Casco Bay

Inlet of the Gulf of Maine, United States

Portland Head Light, Maine, William Aiken Walker

Casco Bay is an inlet of the Gulf of Maine on the coast of Maine in the United States. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's chart for Casco Bay marks the dividing line between the bay and the Gulf of Maine as running from Bald Head on Cape Small in Phippsburg west-southwest to Dyer Point in Cape Elizabeth. The city of Portland and the Port of Portland are on Casco Bay's western edge.[1]

## Name origin

[edit]

There are multiple theories about the origin of the name "Casco Bay". Aucocisco, an Anglicisation of the Abenaki name for the bay, means "place of herons", "marshy place", or "place of slimy mud". The explorer Estêvão Gomes mapped Maine's coast in 1525 and named the bay "Bahía de Cascos", translated as "Bay of Helmets", based on its shape.[2]

Colonel Wolfgang William Römer, an English military engineer, reported in 1700 that the bay had "as many islands as there are days in the year",[3] leading to the bay's islands being called the Calendar Islands, based on the popular myth there are 365 of them. The United States Coast Pilot lists 136 islands;[3] former Maine state historian Robert M. York said there are "little more than two hundred".[4]

## History

[edit]

### Native American population and arrival of European settlers

[edit]

At the time of European contact in the 16th century, Abenaki peoples inhabited the region of present-day Casco Bay, including members of the Almouchiquois or Aucocisco group in the vicinity of the Presumpscot River.[5]

Some Casco Bay islands have archaeological evidence of Native American visits and camps extending back 4,000 years, including shell middens and harpoon points.[6]

It is uncertain whether early European explorers Giovanni da Verrazzano,[7] John Cabot, Estêvão Gomes, or Bartholomew Gosnold entered Casco Bay.[8] It is believed that Martin Pring made landfall in Casco Bay as part of a 1603 expedition,[9] with Samuel de Champlain and Pierre Dugua de Mons exploring it in 1605 from a base in Nova Scotia.[10] In establishing the Popham Colony settlement near the mouth of the Kennebec River, George Popham landed in Casco Bay in 1607 while exploring the wider region.[11] After Henry Hudson's ship Half Moon was damaged in 1608 while attempting to discover a northwest passage to India, Hudson landed in Casco Bay for repairs.[12]

In 1616, John Smith published a map of New England that included a depiction of Casco Bay based on his exploration of the region two years earlier.[13]

Contact with Europeans exposed Wabanaki peoples to new diseases, with epidemics striking starting in 1616 that produced high mortality rates. By one estimate, just 5,500 of the 20,000 Wabanaki in Maine and part of present-day New Brunswick survived epidemics that broke out through 1619.[14]

On August 10, 1622, King James I of England awarded a land patent to Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason for coastal lands and interiors extending from the Merrimack River to the Kennebec. Gorges and Mason eventually split the patent, with Gorges getting land patent rights north of the Piscataqua River.[15]

The first colonial settlement in Casco Bay was that of Captain Christopher Levett, an English explorer and agent of Gorges, who built a house on House Island in 1623–24. His initial settlement, called Machigonne[16] and made up of veterans of the Wessagusset Colony on Massachusetts Bay, failed.[17]

At the time, the sachem of the Almouchiquois along the Presumscot was Scitterygusset.[18] Scitterygusset's sister Warrabitta also had a leadership role.[19]

In 1626, John Cousins established a homestead in Casco. In 1635, he moved several miles east to a waterway that became known as the Cousins River. Cousins Island and Littlejohn Island are also named for him.[20]

Walter Bagnall settled in 1628 on Richmond Island, south of Cape Elizabeth and Casco Bay, and initiated trade with the Wabanaki. Bagnall was deemed an unscrupulous trader, and in 1631 Scitterygusset led a small band to the island to kill him and torch the island homestead.[21]

In 1630, George Cleeve obtained a patent from the Council for New England on Richmond Island, and established a homestead there alongside his business partner Richard Tucker. After other British investors challenged the patent, Cleeve and Tucker relocated in 1633 to the mainland and began farming land on Casco Neck. Within four years, Cleeve and Tucker had obtained 1,500 acres of land on Casco Neck and established a fur-trading business.[22]

In 1632, Gorges awarded Arthur Mackworth the island that became known as Mackworth Island, just off the mouth of the Presumpscot River,[23] in what came to be called Casco, renamed Falmouth in 1658 under the governance of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Historic Falmouth was split into two municipalities in 1786, creating Portland.[24]

In 1632, Thomas Purchase and George Way received a grant for Harpswell Neck,[25] a few years after Purchase had established a farm, trading post, and fish salting operation on the Androscoggin River north of Casco Bay.[26]

William Royall and his wife, Phoebe, moved in 1636 from Salem, Massachusetts, to present-day Yarmouth, building a homestead and farm along what came to be known as the Royal River.[27] That year, George Jewell purchased the Casco Bay island that became known as Jewell Island.[28]

In 1640, John Smith moved from Boston to live on Long Island. Little is known about Smith.[29]

In 1642, Cleeve, Tucker, Mackworth, Royall and Smith were among 30 signers of a petition to the British House of Commons asking for relief from administrators assigned by Gorges to the region who were exercising "unlawful and arbitrary power and jurisdiction over the persons and estate of your petitioners and the said other planters to their great oppression utter impoverishment and the hindrance of the plantation in these parts".[30]

As settlers built out farms in the Casco Bay region, more commercial fishermen who were familiar with Casco Bay began making it their home port in the second half of the 1630s. Artisan craftsmen also moved to Casco and other towns on Casco Bay in the following decade, as a growing population supported commerce along with existing trade opportunities with indigenous peoples in the region.[31] In 1659, George Munjoy moved to Casco and built a fortified house on today's Munjoy Hill,[32] which overlooks Casco Bay. In 1666, Munjoy acquired additional land along the Presumpscot River via a deed co-signed by Warrabitta.[33]

Islands continued to come under individual ownership during the 17th century. In 1658, Hugh Moshier purchased what became Moshier and Little Moshier Islands near the mouths of the Harraseeket and Royal Rivers, while James Lane acquired nearby Lanes Island. By 1660, John Bustion had obtained a deed on today's Bustins Island.[34]

### King Philip's War

[edit]

Spurred by the Wampanoag chief Metacom in what came to be known as King Philip's War, Native American warriors attacked colonial farms and settlements along the New England coast and inland areas beginning in June 1675, including in the Casco Bay region. If prodded into action by Metacom's militant contemporaries drumming up support in northern New England, many local tribes followed their own counsel in planning attacks in the regional conflict that some historians dub the First Abenaki War,[35] or chose not to initiate hostilities.

The first attack in the Casco Bay area occurred on September 10, 1675, at a farm north of Falmouth. Native American warriors killed six people and three more went missing. After another attack at Falmouth in October, heavy snow discouraged further action by either side for the rest of the year.

Despite concurrent peace talks by tribes to the east, in August 1676 Wabanaki Confederacy warriors raided several farms in Falmouth, killing or capturing 34 people. Settler Thaddeus Clark reported that survivors fled to Cushing Island,[36] known at the time as Andrews Island for settler James Andrews.[37] On Peaks Island that year, seven were killed in a Wabanaki attack after coming over from Cushing Island in search of food.[38]

After colonial militia leader Richard Waldron laid a trap under the guise of peace talks to capture several Wabanaki warriors who were then executed or enslaved, tribes intensified attacks on settlements throughout Maine, causing most settlers to flee south. After talks failed at Maquoit Bay in February 1677, Waldron again ambushed Native Americans under the guise of parley.

In 1677, Gorges's grandson sold his land rights in Maine to the Massachusetts Bay Colony.[39]

As Wabanaki peoples got word of colonial authorities reaching out to leaders of the Mohawk people for assistance in Maine, they became more amenable to a truce, though significant attacks continued on Maine coastal settlements west of Casco Bay. [40] Leaders of the Penobscot people signed the Treaty of Casco at Fort Loyal, in present-day Portland, on April 12, 1678, binding the Wabanaki Confederacy to ending King Philip's War.

### French and Indian Wars

[edit]

#### King William's War

[edit]

After the Treaty of Casco, settlers began returning to Maine, in some instances setting up farms and homesteads near protective stockades as a fallback option in case of any renewed tensions.[41] In 1700, a stockade that also served as a trading post was built in Falmouth east of the Presumpscot River and called New Casco, with two cairns built to commemorate friendship between the Abenaki people and settlers. The Brothers Islands just off present-day Falmouth are thought to have been named for the cairns.[42]

The 1678 treaty did little to address simmering disagreements and discord throughout the region between local tribes and settlers, laying the foundation for a renewal of hostilities in 1688.[43] Historians came to consider the new conflict in Maine part of the larger King William's War, which in turn marked the first installment of an extended proxy war between England and France that came to be known as the French and Indian Wars, with sporadic raids[44] and atrocities on both sides.

