Lambertini, Palazzini, Lubachivsky, Casoria, Lebrún Moratinos) plus 42 newly-appointed cardinals plus two revealed cardinals in pectore (Jaworski and Pujats).
6. ^ resigned from the College of Cardinals in 2018; laicized in 2019.
7. ^ elected as Pope Francis (2013–2025)
8. ^ John Paul never revealed this name.[25]
9. ^ 183 cardinals at 2001 consistory minus 19 cardinals who died before the 2003 consistory (Eyt, Winning, Oddi, Sensi, Bertoli, Kuharić, Billé, Todea, Degenhardt, Moreira Neves, Nguyễn Văn Thuận, Wu Cheng-chung, Groër, Carter, Sabattani, Colasuonno, Velasco García, Ursi, Otunga) plus 30 newly-appointed cardinals.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Pope Paul VI (1 October 1975). "Romano Pontifici Eligendo". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
2. ^ Pope John Paul II (22 February 1996). "Universi Dominici Gregis". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 12 July 2018. See also: Universi Dominici Gregis.
3. ^ Allen Jr., John L. (23 July 2002). Conclave: The Politics, Personalities, and Process of the Next Papal Election. Crown Publishing. ISBN 9780385504560. Retrieved 12 July 2018.[page needed]
4. ^ Wooden, Cindy (22 May 2018). "Cardinal stats: Pope makes college more international, not much younger". Crux. Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
5. ^ O'Connell, Gerard (30 September 2023). "Pope Francis creates 21 new cardinals from 16 nations on the eve of the Synod on Synodality". America. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
6. ^ John XXIII (15 April 1962). "Cum gravissima". Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
7. ^ Tanner, Henry (1 July 1979). "Pope Installs 14 Cardinals but Keeps a 15th Secret". New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
8. ^ a b "Pope Names 14 New Cardinals, Including 6 Italians and 2 Poles". New York Times. 27 May 1979. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
9. ^ a b Haberman, Clyde (30 May 1991). "Pope Names 22 Cardinals; Chinese Prelate Is Identified". New York Times. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
10. ^ Haberman, Clyde (30 May 1991). "Pope Names 22 Cardinals; Chinese Prelate Is Identified". New York Times. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
11. ^ Burns, John F. (9 January 1983). "Latvian Cardinal Surprise to Soviet". New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
12. ^ Kamm, Henry (3 February 1983). "Pope John Paul Installs 18 as Cardinals". New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
13. ^ Goulding, Gill K. (2015). A Church of Passion and Hope: The Formation of An Ecclesial Disposition from Ignatius Loyola to Pope Francis and the New Evangelization. Bloomsbury T&T Clark. ISBN 9780567664686. Retrieved 15 December 2017.[page needed]
14. ^ Dionne Jr., E.J. (26 May 1985). "28 Consecrated 'Princes of the Church'". New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
15. ^ "24 New Cardinals Installed by Pope". New York Times. 29 June 1988. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
16. ^ Suro, Roberto (30 May 1988). "Pope Chooses 25 New Cardinals, Including Two American Prelates". New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
17. ^ "Cardinals Named by Pope". New York Times. 30 May 1991. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
18. ^ "Angelus, 30 October 1994". Libreria Editrice Vatican. 30 October 1994. Retrieved 2 September 2017. "ho ritenuto opportuno attenermi al limite fissato dal mio Predecessore Paolo VI"
19. ^ "Angelus, 18 January 1998". Libreria Editrice Vatican. 18 January 1998. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
20. ^ "Messa solenne del Papa con i nuovi cardinali". La Repubblica (in Italian). 23 February 1998. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
21. ^ Stanley, Alexandra (29 January 2001). "Pope Adds 7 Cardinals to a Record 37 Chosen Last Week". New York Times. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
22. ^ a b Stanley, Alexandra (22 January 2001). "37 New Cardinals Selected by Pope; Egan is Elevated". New York Times. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
23. ^ a b Stanley, Alexandra (29 January 2001). "Pope Adds 7 Cardinals to a Record 37 Chosen Last Week". New York Times. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
24. ^ a b Stanley, Alexandra (22 February 2001). "Shaping a Legacy, Pope Installs 44 Cardinals". New York Times. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
25. ^ Boudreaux, Richard (7 April 2005). "Mystery Cardinal Will Never Be Able to Join Peers". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
26. ^ Bruni, Frank (29 September 2003). "Pope Names 31 Cardinals, Future Voters on Succession". New York Times. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
27. ^ "List of the 31 New Cardinals". New York Times. Reuters. 28 September 2003. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
28. ^ "The New Cardinals and Their Duties". Zenit. 21 October 2003. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
29. ^ Bruni, Frank (22 October 2003). "Pope Confirms Cardinals, As Talk Turns to Succession". New York Times. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
30. ^ Magister, Sandro (10 October 2003). "Il papa è malato. Ma anche il Vaticano non sta tanto bene". L'Espresso (in Italian). Retrieved 27 July 2018.
31. ^ "Le dimissioni di Gulbinowicz". 30 Giorni (in Italian). 1 March 2004. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
32. ^ "Vatican Corrects Cardinal's Date of Birth". Zenit. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
33. ^ Bedoya, Juan G. (12 February 2005). "Arrepentimiento tardío". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 July 2018.

