Castilian–Leonese War (1196–1197)

1196–1197 war between Castile and Leon

Castilian–Leonese War of 1196–1197

Part of Almohad wars in the Iberian Peninsula

Map of the Iberian Peninsula in 1195, 1 year before the war started.
| Date| 1196–1197

|

Location|

Iberian Peninsula

Result|  Castilian victory[1]
Territorial
changes|  Status quo ante bellum
Belligerents

* Kingdom of Castile
Crown of Aragon

* Lordship of Albarracin

* Kingdom of Portugal

* Kingdom of León
Kingdom of Navarre
Almohad Caliphate

Commanders and leaders

* Alfonso VIII of Castile
Diego López II de Haro
Peter II of Aragon
Fernando Ruiz de Azagra
Sancho I of Portugal

* Ferdinand II of León
Sancho VII of Navarre
Yaqub al-Mansur
Pedro Fernández de Castro

Strength
1,000 Aragonese combatants[2]|  Unknown
Casualties and losses
Unknown|  Unknown

* v
* t
* e

Battles in the Reconquista

8th century

* Covadonga
* 1st Roncevaux Pass
* Burbia River
* Orbieu River
* Lutos
* Las Babias
* Río Quirós
* Oviedo
* 1st Lisbon

9th century

* 1st Barcelona
* 1st Tortosa
* Pancorbo
* 2nd Roncevaux Pass
* Clavijo
* Albelda
* Guadalacete
* Monte Laturce
* Morcuera
* Polvoraria
* 1st Cellorigo
* 2nd Cellorigo
* 2nd Barcelona

10th century

* Day of Zamora
* 1st Majorca
* Pallars and Ribagorza
* 1st San Esteban de Gormaz
* 2nd San Esteban de Gormaz
* Valdejunquera
* 1st Toledo
* Alhandic
* Simancas
* Estercuel
* Torrevicente
* Rueda
* Rovirans
* 3rd Barcelona

11th century

* Cervera
* Calatañazor
* Torà
* Albesa
* Aqbat al-Bakr
* Cesar
* Graus
* Coimbra
* Barbastro
* Paterna
* Cabra
* Piedra Pisada
* Morella
* 2nd Toledo
* 1st Zaragoza
* Sagrajas
* Tudela
* Tévar
* Aledo
* 3rd Toledo
* Almodóvar del Río
* 1st Valencia
* Quart de Poblet
* 2nd Lisbon
* Alcoraz
* Bairén
* Consuegra
* 4th Toledo
* 5th Toledo

12th century

* 2nd Valencia
* Mollerussa
* Balaguer
* Uclés
* Norwegian raid
* 3rd Lisbon
* Talavera
* Formentera
* Ibiza
* 1st Balearic Islands
* Valtierra
* 6th Toledo
* Vatalandi
* 1st Santarém
* 1st Catalonia
* 2nd Balearic Islands
* 2nd Catalonia
* Martorell
* 4th Barcelona
* Coimbra
* 2nd Zaragoza
* Calatayud
* Cutanda
* 1st Lleida
* 1st Granada
* Arnisol
* Corbins
* Alcalá
* 3rd Valencia
* Aceca
* Alamín
* 1st Andalusia
* 1st Badajoz
* Fraga
* Leiria
* Guadalquivir
* 1st Coria
* Ourique
* Oreja
* Trancoso
* 2nd Coria
* 4th Lisbon
* 1st Montiel
* Soure
* Albacete
* 1st Córdoba
* 1st Almería
* Al-Ludjdj
* 2nd Santarém
* Sacavém
* 5th Lisbon
* 2nd Tortosa
* 2nd Lleida
* 2nd Almería
* 1st Alcácer do Sal
* Palmela
* 1st Évora
* 2nd Badajoz
* Juromenha
* 3rd Santarém
* Tarragona
* Cuenca
* Calatrava
* 2nd Seville
* Abrantes
* 2nd Évora
* 1st Silves
* 4th Santarém
* Alvor
* 2nd Silves
* 3rd Silves
* Tomar
* 2nd Alcácer do Sal
* 4th Silves
* Alarcos
* Talamanca