In August 1688, in response to an English colonial raid of Penobscot Bay settlements, French officer Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin led counter-raids by Acadian militia and Wabanaki Confederacy warriors, including at Yarmouth. In September 1689, English colonial officer Benjamin Church arrived in Falmouth to defend settlers there, fending off a Wabanaki attack.[45]

Louis de Buade de Frontenac, the Governor General of New France, launched a campaign to drive the English from the settlements east of Falmouth.[46] On May 16, 1690, the fortified settlement on Casco Bay was attacked by a war party of 50 French-Canadian soldiers led by Castin, about 50 Abenaki warriors from Canada, a contingent of French militia led by Joseph-François Hertel de la Fresnière, and 300 to 400 additional natives from Maine, including some Penobscots under the leadership of Madockawando. Fort Loyal was attacked at the same time. About 75 men in the Casco settlement fought for four days before surrendering on May 20 on condition of safe passage. Instead, most of the men, including John Swarton, were killed, and the survivors, including Hannah Swarton and her children, were captured. Swarton was ransomed in 1695. Cotton Mather published her story.[47]: 196–99

Church returned to Casco Bay in September 1690 with a contingent of about 300 volunteer militia and indigenous warriors, launching attacks up the Androscoggin River and overseeing the brutal killings of Native Americans who had been left behind in a village, then pulling back to Cape Elizabeth. There, Church's force beat off a Wabanaki attack in what was the last significant clash of King William's War on Casco Bay.

A ferry service was established by 1690 in Portland Harbor connecting the northern and southern banks of the Fore River.[48]

#### Queen Anne's War and Dummer's War

[edit]

An uneasy armistice did not hold in North America or Europe, with Queen Anne's War, which many historians classify as the second phase of the French and Indian Wars, breaking out in 1701. In 1722 came the regional conflict in Maine and Acadia called Dummer's War,[49] named for William Dummer, lieutenant governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay.

In Falmouth on June 20, 1703, Massachusetts Governor Joseph Dudley sought assurances from local Wabanaki chiefs that they would not initiate hostilities against English colonial settlers. The pact came to be known as the Treaty of Casco of 1703, which recognized the Kennebec River as the dividing line between New England and Acadia and New France to the east.

Fort George, on the Androscoggin River west of the Kennebec and about five miles north of Middle Bay, saw multiple fights during Queen Anne's War. There was little fighting on Casco Bay, with one man killed in a Native American raid in May 1724 at Cape Elizabeth.

After initial treaties in 1725 and 1726, a larger ratification conference was held in August 1727 that came to be called the Treaty of Casco Bay, binding the two sides to terms for peace.

#### King George's War

[edit]

Relations remained strained, with the Presumpscot River sachem Polin traveling to Boston in 1739 to lodge a protest with the governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony over the damming of the river by settlers, which was threatening the fish supplies on which the Wabanaki peoples depended.[50]

In the run-up to the outbreak of King George's War in 1744, French privateers were operating from Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia against New England fishing boats.[51]

Under the leadership of Kittery shipping owner William Pepperrell, Massachusetts and other English colonies mustered a military expedition against the Fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton. Pepperrell's fleet commodore was Falmouth native Edward Tyng, who directed the siege and supporting operations from his flagship frigate Massachusetts.[52]

### Pre-Revolution

[edit]

In 1751, the British Royal Navy assigned George Tate to Maine to oversee the harvesting of timber for ship masts, having previously focused its mast timber operations along the Piscataqua River basin. Tate built a house on a tributary of the Fore River estuary that today is the Tate House Museum.[53] At the head of the Harraseeket River in Freeport, Mast Landing was likewise a loading point for pine timber reserved as masts for the Royal Navy.[54] Mast timber was a sufficiently valuable commodity for the Royal Navy to provide timber cargo ships with armed escorts, and to send them back across the North Atlantic with empty holds to shorten the times for fresh shipments to arrive at British shipyards. Maine pines were marked with the "broad arrow" symbol to indicate that they were for harvest in service of the navy. Anyone else caught felling those trees was fined.[55]

Tate also pursued other mercantile interests, selling timber, clapboards, rum and other products, helping build the port as a growing center of commerce alongside merchants like Samuel Waldo, Jedidiah Preble, William Tyng,[56] Enoch Freeman, Enoch Moody and Thomas Westbrook, who began harvesting mast timber in 1727 and in partnership with Waldo dammed the Presumpscot River in 1735 for a sawmill and gristmill.[57] In 1768, Falmouth exported more than four million feet of lumber and 150,000 wood staves for barrels to British ports, and between 1768 and 1772 shipped more mast timber than the largest ports in Nova Scotia, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York and Pennsylvania combined. West Indies ports were also major export destinations for wood products loaded at Falmouth, for use in construction and barrels. Imported products were sold in Falmouth stores and distributed throughout the Casco Bay region and inland.[58]

The booming wood trade helped create cottage industries, with exports bringing in money to fund extensive construction, including churches, inns, assembly halls, and infrastructure, like bridges.[59]

But Falmouth and other coastal towns were still outposts in an otherwise remote region, as John Adams wrote in an account of a 1765 trip through Maine, part of his legal circuit at the time as an attorney. Adams wrote, "From Falmouth now Portland in Casco Bay, to Pownalborough there was an entire wilderness, except North Yarmouth, New Brunswick and Long Reach. At each of which places were a few Houses. In general it was a wilderness, encumbered with the greatest number of trees, of the largest size, the tallest height, I have ever seen."[60]

### American Revolution

[edit]

According to Adams, he was strolling in 1774 on what he called "the great hill" of Munjoy Hill in Falmouth overlooking Casco Bay when he relayed to Jonathan Sewall his determination to lead the colonies into revolt against the British crown. "The die was now cast; I had passed the Rubicon", Adams recollected conveying to Sewall. "Swim or sink, live or die, survive or perish with my country, was my unalterable determination.”

Meeting in September and October 1774 in Philadelphia, the First Continental Congress issued a declaration of rights that included the formation of a Continental Association to coordinate a boycott of British goods starting in December.[61]

On March 2, 1775, the Brunswick Continental Association leader Samuel Thompson invoked the boycott in attempting to block a ship from unloading rigging and other maritime supplies, with HMS Canceaux dispatched from Boston to Falmouth to provide protection. In the Thompson's War standoff that played out for weeks and overlapped with the Battles of Lexington and Concord, militia captured Henry Mowat, commander of HMS Canceaux, with another officer on the ship threatening to shell Falmouth unless Mowat was released. HMS Canceaux sailed out of port in May 1775.[62]

Mowat returned in October with a small squadron of ships and orders to bombard coastal Maine population centers, including Falmouth. After delivering an ultimatum for Falmouth denizens to surrender all arms and swear allegiance to King George III, he allowed time for residents to flee parts of the town within cannon range before opening fire. Hundreds of structures and several vessels were destroyed in the bombardment. The Burning of Falmouth stiffened the resolve of those in favor of revolt, and galvanized the Second Continental Congress to underwrite the creation of the Continental Navy.[63]

The Royal Navy frigate HMS Cerberus arrived at Falmouth in early November, but left after residents continued construction of shore fortifications on Munjoy Hill. Massachusetts assigned General Joseph Frye to oversee fort construction, which extended in 1776 beyond Falmouth Neck to Spring Point on Cape Elizabeth, the future site of Fort Preble.[64]

Falmouth was garrisoned for most of the remainder of the war as a precaution against any further British raids.[65]

Casco Bay was home to several privateer ships and captains during the war, including the sloop Retrieve, commanded by Falmouth native Joshua Stone, which was captured in September 1776 by HMS Milford a month after receiving a privateer commission. Freed in a prisoner exchange, Stone went on to command the privateers Rattlesnake and Fox, with the latter vessel under the command of Falmouth's Nathaniel Pote at another point. Other Falmouth residents or natives who commanded privateers included James Dilworth on Blackfish, Philip Crandall on Roebuck, and Henry Butler Elwell and Reuben Gage on Union. Harpswell resident Isaac Snow had a stint as commander of America.[66]

In April 1778, the French frigate La Sensible arrived in Casco Bay with a communique of France's commitment to a treaty that would result in extensive military and logistics support for the Continental Army, including naval power to hamper British movements.[67]

In 1777, five years after surveyor Samuel Holland produced a detailed chart of the Maine coast from Casco Bay to the Kennebec River,[68] cartographer Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres (spelled Des Barres in some historic references), at the request of the British Admiralty, published Atlantic Neptune, a chart book of the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland to New York. Rudimentary maps existed previously, including one produced by Cyprian Southack in 1720 that included information on tidal currents, based on a voyage to Casco Bay in 1698.[69] The Holland charts detail Casco Bay's islands, channels, shallows, and rivers, many of them carrying historic names no longer in use. The chart labeled as Portland Point the southwesternmost point of Casco Bay, and used Portland Sound to describe the westernmost channel leading to the inner harbor.[70] A chart of Falmouth Harbor DesBarres published in 1781 lists Holland as chief surveyor and has greater detail, including mapped details of the shoreline, including hills, roadways, and the locations of structures on the mainland and islands.[71]

On September 3, 1783, the same day the Treaty of Paris was signed, ending the American Revolutionary War, a "Committee of the Sufferers in Falmouth, Casco Bay" wrote Benjamin Franklin to ask him to use his diplomatic connections to raise funds to assist in the reconstruction of Falmouth.

