Carolinian forest

Life zone in eastern North America

The Carolinian forest refers to a life zone in eastern North America characterized primarily by the predominance of deciduous (broad-leaf) forest.[1] The term "Carolinian", which is most commonly used in Canada, refers to the deciduous forests which span across much of the eastern United States from North Carolina northward into southern Ontario, Canada.[2][3] These deciduous forests in the United States and southern Ontario share many similar characteristics and species hence their association.[4] Today the term is often used to refer to the Canadian portion (northern limit) of the deciduous forest region while the portion in the United States is often referred to as the "Eastern deciduous forest".[2][3][5]

## Location and extent

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The Carolinian zone spans across much of the eastern United States,[1] with extensive coverage in the Virginias, Kentucky, Tennessee, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, parts of southern New York state, Connecticut, and Rhode Island, eastern Ohio, and small parts of southern Michigan, Indiana, and western Ohio. It extends up into Southern Ontario, Canada which is located in the fertile ecozone of the Mixedwood Plains and includes ecodistricts 7E-1 to 7E-6.

Trees found here include various species of ash, birch, chestnut, hickory, oak, and walnut; tallest of all is the tulip tree. Fruit trees native to this zone include the pawpaw.[6] Animal life includes raccoons, opossums, squirrels (including the relatively rare southern flying squirrel), nuthatches, and chickadees.[6]

## Carolinian Canada

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The Carolinian forest in Canada is located at the southern tip of Ontario between Lake Erie, Lake Huron and Lake Ontario.[4] The region contains an extremely high biodiversity of species, over 500 of which are considered rare.[7]

### Climate

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The reason for the high biodiversity in this region is its unique climate; ranging from humid subtropical to a mild humid continental. The Carolinian forest of Ontario has the warmest average annual temperatures, the longest frost-free seasons, and the mildest winters of any region in Ontario and Canada in general.[8] This distinctive climate is largely due to the nearby Great Lakes which moderate the temperature of the surrounding land.

### Status

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Canada warbler (Cardellina canadensis) who use the Carolinian forests as their breeding grounds.A southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans) in the branches of a red maple tree.

The high fertility of the land has seen the region become highly developed and populated, with agricultural, industrial, commercial and urban areas.[1][9] Today, the Carolinian Zone contains major cities and is home to one quarter of Canada's population despite being 0.25% of the total land area.[10] The deforestation of the region for this development has led to significant habitat loss and fragmentation, leaving the remaining portions of land scattered and disconnected, with some areas still threatened by human development.[10] In total, it is estimated that forest cover has been reduced from 80% to 11.3% while wetlands reduced from 28.3% to 5.1%.[11] In addition to habitat loss and fragmentation, the native Carolinian species are also being threatened by invasive species such as garlic mustard and buckthorn, and overgrazing by white-tailed deer.[12] These factors have contributed to the Carolinian zone becoming the most threatened region in Ontario, with over 125 species of plants and animals listed as either vulnerable, threatened or endangered by the federal or provincial governments.[7] This is over one-third of all vulnerable, threatened or endangered species in Canada.[8]

### Conservation efforts

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Some parts of the remaining natural area in the Carolinian zone are protected in an effort to conserve the region and its unique, diverse biota. For example, today there are many protected areas including Point Pelee National Park, 21 provincial parks, and many conservation areas.[13] Some of the best preserved areas of Canada's Carolinian forest are located in Windsor's Ojibway Prairie Complex and Rondeau Provincial Park near Morpeth, Ontario; another is the Niagara Glen Nature Reserve near Niagara Falls, Ontario.[14] There are also organizations like the Carolinian Canada Coalition who aim to restore the region as much as possible. Carolinian forests are complex ecosystems that cannot be replicated in gardens or other small areas. The only way to preserve this unique habitat is continue to keep larger areas of land protected from development and agriculture.

