Cashel Man

Bog body from Ireland

Cashel Man is a bog body found near Cashel in County Laois, Ireland, on 10 August 2011.[1] The body was a young adult male, around 20–25,[2] who had been intentionally covered with peat after death. The crouched figure was recovered after being damaged by a milling machine in 2011. The head and left arm were presumed destroyed by the peat harvester until later recovered.[3]

Radiocarbon dating places the man as having died around 2000 BC, making him one of the oldest bog bodies in Europe.[2][4]

## Position at discovery

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Cashel Man was found lying on his right side with his legs tightly flexed. The body was in the middle of the bog, oriented north-to-south with his head pointing south. There was not much other information available because the head, neck and left arm were all removed from the body by the peat harvester. Mandible, teeth, ribs, clavicle, vertebra, skin, and hair were all recovered within the milled peat from the harvester.[5]

## Examination

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Cashel Man had once lived in what was a flourishing community.[2] The legs were found to be protruding from the skin of the corpse, in addition to being exceptionally well preserved.[2] The remaining part of the body inside of the bag-like skin was not as well preserved. The stomach of the man had long since decomposed, which made analyzing his last meal impossible.[2] The body parts that had been disturbed by the milling machine were later recovered, including part of the head, which had closely cut hair.[3] The body was later moved to the National Museum of Ireland for examination. The man was believed to have been buried with his arms holding his legs, his knees bent toward his chest.[2]

## Death

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The man had a pre-mortem broken arm, caused by a strike with a sharp object. It could have also been a slightly blunter object, like a primitive axe.[2] His back was broken in two places (believed to have happened after his death), and there was a cut on his back,[2] possibly inflicted by the peat harvester.[6] The body was accompanied by wooden stakes, suggesting ritual sacrifice.[7] The wound on the man's arm may have been a defensive wound.[2] The man may have once been the king of his region, and was sacrificed due to poor harvests, as a king was believed to have been responsible for such things.[2] Like Old Croghan Man and Clonycavan Man, he was buried near a hill that may have been used for kingship initiation.[2]

It is a commonly stated theory that the death of Cashel Man was related to a ritualistic killing tied to a kingship or territorial expansion designation. While there is no outright evidence of this, there are a few key indicators of this possibility. A common finding among bog bodies is their proximity to known kingship inaugural sites, usually in a lower valley area under the hillside of where the kings took on their position. The bodies of sacrificed kings were often placed in pools near the boundaries of their territories. The only well-understood indicator for these specific sacrifice traditions is the proximity of bodies to other significant events/areas, making this theory difficult to prove or disprove.[5][8]

One of the largest indicators of the possibility of the Cashel Man having been the victim of a sacrifice is the known history of nobility sacrifices. When a king within Ireland had particularly troublesome issues with things like a bad harvest, drought, or sickness they were the ones within the community who were held responsible.[9] When a king would be found to be at fault for enough hardships of their people they would be ritualistically killed in the process of the inauguration ceremony of the new King.[10]

## Preservation

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The body is one of the oldest preserved bog bodies in the world and is also the oldest known preserved body with the flesh still intact. Peat bogs can be one of the best natural forms of preservation of all organic materials, including human bodies and items.[11] The process that protects the contents from decomposition is caused by an anaerobic function of the lower levels of peat bogs. Anaerobic means the composition is lacking in free oxygen; this combined with the naturally high acid levels from the slowly decomposed plant material is a perfect natural solution for preservation.[12] The slightly higher acid concentration along with a low oxygen content is inhospitable to the bacteria and organisms that cause decomposition; this naturally tans (via the same process used in leathermaking) the skin of any human or animal that is buried within it. This leads to organic materials being well preserved for thousands of years and is how Cashel Man can have perfectly intact skin and hair.[13]