"It comes from Men who have suffered exceedingly, not only by the common Calamities of War, but by an extraordinary Event peculiarly awful and distressing", wrote five committee signatories in reference to the Burning of Falmouth.[72]

### Federalist era

[edit]

In 1786, Falmouth was separated into two municipalities, with the historic name kept for the municipality formed east of the Presumpscot River called New Casco, and Portland adopted as the new name for Falmouth Neck and inland. In 1789, Freeport was created from land that had previously been part of North Yarmouth.[73]

In 1787 George Washington approved the construction of a lighthouse near the tip of Cape Elizabeth, which with a Congressional outlay was completed in 1791 and named Portland Head Light.[74]

In July 1789, in its first two major legislative acts, Congress enacted the Tariff Act and Duties on Tonnage Act to establish a revenue stream and provide preferential tariffs for imports carried on U.S.-flagged ships, while mandating that coastal trade be limited to U.S. vessels. Intended to bolster the development of U.S. shipyards and a domestic merchant marine, the Duties on Tonnage Act did so: registered U.S. ship tonnage rose from 123,893 tons of vessels in 1789 to 848,307 tons in 1807.[75]

A third law enacted at the end of the month established customs stations for the collection of duties, including one in Portland covering overseas trade there and in Falmouth, and approving North Yarmouth and Brunswick "as ports of delivery only" after ships paid duties on cargoes in Portland or Falmouth.[76]

Historic records show at least four schooners were built at Falmouth between 1790 and 1800 and three schooners, four sloops, and a brig on the Royal River in Yarmouth. Shipbuilding accelerated in Casco Bay in the 19th century with the establishment of several major shipyards.[77]

In 1796, Tukey's Bridge opened as a toll bridge, connecting the opposite points at the head of Portland's Back Cove.[78]

The U.S. Census Bureau ranked Portland the 27th-largest municipality in the U.S. as of 1800, with a population of 3,704.[79]

### Jeffersonian era

[edit]

#### Jefferson administrations

[edit]

In 1802, Thomas Jefferson asked to meet with retired naval captain Edward Preble of Portland, and the next year Preble was made commodore of the Mediterranean Squadron assigned to neutralize privateers operating out of Tripoli.[80] He made the USS Constitution his flagship and oversaw a blockade and multiple assaults on Tripoli to contain the Barbary pirates threat.[81]

On the domestic front, Jefferson supported the idea of coastal forts and small gunboats less than 80 feet long to defend ports and coastal shipping lanes, as an alternative to appropriating funds for a larger, blue-water navy.[82] Three forts along Portland Harbor were built or upgraded during Jefferson's second term in office: Fort Preble on Spring Point in Cape Elizabeth, named for the late commodore; Fort Scammel (Scammell in many historic accounts) on House Island; and Fort Sumner on Munjoy Hill.[83]

Organized by Lemuel Moody, the Portland Observatory was completed in 1807 on Munjoy Hill as a signal tower to communicate with ships as they approached the harbor, allowing merchants to give wharf longshoremen advance word on ships nearing port.[84] Moody devised a system of flags to signal the identity of ships, with the observatory also used to better spot weather fronts approaching the bay.[85]

#### War of 1812

[edit]

After years of British harassment of U.S. vessels, including the impressment of sailors, James Madison signed a declaration of war on Great Britain on June 18, 1812.[86]

Portland became the home port for at least nine privateers operating against British merchant shipping, including the 16-gun brig True-Blooded Yankee, which conducted several raids along the coasts of Ireland and Scotland before being captured.[87] The Freeport-built Dash was credited with eight prizes and Dart with five.[88][89] After the USS Enterprise (1799) defeated the HMS Boxer off Pemaquid Point, U.S. sailors brought the two ships to Portland Harbor and the slain commanders were buried side by side in the city's Eastern Cemetery.[90]

British forces in Halifax launched no major campaigns in Casco Bay during the War of 1812, seizing territory in eastern Maine instead.[91]

The war prompted a fresh review of coastal fortifications by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,[92] which eventually resulted in the construction of Fort Gorges on Hog Island Ledge in Portland Harbor.[93]

### Maine statehood

[edit]

An existing movement for Maine statehood gained adherents after the Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812, amid disenchantment with a lack of support from Massachusetts leaders during the British occupation of eastern Maine.[94]

In June 1819, the Massachusetts General Court passed legislation making Maine an independent district from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts,[95] with just over 70% of voters in both Cumberland County and Maine voting in favor of statehood.[96] On March 15, 1820, Maine became the 23rd state as part of the Missouri Compromise approved by Congress and James Madison,[97] with Portland designated the temporary capital until a permanent site could be determined.[98]

In 1821, Cumberland seceded from North Yarmouth, with Chebeague becoming part of Cumberland.[99] Throughout the 19th century, Chebeague was a center for the construction of sturdy, gaff-rigged stone sloops designed to handle cargoes of granite, which came into demand nationally for the construction of public buildings and other structures. At the height of demand during the century, 33 quarries were located along Casco Bay that employed between 10,000 and 15,000 quarrymen, cutters and apprentices.[100]

In 1822, a bridge was built to connect the Falmouth Neck and Cape Elizabeth banks of the Fore River.[101]

In 1825, Lemuel Moody published an updated chart of Casco Bay based on the DesBarres chart, with an inset of Portland Harbor noting newer names of some locales and detailing shallows throughout the bay.[102]

In 1827, construction was completed of a stone tower on Little Mark Island at the mouth of Merriconeag Sound to serve as a navigational beacon for ships. The tower included a room at its base to house survivors of shipwrecks until they could be rescued.[103]

According to a ship's list published in November 1828, 15 ships were then based in Portland Harbor.[104]

A pair of stone rubble lighthouses were built that year at the site of today's Two Lights station, at the southwestern entrance to Casco Bay in Cape Elizabeth.[105] The same year, a bridge was built across the mouth of the Presumpscot River connecting Martin's Point in Portland with Falmouth.[106]

In 1828, excavation began on the Cumberland and Oxford Canal. It took two years to complete, creating a navigable waterway from Sebago Lake to Casco Bay. The canal followed the course of the Presumpscot River from Sebago Lake south to Westbrook with locks allowing vessels to negotiate changes in elevation. From there, the canal course cut across to the east bank of the Fore River estuary and into Portland.[107]

The Maine State Legislature declared Augusta the state capital in 1831, with work completed the following year on the original structure of the Maine State House on the west bank of the Kennebec River.[108]

After wharves and buildings in Portland Harbor were destroyed in a November 1831 nor'easter, planning began for a breakwater to protect the harbor. Construction began in 1836, and the breakwater initially extended 1,800 feet. In 1855, a small wooden lighthouse was built at the site of today's Portland Breakwater Light.[109]

In 1835, the state of Maine incurred expenses surveying a potential Brunswick and Casco Bay Railroad.[110] In 1842, Maine's first railway was established with the initiation of service on the Portland, Saco and Portsmouth Railroad connecting Portland to South Berwick.[111] In 1847, a rail yard was established on Turner's Island in the Fore River estuary,[112] followed by what came to be called the Butler Shipyard.[113]

In 1848, four years after John A. Poor proposed it, the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad began service between Portland and Yarmouth (originally known as the Atlantic and St. Lawrence), with the line eventually extended to Montreal.[114] The Grand Trunk Railway acquired the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad in 1853 as part of the Canadian company's expansion into New England.[115] At Poor's urging, a small rail line was laid along the Fore River to link the new railroad to the wharves of Portland Harbor along the new Commercial Street.[116]

Yarmouth became independent from North Yarmouth in 1849.[117]

In 1859, construction was completed on the U.S. Marine Hospital at Martin's Point at the mouth of the Presumpscot River, to provide medical care for merchant seamen as part of the Marine Hospital Service.[118]

### Civil War

[edit]

In 1857, Congress approved funding for the construction of Fort Gorges on Hog Island Ledge in Portland Harbor, with the original plan for a fort there conceived after the War of 1812 to provide artillery support against naval attacks for Fort Scammel and Fort Preble. Similar in appearance to Fort Sumter but designed with six sides, Fort Gorges was built of granite starting in 1858. Construction was completed by the end of the American Civil War, but advances in weaponry had rendered the fort obsolete by then.[119]