13th century

* Al-Dāmūs
* Las Navas de Tolosa
* Úbeda
* 3rd Alcácer do Sal
* 1st Jaén
* Peníscola
* Aragonese raid
* 2nd Majorca
* Portopí
* Artà
* 2nd Jaén
* 1st Jerez
* Ares
* Burriana
* 2nd Córdoba
* El Puig
* 4th Valencia
* Algarve
* 1st Xàtiva
* 2nd Xàtiva
* Biar
* 3rd Jaén
* 3rd Seville
* Faro
* 2nd Jerez
* Mudéjar revolt
* 3rd Jerez
* 1st Murcia
* Écija
* 1st Martos
* 2nd Andalusia
* 1st Algeciras
* 2nd Algeciras
* 1st Moclín
* Tarifa
* Iznalloz
* Arjona

14th century

* 1st Gibraltar
* 3rd Algeciras
* 3rd Almería
* 2nd Gibraltar
* Vega de Granada
* Shepherds' Crusade
* 2nd Martos
* Teba
* Guardamar
* 3rd Gibraltar
* 4th Gibraltar
* Vega de Pagana
* Getares
* Río Salado
* Estepona
* Guadalmesí
* 4th Algeciras
* 5th Gibraltar
* Linuesa
* Guadix
* 2nd Montiel
* 5th Algeciras
* 2nd Murcia
* Puerto Lope

15th century

* Collejares
* Setenil
* Antequera
* 6th Gibraltar
* La Higueruela
* Archidona
* 7th Gibraltar
* Castril
* Río Verde
* Hellín
* Los Alporchones
* 8th Gibraltar
* 2nd Granada campaign
* Loja
* Axarquía
* Lucena
* 2nd Moclín
* Málaga

Post-Reconquista Rebellions

* 1st Alpujarras
* 2nd Alpujarras

* * *

North Africa

* 1st Ceuta
* Salé
* Strait
* 2nd Ceuta
* 3rd Ceuta
* Tétouan
* 4th Ceuta
* 5th Ceuta
* 1st Tangier
* 2nd Tangier
* Asilah
* 3rd Tangier

The Castilian–Leonese War of 1196–1197 was a conflict between the kingdoms of Leon, Navarre and the Almohad Caliphate against the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon.

In the middle of the conflict, Alfonso IX of León was accused by pope Celestine III of allying himself with a Muslim to fight against a Christian kingdom and was excommunicated, causing Portugal to join the war against León. In the end, the Almohads signed a truce with Alfonso VIII of Castile and Alfonso IX, seeing that he was abandoned by his ally and his kingdom now was being invaded, had to ask for peace. Alfonso IX married Alfonso VIII's daughter, Berengaria of Castile, which eventually led to a peace between both kingdoms.

## Background

[edit]

Further information: Battle of Alarcos

After the Castilian–Leonese War (1188–1194), the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Leon, with papal mediation, signed the Treaty of Tordehumos [es],[3] which also led to an alliance between both kingdoms and the Kingdom of Navarre to attack the Almohad Caliphate.[4][5]

In 1195, Alfonso VIII of Castile launched a campaign against the Almohad Caliphate.[5] The Almohad caliph, Yaqub al-Mansur, landed in the Iberian Peninsula in July of the same year to repel the invaders.[6] The Kingdom of León and the Kingdom of Navarre, since they had an alliance with Alfonso VIII, offered to send an army commanded by their respective monarchs, Alfonso IX of León and Sancho VII of Navarre, which he accepted.[7] But Alfonso VIII, seeing that they were taking too long to arrive, decided to face the Almohads alone at the castle of Alarcos,[7] thus breaking the treaty they had signed a year earlier in Tordehumos.[5]