## References

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1. ^ "Kingship and Sacrifice Exhibition National Museum of Ireland". National Museum of Ireland.
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hart, Edward, dir. "Ghosts of Murdered Kings." NOVA. Prod. Edward Hart and Dan McCabe. PBS. 29 Jan. 2014. Television.
3. ^ a b "Current Archaeology – News: Human sacrifice in Ireland". Archaeology.co.uk. 4 October 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
4. ^ Kelly, Eamonn (2012). "The bog body from Cashel Bog, Co. Laois". Ossory, Laois and Leinster. 5.
5. ^ "Cashel Man - Ireland's Oldest Bog Body". National Museum of Ireland. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
6. ^ Lobell, Jarrett. "Oldest Bog Body". Archaeology.
7. ^ "Laois 'bog body' said to be world's oldest". The Irish Times. 2 August 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
8. ^ Design, Claddagh (22 August 2014). "Bronze Age Ireland: Before the Celts". Claddagh Design. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
9. ^ Matt (4 October 2011). "Human Sacrifices of Ireland: Uncovering the secrets of Cashel Man". YourIrish. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
10. ^ Kennedy, Eoin. "Laois 'bog body' said to be world's oldest". Irish Times. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
11. ^ Mancini, Mark (23 January 2019). "Peat Bogs Are Freakishly Good at Preserving Human Remains". How Stuff Works. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
12. ^ Poppick, Laura (19 August 2013). "Oldest 'Bog Body' Found with Skin Intact". Live Science.
13. ^ "Bog Bodies". National Geographic. 4 September 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2020.

## Sources

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* Kelly, Eamonn (2012). "The bog body from Cashel Bog, Co. Laois". Ossory, Laois and Leinster. 5.
* Kelly, Eamonn (2011). "New Find Supports Kingship and Sovereignty Theory: Bog Body from Cashel Bog". Archaeology Ireland. 25 (3): 4–6\. ISSN 0790-892X.
* Kelly, Eamonn. "An Archaeological Interpretation of Irish Iron Age Bog Bodies". In: "The Archaeology of Violence: Interdisciplinary approaches". The Institute for European and Mediterranean Archaeology Distinguished Monograph, Series 2. State University of New York Press, 2012
* Kelly, Eamonn. "Bog Bodies – Kingship and Sacrifice". Scéal na Móna, volume 13, no. 60, December 2006

* v
* t
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Bog bodies

Bog bodies
(approx. deathdates)|

* Koelbjerg Man (c. 8000 BC)
* Luttra Woman (c. 3920–3650 BC)
* Stoneyisland Man (c. 3320–3220 BC)
* Cashel Man (c. 2000 BC)
* Borremose bodies (c. 770 BC)
* Girl of the Uchter Moor (c. 764–515 BC)
* Haraldskær Woman (c. 490 BC)
* Gallagh Man (c. 470–120 BC)
* Kayhausen Boy (c. 400–300 BC)
* Tollund Man (c. 4th c. BC)
* Clonycavan Man (c. 392–201 BC)
* Old Croghan Man (c. 362–175 BC)
* Elling Woman (c. 350–150 BC)
* Damendorf Man (c. 300 BC)
* Grauballe Man (c. 3rd c. BC)
* Lindow Man (c. 200 BC–119 AD)
* Lindow Woman (c. 200 BC–119 AD)
* Weerdinge Men (c. 160 BC–220 AD)
* Huldremose Woman (c. 160 BC–340 AD)
* Yde Girl (c. 54 BC–128 AD)
* Windeby I (c. 41 BC–118 AD)
* Osterby Man (c. 70–220 AD)
* Amcotts Moor Woman (c. 200–400 AD)
* Bocksten Man (14th c. AD)
* Gunnister Man (c. 18th c. AD)

Archaeological sites|

* Cladh Hallan
* Wittmoor bog trackway
* Thorsberg moor
* Nydam Mose
* Bourtange moor
* Falbygden
* Windover archaeological site
* Little Salt Spring
* Lindow Moss
* Chat Moss

See also|

* List of bog bodies
* List of bogs
* Bog butter
* Wetland deposits in Scandinavia
* Gundestrup cauldron
* Ralaghan Idol
* The Bog People
* Peter Glob
* Mummy
* Ritual sacrifice

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