In June 1863, Confederate Navy raider Charles Read led a boarding party to seize the U.S. revenue cutter Caleb Cushing in Portland Harbor, with the intent to destroy other vessels in the harbor and escape to sea. Abandoning his plan to attack shipping, Read steered the Caleb Cushing out to sea, with two Union steamers running down the ship, which Read scuttled before being captured.[120]

In February 1864, the Montreal Ocean Steamship Company's bark-rigged steamship Bohemian struck Alden's Rock off Cape Elizabeth en route to Portland, with 219 passengers aboard, mostly Irish immigrants, and 99 crew members. As water flooded the ship, the captain was able to maintain steam for the time required to clear the ledge and steer the ship within half a mile of the Cape Elizabeth shore. There, seawater extinguished boiler fires and the crew dropped anchor and deployed lifeboats. Forty-two people perished in the efforts to reach shore.[121]

### Harbor development and industrialization

[edit]

As of 1866, Portland had about three dozen commercial wharves on Commercial Street and several more on the opposite bank of Portland Harbor in Cape Elizabeth.[122] On July 4 that year, a fire was sparked on a wharf that jumped to nearby buildings and, fanned by strong winds, tore northeast to Munjoy Hill. Photographers captured the destruction.[123] Two people died in the inferno and about 10,000 were left homeless, with the destruction of 1,200 residential structures and about 600 commercial buildings. A tent city was established near the Portland Observatory and donations poured in from New England, Canadian provinces, and other states. Reconstruction proceeded quickly in the next few years, with brick and granite chosen to reduce risk of future fires and the Italianate and Second Empire styles dominating the new architecture. In 1869, a 12-million-US-gallon (45,000 m3) water storage reservoir[124] was built on Bramhall Hill.[125]

Organizers formed the Portland Water Company in 1862, to seek the construction of a municipal water system connected to Sebago Lake. Water service commenced on Thanksgiving Day 1869.[126]

In 1865, the Russell Ship Ceiling Co. shipyard was established on the bank of Portland's Eastern Promenade,[127] as shipbuilding accelerated on the shores of Casco Bay.

After the Great Fire of 1866 destroyed the building that housed offices of the U.S. Customs Service, Congress authorized construction of a new U.S. Custom House on Fore Street near the Portland waterfront. Construction began in 1867 and was completed in 1872. The U.S. Custom House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.[128]

Samuel D. Warren purchased a Westbrook paper mill in 1854 and in time began adding wood fiber to paper produced at S.D. Warren Paper Mill, as a supplement to rag pulp used for paper production at the time.[129] By the 1880s, S.D. Warren would become the largest paper mill in the world.[130] The plant discharged wastewater and pulp used in the production process into the Presumpscot River, in time becoming the largest single source of industrial pollution in the Casco Bay watershed.[131]

On September 8, 1869, coastal Maine incurred severe damage in a hurricane, which caused 30 shipwrecks along the coast, including the schooner Helen Eliza, which went aground off Peaks Island, with just one of the vessel's crew of 12 surviving.[132]

After multiple shipwrecks over the preceding decades on shoals at Halfway Rock, in 1869 Congress earmarked funds for construction of a lighthouse there. Work began that year with a temporary shelter erected for workers, given the site's distance from the mainland at the outer edge of Casco Bay. The lighthouse was built primarily from granite quarried on Chebeague Island and hewn into shape on House Island. On August 15, 1871, Halfway Rock Lighthouse began service, with a foghorn added in 1887.[133]

In 1873, the United States Fish Commission undertook an extensive study of fish stocks and habitats in Casco Bay, with survey staff establishing a base of operation and a laboratory on Peaks Island and publishing its findings in 1874. In addition to cataloging fish species, the survey included water temperatures on the surface and bottom, and described the seabed at several locations in the bay.[134]

In 1875, the original Portland Breakwater lighthouse was replaced by a cast-iron lighthouse, known colloquially as Bug Light.[135]

After decades of individual ferry service in Portland Harbor and to outlying islands, including by the Peaks Island Steamboat Company,[136] successor firm Casco Bay Steamboat Company was incorporated in 1878 to provide regular scheduled service, followed in 1881 by the Harpswell Steamboat Company. The companies merged in 1910 to form Casco Bay Lines.[137] In 1885, the People's Ferry Company was founded to provide service in Portland Harbor, with service extending to Peaks Island.[138]

Dockworkers formed the Portland Longshoremans Benevolent Society labor union in 1880, with membership peaking within two decades at 868.[139]

In 1881,[140] Robert Peary purchased an island off Harpswell Neck called Sawungun and renamed it Eagle Island, before enlisting in the U.S. Navy and undertaking a series of expeditions to explore territories north of the Arctic Circle.[141]

The Consolidated Electric Light Company of Maine established three steam-powered generators to produce electricity in the Portland area starting in 1883. In 1912, it merged with the Portland Electric Company to form the Cumberland County Power and Light Company.[142]

With scheduled ferry service to Peaks Island, the Greenwood Gardens amusement district took shape on the island in the 1880s. It eventually included a boardwalk, inns, eateries, a dance hall, a Ferris wheel, a bowling alley, an observation tower, a roller skating rink, and the 1,500-seat Gem Theatre.[143]

In January 1891, the coal schooner Ada Barker went aground on Junk of Pork near Outer Green Island. The crew clambered onto the rock along the collapsed foremast, with minutes to spare before the waves smashed the escape route and the larger ship. The crew survived on the rock until the U.S. revenue cutter Levi Woodbury rescued them after hours of exposure to the storm.[144]

In 1892, Portland established a quarantine station on House Island for newly arrived immigrants to reduce the threat of epidemics in the city. The federal government absorbed the immigration and quarantine station in 1907 and ran it for three decades. Some called the island the "Ellis Island of the North".[145]

In 1897, construction was completed on Spring Point Ledge Light in Portland Harbor.[146] The next year, South Portland was created as a municipality independent of Cape Elizabeth.[147] The municipality of Deering was split off from Westbrook in 1871, and Portland absorbed Deering in 1899.[148]

The Portland and Yarmouth Electric Railway was established in 1898, four years after its charter by Maine's state legislature, and eventually ran service between the municipalities on a half-hour schedule and underwrote the construction of the Underwood Spring Park casino resort in Falmouth to spur ridership.[149] The Portland and Brunswick Street Railway launched trolley service in 1902, connecting Yarmouth and Brunswick with a stop at the Casco Castle resort in South Freeport on the Harraseeket River overlooking Casco Bay.[150] Electric trolley service was also extended south of Portland via the Portland and Cape Elizabeth Electric Railway, with stops at the Willard Beach Casino in South Portland and subsequently the Cape Cottage Casino in Cape Elizabeth.[151]

At the outbreak of the Spanish-American War in 1898, the U.S. Navy dispatched the Civil War–era USS Montauk (1862) to guard Portland Harbor.[152] Construction began that year on Fort Levett on Cushing Island[153] and was nearing completion at Fort Williams in Cape Elizabeth, where multiple gun batteries were installed.[154]

With preparatory work having already started on Fort McKinley on Great Diamond Island, construction proceeded on the fort during the Spanish-American War. Fort McKinley eventually became Casco Bay's largest military installation.[155] On adjacent Cow Island, Fort Lyon was constructed for auxiliary support. Both forts had facilities to support harbor defensive mining operations, and guns to engage enemy minesweepers in Hussey Sound.[156]

Lightship LV 74 was launched in 1902 as the last wooden lightship built for the U.S. Coast Guard. The vessel was named Cape Elizabeth and stationed off the coast there, and renamed Portland in 1912.[157] After a series of groundings, construction began in 1903 on Ram Island Ledge Light in Portland Harbor. The lighthouse was completed in 1905.[158]

In 1911, Maine's legislature authorized the formation of the Island Light & Water Co. to provide electricity, gas, and water service on Cushing, Great Diamond, and Little Diamond islands.[159]

In 1912, Maine Governor Frederick W. Plaisted approved the eviction of residents of Malaga Island, just off Phippsburg, after years of gossip and negative news articles about the island's population which was racially diverse and living on subsistence income. In 2023, Malaga Island was added to the National Register of Historic Places,[160] becoming the second island in Casco Bay to be listed in its entirety after Eagle Island.

