Abraham in Islam

Islamic view of Abraham

Prophet

ʾIbrāhīm
إِبْرَاهِيْمُ
Abraham

Exterior view of the Cave of the Patriarchs in the Old City of Hebron, the West Bank

Born| 1996 BCE

Ur al-Chaldees, Bilād ar-Rāfidayn

Died|

1821 BCE (aged 175) Hebron, Shaam

Resting place| Ibrahimi Mosque, Hebron
Other names| Khalīlullāh (Arabic: خَلِيْلُ ٱللهِ, "Friend of God")
Known for|

* Being an ancestor of the Ishmaelites and the Israelites
* Building the Kaaba

Predecessor| Salih
Successor| Lut
Spouses|

* Hajar (Hagar),
* Sarah,
* Keturah

Children| Isma'il (Ishmael), Isḥaq (Isaac)
Parent| Tarakh (father)[1][2][3][4] Mahalath (mother)
Relatives| Lut (nephew)

Abraham[a] (Arabic: ابراهيم, romanized: Ibrāhīm) was a prophet and messenger[5][6] of God according to Islam, and an ancestor to the Ishmaelite Arabs and Israelites.[5][7] Abraham plays a prominent role as an example of faith in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.[5] According to the Islamic perspective, Abraham fulfilled all the commandments and trials wherein God nurtured him throughout his lifetime. As a result of his unwavering faith in God, Abraham was promised by God to be a leader to all the nations of the world.[8] The Qur'an extols Abraham as a model and exemplar: obedient and not an idolater.[9] In this sense, Abraham has been described as representing "primordial man in universal surrender to the Divine Reality before its fragmentation into religions separated from each other by differences in form".[10]: 18 Muslims believe that the Ka'aba in Mecca was built by Abraham and his son Isma'il (Arabic: إسماعيل or إسمٰعيل, romanized: ʼIsmāʻīl, lit. 'Ishmael') as the first house of worship on Earth. The Islamic holy day, Eid al-Adha, is celebrated partly in commemoration of Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son on God's command.[10]

Muslims believe that Abraham became the leader of the righteous in his time and that it was through him that Adnanite-Arabs and Israelites came. Abraham, in the belief of Islam, was instrumental in cleansing the world of idolatry at his time. Paganism was cleared out by Abraham in both the Arabian Peninsula and Canaan. He spiritually purified both places as well as physically sanctifying the houses of worship. Abraham and Isma'il (Ishmael) further established the rites of pilgrimage,[11] or Ḥajj ('Pilgrimage'), which are still followed by Muslims today. Muslims maintain that Abraham further asked God to bless both the lines of his progeny, of Isma'il and Isḥaq (Isaac), and to keep all of his descendants in the protection of God.

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## Quranic account and Islamic tradition

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### Family

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Muslims maintain that Abraham's father was Azar,[1] [(Arabic: آزَر, romanized: Āzar), which could be derived from Eusebius' reference to his father Athar in Koine Greek,[12]] but Tarakh[3][2][1][4] who is known in the Hebrew Bible as Terah. Abraham had two children, Ishmael and Isaac, who both later became prophets. Abraham's nephew is said to have been the messenger Lut (Lot), who was one of the other people who migrated with Abraham out of their community. Abraham himself is said to have been a descendant of Nuh through his son Shem.[13]

### Personality and wisdom

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See also: Ulu-l-‘Azm

Abraham's personality and character are one of the most in-depth in the whole Qur'an, and Abraham is specifically mentioned as being a kind and compassionate man.[14] Abraham's father is understood by Muslims to have been a wicked, ignorant and idolatrous man who ignored all of his son's advice. The relationship between Abraham and his father, who in the Quran is named Azar, is central to Abraham's story as Muslims understand it to establish a large part of Abraham's personality. The Qur'an mentions that Abraham's father threatened to stone his son to death if he did not cease preaching to the people.[15] Despite this, the Qur'an states that Abraham in his later years prayed to God to forgive the sins of all his descendants and his parents. Muslims have frequently cited Abraham's character as an example of how kind one must be towards people, especially one's own parents. A similar example of Abraham's compassionate nature is demonstrated when Abraham began to pray for the people of Sodom and Gomorrah after hearing of God's plan through the angel Gabriel for them. Although the angel Gabriel told Abraham that God's plan was the final word, and therefore Abraham's prayers would be of no effect, the Qur'an nonetheless reinforces Abraham's kind nature through this particular event.[16]

### Youth

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See also: Akkadian Empire, Sumer, and Sumerian religion

Ruins in the Lower Mesopotamian city of Ur, 2016, where Ibrahim is thought to have been born, and are thus named "Abraham's House" (30°57′42.75″N 46°06′21.3″E﻿ / ﻿30.9618750°N 46.105917°E﻿ / 30.9618750; 46.105917)

The Ziggurat of Ur, where idolatry was practiced in ancient times, in 2010

Ibrahim was born in a house of idolaters in the ancient city of Ur of the Chaldees, likely the place called 'Ur' in present-day Iraq, in which case, the idolaters would have been practitioners of the hypothesized Ancient Mesopotamian religion.[17] His father Azar was a well-known idol-sculptor that his people worshiped. As a young child, Ibrahim used to watch his father sculpting these idols from stones or wood. When his father was finished with them, Ibrahim would ask his father why they could not move or respond to any request and then would mock them; therefore, his father would always scold him for not following his ancestors' rituals and mocking their idols.[18]

Despite his opposition to idolatry, his father Azar would still send Ibrahim to sell his idols in the marketplace. Once there, Ibrahim would call out to passersby, "Who will buy my idols? They will not help you and they cannot hurt you! Who will buy my idols?" Then Ibrahim would mock the idols. He would take them to the river, push their faces into the water and command them, "Drink! Drink!" Once again, Ibrahim asked his father, "How can you worship what does not see or hear or do you any good?" Azar replied, "Dare you deny the gods of our people? Get out of my sight!" Ibrahim replied, "May God forgive you. No more will I live with you and your idols." After this, Ibrahim left his father's home for good. During one of the many festivals that would take place in the city, the people would gather in their temple and place offerings of food before their idols. Ur's most prominent temple is the Great Ziggurat, which can be seen today.[19] Ibrahim would ask them, "What are you worshipping? Do these idols hear when you call them? Can they help you or hurt you?" The people would reply, "It is the way of our forefathers." Ibrahim declared "I am sick of your gods! Truly I am their enemy."[20] After several years, Ibrahim became a young man. He still could not believe that his people were worshipping the statues. He laughed whenever he saw them entering the temple, lowering their heads, silently offering the statues the best of their food, crying and asking forgiveness from them. He started feeling angry towards his people, who could not realize that these are only stones that could neither benefit nor harm them.[21]

### Searching for the truth

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One night, Abraham went up to the mountain, leaned against a rock, and looked up to the sky. He saw a shining star and said to himself, "Could this be my Lord?" But when it set he said: "I don't like those that set." The star had disappeared so it could not be God. God is always present. Then he saw the moon rising in splendor and said, "Could this be my Lord?" but the moon also set. At daybreak, he saw the sun rising and said, "Could this be my Lord? This is the biggest and brightest!" But when the sun also set he said, "O my people! I am free from all that you join as partners with God! I have turned my face towards God who created the heavens and the earth and never shall I associate partners with God. Our Lord is the creator of the heavens and the earth and everything in between. He has the power to make the stars rise and set." After this declaration, Abraham then heard God calling him, "O Abraham" Abraham trembled and said, "Here I am O my Lord!" God replied, "Submit to Me!" Abraham fell to the ground, crying. He said: "I submit to the Lord of the universe!" Abraham kept prostrating himself until nightfall. He then got up and went back to his home, in peace and full of conviction that God has guided him to the truth.