Other conservation efforts have included the reduction of the white-tailed deer population from their peak density of 55 deer km−2 to 7 deer km−2, between the years of 1996-2009.[15] However, studies have found that while this helps reduce further forest damage, continued decline in the forest canopy can still occur, indicating the recovery from overgrazing by herbivores on the forest canopy is a long process without immediate results.[15] Maintaining a lower density of white-tailed deer, while increasing the seed sources of native trees and protecting tree saplings in herbivore exclosures are all suggested ways of helping the Carolinian forest recover or at least conserve what is remaining.[15][16]

## Examples of species

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Fauna:[17][18]

* White-tailed deer
* American black bear
* Virginia opossum
* American badger
* Gray fox
* Bobcat
* Southern flying squirrel
* Wild turkey
* Ruffed grouse
* Hooded warbler
* Prothonotary warbler
* Canada warbler
* Carolina wren
* Yellow-breasted chat
* Northern cardinal
* Red bellied woodpecker
* Red-tailed hawk
* American barn owl
* Passenger pigeon (formerly)
* Carolina parakeet (formerly)
* Eastern box turtle
* Spotted turtle
* Eastern hognose snake
* Eastern spiny softshell turtle
* Eastern fox snake
* Red salamander
* Karner blue butterfly

Flora:[19][20]

* Eastern prickly pear cactus
* Tulip tree
* Sassafras
* Miami mist
* Pawpaw
* Kentucky coffeetree
* Flowering dogwood
* Black walnut
* American chestnut
* American sycamore
* Red mulberry
* Black gum
* Red maple
* Eastern white pine
* Eastern hemlock
* Honey locust

## Rivers and creeks

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* Ausable River
* Catfish Creek
* Credit River
* Kettle Creek
* Grand River
* Rouge River
* Sydenham River
* Thames River
* Twenty Mile Creek
* Welland River
* Nith River

## Other

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* Rouge Park
* Barker's Bush
* Point Pelee National Park

## See also

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* Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
* Southern Great Lakes forests

## References

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1. ^ a b c "Discovering the beauty of Ontario's southern belle: the Carolinian Forest". Parks Blog. 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
2. ^ a b Rowe, J.S. (1972). Forest Regions of Canada. Ottawa: Fisheries and Environment Canada, Canadian Forest Service. p. 21.
3. ^ a b "Carolinian Species & Habitats - Forests". caroliniancanada.ca. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
4. ^ a b "Conserve Ontario's Carolinian Forests: preserve songbird species at risk, chapter 1". aem. 2014-02-27. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
5. ^ "Eastern Deciduous Forest (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2020-04-15.
6. ^ a b "Carolinian Indicator Species". caroliniancanada.ca. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
7. ^ a b "Rare Species and Ecosystems - Carolinian Species & Habitats". caroliniancanada.ca. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
8. ^ a b "Appreciating the Uniqueness of Carolinian Canada". caroliniancanada.ca. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
9. ^ A Nature Guide to Ontario. University of Toronto Press. 1997. p. 24\. ISBN 978-0-8020-2755-9.
10. ^ a b "The Big Picture project - Conservation Programs". caroliniancanada.ca. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
11. ^ "Carolinian Canada: Canada's Deep South" (PDF). caroliniancanada.ca.
12. ^ Perrow, Martin R.; Davy, A. J. (2002). Handbook of Ecological Restoration. Cambridge University Press. p. 515\. ISBN 978-0-521-79129-8.
13. ^ "Explore Carolinian Canada". Carolinian Canada. 2015-04-27. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
14. ^ "Niagara Glen". Niagaraparksnature.com. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
15. ^ a b c Tanentzap, Andrew J.; Bazely, Dawn R.; Koh, Saewan; Timciska, Mika; Haggith, Edward G.; Carleton, Terry J.; Coomes, David A. (2011-01-01). "Seeing the forest for the deer: Do reductions in deer-disturbance lead to forest recovery?". Biological Conservation. 144 (1): 376–382. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.015. ISSN 0006-3207.
16. ^ Tanentzap, Andrew J.; Taylor, Peter A.; Yan, Norman D.; Salmon, James R. (2007-10-01). "On Sudbury-Area Wind Speeds—A Tale of Forest Regeneration". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. 46 (10): 1645–1654. Bibcode:2007JApMC..46.1645T. doi:10.1175/JAM2552.1. ISSN 1558-8424.
17. ^ "Representative Carolinian Species - Carolinian Species & Habitats". caroliniancanada.ca. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
18. ^ "Carolinian Indicator Species". caroliniancanada.ca. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
19. ^ "Carolinian Species & Habitats - Forest Flora". caroliniancanada.ca. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
20. ^ Almas, Andrew D.; Conway, Tenley M. (2016). "The role of native species in urban forest planning and practice: A case study of Carolinian Canada". Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 17: 54–62. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2016.01.015. ISSN 1618-8667.

## External links

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* Carolinian Canada
* Carolinian forest species at risk
* Carolinian invasive species