The Million Dollar Bridge was completed in 1916 over the Fore River between Portland and South Portland, with the bascule bridge replacing the existing span that dated to 1822.[161]

### World War I

[edit]

When World War I broke out in Europe in 1914 and German U-boats began attacking shipping in the Atlantic, Congress passed the National Defense Act of 1916, which set in motion major investments in U.S. ship construction and coastal defense.[162]

In March 1917, John Poor died of a gunshot wound sustained during an exchange of fire while he was on nighttime sentry duty at Fort Williams. He had challenged two men who had infiltrated the base where Poor was assigned as a private to the U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps. Poor is thought to have been the first U.S. soldier to die in the line of duty during World War I, before the U.S. declared war on Germany. It was the first of multiple such incidents in the Portland area that spring. The Lewiston Evening Journal reported that "suspicious characters have been observed at all the fortifications in the Portland district."[163]

Under the initial command of Major General Clarence Edwards, the Army's Northeastern Department[164] garrisoned coastal artillery batteries at existing forts on the Casco Bay shore and islands. Fort Williams was the headquarters of the coastal defenses for the Portland district overseeing Forts Levett, Lyon, McKinley, and Preble in Casco Bay, along with Fort Baldwin and Fort Popham in Phippsburg. Fort Scammel on House Island was classified as an inactive station, and land on Peaks Island, Long Island, and Crow Island adjacent to Great Diamond was listed as reservations for military needs.[165] A wireless telegraphy station was established at Fort Levett on Cushing Island,[166] and Fort Gorges became a depot for the storage of mines and munitions.[167] In April, the War Department authorized a Reserve Officers' Training Corps program at Bowdoin College in Brunswick.[168]

Multiple Casco Bay shipyards built wooden Ferris-type ships for North Atlantic cargo duties, including Cumberland Shipbuilding in South Portland, the Portland Ship Ceiling Co., successor company Russell Shipbuilding, and Freeport Shipbuilding on the Harraseeket River.[169][170]

With leisure spending dropping sharply during the war years, the Casco Bay and Harpswell Lines could not generate enough revenue to keep up with needed repairs for its ferries, and, facing liens on debt, declared bankruptcy in July 1919. Edward B. Winslow purchased the company and reorganized Casco Bay Lines to resume service the next spring, initially with a fleet of four ferries.[171]

### Roaring Twenties and Great Depression

[edit]

Two years after creating a state harbor commission, in 1919 Maine's legislature authorized a $1.15 million bond issue to finance construction of a new wharf facility in Portland, in recognition of advancements in cargo handling at competing New England and Canadian ports. Initially designed with a length of 1,000 feet and the harbor bottom dredged 35 feet deep,[172] the Maine State Pier was completed in 1923.[173]

The Peaks Island Corporation was formed to provide electricity and water service on Peaks Island, initiating service in 1922 and five years later renamed the Casco Bay Light & Water Company.[174]

In December 1925, while moored in Portland Harbor, the six-masted schooner Edward J. Lawrence caught fire. A fireboat crew could not extinguish the blaze, and the ship sank in flames as thousands of onlookers watched from the Eastern Prom and elsewhere. The ship was moved north of Fort Gorges, where it sank.[175]

Organizers staged the inaugural Peaks to Portland Swim in August 1927, with Portland resident Wendell Willworth winning the 2.4 mile harbor race with a time of two hours and 33 minutes.[176]

Construction began that year on the Bailey Island Bridge. It opened in 1928, spanning Will's Gut to Orr's Island, after studies on designs to minimize the granite span's impact on tidal currents and to withstand the effects of ice. Thought to be the only such design in the United States,[177] the Bailey Island Bridge was named a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1984,[178] one of three Casco Bay structures on the list, along with Portland Head Light and the Portland Observatory.

With organizers drawing inspiration from the offshore Newport Bermuda Race, the Portland Yacht Club held the inaugural Monhegan Island Race in 1928, with five local yachts entered in the regatta along with a sixth that was cruising in the area. Saracen crossed the finish line third behind the Universal P-class yachts Sayonara II and Nahma, but with rules in place that precluded P-class boats from qualifying for the trophy, Saracen was named the winner.[179]

In 1931, Stroudwater Airport commenced service with a Boston & Maine Airways flight after expanding an existing private airfield along the Fore River in Portland. As part of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs to rebuild the U.S. economy during the Great Depression, the Maine Emergency Relief Administration added two runways in 1934 and 1935, and the airport was renamed the Portland-Westbrook Municipal Airport.[180] MERA also built a civilian airfield in Brunswick.[181]

In 1938, the competition that came to be known as the Bailey Island Fishing Tournament held its first event for anglers of bluefin tuna.[182]

The Gem Theater burned down on Peaks Island in 1934, and two years later a group of buildings at the island's Forest City Landing were destroyed by fire.[183]

For the 1939 New York World's Fair, Portland artist Victor Kahill was commissioned to design a sculpture to commemorate the Maine fishing industry. He produced a plaster mold for The Maine Lobsterman, with three statues cast from the mold on display at Land's End on Bailey's Island, in downtown Portland, and in Washington, D.C.[184]

### World War II

[edit]

On September 3, 1939, the United Kingdom declared war on Germany,[185] commencing the Battle of the Atlantic. Two days letter, Roosevelt declared U.S. neutrality in the conflict, with a Neutrality Patrol established to monitor for any activities of belligerent vessels in U.S. territorial waters.[186]

Since Casco Bay was the nearest American anchorage to the Atlantic Lend-Lease convoy routes to Britain until the U.S. entered World War II, Admiral Ernest J. King ordered a large pool of destroyers to be stationed there for convoy escort duty in August 1941.[187] On December 11, 1941, the United States and Germany declared a state of war, four days after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.[188] On the day of the Pearl Harbor attack, battleships USS Arkansas (BB-33), USS North Carolina (BB-55) and USS Texas (BB-35) were in Casco Bay.[189]

In the months leading up to the war declaration and afterward, U.S. Army Brigadier General Robert C. Garrett was commander of the Harbor Defenses of Portland based at Fort Williams in Cape Elizabeth. In May 1941, the Harbor Defense Headquarters Battery was formed to oversee the 8th Coast Artillery and the 240th Coast Artillery regiment of the Maine Army National Guard.[190]

To detect enemy submarines and prevent them from entering Casco Bay's anchorages, the U.S. Navy installed indicator loop cables along the seabed that were designed to produce a recordable amount of voltage when a submarine passed above, though the system was prone to glitches and occasional erroneous recordings. An outer indicator loop ran from the southern tip of Staples Cove in Cape Elizabeth northeast to a point just east of Halfway Rock, then due north to Land's End on Bailey Island. A second indicator loop was installed closer to the island channels to the anchorages of Portland Harbor and Falmouth, running northeast from Fort Williams to a point west of Peaks Island, then north to Long Island. Hydrophones were installed along portions of the inner indicator loop. In June 1942, the system detected the possible entrance of a U-boat into the eastern section of Casco Bay.[191]

Minefields blocked the channels to Portland Harbor including between Cape Elizabeth and Cushing and Ram islands, and northeast from Ram Island to Outer Green Island. Anti-submarine nets were also placed in Whitehead Passage between Cushing and Peaks; in Hussey Sound between Peaks and Long Island; and in channels between Long Island and Chebeague Island;[192] Chebeague and Littlejohn Island; and Cousins Island and Yarmouth.[193]

In 1942, construction began on Battery Steele, where a pair of 16-inch Mark 2 guns were emplaced, matching the caliber on battleships of the day. The Battery Steele guns could fire projectiles 26 miles, giving them the range to cover all of Casco Bay and as far south as Kennebunk.[194] Peaks Island was also the site of Battery Craven, whose six-inch guns had a range of about 15 miles, while Battery Foote guns at Fort Levett on Cushing Island could cover an arc extending from the Saco River to the outlying sections of Harpswell.[195]

Towers for fire control, observation, or radar were built on the shores of outlying islands, including Long,[196] Peaks, Cushing, Jewell, and Bailey Islands, to scan the horizon for aircraft or ships and help coastal artillery crews at Battery Steele and other artillery posts triangulate on targets approaching Casco Bay.[197] Fire control towers were also built on the mainland, including in Cape Elizabeth just south of Dyer Point, at Trundy Point, and on the opposite end of the bay at Small Point in Phippsburg.[198]

Under U.S. Coast Guard and Navy regulations, maps were distributed to show commercial and leisure boat operators sections of the bay that were off limits, and the lanes boats could traverse. Vessel operators had to pass through a U.S. Coast Guard control point before continuing through gates in the submarine netting to waters outside the control zone. Passengers had to carry identification cards, and cameras were forbidden.[199]

In June 1941, the 44-foot cabin cruiser Don departed Harpswell for a clambake on Monhegan Island with at least 34 people aboard. The ship never returned amid hazy weather and fog later in the day, with contacts on Monhegan Island reporting Don never arrived. No one survived the excursion, and no conclusive evidence surfaced of what befell Don and its passengers.[200]

The Navy established a fuel annex on Long Island with lengthy piers to fuel naval and cargo ships.[201]

On March 26, 1942, U.S. Navy Task Force 39 became the first to sortie from Casco Bay, for Scapa Flow in Scotland to support convoy operations. Task force ships included aircraft carrier USS Wasp (CV-7), battleship USS Washington (BB-56), heavy cruisers USS Tuscaloosa (CA-37) and USS Wichita (CA-45), and four destroyers.[202]