### The great fire

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Balıklıgöl and columns

According to a common belief in Turkey, the incident took place in Urfa, and when Abraham was thrown into the fire from a catapult, God stepped in and turned the fire into water and the burning pieces of wood into fish (Balıklıgöl).[22] Archaeological data however, show that the castle was built for Manu IX, King of Osroene, the sanctity of the pool and the fish extends to the goddess Atargatis.[23]

The decision to have Abraham burned at the stake was affirmed by the temple priests and the king of Babylon, Nimrod. The news spread throughout the kingdom and people were coming from all places to watch the execution. A huge pit was dug up and a large quantity of wood was piled up. Then the biggest fire that people had ever witnessed since was lit. The flames were so high up in the sky that even the birds could not fly over it for fear of being burnt themselves. Abraham's hands and feet were chained, and he was put in a catapult, ready to be thrown in. During this time, Angel Gabriel came to him and said: "O Abraham! Is there anything you wish for?" Abraham could have asked to be saved from the fire or to be taken away, but Ibrahim replied, "God is sufficient for me, He is the best disposer of my affairs." The catapult was released and Ibrahim was thrown into the fire. God then gave an order to the fire, "O fire! Be coolness and safety for Ibrahim." A miracle occurred; the fire obeyed and did not harm Abraham, burning only his chains. Abraham came out from it as if he was coming out from a garden, peaceful, his face illuminated, and not a trace of smoke on his clothes. People watched in shock and exclaimed: "Amazing! Abraham's God has saved him from the fire!"[24][25]

### Confrontation with Nimrod

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The Qur'an discusses a very short conversation between an unrighteous ruler and Abraham.[26] Although the king in the Qur'an is unnamed, and this fact has been recognized as being least important in the narrative, outside of the Qur'an, namely in some of the tafasir,[27] this king has been suggested to be Nimrod.[28] The Tafsir by Ibn Kathir, a 14th-century scholar, has many embellishments in the narrative, including Nimrod claiming divinity for himself. The Tafsir describes Nimrod's quarrel with Ibrahim, how he (Nimrod) became extremely angry and, in his 'utter disbelief and arrant rebellion,' became a tyrant.[29]

According to Romano-Jewish historian Flavius Josephus, Nimrod was a man who set his will against that of God. Nimrod proclaimed himself as a living god and was worshipped as such by his subjects. Nimrod's consort Semiramis was also worshipped as a goddess at his side. (See also Ninus.) Before Abraham was born, a portent in the stars tells Nimrod and his astrologers of the impending birth of Abraham, who would put an end to idolatry. Nimrod therefore orders the killing of all newborn babies. However, Abraham's mother escapes into the fields and gives birth secretly. Flavius Josephus mentions that Abraham confronts Nimrod and tells him face-to-face to cease his idolatry, whereupon Nimrod orders him burned at the stake. Nimrod has his subjects gather enough wood so as to burn Abraham in the biggest fire the world had ever seen. Yet when the fire is lit and Abraham is thrown into it, Abraham walks out unscathed. In Islam, it is debated whether the decision to have Ibrahim burned at the stake came from Nimrod and the temple priests or whether the people themselves became vigilantes and hatched the plan to have him burned at the stake. According to Muslim commentators, after Abraham survived the great fire, his fame in society grew. Nimrod, who was the King of Babylon felt that his throne was in danger, and that he was losing power because, upon witnessing Ibrahim coming out of the fire unharmed, a large part of society started believing in God and Abraham being a prophet of God. Up until this point, Nimrod was pretending that he himself was a god. Nimrod wanted to debate with him and show his people that he, the king is indeed the god and that Ibrahim was a liar. Nimrod asked Ibrahim, "What can your God do that I cannot?" Ibrahim replied, "My Lord is He who gives life and death." Nimrod then shouted, "I give life and death! I can bring a person from the street and have him executed, and I can grant my pardon to a person who was sentenced to death and save his life." Abraham replied, "Well, my lord God makes the sun rise from the East. Can you make it rise from the West?" Nimrod was confounded. He was beaten at his own game, on his own territory and in front of his own people. Abraham left him there speechless and went back to his mission of calling people to worship God.[30][31]

This event has been noted as particularly important because, in the Muslim perspective, it almost foreshadowed the prophetic careers of future prophets, most significantly the career of Moses. Abraham's quarrel with the king has been interpreted by some to be a precursor to Moses's preaching to Pharaoh. Just as the ruler who argued against Abraham claimed divinity for himself, so did the Pharaoh of the Exodus, who refused to hear the call of Moses and perished in the Red Sea. In this particular incident, scholars have further commented on Abraham's wisdom in employing "rational, wise and target-oriented" speech, as opposed to pointless arguments.[32]

Abraham, in the eyes of many Muslims, also symbolized the highest moral values essential to any person. The Qur'an details the account of the angels coming to Abraham to tell him of the birth of Ismael. It says that, as soon as Abraham saw the messengers, he "hastened to entertain them with a roasted calf."[33] This action has been interpreted by all the scholars as exemplary; many scholars have commentated upon this one action, saying that it symbolizes Abraham's exceedingly high moral level and thus is a model for how men should act in a similar situation. This incident has only further heightened the "compassionate" character of Abraham in Muslim theology.[34]

### Sacrifice

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Ibrahim's Sacrifice; Timurid Anthology, 1410–1411

Ibriham's dream of sacrificing his son was a command by God. The Qur'anic verses which describe this dream are in Surah As-Saffat, 37:100–107: "100. My Lord, grant me [a child] from among the righteous." 101. So We gave him good tidings of a forbearing boy. 102. And when he reached with him [the age of] exertion, he said, "O my son, indeed I have seen in a dream that I [must] sacrifice you, so see what you think." He said, "O my father, do as you are commanded. You will find me, if Allah wills, of the steadfast." 103. And when they had both submitted and he put him down upon his forehead, 104. We called to him, "O Abraham, 105. You have fulfilled the vision." Indeed, We thus reward the doers of good. 106. Indeed, this was the clear trial. 107. And We ransomed him with a great sacrifice, (Zibhin azeem)".[35]

This great sacrifice denotes the importance of the ram that replaced Ibraheem's son. Tafsir ibn Kathir records Ibn Abbas' explanation of the verse, according to Muhammad's teachings. The explanation is as follows:[36]

> "And We ransomed him with a great sacrifice" (37:107). It was reported that Ibn `Abbas (may God be pleased with him) said, "A ram which had grazed in Paradise for forty years."

> — Tafsir Ibn Kathir 37:107

The Tafsir further goes on to say that the ram's horns were preserved until the time of Muhammad:[36]

> Imam Ahmad recorded that Safiyyah bint Shaybah said, "A woman from Bani Sulaym, who was the midwife of most of the people in our household, told me that the Messenger of God sent for `Uthman bin Talhah, may God be pleased with him.'' On one occasion she said, "I asked `Uthman, `Why did the Prophet call you' He said, `The Messenger of God said to me, I saw the horns of the ram when I entered the House (i.e., the Ka`bah), and I forgot to tell you to cover them up; cover them up, for there should not be anything in the House which could distract the worshipper.)''' Sufyan said, "The horns of the ram remained hanging in the House until it was burned, and they were burned too.'' The Quraysh had inherited the horns of the ram that Abraham sacrificed, and they had been passed down from generation to generation, until the Messenger of God was sent. And God knows best.