However, Alfonso VIII lost the battle, which was very disastrous for his kingdom.[8] Following the defeat of Castile, Alfonso IX, Sancho VII and Sancho I of Portugal tried to make an alliance with the Almohad Caliphate[9] while the Crown of Aragon decided to support Alfonso VIII of Castile.[9][2] The Pope tried to avoid this war by calling them to an alliance against the Almohad Caliphate.[9] Although Navarre was initially willing to help Castile and Aragon, they made a plan to divide Navarre, which caused Sancho VII to ally himself with Yaqub al-Mansur.[9] War was inevitable and in the year 1196, hostilities began.[10]

## War

[edit]

### 1196

[edit]

Abu Yaqub Yusuf, taking advantage of the fact that Castile was still recovering from the battle of Alarcos,[11] began a campaign with Leonese support in the spring of the same year.[12] He entered through Extremadura, conquering Escalona, Santa Olalla and Talavera de la Reina.[13] After taking these towns, he besieged Toledo but was defended successfully by Alfonso VIII and 1,000 Aragonese men led by Peter II of Aragon.[2] However, this did not make him give up and shortly after the siege of Toledo, he attacked Madrid, Talamanca de Jarama, Alcalá de Henares, Mount Angio and Turgelo[13] but was unsuccessful in Madrid and Alcalá de Henares, which were defended by Diego López II de Haro.[14][15] On the way back to Africa, he raided Guadalajara, Cuenca, Oreja [es], Huete and Uclés.[13]

Seeing that Alfonso VII was occupied fighting with the Almohads, Alfonso IX and Pedro Fernández de Castro,[16] with Almohad and Navarrese troops,[12][17] invaded Castile from Tierra de Campos and reached Carrión de los Condes and Villasirga.[18] Alfonso VIII, after defending Toledo from the Almohads,[2] responded by invading the Kingdom of León from the same region.[19] He had again the support of Peter II of Aragon. Alfonso VIII started his campaign by taking Coyanza and unsuccessfully besieging León between July 23 and 25.[20] He took Castro de los Judíos de Mayorga and burned the synagogue of the town on July 25, enslaving its population the next day.[21] He continued his campaign by conquering Castroverde de Campos, Valencia de Don Juan and Ardón, approaching Benavente and reaching as far as El Bierzo, near Portugal.[22] However, he was not able to take Astorga.[22]

While León and Castile were fighting in Tierra de Campos, Sancho VII of Navarre took the opportunity and started another campaign against Castile. He ravaged the lands of Logroño[23] and reached the towns of Soria, Medinaceli and Almazán.[24][25]

On 31 October 1196, Pope Celestine III accused Alfonso IX of León of allying himself with the Muslims to fight a Christian kingdom and ordered the archbishops of Toledo and Santiago de Compostela to publish the excommunication of the Leonese monarch.[26][27][9] After seeing this, Sancho I of Portugal declared war on the Kingdom of León,[9] invading Galicia in the same year.[28]

### 1197

[edit]

After a year of his last campaign, Yaqub al-Mansur decided to start another one.[2] He left Córdoba and, upon reaching Castilian territory, attacked Talavera de la Reina and Maqueda,[29] followed by another siege in Toledo that also failed.[30] He continued his campaign by attacking Madrid, Guadalajara, Oreja, Uclés, Huete, Cuenca and Alarcón.[13][29] This time, most of these cities were defended by Fernando Ruiz de Azagra, Lord of Albarracín.[31] Some sources say that it was not such a disastrous campaign and that no towns were captured,[29][32][33] while others say the opposite.[17] In any case, Alfonso VIII signed a ten-year truce with Yaqub on June, which meant he could focus on his war against León.[34][35]

Alfonso IX found himself in a difficult situation: his ally, Yaqub al-Mansur, had abandoned him and now he had no support from anyone. So Alfonso VIII and Peter II, now at peace with the Almohads, launched another campaign against León, this time invading the south.[35] He took Alba de Tormes, Barruecopardo, Bolaños de Campos, Paradinas de San Juan, Carpio de Azaba, Monreal and Alpalio[36][37] while Sancho I of Portugal conquered Tui and Pontevedra.[28]

### Peace

[edit]