In April 1943, the Brunswick airfield built with New Deal funding was commissioned as Naval Air Station Brunswick, as a maritime reconnaissance base and training field for Royal Canadian Air Force[203] and British Royal Navy pilots.[204]

A Naval Auxiliary Air Facility was also established on Long Island to support seaplanes launched by catapult from larger warships, for use in reconnaissance and to direct naval gun fire at long ranges.[205]

In addition to convoy preparation, Casco Bay was used for naval training and shakedown cruises to assess newly built or refurbished vessels. After Italy's armistice in September 1943, three Italian U-boats were assigned to Casco Bay for destroyer training exercises in U-boat detection and engagement.[206]

In 1940, the Todd-Bath Iron Shipbuilding Corporation was established in South Portland as an affiliate of Todd-Bath Shipyards of New York, after the British Purchasing Commission awarded a contract for the construction of 30 ocean-class cargo ships for war service. Todd-Bath Iron Shipbuilding set up seven ways to build and launch ships. The next year, a second shipyard, South Portland Shipbuilding, added four more ways for ship construction. In 1943, the two companies merged into a single entity, the New England Shipbuilding Corporation. At its peak during the war years, New England Shipbuilding employed 30,000 workers.[207]

New England Shipbuilding was one of 18 major shipyards that received contracts to build American-designed Liberty-class cargo and transport ships for transatlantic duty.[208]

In 1943, former Maine Governor Percival P. Baxter donated Mackworth Island to the state.[209]

On April 23, 1945, several miles off Cape Elizabeth, USS Eagle 56 became the next-to-last U.S. Navy warship sunk during World War II, after a torpedo attack by the German U-boat U-853. Forty-nine crew members died in the attack, with 13 rescued. The destroyer USS Selfridge (DD-357) dropped depth charges after a sonar contact, but U-853 was able to evade the attack.[210]

On May 8, the day after Germany's unconditional surrender to Allied forces, U-boat U-805 became the first German U-boat to send a signal of its commander's intent to surrender. A boarding party from a U.S. destroyer-escort instructed the commander to steer U-805 to Casco Bay, with the surrender effected on May 15.[211]

In October 1946, New England Shipbuilding launched the last of the 266 Liberty ships it built in South Portland,[212] more than a year after the surrender of Japan ended World War II.

Records show that 770 ships passed through Casco Bay between January 1941 and January 1997, with as many as 140 more possibly having done so.[213]

### Modern era

[edit]

After World War II ended, returning service personnel produced a housing boom and economic expansion.[214]

In March 1947, the loaded coal steamer Oakley L. Alexander went aground off Cape Elizabeth. The captain later reported that an 80-foot rogue wave hit the vessel and broke off a large section of its bow. Hundreds of people gathered on shore to watch the rescue effort, including schoolchildren who were bussed to the shore. A U.S. Coast Guardsman launched a line to the stricken ship with a Lyle gun, and all 32 crew members came ashore with the assistance of a life preserver on the line, as waves crashed over them at intervals along the way.[215]

Another Fore River bridge opened in 1954 connecting Portland and South Portland, west of the Million Dollar Bridge.[216]

Ten days after Hurricane Carol caused damage in coastal areas in Maine in 1954, Hurricane Edna hit on September 11, causing massive damage as torrential rains unleashed floods that destroyed some bridges and washed away railroad tracks.[217]

In 1955, construction was completed on the Ellis C. Snodgrass Memorial Bridge connecting Cousins Island to Yarmouth.[218] The bridge gave construction vehicles access to the island to build the Wyman Station power plant on the island's western tip to generate electricity for Central Maine Power.[219]

## Geography and topography

[edit]

A Chebeague Island beach in October 2016, overlooking Chandler Cove formed by Chebeague and Little Chebeague Island in Casco Bay, Maine.

Casco Bay spans about 229 square miles, with the shore rimming the bay stretching 578 miles.[220] The Presumpscot River is the largest single source of non-saline water emptying directly into Casco Bay,[221] flowing south from its headwaters at Sebago Lake, Maine's second-largest lake.[222] According to NOAA's soundings, the bay's deepest point is about 204 feet, southwest of Halfway Rock. A Phippsburg hill called Fuller Mountain has the bay's highest elevation along the immediate shoreline, estimated at 269 feet above sea level by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1980, and 277 feet on more recent topographical maps.[223] Chebeague Island has the highest elevation of any Casco Bay island, at 176 feet.[224]

In addition to Portland, Cape Elizabeth, and Phippsburg, municipalities with shorelines fronting Casco Bay include Brunswick, Cumberland,[225] Falmouth, Freeport, Harpswell, South Portland, West Bath, Yarmouth,[226] and the island municipalities of Chebeague Island and Long Island.

In Casco Bay's western reaches, a line of islands west extends from Chebeague to Cushing Island to create protected anchorages for vessels, as do the narrow peninsulas that jut into the bay's eastern section. A number of deep-water channels lead into the bay's inner sections, including Cushing Island Reach, Hussey Sound,[227] Luckse Sound, Broad Sound,[228] and Merriconeag Sound.[229]

Casco Bay's shoreline creates a number of smaller bays and tidal embayments, including Harpswell Sound, Maquoit Bay, Middle Bay, New Meadows River, and Quahog Bay.[230]

Casco Bay's topography produces a tidal range of about nine feet on average. Seawater circulates counter-clockwise into Casco Bay via the Gulf of Maine Gyre, which is formed from cold water that passes over the Scotian Shelf off Nova Scotia, then in and out of the Bay of Fundy.[231] Within Casco Bay, currents are stronger between island channels and weaker in smaller bays in the eastern section. In addition to freshwater entering Casco Bay from the Presumpscot River and smaller streams along its length, freshwater from the Kennebec River circulates west into Casco Bay.[232]

## In popular culture

[edit]

* The Whales of August, one of Bette Davis's last films, was shot here in 1987.
* In 2008, composers Peter J. McLaughlin and Akiva G. Zamcheck wrote a piece in four movements paying homage to the wreck of the Don, lost near Ragged Island on June 29, 1941. The piece received critical acclaim from the Portland Press Herald and from fellow Maine composers.[233]

## Marine economy

[edit]

Portland has a substantial fleet of deep-sea fishing vessels that offload their catch primarily at the Portland Fish Exchange. Numerous towns and islands serve as ports for lobster boats. Recreational fishing boats can also be chartered.

Marinas include:

* Chebeague Island Boat Yard on Great Chebeague Island
* Diamond Marine Service Inc. on Great Diamond Island
* Dolphin Marina and Great Island Boat Yard in Harpswell
* Handy Boat Service Inc. in Falmouth
* DiMillo's Old Port Marina, Maine Yacht Center and Portland Yacht Services in Portland
* Paul's Marina on Mere Point in Brunswick
* Peaks Island Marina on Peaks Island
* Port Harbor Marina, South Port Marine, Spring Point Marina and Sunset Marina in South Portland
* Brewer's and Strouts Point Wharf Co. in South Freeport
* Royal River Boat Yard, Yankee Marina and Boatyard, and Yarmouth Boat Yard in Yarmouth Harbor

During the 1980s and 1990s, Bath Iron Works operated a dry dock in Portland Harbor to repair U.S. Navy vessels.

## Ecology

[edit]

Predominant fish in the bay include mackerel, striped bass, and bluefish. Shellfish include lobsters, crabs, mussels, clams, and snails. Harbor seals congregate on certain exposed ledges, and whales on occasion swim into the bay, and in a few instances into Portland Harbor. Seagulls, cormorants and varying species of duck are the most common birds; more rarely osprey, eagles and herons have been sighted. Casco Bay contains bay mud bottoms and banks in some locations, providing important substrates for biota.

## Transportation

[edit]

A Casco Bay Lines ferry returning to Portland after its journey out into the bay

The bay's major islands are served by the Casco Bay Lines ferry service at the Maine State Pier in Portland. Peaks Island is served by a car ferry and sees 16 ferries a day during the summer. The other islands see fewer ferries and no car transport. Great and Little Diamond islands and Long Island are primarily served by the Diamond Pass run, which is popular with tourists in the summer. Other services Casco Bay Lines offers include a daily mailboat run, a cruise to Bailey Island, and a sunset run.

Other services such as water taxis are popular alternatives to ferries, but are limited to six passengers per boat.