From that day onwards, every Eid al-Adha once a year Muslims around the world slaughter an animal to commemorate Abraham's sacrifice and to remind themselves of self-abnegation in the way of God, and they would share the meat among friends, family, the poor and the needy. This is called Qurbani ("sacrifice").[37]

#### Tabari's account

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The classical Quranic exegete and historian Tabari offered two versions, whom Abraham was ordered to sacrifice. According to the first strand, Abraham wished for a righteous son, whereupon an angel appeared to him informing him, that he will get a righteous son, but when he was born and reached puberty, he must be sacrificed for God. Later, the angel appeared to Hagar to inform her about the upcoming child. When Ishmael was grown, someone appeared to Abraham, invites him to keep his vow.[38]

> When Ishmael was grown, someone appeared to Abraham in a dream and said to him: "Keep your vow which you made! God bestowed upon you a boy by Hagar so that you may sacrifice him" So he said to Ishmael: "Let us go offer a sacrifice to God!" So he took a knife and some rope and went with him until they reached a place in the mountains. The boy said to him: "Oh father! Where is your sacrifice?" He replied: "Oh my son, I saw in a dream, that I will slaughter you. So pay attention to what you see". He said, "Oh my father, do what you have been commanded; you will find me, Insha-Allah (if God wills), one of the patient". Ishmael then said to him: "Make tight my bonds, so that I will not struggle to pull back your clothes so that none of my blood will be shed on them for Hagar will see it and be grieved. Hurry! Pass the knife over my throat so that death will be easy for me. When you come to Hagar, greet her'. Abraham began to approach him and, while crying, tied him up. Ishmael too was crying such that the tears gathered by the cheek of Ishmael. He then drew the knife along his throat but the knife did not cut, for God had placed a sheet of copper on the throat of Ishmael. When he saw that, he turned him on his forehead and nicked him on the back of the head just as God has said in Quran 37:103: When they had both submitted and he flung on his forehead, that is they had submitted the affair to God. A voice called out: 'Abraham, you have fulfilled the vision!" He turned around and behold, there was a ram. He took it and released his son and he bent over his son saying: "Oh my son, today you have been given to me". That comes in God's saying in Quran 37:107: We ransomed him with a great sacrifice.

The second strand, provided by Tabari, states that Abraham was about to sacrifice his son Ishmael, and Iblis appeared in form of a man to prevent the sacrifice.

> Iblis (Satan), who had taken on the form of a man, said: "Where are you going, O Shaikh?" He replied: " I am going to these mountains because I must do something there'. Iblis said: "By God, I have seen that Shaytan has come to you in a dream and ordered you to slaughter this little son of yours. And you intend to do that slaughtering!" Thereupon Abraham recognized him and said: "Get away from me, enemy of God! By God, I will most certainly continue to do what my Lord has commanded". Iblis, the enemy of God, gave up on Abraham but then he encountered Ishmael, who was behind Abraham carrying the wood and the large knife. He said to him: "O young man, do you realize where your father is taking you?" He said: "To gather wood for our family from the mountains". He replied: "By God, his actual intention is to sacrifice you!" He said: "Why?!" Iblis replied: "He claims that his Lord has ordered him to do so!" Ishmael replied: "He must do what his Lord commands, absolutely!" When the young man had rebuffed him, Iblis went to Hagar, the mother of Ishmael who was still at home. Iblis said to her: "Oh mother of Ishmael! Do you realize where Abraham is going with Ishmael?" She replied: "They have gone to gather wood for us in the mountains". He said: "He has actually gone in order to sacrifice him!" She replied: "It cannot be! He is too kind and too loving towards him to do that!" Iblis said: "He claims that God has ordered him to do that!" Hagar said: "If his Lord has ordered him to do that then he must submit to the command of God!" So the enemy of God returned exasperated at not being able to influence the family of Abraham as he wished.

### Miracles

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Abraham encountered several miracles of God during his lifetime. The Quran records a few main miracles, although different interpretations have been attributed to the passages. Some of the miracles recorded in the Quran are:

* Abraham was shown the kingdom of the Heavens and the Earth.[39]
* Abraham and the miracle of the birds.[40]
* Abraham was thrown into a fire, which became "cool" and "peaceful" for him.[41]

The first passage has been interpreted both literally, allegorically, and otherwise. Although some commentators feel that this passage referred to a physical miracle, where Abraham was physically shown the entire kingdom of Heaven (Jannah),[42] others have felt that it refers to the spiritual understanding of Abraham; these latter scholars maintain that the Chaldeans were skilled in the observance of the stars, but Abraham, who lived amongst them, saw beyond the physical world and into a higher spiritual realm. The second passage has one mainstream interpretation amongst the Quranic commentators, that Abraham took four birds and cut them up, placing pieces of each on nearby hills; when he called out to them, each piece joined and four birds flew back to Abraham.[43] This miracle, as told by the Quranic passage, was a demonstration by God to show Abraham how God gave life to the dead. As the physical cutting of the birds is not implied in the passage, some commentators have offered alternative interpretations, but all maintain that the miracle was for the same demonstrative purpose to show Abraham the power God has to raise the dead to life.[44] The third passage has also been interpreted both literally and metaphorically, or in some cases both. Commentators state that the 'fire' refers to the main aspects. They maintained that, firstly, the fire referred to the physical flame, from which Abraham was saved unharmed. The commentators further stated that, secondly, the fire referred to the 'fire of persecution', from which Abraham was saved, as he left his people after this with his wife Sarah and his nephew Lot.[45]

## Title

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Abraham is given the title Khalilullah (Arabic: خَلِیْل‌ ٱلله, romanized: Ḫalīl Allāḥ, lit. 'Friend of God') in Islam.[7] The Quran says:

> And who is better in faith than those who ˹fully˺ submit themselves to Allah, do good, and follow the Way of Abraham, the upright? Allah chose Abraham as a close friend.

> — Surah An-Nisa 4:125

This particular title of Abraham is so famous in Muslim culture and tradition that, in the areas in and around Mecca, Abraham is often referred to solely as Al-Khalil (Arabic: ألخَلِیْل‌, romanized: Al-Ḫalīl, lit. 'The Friend').[46] The title Friend of God is not exclusive to Islamic theology. Although the other religious traditions do not stress upon it, Abraham is called a Friend of God in the second Book of Chronicles and the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament)[47] as well as in the New Testament.[48]

## Relationship with Islamic shrines

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See also: List of mosques that are mentioned by name in the Quran and Qibla

One of Abraham's most important features in Islamic theology is his role as the constructor of the Ka'aba. Although tradition recounts that Adam constructed the original Kaaba, which was demolished by the Great Flood at the time of Noah, Abraham—alongside his son, Ismael—is believed to have rebuilt it in its original form. The Quran, in the Muslim perspective, merely confirms or reinforces the laws of pilgrimage. The rites were instituted by Abraham and for all Muslims, as they perform the pilgrimage, the event is a way to return to the perfection of Abraham's faith.[49] Just as Medina is referred to as the "City of the Prophet [Muhammad]" or simply the "City of Muhammad", Mecca is frequently cited as the "City of Abraham", because Abraham's reformation of the monotheistic faith is believed to have taken place in Mecca.[10] Likewise, Islamic belief links the original sanctuary of Al-Aqsa in the Old City of Jerusalem to Abraham.[50]

* The most significant mosque in Islam, that is the Mosque of the Kaaba in the Hejazi city of Mecca, is believed to date to the time of Abraham and Ishmael[50]

* The Maqam (Station) of Abraham which is believed by Muslims to contain his footprints, near the Kaaba in Al-Masjid Al-Haram

* Masjid Al-Aqsa, also known as the Temple Mount, Old City of Jerusalem in Shaam, is also believed to date to the lifetime of Abraham[50]

## Suhuf al-Ibrahim

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Main article: Scrolls of Abraham

The Quran refers to certain Scrolls of Abraham. All Muslim scholars have generally agreed that no scrolls of Abraham survive, and therefore this is a reference to a lost body of scripture.[51] The Scrolls of Abraham are understood by Muslims to refer to certain revelations Abraham received, which he would have then transmitted to writing. The exact contents of the revelation are not described in the Qur'an.