See also

* Lentz III, Harris M. (2002). Popes and Cardinals of the 20th Century: A Biographical Dictionary. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-4101-3.

* v
* t
* e

Pope John Paul II

Born Karol Józef Wojtyła; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005

* Archbishop of Kraków (1963–1978)
* Cardinal Priest of San Cesareo de Appia (1967–1978)
* Pope (1978–2005)

| Biography|

* Early life
* Karol Wojtyła (father)
* Beatification and canonization

Coat of arms Pope John Paul II

|
|

Papacy|

* October 1978 papal conclave
* Inauguration
* Apologies
* Cardinals created
* People declared venerable
* Beatifications
* Canonizations
* Papal mediation in the Beagle conflict
* Assassination attempt
* World Youth Day
* World Day of the Sick
* Death and funeral
* dignitaries

Visits (selected)|

* Brazil
* Ireland
* Nicaragua
* United Kingdom
* United States

Relations|

* Eastern Orthodox Church
* Judaism

Other topics|

* Abbà Pater
* Criticism
* Family home (historic house)
* Health
* John Paul II Foundation
* Monuments
* Totus tuus

* Bibliography
* Teachings

| Constitutions|

* Sacrae disciplinae leges
* Pastor bonus
* Ex corde Ecclesiae
* Fidei depositum
* Universi Dominici gregis

|

Exhortations|

* Catechesi tradendae
* Familiaris consortio
* Redemptionis donum
* Reconciliatio et paenitentia
* Christifideles laici
* Redemptoris custos
* Pastores dabo vobis
* Ecclesia in Africa
* Vita consecrata
* Une espérance nouvelle pour le Liban
* Ecclesia in America
* Ecclesia in Asia
* Ecclesia in Oceania
* Ecclesia in Europa
* Pastores gregis

Letters|

* Dominicae cenae
* Salvifici doloris
* Mulieris dignitatem
* Ordinatio sacerdotalis
* Tertio millennio adveniente
* Letter to Women
* Ad tuendam fidem
* Novo millennio ineunte
* Misericordia Dei
* Rosarium Virginis Mariae
* The Rapid Development

Encyclicals|

* Redemptor hominis
* Dives in misericordia
* Laborem exercens
* Slavorum Apostoli
* Dominum et vivificantem
* Redemptoris Mater
* Sollicitudo rei socialis
* Redemptoris missio
* Centesimus annus
* Veritatis splendor
* Evangelium vitae
* Ut unum sint
* Fides et ratio
* Ecclesia de Eucharistia

Books|

* Love and Responsibility
* Crossing the Threshold of Hope
* Memory and Identity

Other writings|

* The Jeweler's Shop
* Theology of the Body
* "Roman Triptych"
* Testament

Documents|

* Catechism of the Catholic Church
* Quattuor abhinc annos
* We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah
* Dominus Iesus

Related|

* Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah
* Political views
* Scriptural Way of the Cross

* Eponymous places
* In popular culture

| Secondary
schools|

| United States|

* Huntsville, AL
* Boca Raton, FL
* Tallahassee, FL
* Slidell, LA
* Hyannis, MA
* Greenville, NC
* Royersford, PA
* Hendersonville, TN
* Corpus Christi, TX
* Plano, TX
* Schertz, TX
* Dumfries, VA
* Lacey, WA

|

Other countries|

* Australia: Sydney
* Canada: London
* Canada: Toronto
* New Zealand: Greymouth
* New Zealand: Rotorua
* Poland: Tarnów

Colleges and
universities|

* John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
* John Paul II Institute
* John Paul the Great Catholic University
* Pontifical University of John Paul II
* Pope John Paul II College of Education
* St. John Paul II Minor Seminary

Airports|

* Bari Karol Wojtyła Airport
* João Paulo II Airport
* John Paul II International Airport Kraków–Balice

Bridges|

* El Puente del Papa
* John Paul II Bridge, Puławy
* Juan Pablo II Bridge
* Third Millennium John Paul II Bridge

Other places|

* Saint John Paul II National Shrine
* Ioannes Paulus II Peninsula
* John Paul II Center for the New Evangelization
* John Paul II Center for Interreligious Dialogue
* John Paul II Foundation for Research and Treatment
* Museum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszyński
* Museum of John Paul II Collection
* Pope John Paul II Park Reservation

Films|

* Pope John Paul II
* The Papal Chase
* Have No Fear: The Life of Pope John Paul II
* The Pope's Toilet
* Nine Days that Changed the World

TV miniseries|

* Pope John Paul II
* Karol: A Man Who Became Pope
* Karol: The Pope, The Man
* In Search of the Pope's Children

Other media|

* The Planet Is Alive...Let It Live!
* Red Rabbit
* The Pope's Children
* Credo: John Paul II

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