## Notable cities and towns

[edit]

From south to north:

* Cape Elizabeth
* South Portland
* Portland
* Falmouth
* Cumberland
* Yarmouth
* Freeport
* Brunswick
* Harpswell
* West Bath
* Phippsburg

## Islands

[edit]

Major islands

* Bailey Island
* Bustins Island
* Cliff Island
* Cousins Island
* Cushing Island
* Great Chebeague Island
* Great Diamond Island
* Long Island
* Mackworth Island
* Orr's Island
* Peaks Island
* Sebascodegan Island

Minor islands[234]

* Bangs Island
* Basket Island
* Barnes Island
* Bartol Island
* Basin Island
* Bates Island
* Bear Island
* Ben Island
* Big Hen Island
* Birch Island
* Bombazine Island
* Bowman Island
* Bragdon Island
* The Brothers
* Burnt Coat Island
* Bush Island
* Center Island
* Clapboard Island
* College Island
* Coombs Islands
* Cow Island
* Crab Island
* Crow Island
* Dingley Island
* Eagle Island
* East Brown Cow Island
* Elm Islands
* French Island
* Frye Island
* George Island
* Gooseberry Island
* Goose Nest Island
* The Goslings
* Great Mark Island
* Halfway Rock
* Harbor Island
* Haskell Island
* Hog Island
* Hope Island
* Horse Island
* Home Island
* House Island
* Inner Green Island
* Irony Island
* Jacquish Island
* Jenny Island
* Jewell Island
* Junk of Pork
* Lanes Island
* Little Bustins Island
* Little Chebeague Island
* Little Birch Island
* Little Diamond Island
* Little French Island
* Littlejohn Island
* Little Mark Island
* Little Moshier Island
* Little Snow Island
* Little Whaleboat Island
* Little Wood Island
* Lower Goose Island
* Malaga Island
* Mark Island
* Ministerial Island
* Moshier Island
* Mouse Island
* The Nubbin
* Outer Green Island
* Overset Island
* Pettingill Island
* Pinkham Island
* Pole Island
* Pound of Tea
* Pumpkin Nob
* Ragged Island
* Ram Island
* Raspberry Island
* Rogue Island
* Sand Island
* Scrag Island
* Sheep Island
* Shelter Island
* Snow Island
* Stave Island (home to Survivor: Gabon winner Bob Crowley)
* Stockman Island
* Sister Island
* Sow and Pigs
* Sturdivant Island
* Turnip Island
* Two Bush Island
* Upper Flag Island
* Upper Goose Island
* Upper Green Island
* Vail Island
* Whaleboat Island
* White Island
* White Bull Island
* Williams Island
* Wood Island
* Yarmouth Island

## Lighthouses

[edit]

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

Casco Bay is home to six lighthouses:

* Cape Elizabeth Lights
* Portland Head Light
* Ram Island Ledge Light
* Spring Point Ledge Light
* Portland Breakwater (Bug) Light
* Halfway Rock Light

## Forts

[edit]

Forts in Casco Bay:

Fort  | Constructed
[citation needed] | Location

|
|

Fort Gorges | 1865  | Hog Island Ledge, Portland
Fort Levett | 1898  | Cushing Island, Portland
Fort Lyon | 1909  | Cow Island, Portland
Fort McKinley | 1907  | Great Diamond Island, Portland
Fort Preble | 1808  | Southern Maine Community College/Spring Point Ledge Light, South Portland
Fort Scammel | 1808  | House Island, Portland
Fort Williams | 1872  | Fort Williams Park, Cape Elizabeth
Battery Steele | 1942  | Peaks Island, Portland

## Newspapers

[edit]

This section may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (November 2021)

|

The newspaper for Portland, the largest city in Casco Bay, is the Portland Press Herald (Maine Sunday Telegram on Sundays). The Island Institute publishes The Working Waterfront, a free monthly newspaper reporting "the news of Maine's coast and islands". For Southern Maine news, obituaries and sports, The Forecaster is published weekly. In the early 20th century, the Casco Bay Breeze published news of the islands from 1901 to 1917. Digitized copies of it from 1903 to 1917 appear for free on the Library of Congress website "Chronicling America".[235]

## See also

[edit]

* List of islands of Maine
* Casco, Wisconsin, named after Casco Bay[236]

## References

[edit]

* Caldwell, Bill (1982). The Islands of Casco Bay.
* Bibliography of Casco Bay

1. ^ "NOAA Chart - 13290" (PDF). NOAA. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
2. ^ "What's in a name?". Friends of Casco Bay. 26 June 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
3. ^ a b The Islands of Casco Bay, p. 3
4. ^ "Robert York '37". abacus.bates.edu.
5. ^ "About Falmouth - The Almouchiquois". About Falmouth - The Almouchiquois. The Falmouth Historical Society. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
6. ^ "About the Bay". Casco Bay. Casco Bay Estuary Partnership. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
7. ^ Otto, Paul. "The Origins of New Netherland: Interpreting Native American Responses to Henry Hudson ' s Visit". Digital Commons @ George Fox University. George Fox University. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
8. ^ Cumming, William P. "he Colonial Charting of the Massachusetts Coast". Seafaring in Colonial Massachusetts. Colonial Society of Massachusetts. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
9. ^ "1500-1667 Contact & Conflict". Maine History Online. Maine Historical Society. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
10. ^ "Document Number: AJ-115". American Journeys. Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
11. ^ "Maine's First Ship". The Popham Colony. Maine’s First Ship. 9 July 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
12. ^ "Henry Hudson". Sonofthesouth.net. Son of the South. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
13. ^ "John Smith Coined the Term New England on This 1616 Map". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
14. ^ "HIstorical Overview" (PDF). Wabanakis. Maine Department of Education. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
15. ^ King, Bob. "Drake's Island – The First Governor, Sir Ferdinando Gorges Who Granted The Land Patent For The Pilgrim Fathers". The History of Drake's Island. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
16. ^ "Timeline". A Timeline of Harpswell HIstory. Harpswell Historical Society. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
17. ^ James Phinney Baxter (1893). Christopher Levett, of York: The Pioneer Colonist in Casco Bay. The Gorges Society. "casco bay christopher levett."
18. ^ Willis, William (1865). The History of Portland from 1632 to 1864: with a Notice of Previous Settlements, Colonial Grants and Changes of Governments in Maine. Portland, Maine: Bailey & Noyes. p. 26. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
19. ^ "Signet Ring, Richmond Island, ca. 1580". Maine Memory Network. Maine Historical Society. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
20. ^ "The Place of Peace: Wabanaki History". Littlejohn Island Preserve: Strictly Limited Parking. Royal River Conservation Trust. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
21. ^ Varney, George J. (1886), Gazetteer of the state of Maine. Cape Elizabeth, Boston, Massachusetts: Russell
22. ^ Farber, Hannah (September 2009). "The Rise and Fall of the Province of Lygonia, 1643–1658". The New England Quarterly. LXXXII (3): 495–497.
23. ^ "The History of Falmouth" (PDF). Falmouth, ME. Town of Falmouth, Maine. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
24. ^ "About Falmouth - Colonial Origins". The Falmouth Historical Society. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
25. ^ Beard, Frank; Bradley, Robert. "Elijah Kellogg Church". United States Department of the Interior. Maine Historic Preservation Commission. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
26. ^ Wheeler, George Augustus; Wheeler, Henry Warren (1878). History of Brunswick, Topsham, and Harpswell, Maine, including the ancient territory known as Pejepscot. Boston: Alfred Mudge & Son, Printers. pp. 552–553. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
27. ^ "About North Yarmouth". About North Yarmouth. North Yarmouth Historical Society. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
28. ^ "Jewell Island" (PDF). Maine Island Trail Association. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
29. ^ "Town of Long Island 2022 Comprehensive Plan" (PDF). Town of Long Island. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
30. ^ "Petition to Parliament by George Cleeve, 1642" (PDF). Maine Memory Network. Maine Historical Society. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
31. ^ Churchill, Edwin A. (1 July 1978). "The Founding of Maine, 1600-1640: A Revisionist Interpretation". Maine History. 18 (1): 31. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
32. ^ The Origins of the Street Names of the City of Portland, Maine as of 1995 – Norm and Althea Green, Portland Public Library (1995)
33. ^ "Deed from Warrabitta and Nanateonett to George Munjoy, 1666". Maine Memory Network. Maine Historical Society. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
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## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Casco Bay at Wikimedia Commons

* v
* t
* e

Casco Bay

Islands|

* Bailey Island
* Birch Island
* Bustins Island
* Cliff Island
* Cousins Island
* Cow Island
* Cushing Island
* Dingley Island
* Eagle Island
* Frye Island
* Great Chebeague Island
* Great Diamond Island
* Halfway Rock
* Hog Island
* Hope Island
* House Island
* Jewell Island
* Little Chebeague Island
* Little Diamond Island
* Littlejohn Island
* Long Island
* Mackworth Island
* Malaga Island
* Orr's Island
* Peaks Island
* Ragged
* Sebascodegan Island