The 87th chapter of the Qur'an, Surah al-A'la, concludes by saying the subject matter of the sura has been in the earlier scriptures of Abraham and Moses. It is slightly indicative of what were in the previous scriptures, according to Islam:

> So ˹always˺ remind ˹with the Quran˺—˹even˺ if the reminder is beneficial ˹only to some˺.
>  Those in awe ˹of Allah˺ will be mindful ˹of it˺.
>  But it will be shunned by the most wretched,
>  who will burn in the greatest Fire,
>  where they will not ˹be able to˺ live or die.
>  Successful indeed are those who purify themselves,
>  remember the Name of their Lord, and pray.
>  But you ˹deniers only˺ prefer the life of this world,
>  even though the Hereafter is far better and more lasting.
>  This is certainly ˹mentioned˺ in the earlier Scriptures—
>  the Scriptures of Abraham and Moses.

> — Surah Al-Ala 87:9–19

Chapter 53 of the Qur'an, Surah an-Najm, also describes the earlier scriptures of Abraham and Musa (Moses):

> Or has he not been informed of what is in the Scripture of Moses,
>  and ˹that of˺ Abraham, who ˹perfectly˺ fulfilled ˹his covenant˺?
>  ˹They state˺ that no soul burdened with sin will bear the burden of another,
>  and that each person will only have what they endeavoured towards,
>  and that ˹the outcome of˺ their endeavours will be seen ˹in their record˺,
>  then they will be fully rewarded,
>  and that to your Lord ˹alone˺ is the ultimate return ˹of all things˺.
>  Moreover, He is the One Who brings about joy and sadness.
>  And He is the One Who gives life and causes death.
>  And He created the pairs—males and females—
>  from a sperm-drop when it is emitted.
>  And it is upon Him to bring about re-creation.
>  And He is the One Who enriches and impoverishes.
>  And He alone is the Lord of Sirius.
>  And He destroyed the first ˹people of˺ ʿĀd,
>  and ˹then˺ Thamûd, sparing no one.
>  And before ˹that He destroyed˺ the people of Noah, who were truly far worse in wrongdoing and transgression.
>  And ˹it was˺ He ˹Who˺ turned the cities ˹of Sodom and Gomorrah˺ upside down.
>  How overwhelming was what covered ˹them˺!
>  Now, which of your Lord’s favours will you dispute?
>  This ˹Prophet˺ is a warner like earlier ones.
>  The approaching ˹Hour˺ has drawn near.
>  None but Allah can disclose it.
>  Do you find this revelation astonishing,
>  laughing ˹at it˺ and not weeping ˹in awe˺,
>  while persisting in heedlessness?
>  Instead, prostrate to Allah and worship ˹Him alone˺!

> — Surah An-Najm 53:36–62

Yet some scholars[by whom?] suggested it to be a reference to the Sefer Yetzirah, as Jewish tradition generally ascribed its authorship to Abraham.[citation needed] Other scholars, however, wrote of a certain Testament of Abraham, which they explained was available at the time of Muhammad.[52]

The Quran contains numerous references to Abraham, his life, prayers, and traditions and has a dedicated chapter named Ibrahim. On a relevant note, Surah al-Kahf was revealed as an answer from God to the Jews who inquired of Muhammad about past events. Here God directly instructed Muhammad in surah Al-Kahf, not to consult the Jews for verifying the three stories about which they inquired.

> Some will say, “They were three, their dog was the fourth,” while others will say, “They were five, their dog was the sixth,” ˹only˺ guessing blindly. And others will say, “They were seven and their dog was the eighth.” Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ “My Lord knows best their ˹exact˺ number. Only a few people know as well.” So do not argue about them except with sure knowledge,1 nor consult any of those ˹who debate˺ about them.

> — Surah Al-Kahf 18:22

The reason being God declaring He Himself is relating what needs to be verified in another verse of al-Kahf:

> We relate to you ˹O Prophet˺ their story in truth. They were youths who truly believed in their Lord, and We increased them in guidance.

> — Surah Al-Kahf 18:13

Regarding consultation with the People of the Book, it is also narrated by Abu Hurairah in a hadith:

> Narrated Abu Huraira: The people of the Scripture (Jews) used to recite the Torah in Hebrew and they used to explain it in Arabic to the Muslims. On that God's Apostle said, "Do not believe the people of the Scripture or disbelieve them, but say: 'We believe in God and what is revealed to us.'"

> — Muhammad al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari, 6:60:12

Therefore, relating to any ascription of the Scrolls of Abraham by the people of the book is not required.

## Significance as a patriarch

[edit]

Main articles: Ishmael in Islam and Isaac in Islam

Lineage of several prophets
according to Islamic tradition

| | | Adam

|
|

| | | |
| | Shīth (Seth)| |
| | | |
| | Nūḥ (Noah)| |
| | | |
| | Ibrāhīm (Abraham)| |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | |
Ismāʿīl (Ishmael)| | Iṣḥāq (Isaac)
| | | | | | | |
| | |
| | | Mūsa (Moses)| |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | ʿĪsā (Jesus)
Muhammad

Dotted lines indicate multiple generations.

* v
* t
* e

Abraham is also extremely important as a leader of Islam and as a patriarch of the Islamic faith. Muslims recognize Abraham as the ancestor through whom many other prophets and saints (Wali) came, including Moses, Jesus ('Isa) and Muhammad. The Qur'an lists, in its sixth chapter, Al-An'am, some of the greatest figures to have existed through Abraham's progeny:

> This was the argument We gave Abraham against his people. We elevate in rank whoever We please. Surely your Lord is All-Wise, All-Knowing.
> And We blessed him with Isaac and Jacob. We guided them all as We previously guided Noah and those among his descendants: David, Solomon, Job, Joseph, Moses, and Aaron. This is how We reward the good-doers.
> Likewise, ˹We guided˺ Zachariah, John, Jesus, and Elias, who were all of the righteous.
>  ˹We also guided˺ Ishmael, Elisha, Jonah, and Lot, favouring each over other people ˹of their time˺.
> And ˹We favoured˺ some of their forefathers, their descendants, and their brothers. We chose them and guided them to the Straight Path.

> — Quran 6:83–87 [53]

Abraham's narrative in the Qur'an indirectly refers to his role as one of the great patriarchs. The Qur'an states that God made Abraham "an Imam to the Nations"[8] and father to Muslims,[54] and his narrative records him praying for his offspring.[55] The Qur'an further notes that Abraham's descendants were given "the Book and Wisdom",[56] and this fact is reinforced in another verse which states that Abraham's family was one of those in which the gift of prophecy was established as a generic trait.[57] The Qur'an emphasizes upon Abraham's significance as it states that Abraham's family, Noah, Adam and the family of Amram were the four selected by God above all the worlds.[58] As a result of his significance as a patriarch, Abraham is sometimes given the title Father of the Prophets. Of Abraham's immediate sons, the Quran repeatedly establishes the gifts God bestowed upon them. Ishmael, along with Elisha and Dhul-Kifl (possibly Ezekiel), is regarded as being "of the Company of the Good."[59] and one of the men who was given "favour above the nations."[60] In addition, Ishmael is described as being "true to what he promised, and he was a messenger (and) a prophet."[61] Likewise, the Qur'an says of Isaac that he was "of the company of the Elect and the Good"[62] and was "a prophet—one of the Righteous,"[63] further describing him as "of Power and Vision."[64]

## Burial place

[edit]

Main article: Cave of the Patriarchs

Muslims believe that Abraham was buried, along with his wife Sarah, at the Cave of the Patriarchs in the Old City of Hebron, the West Bank. Known to Muslims as the Sanctuary of Abraham it is also thought to be the burial site of his son Isaac, his wife Rebecca, their son Jacob, and his wife Leah.[65][66]

* Cenotaph over Abraham's grave in his mosque at Hebron

* In the section of the cave which is a mosque, this grate allows visitors to look down into a shaft measuring 40 feet (12 metres), which leads to the ground level of the cave where Abraham and Sarah are buried