Finally, both kings agreed to a marriage between the Leonese monarch and Berengaria of Castile (daughter of Alfonso VIII) at Valladolid in October 1197, which was allegedly approved by Pope Celestine III who had already annulled the marriage between the Leonese monarch and Theresa of Portugal.[38] According to the English chronicler Roger of Howden, the Pope connived this marriage as Pro bono pacis, "For the sake of peace".[39] However, a letter from Innocent III confirms Celestine never knew about this marriage.[40]

## Aftermath

[edit]

Although this marriage brought peace between Alfonso VIII of Castile, Peter II of Aragon and Alfonso IX of León, Portugal continued at war with the kingdom of León, in which Castile almost re-joined, this time supporting Alfonso IX.[28] Tui and Pontevedra were recovered by the Leonese probably in 1199 and Alfonso IX launched an invasion of Portugal in the same year, besieging Bragança without success.[28] Both kingdoms eventually signed a peace treaty in 1200.[28]

The war between Navarre and Castile also continued. Alfonso VIII and Peter II, supported by Alfonso IX from 1200,[28] agreed to divide the Kingdom of Navarre.[9] Eventually, Navarre lost the war and had to cede much of its territory, including Guipúzcoa and Vitoria, to Castile and Aragon.[41]

The peace between Alfonso VIII and his cousin Alfonso IX did not last long: they went to war between 1204 and 1206[42] and again in 1212,[43] but this last war was short-lived as Alfonso VIII was in a crusade against the Almohads and Pope Innocent III forced them to make peace.[44] The crusade was successful, starting the beginning the decline of the Almohad Caliphate,[45] which would also cause its breakup in the Iberian Peninsula and the beginning of the Third Taifas period.[46]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Obradó, Vaquero & Utrilla 2005, p. 90.
2. ^ a b c d e Gómez, Lincoln & Smith 2019, p. 188.
3. ^ Martín 1994, p. 38.
4. ^ Archivos leoneses 1989, p. 67.
5. ^ a b c Fitz 2005, p. 213.
6. ^ al-Marrakushi 1224, pp. 136–137.
7. ^ a b Martínez 2021, p. 99.
8. ^ Nolan 2006, p. 119.
9. ^ a b c d e f g Alcaide 2022, p. 340.
10. ^ El Instituto 1958, p. 17.
11. ^ Martínez 2007, p. 415.
12. ^ a b Flood 2018, p. 118.
13. ^ a b c d Fitz 2002, p. 140.
14. ^ Kennedy 2014, p. 247.
15. ^ Lamort 1843, p. 148.
16. ^ Smith 1983, p. 177.
17. ^ a b Morton 2014, p. 67.
18. ^ Llorente 2019, p. 23.
19. ^ Duro 1882, p. 381.
20. ^ de León 1993, p. 381.
21. ^ González 1948, p. 69.
22. ^ a b Martin 2010, p. 118.
23. ^ Gerli 2013, p. 62.
24. ^ Fernández 1976, p. 223.
25. ^ de Valdeavellano 1952, p. 1049.
26. ^ France 2006, p. 168.
27. ^ Theotokis 2019, p. 100.
28. ^ a b c d e f Livermore 1947, p. 101.
29. ^ a b c RAH 1958, p. 441.
30. ^ Reilly 1993, p. 135.
31. ^ Catalán 2002, p. 120.
32. ^ Marín 2007, p. 169.
33. ^ Murray 2006, p. 54.
34. ^ Martínez 2021, p. 239.
35. ^ a b de León 1993, p. 310.
36. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica 1994, p. 206.
37. ^ García 1983, p. 205.
38. ^ Llorente 2019, p. 114.
39. ^ Taylor 2016, p. 107.
40. ^ Gómez, Lincoln & Smith 2019, p. 292.
41. ^ Bilbao 2018, p. 337.
42. ^ Bianchini 2012, p. 77.
43. ^ Gómez, Lincoln & Smith 2019, p. 192.
44. ^ Taylor 2016, p. 553.
45. ^ Kohn 2006, p. 516.
46. ^ Travel 2017, p. 54.

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[edit]

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* Smith, Colin (24 March 1983). The Making of the Poema de Mio Cid. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24992-8.

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