* v
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Gulf of Maine estuaries

Maine|

| Bays|

* Blue Hill Bay
* Casco Bay
* Chandler Bay
* Dennys Bay
* Englishman Bay
* Frenchman Bay
* Harrington Bay
* Machias Bay
* Maquoit Bay
* Merrymeeting Bay
* Muscongus Bay
* Narraguagus Bay
* Passamaquoddy Bay
* Penobscot Bay
* Pleasant Bay
* Saco Bay
* Wohoa Bay

|

River mouths|

* Batson River
* Benjamin River
* Cape Neddick River
* Damariscotta River
* Johns River
* Jordan River
* Josias River
* Kennebunk River
* Little River (Boothbay)
* Little River (Drakes Island)
* Little River (Georgetown)
* Little River (Goosefare Bay)
* Little River (York)
* Morse River
* Mousam River
* Ogunquit River
* Pemaquid River
* Piscataqua River
* Sheepscot River
* Sprague River
* Webhannet River
* York River

Massachusetts|

| Bays|

* Cape Cod Bay
* Massachusetts Bay

|

River mouths|

* Annisquam River
* Eagle Hill River
* Egypt River
* Ipswich River
* Jericho Creek
* Merrimack River
* Roger Island River
* Rowley River
* Skug River

New Brunswick|

| Bays|

* Bay of Fundy
* Chignecto Bay
* Cumberland Basin
* Passamaquoddy Bay
* Shepody Bay

|

River mouths|

* Big Salmon River
* Quiddy River
* Saint John River

New Hampshire|

| River mouths|

* Blackwater River
* Hampton River
* Piscataqua River

|

Nova Scotia|

| Bays|

* Bay of Fundy
* Annapolis Basin
* Cobequid Bay
* Cumberland Basin
* Minas Basin
* St. Marys Bay

|

River mouths|

* Tusket River

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Rivers of Maine by drainage system

Bay of Fundy|

| Passamaquoddy Bay|

* Little River (Big Lake)
* Little River (Passamaquoddy Bay)
* Pennamaquan River
* St. Croix River

|

Saint John River Watershed|

* Allagash River
* Aroostook River
* Baker Branch Saint John River
* Blackwater River
* Big Black River
* Birch River
* Brown River
* Campbell Branch Little Black River
* Chimenticook River
* Daaquam River
* Depot River
* East Branch Pocwock Stream
* Fish River
* Gobeil River
* Little Black River
* Little Machias River
* Little Madawaska River
* Little River
* Little Saint Roch River
* Little Southwest Branch Saint John River
* Machias River
* Meduxnekeag River
* Musquacook Stream
* North Branch Birch River
* North Branch Blackwater River
* North Branch Meduxnekeag River
* Northwest Branch Saint John River
* Otter River
* Pocwock River
* Red River
* River De Chute
* Saint Francis River
* Saint John River
* Shields Branch
* South Branch Birch River
* South Branch Blackwater River
* South Branch Machias River
* South Branch Meduxnekeag River
* Southwest Branch Saint John River
* St. Croix Stream
* West Branch Little Black River
* West Branch Pocwock Stream
* Wolastoq

Casco Bay|

| Fore River Watershed|

* Fore River
* Long Creek
* Stroudwater River
* South Branch Stroudwater River

|

Presumpscot River Watershed|

* Bear River
* Chute River
* Crooked River
* East Branch Piscataqua River
* Little River
* Muddy River
* North Branch Little River
* Northwest River
* Piscataqua River
* Pleasant River
* Presumpscot River
* Songo River
* Sticky River
* Tenny River

Others|

* Cousins River
* Harraseeket River
* Little River
* New Meadows River
* Royal River

Gulf of Maine|

| Blue Hill Bay
(Union River Watershed)|

* Bog River
* East Branch Union River
* Little Bog River
* Middle Branch Union River
* Union River
* West Branch Union River

|

Chandler Bay|

* Sandy River

Dennys Bay|

* Dennys River
* Hardscrabble River
* Orange River

Englishman Bay|

* Chandler River
* East Branch Chandler River
* Englishman River

Frenchman Bay|

* Jordan Stream
* Skillings River

Harrington Bay|

* Harrington River
* Mill River

Little River Watershed|

* Little River (Drakes Island)
* Merriland River

Machias Bay
(Machias River Watershed)|

* Crooked River
* East Machias River
* Machias River
* Maine River
* Middle River
* West Branch Machias River

Mousam River Watershed|

* Littlefield River
* Middle Branch Mousam River
* Mousam River

Narraguagus Bay
(Narraguagus River Watershed)|

* Little Narraguagus River
* Narraguagus River
* Spring River
* West Branch Narraguagus River (Cherryfield)
* West Branch Narraguagus River (Hancock County)

Pleasant Bay
(Pleasant River Watershed)|

* Little River
* Pleasant River
* West Branch Pleasant River
* Western Little River

Piscataqua River Watershed|

* Great Works River
* Little River
* Neoutaquet River
* Piscataqua River
* Salmon Falls River

Sheepscot River Watershed|

* Back River
* Cross River
* Dyer River
* Marsh River
* Sasanoa River
* Sheepscot River
* West Branch Sheepscot River

Wohoa Bay|

* Indian River
* Southwest Branch Indian River
* West River

Others|

* Batson River
* Benjamin River
* Cape Neddick River
* Damariscotta River
* Johns River
* Jordan River
* Josias River
* Kennebunk River
* Little River (Boothbay)
* Little River (Georgetown)
* Little River (Goosefare Bay)
* Little River (York)
* Morse River
* Ogunquit River
* Pemaquid River
* Sprague River
* Webhannet River
* York River

Merrymeeting Bay|

| Androscoggin River Watershed|

* Alder River
* Androscoggin River
* Bear River
* Cathance River
* Concord River
* Cupsuptic River
* Dead Cambridge River
* Dead River (Androscoggin)
* Dead River (Sabattus)
* East Branch Cupsuptic River
* East Branch Nezinscot River
* East Branch Pleasant River
* East Branch Swift River
* Ellis River
* First East Branch Magalloway River
* Kennebago River
* Little Androscoggin River
* Little East Branch Cupsuptic River
* Little Magalloway River
* Little River
* Magalloway River
* Middle Branch Little Magalloway River
* Muddy River
* Nezinscot River
* Pleasant River
* Rangeley River
* Rapid River
* Sabattus River
* Sanborn River
* Second East Branch Magalloway River
* South Branch Sunday River
* Sunday River
* Swift Cambridge River
* Swift River
* Third East Branch Magalloway River
* Webb River
* West Branch Ellis River
* West Branch Little Magalloway River
* West Branch Magalloway River
* West Branch Nezinscot River
* West Branch Pleasant River
* West Branch Swift River
* Wild River

|

Kennebec River Watershed|

* Abagadasset River
* Back River
* Carrabassett River
* Dead River
* East Branch Eastern River
* East Branch Moose River
* East Branch Sebasticook River
* Eastern River
* Kennebec River
* Lemon Stream
* Little River
* Moose River
* Moxie Falls
* North Branch Dead River
* Roach River
* Sandy River
* Sebasticook River
* South Branch Dead River
* South Branch Moose River
* South Branch Sandy River
* Temple Stream
* West Branch Carrabassett River
* West Branch Eastern River
* West Branch Moose River

Muscongus Bay|

| Saint George River Watershed|

* Back River
* Dead River
* East Branch Oyster River
* Mill River
* Oyster River
* Saint George River
* West Branch Oyster River

|

Others|

* Back River (Medomak)
* Back River (Meduncook)
* Goose River
* Medomak River
* Meduncook River

Penobscot Bay|

| Penobscot River Watershed|

* Dead River
* East Branch Mattawamkeag River
* East Branch Penobscot River
* East Branch Piscataquis River
* East Branch Pleasant River
* Kenduskeag Stream
* Little Seboeis River
* Mattawamkeag River
* Middle Branch Pleasant River
* Molunkus Stream
* North Branch Marsh River
* North Branch Penobscot River
* Narramissic River
* Orland River
* Passadumkeag River
* Penobscot River
* Pleasant River
* Piscataquis River
* Sebec River
* Seboeis River
* South Branch Marsh River
* South Branch Penobscot River
* Stillwater River
* West Branch Mattawamkeag River
* West Branch Penobscot River
* West Branch Piscataquis River
* West Branch Pleasant River

|

Others|

* Bagaduce River
* Ducktrap River
* Goose River (Belfast Bay)
* Goose River (Rockport Harbor)
* Little River
* Megunticook River
* Passagassawakeag River
* Weskeag River

Saco Bay|

| Saco River Watershed|

* Charles River
* Cold River
* Hancock Brook
* Kezar River
* Little Cold River
* Little Ossipee River
* Little River
* Little Saco River
* Mad River
* Middle Branch Mad River
* Old Course Saco River
* Ossipee River
* Saco River
* Shepards River
* South Branch Mad River
* South River
* Tenmile River
* West Branch Tenmile River

|

Others|

* Dunstan River
* Libby River
* Nonesuch River
* Scarborough River
* Spurwink River

Authority control databases: National |

* United States
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43°38′N 70°03′W﻿ / ﻿43.633°N 70.050°W﻿ / 43.633; -70.050
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