## Narrative in the Quran

[edit]

Quran

History

* Waḥy
* First revelation
* Asbab al-Nuzul

* Historicity

Manuscripts

* Samarkand Kufic Quran
* Sanaa manuscript
* Topkapi manuscript
* Birmingham manuscript

Divisions

* Surah
* List
* Meccan
* Medinan

* Āyah
* Juz'
* Muqatta'at

Content

* Prophets
* Women
* Animals

* Legends
* Miracles
* Parables

* Science
* Eschatology
* God

Reading

* Qāriʾ
* Hifz

* Tajwid
* Tarteel

* Ahruf
* Qira'at

Translations

* List
* English
* Ahmadiyya

Exegesis

* List
* Hermeneutics
* Esotericism
* Abrogation

* Biblical parallels

* Related persons

* Mentioned by name

Characteristics

* I'jaz
* Inerrancy

Related

* Criticism
* Quran and Sunnah
* Quranism
* Shi’a view

* Category
* Islam portal

* v
* t
* e

### References

[edit]

There are numerous references to Abraham in the Quran, including, twice, to the Scrolls of Abraham;[67] in the latter passage, it is mentioned that Abraham "fulfilled his engagements?-",[68] a reference to all the trials that Abraham had succeeded in. In a whole series of chapters, the Qur'an relates how Abraham preached to his community as a youth and how he specifically told his father, named Azar,[69] to leave idol-worship and come to the worship of God.[70] Some passages of the Quran, meanwhile, deal with the story of how God sent angels to Abraham with the announcement of the punishment to be imposed upon Lot's people in Sodom and Gomorrah.[71] Other verses mention the near-sacrifice of Abraham's son,[35] whose name is not given but is presumed to be Ishmael as the following verses mention the birth of Isaac.[10] The Quran also repeatedly establishes Abraham's role as patriarch and mentions numerous important descendants who came through his lineage, including Isaac,[72] Jacob[73] and Ishmael.[74] In the later chapters of the Quran, Abraham's role becomes yet more prominent. The Quran mentions that Abraham and Ishmael were the reformers who set up the Ka‘bah in Mecca as a center of pilgrimage for monotheism[75] The Quran consistently refers to Islam as "the Religion of Abraham" (millat Ibrahim)[76] and Abraham is given a title as Hanif (The Pure, "true in Faith" or "upright man").[77] The Quran also mentions Abraham as one whom God took as a friend (Khalil),[78] hence Abraham's title in Islam, Khalil-Allah (Friend of God). The term is considered by some to be a derivation of the patriarch's title, Qal El (Hebrew: קל-אל, "Voice of God").[79][80] Other instances in the Quran which are described in a concise manner are the rescue of Abraham from the fire into which he was thrown by his people';[81][82] his pleading for his father;[83] his quarrel with an unrighteous and powerful king[84] and the miracle of the dead birds.[40]

All these events and more have been discussed with more details in Muslim tradition, and especially in the Stories of the Prophets and works of universal Islamic theology.[85] Certain episodes from the life of Abraham have been more heavily detailed in Islamic text, such as the arguments between Abraham and the evil king, Nimrod, the near-sacrifice of his son, and the story of Hagar and Ishmael, which Muslims commemorate when performing pilgrimage in Mecca. An important Islamic religious holiday, Eid al-Adha, commemorates Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son Ishmael as an act of obedience to God, before God intervened to provide him with a sheep to sacrifice instead.[86] In some cases, some believe these legends in Islamic text may have influenced later Jewish tradition.[87]

### Verses

[edit]

* Abraham's attributes: 2:124, 11:75–123, 16:120
* Abraham's religion: 2:130, 4:125, 6:83–84, 6:161, 9:114, 11:74, 12:6, 16:120, 19:41, 19:47, 21:51, 22:78, 26:83–85, 29:27, 37:84, 37:88, 37:104, 37:109–111, 37:113, 38:45–47, 43:28, 53:37, 57:26, 60:4
* God tried Abraham: 2:124, 37:102
* Abraham's preaching: 2:130–231, 2:135–136, 2:140, 3:67–68, 3:84, 3:95, 4:125, 4:163, 6:74, 6:76–81, 6:83, 6:161, 14:35–37, 14:40, 21:52, 21:54, 21:56–57, 21:67, 22:26, 26:69–73, 26:75, 26:78–80, 26:87, 29:16–17, 29:25, 37:83, 37:85–87, 37:89, 37:91, 37:92, 37:93, 37:94–96, 43:26–28, 60:4
* Development of the Kaaba: 2:127
* Abraham's pilgrimage: 2:128, 22:27
* Abraham as God's friend: 4:125
* Punishment to Abraham's people: 9:70
* Moving to Shaam: 21:71, 29:26
* Abraham, Hagar, and Ismael: 14:37, 37:101
* Dreaming of resurrecting a dead body: 2:260
* Arguing with Nimrod: 2:258
* Abraham and his father
* Abraham preached to his father: 6:74, 19:42–45, 21:52, 26:70, 37:85, 43:26
* His father's idolatry: 6:74, 26:71
* Abraham asked forgiveness for his father: 14:41, 19:47, 60:4 26:86
* Arguing with the people: 21:62–63, 21:65–66
* Abraham moved away from the people: 19:48–49, 29:26, 37:99, 43:26, 60:4
* Abraham's warnings for the idols: 21:57–58, 21:60, 37:93
* Thrown into the fire: 21:68, 29:24, 37:97
* Saved from the fire: 21:69–70, 29:24, 37:98
* Good news about Isaac and Jacob: 6:84, 11:69, 11:71–72, 14:39, 15:53, 15:54–55, 21:72, 29:27, 37:112, 51:28–30
* Dreaming of his son's sacrifice: 37:102–103

## See also

[edit]

* Abraham (disambiguation)
* Ibrahim (disambiguation)
* Ibrahim (name)
* Islamic architecture
* Biblical and Quranic narratives
* List of legends in the Quran
* Muhammad in the Quran

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Arabic: إِبْرَاهِيْمُ, romanized: ʾIbrāhīm; Arabic pronunciation: [ʔɪbraːˈhiːm]; the name appears in early Quranic manuscripts in two different spellings, either أبرهَم (Abraham) or إبرهيم (Ibrahim)

1. ^ a b c Roohul Ma'ani, Vol. 7, pp. 194—195.
2. ^ a b Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Vol. 2, p. 100.
3. ^ a b Al-Dur al-Manthur, Vol. 3, p. 43.
4. ^ a b Niazi, Yama (6 October 2022). "Will All Believers and Their Non-Muslim Parents Be Forgiven?". Seekers Guidance. Archived from the original on 15 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023. "The Prophet Ibrahim's actual father was a Muslim. His name is given as Tarakh by historians."
5. ^ a b c Sajjadi, Sadeq (2015) [2008]. "Abraham". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Vol. 1\. Translated by Negahban, Farzin. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0028. ISBN 978-90-04-16860-2. ISSN 1875-9823.
6. ^ Quran 87:19
7. ^ a b Siddiqui, Mona. "Ibrahim – the Muslim view of Ibrahim". Religions. BBC. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
8. ^ a b Quran 2:124
9. ^ Quran 16:120
10. ^ a b c d Glassé, Cyril (1991). "Abraham". Kaaba. The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. HarperSanFrancisco, Suhail Academy. pp. 18–19. ISBN 0-0606-3126-0.
11. ^ Quran 2:128
12. ^ Geiger 1898 Judaism and Islam: A Prize Essay, p. 100
13. ^ "Ibrahim". Encyclopedia of Islam, Online version.
14. ^ Quran 11:75
15. ^ Quran 19:46
16. ^ Lives of the Prophets, L. Azzam, Suhail Academy Co.
17. ^ Jacobsen, Thorkild. "Mesopotamian religion". Encyclopædia Britannica.
18. ^ "QTafsir Tafsir Ibn Kathir Mobile". m.qtafsir.com.
19. ^ Zettler, R. L.; Horne, L., eds. (1998), Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
20. ^ "Abraham and the Idols (Middle Eastern, Islamic, Muslim Legends, Stories)". aaronshep.com.
21. ^ Pan India Internet Pvt Ltd. "Ibrahim - Father of Prophets - Prophets of Muslim community - Prophet Ibrahim". festivalsofindia.in. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
22. ^ "Ur Kasdim: Where is Abraham's Birthplace? - TheTorah.com". www.thetorah.com.
23. ^ Lucian, On The Syrian Goddess, edited and translated by J.L. Lightfoot (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 80-3.
24. ^ "Stories of the Prophets | Alim.org". www.alim.org. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
25. ^ Quran 21:69
26. ^ Quran 2:258
27. ^ "Tafsir Surah 2:258". quranx.com. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
28. ^ History of the Prophets and Kings, Tabari, Vol. I: Prophets and Patriarchs
29. ^ Tafsir Ibn Kathir 2:258
30. ^ "The Father of the Prophets". islamicity.com.
31. ^ "Ibn Kathir: Story of Prophet Ibrahim/Abraham (pbuh)". islamawareness.net.
32. ^ Book 1: The Prophet Abraham, Harun Yahya, The Unbeliever Advised By Abraham, Online.
33. ^ Quran 11:69
34. ^ Book 1: The Prophet Abraham, Harun Yahya, Angels Who Visited Abraham, Online.
35. ^ a b Quran 37:100–111
36. ^ a b Tafsir Ibn Kathir 37:107
37. ^ "Deeper Meaning of Sacrifice in Islam" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
38. ^ Rippin, Andrew; Knappert, Jan (15 October 1990). Textual Sources for the Study of Islam. The University of Chicago Press. p. 63\. ISBN 978-0-2267-2063-0.
39. ^ Quran 6:75
40. ^ a b Quran 2:260
41. ^ Quran 21:68–70
42. ^ The Book of Certainty, M. Lings, S. Academy Publishing
43. ^ Stories of the Prophets, Kisa'i/Kathir, Story of Abraham
44. ^ Quran: Text, Translation, Commentary, Abdullah Yusuf Ali, note. 285
45. ^ Quran: Text, Translation, Commentary, Abdullah Yusuf Ali, note. 2703
46. ^ Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now, M. Lings. Archetype Books
47. ^ Isaiah 41:8 and 2 Chronicles 20:7
48. ^ James 2:23
49. ^ Lings, Martin (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Islamic Texts Society. ISBN 978-0-946621-33-0.
50. ^ a b c Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (1986). Goss, V. P.; Bornstein, C. V. (eds.). The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades. Vol. 21\. Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. p. 208\. ISBN 0918720583.
51. ^ A-Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, B. M. Wheeler, Abraham
52. ^ Tafsir and Commentary on 87: 18–19 & 53: 36–37, Abdullah Yusuf Ali and Muhammad Asad
53. ^ See also Islamic view of David, Islamic view of Solomon, Job (prophet) and Islamic view of Joseph
54. ^ Quran 22:78
55. ^ Quran 14:35
56. ^ Quran 4:54
57. ^ Quran 19:58
58. ^ Quran 3:33
59. ^ Quran 38:48
60. ^ Quran 6:86
61. ^ Quran 19:54
62. ^ Quran 38:47
63. ^ Quran 37:112
64. ^ Quran 38:45
65. ^ Emmett, Chad F. (2000). "Sharing Sacred Space in the Holy Land". In Murphy, Alexander B.; Johnson, Douglas L.; Haarmann, Viola (eds.). Cultural encounters with the environment: enduring and evolving geographic themes. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 271–291. ISBN 978-0-7425-0106-5.
66. ^ Gish, Arthur G. (20 December 2018). Hebron Journal: Stories of Nonviolent Peacemaking. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-5326-6213-3.
67. ^ Quran 87:18–19 and 53:36–37
68. ^ Quran 53:37
69. ^ Quran 6:74
70. ^ Quran 37:83–89, 26:68–89, 19:41–50, 43:26–28, 21:51–73, 29:16–28 and 6:74–84
71. ^ Quran 52:24–34, 25:51–60, 11:69–76 and 29:31
72. ^ Quran 25:53
73. ^ Quran 29:49, 21:72, 29:27, 6:84, 11:71 and 38:45–47
74. ^ Quran 2:132–133
75. ^ Quran 2:123–141, 3:65–68, 3:95–97, 4:125, 4:26–29 and 22:78
76. ^ Quran 2:135
77. ^ Quran 3:67
78. ^ Quran 4:125
79. ^ Weinstein, Simcha (2006). Up, Up, and Oy Vey! (1st ed.). Leviathan Press. ISBN 978-1-881927-32-7
80. ^ World Jewish Digest (Aug 2006; posted online 25 July 2006): "Superman's Other Secret Identity", by Jeff Fleischer
81. ^ Quran 37:97 and 21:68–70
82. ^ Quran 21:51–73
83. ^ Quran 28:47
84. ^ Quran 2:58
85. ^ Stories of the Prophets, Ibn Kathir, Ibrahim; Tales of the Prophets, Kisa'i, Ibrahim
86. ^ Diversity Calendar: Eid al-Adha Archived 19 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine University of Kansas Medical Center
87. ^ J. Eisenberg, EI, Ibrahim

## References

[edit]

* Saad Assel, Mary (2010). 25 Icons of Peace in the Qur'an: Lessons of Harmony. iUniverse. p. 244\. ISBN 9781440169014.
* Mehar, Iftikhar Ahmed (2003). Al-Islam: Inception to Conclusion. AL-ISLAM. p. 240\. ISBN 9781410732729.
* Islam Kotob. Stories Of The Prophets By Ibn Kathir. Islamic Books.
* Lalljee, compiled by Yousuf N. (1993). Know your Islam (3rd ed.). New York: Taknike Tarsile Quran. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-940368-02-6.

### Further reading

[edit]

#### General

[edit]

* P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; Clifford Edmund Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). "Ibrāhīm". Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.

#### Abraham and the Kaaba

[edit]

* Martin Lings, Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now, Archetype
* Leila Azzam, Lives of the Prophets, Abraham and the Kaaba, Suhail Academy

#### Abraham's life

[edit]

* Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, History of the Prophets and Kings, Vol. II: Prophets and Patriarchs
* Ibn Kathir, Stories of the Prophets, Chapter VI: Story of Abraham

## External links

[edit]

* The Story of the Prophet Ibrahim & His Wife Hajar Archived 28 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine
* The Sacrifice Of Abraham: Isaac or Ishmael?

* v
* t
* e

Prophets in the Quran

| آدَم| إِدرِيس| نُوح| هُود| صَالِح| إِبْرَاهِيْم| لُوط| إِسْمَاعِيْل

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

* Adam
* Adam

* Idris
* Enoch (?)

* Nuh
* Noah

* Hud
* Eber (?)

* Salih
* Selah (?)

* Ibrahim
* Abraham

* Lut
* Lot

* Ismail
* Ishmael

| إِسْحَاق| يَعْقُوب| يُوسُف| أَيُّوْب| شُعَيْب| مُوسَى| هَارُون| ذُو الكِفْل| دَاوُد

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

* Is'haq
* Isaac

* Yaqub
* Jacob

* Yusuf
* Joseph

* Ayyub
* Job

* Shuayb
* Jethro (?)

* Musa
* Moses

* Harun
* Aaron

* Dhu l-Kifl
* Ezekiel (?)
* Gautama Buddha (?)

* Dawud
* David

| سُلَيْمَان| إِلْيَاس| اليَسَع| يُونُس| زَكَرِيَّا| يَحْيَى| عِيسَى| مُحَمَّد

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

* Sulayman
* Solomon

* Ilyas
* Elijah

* Al-Yasa
* Elisha

* Yunus
* Jonah

* Zakariya
* Zechariah

* Yahya
* John

* Isa
* Jesus

* Muhammad
* Muhammad

Note: Muslims believe that there were many prophets sent by God to mankind. The Islamic prophets above are only the ones mentioned by name in the Quran.

* v
* t
* e

People and things in the Quran

Characters

Non-humans

* Allāh ('The God')
* Names of Allah found in the Quran, such as Karīm (Generous)

| Animals|

| Related|

* The baqara (cow) of Israelites
* The dhiʾb (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph
* The fīl (elephant) of the Abyssinians
* Ḥimār (Domesticated donkey)
* The hud-hud (hoopoe) of Solomon
* The kalb (dog) of the sleepers of the cave
* The namlah (female ant) of Solomon
* The nūn (fish or whale) of Jonah
* The nāqat (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ

|

Non-related|

* ʿAnkabūt (Female spider)
* Dābbat al-Arḍ (Beast of the Earth)
* Ḥimār (Wild ass)
* Naḥl (Honey bee)
* Qaswarah ('Lion', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')

Malāʾikah (Angels)|

* Angels of Hell
* Mālik
* Zabāniyah
* Bearers of the Throne
* Harut and Marut
* Kirāman Kātibīn (Honourable Scribes)
* Raqib
* Atid
* Munkar and Nakir

| Muqarrabun|

* Jibrīl (Gabriel, chief)
* Ar-Rūḥ ('The Spirit')
* Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn ('The Trustworthy Spirit')
* Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus ('The Holy Spirit')
* Angel of the Trumpet (Isrāfīl or Raphael)
* Malakul-Mawt (Angel of Death, Azrael)
* Mīkāil (Michael)

|

Jinn (Genies)|

* Jann
* ʿIfrīt
* Sakhr (Asmodeus)
* Qarīn

Shayāṭīn (Demons)|

* Iblīs ash-Shayṭān (the (chief) Devil)
* Mārid ('Rebellious one')

Others|

* Ghilmān or Wildān
* Ḥūr

Prophets

| Mentioned|

* Ādam (Adam)
* Al-Yasaʿ (Elisha)
* Ayyūb (Job)
* Dāwūd (David)
* Dhūl-Kifl (Ezekiel?)
* Hārūn (Aaron)
* Hūd (Eber?)
* Idrīs (Enoch?)
* Ilyās (Elijah)
* ʿImrān (Joachim the father of Maryam)
* Isḥāq (Isaac)
* Ismāʿīl (Ishmael)
* Dhabih Ullah
* Lūṭ (Lot)
* Ṣāliḥ
* Shuʿayb (Jethro, Reuel or Hobab?)
* Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd (Solomon son of David)
* ʿUzair (Ezra?)
* Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā (John the Baptist the son of Zechariah)
* Yaʿqūb (Jacob)
* Isrāʾīl (Israel)
* Yūnus (Jonah)
* Dhūn-Nūn ('He of the Fish (or Whale)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')
* Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt ('Companion of the Whale')
* Yūsuf ibn Ya‘qūb (Joseph son of Jacob)
* Zakariyyā (Zechariah)

| Ulul-ʿAzm
('Those of the
Perseverance
and Strong Will')|

* Muḥammad
* Aḥmad
* Other names and titles of Muhammad
* ʿĪsā (Jesus)
* Al-Masīḥ (The Messiah)
* Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary)
* Mūsā Kalīmullāh (Moses He who spoke to God)
* Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh (Abraham Friend of God)
* Nūḥ (Noah)

|

Debatable ones|

* Dhūl-Qarnain
* Luqmān
* Maryam (Mary)
* Ṭālūt (Saul or Gideon?)

Implied|

* Irmiyā (Jeremiah)
* Ṣamūʾīl (Samuel)
* Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)

People of Prophets

| Good ones|

* Adam's immediate relatives
* Martyred son
* Wife
* Believer of Ya-Sin
* Family of Noah
* Father Lamech
* Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos
* Luqman's son
* People of Abraham
* Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo
* Ishmael's mother
* Isaac's mother
* People of Jesus
* Disciples (including Peter)
* Mary's mother
* Zechariah's wife
* People of Solomon
* Mother
* Queen of Sheba
* Vizier
* Zayd (Muhammad's adopted son)

| People of
Joseph|

* Brothers (including Binyāmin (Benjamin) and Simeon)
* Egyptians
* ʿAzīz (Potiphar, Qatafir or Qittin)
* Malik (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))
* Wife of ʿAzīz (Zulaykhah)
* Mother

|

People of
Aaron and Moses|

* Egyptians
* Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)
* Imraʾat Firʿawn (Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim the Wife of Pharaoh, who adopted Moses)
* Magicians of the Pharaoh
* Wise, pious man
* Moses' wife
* Moses' sister-in-law
* Mother
* Sister

Evil ones|

* Āzar (possibly Terah)
* Firʿawn (Pharaoh of Moses' time)
* Hāmān
* Jālūt (Goliath)
* Qārūn (Korah, cousin of Moses)
* As-Sāmirī
* Abū Lahab
* Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)

Implied or
not specified|

* Abraha
* Abu Bakr
* Bal'am/Balaam
* Barṣīṣā
* Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua
* Luqman's son
* Nebuchadnezzar II
* Nimrod
* Rahmah the wife of Ayyub
* Shaddad

Groups

| Mentioned|

* Aṣḥāb al-Jannah
* People of Paradise
* People of the Burnt Garden
* Aṣḥāb as-Sabt (Companions of the Sabbath)
* Jesus' apostles
* Ḥawāriyyūn (Disciples of Jesus)
* Companions of Noah's Ark
* Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm (Companions of the Cave and Al-Raqaim?
* Companions of the Elephant
* People of al-Ukhdūd
* People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin
* People of Yathrib or Medina
* Qawm Lūṭ (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)
* Nation of Noah

| Tribes,
ethnicities
or families|

* ‘Ajam
* Ar-Rūm (literally 'The Romans')
* Banī Isrāʾīl (Children of Israel)
* Muʾtafikāt (Sodom and Gomorrah)
* People of Ibrahim
* People of Ilyas
* People of Nuh
* People of Shuaib
* Ahl Madyan People of Madyan)
* Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ('Companions of the Wood')
* Qawm Yūnus (People of Jonah)
* Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog
* People of Fir'aun
* Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)
* Aṣḥāb Muḥammad (Companions of Muhammad)
* Anṣār (literally 'Helpers')
* Muhajirun (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)
* People of Mecca
* Wife of Abu Lahab
* Children of Ayyub
* Sons of Adam
* Wife of Nuh
* Wife of Lut
* Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj (Gog and Magog)
* Son of Nuh

Aʿrāb (Arabs
or Bedouins)|

* ʿĀd (people of Hud)
* Companions of the Rass
* Qawm Tubbaʿ (People of Tubba)
* People of Sabaʾ or Sheba
* Quraysh
* Thamūd (people of Ṣāliḥ)
* Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ('Companions of the Stoneland')

Ahl al-Bayt
('People of the
Household')|

* Household of Abraham
* Brothers of Yūsuf
* Lot's daughters
* Progeny of Imran
* Household of Moses
* Household of Muhammad
* ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim
* Daughters of Muhammad
* Muhammad's wives
* Household of Salih

Implicitly
mentioned|

* Amalek
* Ahl as-Suffa (People of the Verandah)
* Banu Nadir
* Banu Qaynuqa
* Banu Qurayza
* Iranian people
* Umayyad Dynasty
* Aus and Khazraj
* People of Quba

Religious
groups|

* Ahl al-Dhimmah
* Kāfirūn
* disbelievers
* Majūs Zoroastrians
* Munāfiqūn (Hypocrites)
* Muslims
* Believers
* Ahl al-Kitāb (People of the Book)
* Naṣārā (Christian(s) or People of the Injil)
* Ruhban (Christian monks)
* Qissis (Christian priest)
* Yahūd (Jews)
* Ahbār (Jewish scholars)
* Rabbani/Rabbi
* Sabians
* Polytheists
* Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad
* Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot

Locations

Mentioned|

* Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah ('The Holy Land')
* 'Blessed' Land'
* Al-Jannah (Paradise, literally 'The Garden')
* Jahannam (Hell)
* Door of Hittah
* Madyan (Midian)
* Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn
* Miṣr (Mainland Egypt)
* Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)

| In the
Arabian Peninsula
(excluding Madyan)|

* Al-Aḥqāf ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills')
* Iram dhāt al-ʿImād (Iram of the Pillars)
* Al-Madīnah (formerly Yathrib)
* ʿArafāt and Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām
* Al-Ḥijr (Hegra)
* Badr
* Ḥunayn
* Makkah (Mecca)
* Bakkah
* Ḥaraman Āminan ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')
* Kaʿbah (Kaaba)
* Maqām Ibrāhīm (Station of Abraham)
* Safa and Marwa
* Sabaʾ (Sheba)
* ʿArim Sabaʾ (Dam of Sheba)
* Rass

|

Sinai Region
or Tīh Desert|

* Al-Wād Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan (The Holy Valley of Tuwa)
* Al-Wādil-Ayman (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai)
* Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah ('The Blessed Place')
* Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor

In Mesopotamia|

* Al-Jūdiyy
* Munzalanm-Mubārakan ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')
* Bābil (Babylon)
* Qaryat Yūnus ('Township of Jonah,' that is Nineveh)

Religious
locations|

* Bayʿa (Church)
* Miḥrāb
* Monastery
* Masjid (Mosque, literally 'Place of Prostration')
* Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām ('The Sacred Grove')
* Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā (Al-Aqsa, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')
* Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred Mosque of Mecca)
* Masjid al-Dirar
* A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly:
* Masjid Qubāʾ (Quba Mosque)
* The Prophet's Mosque
* Salat (Synagogue)

Implied|

* Antioch
* Antakya
* Arabia
* Al-Ḥijāz (literally 'The Barrier')
* Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad (Black Stone) & Al-Hijr of Isma'il
* Cave of Hira
* Ghār ath-Thawr (Cave of the Bull)
* Hudaybiyyah
* Ta'if
* Ayla
* Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn
* Bayt al-Muqaddas & 'Ariha
* Bilād ar-Rāfidayn (Mesopotamia)
* Canaan
* Cave of Seven Sleepers
* Dār an-Nadwa
* Jordan River
* Nile River
* Palestine River
* Paradise of Shaddad

Events, incidents, occasions or times

* Incident of Ifk
* Laylat al-Qadr (Night of Decree)
* Event of Mubahala
* Sayl al-ʿArim (Flood of the Great Dam of Ma'rib in Sheba)
* The Farewell Pilgrimage
* Treaty of Hudaybiyyah

| Battles or
military expeditions|

* Battle of al-Aḥzāb ('the Confederates')
* Battle of Badr
* Battle of Hunayn
* Battle of Khaybar
* Battle of Uhud
* Expedition of Tabuk
* Conquest of Mecca

|

Days|

* Al-Jumuʿah (The Friday)
* As-Sabt (The Sabbath or Saturday)
* Days of battles
* Days of Hajj
* Doomsday

Months of the
Islamic calendar|

* 12 months: Four holy months
* Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)
* Ramaḍān

Pilgrimages|

* Al-Ḥajj (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)
* Al-ʿUmrah (The Lesser Pilgrimage)

Times for prayer
or remembrance|

Times for Duʿāʾ ('Invocation'), Ṣalāh and Dhikr ('Remembrance', including Taḥmīd ('Praising'), Takbīr and Tasbīḥ):

* Al-ʿAshiyy (The Afternoon or the Night)
* Al-Ghuduww ('The Mornings')
* Al-Bukrah ('The Morning')
* Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ ('The Morning')
* Al-Layl ('The Night')
* Al-ʿIshāʾ ('The Late-Night')
* Aẓ-Ẓuhr ('The Noon')
* Dulūk ash-Shams ('Decline of the Sun')
* Al-Masāʾ ('The Evening')
* Qabl al-Ghurūb ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)')
* Al-Aṣīl ('The Afternoon')
* Al-ʿAṣr ('The Afternoon')
* Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams ('Before the rising of the Sun')
* Al-Fajr ('The Dawn')

Implied|

* Ghadir Khumm
* Laylat al-Mabit
* First Pilgrimage

Other

Holy books|

* Al-Injīl (The Gospel of Jesus)
* Al-Qurʾān (The Book of Muhammad)
* Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm (Scroll(s) of Abraham)
* At-Tawrāt (The Torah)
* Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā (Scroll(s) of Moses)
* Tablets of Stone
* Az-Zabūr (The Psalms of David)
* Umm al-Kitāb ('Mother of the Book(s)')

Objects
of people
or beings|

* Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles
* Noah's Ark
* Staff of Musa
* Tābūt as-Sakīnah (Casket of Shekhinah)
* Throne of Bilqis
* Trumpet of Israfil

| Mentioned idols
(cult images)|

* 'Ansāb
* Jibt and Ṭāghūt (False god)

| Of Israelites|

* Baʿal
* The ʿijl (golden calf statue) of Israelites

|

Of Noah's people|

* Nasr
* Suwāʿ
* Wadd
* Yaghūth
* Yaʿūq

Of Quraysh|

* Al-Lāt
* Al-ʿUzzā
* Manāt

Celestial
bodies|

Maṣābīḥ (literally 'lamps'):

* Al-Qamar (The Moon)
* Kawākib (Planets)
* Al-Arḍ (The Earth)
* Nujūm (Stars)
* Ash-Shams (The Sun)

Plant matter|

* Baṣal (Onion)
* Fūm (Garlic or wheat)
* Shaṭʾ (Shoot)
* Sūq (Plant stem)
* Zarʿ (Seed)

| Fruits|

* ʿAdas (Lentil)
* Baql (Herb)
* Qith-thāʾ (Cucumber)
* Rummān (Pomegranate)
* Tīn (Fig)
* Zaytūn (Olive)
* In Paradise
* Forbidden fruit of Adam

|

Bushes, trees
or plants|

* Plants of Sheba
* Athl (Tamarisk)
* Sidr (Lote-tree)
* Līnah (Tender Palm tree)
* Nakhl (Date palm)
* Sidrat al-Muntahā
* Zaqqūm

Liquids|

* Māʾ (Water or fluid)
* Nahr (River)
* Yamm (River or sea)
* Sharāb (Drink)

Note: Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)

* v
* t
* e

Linear genealogy of Muhammad from the first couple, according to various sources

Generations after Creation|

* Adam and Hawwa
* Sheyth
* Enos
* Kenan
* Mahalalel
* Jared
* Idris
* Methuselah
* Lamik
* Nuh
* Sam

Ibrahim|

* Ibrahim
* Ismail

Tribe of the Adnanites|

* Adnan
* Ma'ad ibn Adnan
* Nizar
* Mudar
* Ilyas
* Mudrikah
* Khuzayma
* Kinanah
* Al-Nadr ibn Kinanah
* Malik
* Fihr al-Quraysh

Quraysh tribe|

* Ghalib
* Lu'ay
* Ka'b
* Murrah
* Kilab
* Qusai
* Abd Manaf
* Hashim ibn Abd Manaf

The House of Hashim|

* Abd al-Muttalib
* Abd-Allah
* Muhammad

Authority control databases

International|

* FAST
* 2

National|

* United States

Other|

* IdRef
* İslâm Ansiklopedisi

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